Affordable Health Care Act

Article 1: United States Health Care Reform Progress to Date and Next Steps

Affordable care act (ACA) is an essential health care legislation enacted in American since the development of Medicaid and Medicare in the mid-20th century (Obama, 2016). The law has created comprehensive and highly inclusive reforms with the intentions to enhance the affordability, accessibility and health care quality. The ACA has led to highly essential progress in regard to solving the long-run challenges that are faced by that American healthcare system in regard to cost, quality, expediency, and convenience (Obama, 2016). Since the implementation of the law seven years ago the general rate of the uninsured persons has decreased by over 43 percent which equates to close to less than 16 percent based on a survey conducted in 2015 (Obama, 2016). In addition, it has been highly documented on the associated improvements in regard to health services access. For instance, the number of aging persons that would not previously afford quality care has lowered significantly.

ACA has, in turn, led to the reduction of debt and enhanced financial security within the healthcare sector (Obama, 2016). Most individuals were initially owing to the insurance companies much as the expenses were particularly high but ACA has reduced the burden. The law has already started the general procedure of transforming the health sector’s payment modes with a projection of 30 percent of the conventional payment now being made via more digitalized payments mode such as pushed payment (Obama, 2016). It is such reforms and all the other related ones that have led to the continued gradual growth in regard to the spending and services improvements in the healthcare sector in general and has also resulted in quality, convenience, and affordability. However, despite the achievements that have been achieved there are still some main chances that can even improve the system further (Obama, 2016).

The article concluded that policymakers should mainly develop the progress that has been achieved so far by ACA by investing on continuous implementation insurance cover and services delivery reform which will, in turn, heighten financial support for the public (Obama, 2016). In addition, this can be utilized in the initiation of plan based alternatives in areas that lack competition and also focus on implementing initiatives that will lead to reduced medicines expenses (Obama, 2016). Despite the fact that the existing opposition from the special interest and political sectors are still prevalent the experience reforms that have been acquired so far shows that positive transformation can be obtained in regard to a number of the country’s most pressing challenges (Obama, 2016). The high expenses incorporated in the healthcare sector affects economic development and family monetary wellness. ACA is considered to be the enabling force for better performance in school and inspires adults to focus more on their productive activities and extensive lives. Based on the increasing health expenses in the last few decades it is apparent that health reform that was generated by ACA was needed and should be improved for better outcomes.

Article 2: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

According to Rosenbaum (2011), ACA is a crisis in the American health policy today. The law was implemented after a series of implementations. The act is essential since it has included the basic rights of every consumer and the health services providers. Some of these legal protections have been missing in decades despite the existence of some governing policies. ACA as a universal policy offers assurance in regard to accessing affordable healthcare insurance cover right from the moment that a child has been born up to retirement. This does not imply that the aging populace has not been considered. Previously of these individuals would rarely afford or access quality services a trend that is gradually varnishing.  When the law has been completely implemented it will result in cutting close to 70 percent of the uninsured populace (Rosenbaum, 2011). In that, it is anticipated that in the next 10 or so years the law will lead to high health coverage of close to 94 percent of the United States population which will have lowered the uninsured populace by more than 31 million persons (Rosenbaum, 2011). This will, in turn, lead to an increase in Medicaid admission by about 15 percent. However, despite the reforms that the law seeks to create it is projected that close to 24 million persons will still exist without any cover (Rosenbaum, 2011).

In this context, there is a need to focus mainly on the increased progress of the law to ensure that all the limitations are overcome (Rosenbaum, 2011). Through a number of policies that generates premium, cost-effective subsidies and the establishment of health affordable covers particularly for those that exist lawfully in America. Despite the strengths of this law that has thus resulted in minimum spending by families it is characterized by a major flaw because it does not incorporate minimum or affordable payments by employers similar to Medicare. This implies that as families spend less the economy is still being affected since the employers are forced to invest more on insurances for their workers (Rosenbaum, 2011). In this context, most employers prefer to operate with fewer employees to minimize the expenses. In other words, ACA is a representation of the consistent efforts to reframe the general financial association amid Americans and the healthcare system in order to support and end the existing crisis that is affecting the economy in general. The law should, therefore, secure the achieved benefits and focus on freeing those that are still not covered and those that have not been favored such as employers in the quest for improving and expanding healthcare and the economy in general (Rosenbaum, 2011).

Article 3: The Affordable Care Act, Five Years Later

ACA which is widely known as Obama-care is currently the most complex and comprehensive improvement that has ever been implemented in regard to the US health system. The law has so far survived despite the foretold tests, uncertainties and oppositions (Reisman, 2015). However, without politicizing the issue it has widely been cited that the law has failed to meet the set objectives and intentions (Reisman, 2015). Since the primary intention of ACA was mainly based on raising health care access, expediency, quality, and affordability the prospects have so far been beaten. As far as the law has been in operation it has performed quite well and its achievements can never be opposed. Based on a survey conducted recently it has been established that close to 17 million more individuals who were initially uninsured have been admitted within the system (Reisman, 2015).  With a drop of more than just 6 percent in each year, it is apparent that the law is operating well (Reisman, 2015).

The anticipations of most people and oppositions were that the law was unrealistic and it would drain the economy by supporting the high population (Reisman, 2015). It has however been altered given that the economy has not yet been affected and the number of people seeking for cover is raising daily. The law, unlike the other Acts that have existed before choose to prioritize the health of American populace rather than financial resources. Families were increasing suffering for spending more on health. It is worth establishing that the wellness of the economy can never be accomplished without human wellness. The law has, therefore, exceed the general expectations of most even for those that set it. However, it does not imply that the achieved reforms are failing since there is a need to sustain them and search for higher ones. The Act needs to be improved in general in order to fit into the general needs of the public and that of the health sector (Reisman, 2015).

ACA has increasingly lowered the general expenses and inefficiencies related to payment and services in the healthcare sector. In addition to increasing the number of the insured person from the national sector quality and affordability are the primary values that the law has achieved so far (Reisman, 2015). However, in order for the law to consistently lead to higher reforms more aspects should be considered including that of the economic welfare as more and more persons are being insured. Quality is not a onetime thing since the aspects in its regard changes consistently and thus, the systems should be adjusted based on this needs. The law has led to the development of infrastructure within the system and opened, even more, channels for innovation and expansion of the system (Reisman, 2015). The law is primarily based on care, expenses reduce and improving health by offering quality as well as affordable care to the general public which has resulted in efficiency.

References

Obama, B. (2016). United States Health Care Reform Progress to Date and Next Steps. Jama, 316(5), 525–532. http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.9797

Reisman, M. (2015). The Affordable Care Act, Five Years Later: Policies, Progress, and Politics. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 40(9), 575–600.

Rosenbaum, S. (2011). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: Implications for Public Health Policy and Practice. Public Health Reports, 126(1), 130–135.

American Healthcare System

Introduction

The government should provide a healthcare system which can be accessed easily by anyone regardless of their social status. In addition, the modes of payment, should also be enhanced, and this can be easily done through observing the failures of Obamacare. Patients should be given the support they need, in order to allow them to undertake their tasks immediately after being treated. Medical access should be good, each and every one should be able to easily access medical services without any problems whatsoever.

This has consequently made it hard for most employees to sign up for health insurance, since they may not be able to pay for the insurance (Emanuel, 2014).

This is a move which has seen most people in the country not being able to access medical service trough health insurance.

41% of the country’s population cannot be able to afford health insurance, thus making it hard for such people to be able to access medical care (Etats, 2009).

In order the government to make health care system accessible to all, it needs to look at the rates of insurance, financing, delivery and payment, and the access of medical care (Emanuel, 2014).

Financing

• When it comes to financing, companies should finance a certain percentage of employees’ insurance.
• This should be a law governing the financing of employees insurance by companies (Chapter 1).
• This should be applicable particularly to low profit companies, thus making sure that the employees are supported by the companies, up to a certain percentage, based on the annual performance of the company.
• This law should not however be applicable to companies which fully cover the health insurance of their employees (Emanuel, 2014).
• Health care should also be accessible, through reducing the cost of providing healthcare (Emanuel, 2014).
• This can be done through reducing the cost of administering healthcare, whereby the government can support people of a certain payment bracket through catering for a part of their medical care.
• The access will be improved in so doing, since most people particularly the low income earners will be able to access healthcare without any problems (Chapter 1).

Insurance

• Insurance premiums should also be reduced, whereby there should be insurance premiums which can be easily afforded by low income earners.
• This will allow most people to sign up for health insurance, hence making it easier for them to access healthcare services (Chapter 1).
• Most people in the US cannot be able to pay for their insurance premiums, due to the high cost of living.
• In addition, some companies do not pay the insurance premiums for their employees, due to the low profits which such companies register (Chapter 1).
• On the other hand, some companies pay a certain percentage of insurance and the employee is supposed to cater for the rest.

Delivery

• Delivery of medical care should therefore be flexible, since most people will have healthcare insurance, thus allowing the medical practitioners to be able to cater for their needs within the shortest time possible (Emanuel, 2014).

Payment

• Finally, insurance companies should be able to pay directly to the hospitals for the costs of administering different services on the patients.
• The payment system should not be delayed, in order to allow the employees to be able to access medical care at ease.

Conclusion

The government should be capable of providing a healthcare system which can be accessed by each and every one, regardless of their social status. Low income earners can be able to fully cater for the health care needs, thus making them to avoid getting medical care. This consequently makes it hard for such groups of people to be able to deal with their health conditions. The government should consequently support such groups of people, through coming up with laws of insurance payment by the employer. The employers should cater for a certain percentage of the employee’s health insurance, hence making most employees to be able to cater for their health insurance, thus easing the access of medical services for many.

References

Chapter 1. A Distinctive System of Health Care Delivery: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Emanuel, E. J. (2014). Reinventing American health care: How the Affordable Care Act will improve our terribly complex, blatantly unjust, outrageously expensive, grossly inefficient, error prone system.

Etats-Unis. (2009). The unsustainable cost of health care. Washington (D.C.: Government printing Office.  

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Introduction

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is classified as a chronic inflammatory lung illness that results in congested air movement from the lungs (Goodman, Fuller and O'Shea 6). In order for individuals to live breathing is necessary which occurs through respiration. COPD however, hinders the free flow and exchange of gasses which affects the whole process of respiration. COPD happens when permanent obstructions are created within the respiratory and lungs system which affects the distribution of important gases (Heidelbaugh 12). When an individual is diagnosed with COPD this implies that some parts of their alveoli or bronchi have been blocked permanently which lowers the volume of air that is to be handled by the lungs and as this continues the general efficiency of gasses exchanges are minimized. The primary respiratory disorders that lead to COPD are chronic bronchitis and Emphysema which affects alveoli and bronchi respectively (Goodman, Fuller and O'Shea 6).

The primary cause of COPD in the developed nations is cigarettes smoking while in the developing nations COPD is usually fueled by the exposure to fumes that are generated from burning fuel that is used in homes as well as heating that is done in rooms that are not ventilated enough (Heidelbaugh 12). It is only close to 20 up to 30 percent of all chronic smokers that are likely to acquire medically obvious COPD despite the fact that most smokers who have engaged in long lung smoking might acquire lowered lungs functioning (Goodman, Fuller and O'Shea 9). Some of these smokers might have been misdiagnosed of COPD pending a more severe evaluation has been performed. In other words, the extended experience to lung irritants with the potential to destroy the lungs and air paths is the usual cause of COPD (Heidelbaugh 13).

There are several risks forces for COPD. To begin with, exposure to smoke generated from tobacco is the most critical risk force (Onn, Hansel and Barnes 8). This implies that the more than one is involved in smoking the higher the involved risks even for those that are subjected to second smoke. Smoking is the primary cause is assumed to be accountable to close to 9 in each ten OCPD diagnosed cases (Onn, Hansel and Barnes 8). The dangerous chemical that is contained is smoke has the potential to damage lung’s lining and air paths thus creating obstructions that prevent gases exchange. Discontinuing smoking can be an effective way of stopping COPD from becoming even worse. This is because even an exposure to other individuals smoking can increase the potential of developing the illness. In addition, the exposure to certain fumes, dust and workplace chemicals might destroy the lungs and rise COPD risks. Some of such substances include welding fumes, coal dust, and flour as well as fumes particles (Onn, Hansel and Barnes 18). The general risk of acquiring COPD is even greater if one breathes in fumes or chemical s in the work environment and is also a smoker.

Air pollution is another risk force if one is exposed to the polluted air for the long run their functioning of the lungs can be impacted thus increasing the potential of the illness but this connection is not yet conclusive (Klaus, Wedzicha, Wouters, and Welte 26). Further genetics plays a major part and one is highly likely to acquire COPD if they smoke and holds a close association with the illness which suggests that certain genes make one vulnerable to the illness which can affect people under 35 years. In regard to age, COPD evolves slowly as age increases and it affects individuals of at least 40 years (Onn, Hansel and Barnes 18).

Some common symptoms of COPD are chest tightness, wheezing, energy loss, short breath when engaging in physical exercises, chronic cough, weight loss and feet swelling (Klaus, Wedzicha, Wouters, and Welte 27). COPD can additionally lead to many complications such as respiratory infections, heart issues, lung cancer, depression, and HBP. In that, with the illness, one is likely to catch infections such as flu and pneumonia in often basis and this can make the breathing process to be particularly challenging. Heart issues arise due to the inability by the lungs to transfer gasses to different parts of the body leading to high blood pressure which might affect the heart. The difficulty to breathe can hinder one from participating in fan activities which result in stress and depression. Presently, the cure for COPD is yet to be established but the treatment is mainly aimed at lowering the development of the illness as well as to manage the symptoms (Heidelbaugh 12). Some of the treatments that are used as to discontinue smoking and the use of inhalers and medicines to ease breathing. In addition, pulmonary rehabilitation is recommended since it is a program that seeks to promote exercises and encourage education. Surgery which might include kidney transplant is also an alternative for fewer individuals (Klaus, Wedzicha, Wouters, and Welte 28).

In conclusion, it is apparent that COPD is caused by the obstruction of the respiratory and lung system that challenges the transfer of important gasses. Since the illness is mainly fueled by smoking and inhaling fumes that damage the lungs it can best be prevented by living healthy without smoking and being exposed to chemicals to lower the likelihood. Prolonged smoking is the primary contributor to the illness.

Work Cited

Goodman, Catherine C, Kenda S. Fuller, and Roberta K. O'Shea. Pathology for the Physical Therapist Assistant. , 2016. Internet resource.

Heidelbaugh, Joel J. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier, 2015. Print.

Kon, Onn M, T T. Hansel, and Peter J. Barnes. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: (copd). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Print.

Rabe, Klaus F, Jadwiga A. Wedzicha, E F. M. Wouters, and T Welte. Copd and Comorbidity. Sheffield, UK: European Respiratory Society, 2013. Internet resource.

Cirrhosis – drinking

Cirrhosis is the last stage of liver fibrosis that is caused by different forms of liver illnesses and conditions like chronic hepatitis and alcoholism (Chow and Chow 60). The liver plays part in carrying out several functions that incorporate detoxification of destructive substances in the body, cleansing the blood and creating important nutrients. Cirrhosis normally occurs as the liver attempt to respond to the occurring damages as every time the liver acquires an injury it tries to repair itself and as cirrhosis develops more scars tissues are developed which makes it challenging for it to function (Chen 5). Once cirrhosis damages the liver the impacts can never to reverted

Cirrhosis has several causes although alcoholism and Infectious hepatitis B and C are the primary causes. Other causes of cirrhosis include the accumulation of fat within the liver, cystic fibrosis, digestive disorders, genetic sugar metabolism disorders, chronic infections and the prolonged use of medications such as methotrexate (Chen 6). Patients can be assisted significantly by offering treatment with specified diets and meditations. In addition, in other times surgery can be supported by treatment which is usually conducted in order to dismiss high pressure within the congested circulatory systems braches. In deteriorated states, a liver transplant is preferred. Despite the fact that several forces have been associated with the source of cirrhosis, excessive and prolonged alcohol consumption. Although nutritional shortage with decreased protein consumption contributes highly to the damage of the liver and high alcohol leads to the formation of fat around the liver (Chow and Chow 60).

The association amid alcohol consumption and low nutrition intake can never be questioned despite that the damage route is not well known. In addition, those that are affected can show signs of pneumonia, jaundice, and delirium based on the complexity that is created. There is normally a rise of fats accumulation in the liver region with the illness during the beginning stages which later leads to deterioration (Escott-Stump 445). The less common sources of cirrhosis might include serious response to medication or long run exposure to toxic substances which might not be caused by the consumption of alcohol. Symptoms might not be noticeable in the early stages but as the illness becomes worse it might cause a number of symptoms such as weight loss, fatigue, yellow colored skin, nose bleeding, itching, confusion as well as swelling which might progress if proper care is not offered to the affected persons (Chen 8).

Cirrhosis has several effects or complications as it progresses. To begin with, one might experience high pressure within the major veins that transport blood to the liver (Escott-Stump 446). In that cirrhosis leads to the reduced flow of blood via the liver organ which results in increased blood pressure from the intestines and irritation to the liver. The other complication is the general bulging of the abdomen and legs. The presence of portal hypertension might result in fluids accumulating which might affect the general potential of the liver to produce the necessary blood proteins like albumin (Chow and Chow 60). Such conditions can lead to blood being directed to more smaller blood veins that cause them to expand in general which causes strain by the additional transfer load which might lead to bursting leading to severe bleeding. In such situations since the liver is already damaged this implies that the organ is unable to make adequate clotting functioning which can facilitate consistent bleeding. Bacterial infections are normal triggers for such kind of bleeding (Escott-Stump 447).

One that is affected by cirrhosis might experience challenges while trying to fight infections which makes it particularly hard to even process nutrients and detox the body which results in a weak system and loss of weight. This is caused by being malnutrition. An additional, effect of cirrhosis is the generation of poisons in the brain since the liver is unable to detoxify blood (Chen 7). A harmed liver due to cirrhosis is unable to clear poisons from the circulating blood as compared to a healthy one. These poisons are bound to accumulate and cause cognitive misperception and difficulty in focusing. Some of the symptoms that might arise due to the illness include tiredness and average cognitive damage. Jaundice is generated in instances when the liver cannot eliminate wastes properly leading to dark urine and yellow covered skin (Escott-Stump 446). Some individuals diagnosed with cirrhosis losses bone power and are most likely to be exposed to fractures. Further, the highest number of individuals diagnosed with liver cancer already have cirrhosis which affects the liver to the extent of the development of cancer. Research asserts that most individuals end up acquiring multiple organs disasters which are believed to be as a result of poor functioning and the circulation of poisonous substances within the major systems (Chow and Chow 59).

In summing up, Liver cirrhosis can be prevented by avoiding alcohol drinking, focusing on healthy diets, maintaining healthy weighing and lowering the likelihood of developing hepatitis. In that living, a healthy lifestyle that does not incorporate the use of alcohol and unbalanced diets can be an effective way of avoiding the excessive effects of cirrhosis. This is because maintaining health weighs might lower the likelihood of the illness. Cirrhosis is caused particularly by alcoholism and chronic hepatitis.

Work Cited

Chen, T M. Liver Cirrhosis: New Research. New York: Nova Biomedical, 2005. Print.

Chow, James H, and Cheryl Chow. The Encyclopedia of Hepatitis and Other Liver Diseases. New York, NY: Facts On File, 2006. Internet resource.

Escott-Stump, Sylvia. Nutrition and Diagnosis-Related Care. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008. Print.

Approaches to Laws

Every employee works for the general welfare and intentions outlined by their employer. Thus an employer can be held responsible for the welfare and faults of the employees. However, the fault does not just go away simply because the employer is held responsible. Based on law any person who offers orders to another on how duties and tasks should be performed on their behalf is responsible for repairing the damages that are caused during the period of performing the responsibilities (Hogler, 2004).

A policy for the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

The responsibility to provide sensible accommodation is an essential constitutional requirement under ADA as modified by ADAAA policy (Hogler, 2004). ADA necessitates an employee to offer reasonable accommodation to competent persons characterized by disability who might be workers of applicants unless the accommodation is bound to cause them unwarranted hardships (Hogler, 2004). The requirement for accommodative conditions to disabled workers is aimed at ensuring that the employees fully enjoy the freedoms and welfares of their occupation similar to those adored by the workers with no disability. The act can thus be violated for example if an employer disqualifies a competent applicant based on their physical disability stating that they are not fit for the job. In addition, the law can be violated in instances when an employee is subjected to less payment and unfavorable living condition thus limiting their benefits and privileges (Hogler, 2004). One approach that can be applied to address violation is to focus on diversity in accessing a large base of labor guided by a written policy. In that diversity helps in ensuring that the employees are not discriminated against since everyone has to provide different contributions which are valuable for the wellness of a company.

A policy for the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA)

Age discrimination act was established in the quest of promoting employment for the older persons on the ground on their ability and competence and not age (Hogler, 2004). The act can be violated for example in an instance when the employer denies an individual employment or dismisses them not for being less productive but because they are old. Age discrimination violation can be addressed by focusing on diversity training, creating policies to govern discernment and offer rewards based on performances and not age (Hulett, 2011). In addition, the hiring process can mainly focus on recruitment that is based on competence rather than just on the basis of age. Diversity means that experience is considered since order persons are more experienced.

A Policy for Dealing with Different Types of Harassment.

Harassment denotes the occupation shrewdness custom that disrupts the ideologies of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act (Hulett, 2011). Harassment refers to the unwanted conduct on the ground of sex, originality, age or disability. This might involve discrimination based on sexual orientation, age, gender, retaliation or even oral or physical pestering based on perceptions or notions. Harassment becomes offensive behavior if it is consistent. EEOC and documentation are the approaches that can be utilized in addressing any form of harassment in the workplace (Hogler, 2004). The act can be violated for instance if one is subjected to offensive jokes, threats, physical assaults, insults, and intimidation which directly interferes with an individual performance (Hulett, 2011). The acts should be severe enough to be accounted as intimidating. Through documentation approach policies governing such conducts can be addressed and seek to create a favorable surrounding for all those that are involved.

A policy for the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)

OSHA act asserts that employees are responsible for providing safe and healthy working surroundings by setting and implementing standards as well as the provision of training, learning, and assistance (Hulett, 2011). This policy might be violated for example if the employer fails to provide training to employees on the proper use of machines leading to injury. In this context since the employee acquires the damage performing work-related duties them the employer is held accountable. This can best be avoided by focusing on training programs and documentation that seeks to increase skills and knowledge of the workers in regard to how duties should be performed (Hulett, 2011).

A policy for the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA)

All covered employees should be given job-guarded and unpaid leaves for those that qualify for leaves on the basis of medical or family-related reasons (Reed & Bogardus, 2015). For instance, if one is denied a maternity or paternity leave or when they are dismissed for enquiring for one or are subjected to salary reduction then the act has been violated. Documentation is the most suitable approach that can be utilized in addressing the violation. In that, a company has the obligation of designing a detailed policy that governs leaves qualifications and terms without violating the worker's privileges (Reed & Bogardus, 2015).

A policy for the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

FLSA inaugurates least wages, record maintenance, pregnancy standards and overtime suitability that affects both part and full-time employees within the private sector in the local, states as well as nationally based settings (Hulett, 2011). If an employee is subjected to less pay than the recommended minimum then it implies that the employer has violated the act. In this context, the violation can be addressed using documentation which is essential in ensuring that it offers guidelines on the fair standards (Hogler, 2004).

A policy for the Equal Pay Act (EPA)

EPA necessitates both men and female within the same work organization can be given similar payments. This implies that the jobs should not be similar but should be adequately equal (Reed & Bogardus, 2015). All the forms of pay ranging from bonuses, salaries, profits, accommodation, and reimbursement should be equal (Reed & Bogardus, 2015). For example, a violation can occur if an employer differentiates payment and benefits to the ground of sex paying males more as equated to females. EEOC is the approach that can be utilized to address the violation since it states that an employee shall not be discerned on the basis of their origin, sex, age, race or even religion (Hulett, 2011). Documentation can help with a written policy that outlines how individuals should exist and highlight the governing policies.

References

Hogler, R. L. (2004). Employment relations in the United States: Law, policy, and practice. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.

Hulett, J. K. (2011). Age discrimination: An epidemic in America: affecting people of all ages. Bloomington: AuthorHouse.

Reed, S. M., & Bogardus, A. M. (2015). PHR/SPHR Professional in Human Resources Certification deluxe study guide. Sybex.

            Career Exploration

Part I: Career Research

I choose to research on a nursing profession for several reasons but mainly based on its contribution to healthcare and social-economic stability. To begin with, a nursing profession appeals to me based on its practicability. Today, more than ever nursing is the leading profession in regard to openness and rapid development with close to a hundred percent job placement and payment decency. The major details that I research in regard to the nursing profession revolves around its payment ranges, outlook, needed skills, working condition, duties, labor force size and values. Based on this research nursing accommodates the highest staffing size among major sectors in the country and globally but the existing nursing shortage is bound to increase further in the next few years (BLS, 2015). Nursing is currently the forerunning profession in regard to job security as nurses represents the utmost healthcare workers in America (BLS, 2015). Nursing is a profession that interests many but only pursued by those that are objective about being transformative.

Nursing being among the fastest growing professions in the world creates the need for hiring more nurses when equated to other healthcare workers thus creating more working opportunities. It is apparent that nurses play the major role in treatment and healthcare services as they spend most of their working time with the patients when equated to doctors who are only responsible for examinations and major services that still require the assistance of these nurses. I also found that that nursing will experience a 6 percent growth in the next three years (BLS, 2015). There are more roles in nursing that it is universally assumed and its applicability is overwhelming. These opportunities are mainly driven by the increasing retirements, healthcare service’s needs, aging populace and the need for quality and convenient care. Today, nursing is considered statistically to be the safest cover from socio-economic slowdowns not only based on the fact that it provides desirable payments but also because it is characterized by unending grounds for a profession and economic exploitation (Black & Chitty, 2014).

In addition, this profession is of interest because of my desire to help others while pursuing complex and yet an interesting profession that derives positive outcomes on individual’s lives. In that, the profession exposes an individual to participate in varying patient care services that in turn contributes significantly to an individual’s skills, knowledge, and experience. The thing that surprised me most from the research is that nursing is characterized by the highest growth expected in the next few years yet there is a significant nursing shortage in the country. This, therefore, shows that more and more people are required to fill this gap that is in existence in order to provide not only quality but reliable healthcare services (BLS, 2015). The other thing that surprised me is that this profession is characterized by positive payments and close to a hundred percent replacement which implies that majority of those that pursue this profession is guaranteed of working opportunities. Based on the advancement of healthcare and the increasing older population it is apparent that the highest population is in need of medical services in order to reduce the agony that is related to the increasing health issues (BLS, 2015). In this context, the most suitable contribution is to take part in the provision of medical and professional care in general to support quality existence. The potential to integrate with suffering patients in their most agonizing times is particularly a challenging task both physically and emotionally but it is actually a major source of satisfaction.

This research findings reinforce my choice for this profession in that it is a major contributor to social wellness. It is without a doubt that nurses particularly contributes extensively to individual’s health both emotionally and physically which in turn contributes to socio-economic growth (Black & Chitty, 2014). Changing the lives of individuals particularly those that are in pain cannot be underrated because it is not a role that can be played by everyone. In addition, the fact that the current shortage is bound to rise further despite the expected growth is worrying because the profession is in need of more participants to fill the existing and the growing opportunities. My reaction to this findings is particularly positive because they triggered my interests and the need to help people even more. Personally, I am driven by the desire to transform lives and offer assistance to those that are in need in any ethical and dependable means. It is interesting to understand that nursing is not a profession that is only driven by skills, knowledge, and experience but also passion and commitment are a major necessity. Efficiency is that which is triggered by the inner being rather than the values related to finances and career fulfillment (Black & Chitty, 2014). The best profession satisfaction is the one that generates long run and positive transformation on communities.

Part II: Informational Interview

An individual that I would like to contact for an informational interview is Vernice Davis Anthony the CEO of Great Detroit Area Health Council for has been for the longest time be advocating and leading in addressing health problems that affect the vulnerable communities in America. I choose to conduct an interview on Vernice based on her nursing experience and leadership in advocating for patient issues to be handled effectively. From this interview, I learned that passion and commitment are essential characteristics of an effective nurse in the contemporary society. In that nursing is not about payment but what drives the person that is participating in the healthcare industry. The challenges encountered in conducting and completing the interview includes time and experience limit. Having not conducted any formal interview previously it was challenging to gather my courage and progress. In addition, Vernice is a busy professional and thus getting enough time to communicate with her was challenging but worth the struggle. The interview has helped in understanding that nursing is a demanding profession and thus several skills that I should develop include communication and decision-making skills. The steps needed is more research on the profession and academic focus.

Part III: Interview Questions

1. What does a nursing profession entail?
2. What are the actual academic and training requirements necessary for a nursing profession?
3. What roles specifically do one play as a nurse?
4. What does it take to become an effective nurse?
5. Are nursing profession opportunities expected to grow further and why?
6. Do you think that the nursing shortages will increase further? Or are those that pursue the profession not enough?
7. What advice would you offer to those aspiring to pursue nursing profession?

References

BLS. (2015). Healthcare Occupations. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/home.htm

Black, B. P., & Chitty, K. K. (2014). Professional nursing: Concepts & challenges. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier.

PTSD

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), is a psychiatric disorder which occurs after experiencing a deadly scenario, either in military combat, serious road accidents, sexual and physical assault in children and adults, natural calamities, or terrorist attacks (Roberts, 2011). After sometime, victims of PTSD tends to recover, however it may not be that easy for them, since they may not be able to conduct their daily activities at ease. Similarly, they may have stress reactions which may not go on their own, and the condition may also worsen over time. Those who suffer from PTSD tend to experience flashbacks, and nightmares, which makes it hard for them to sleep, hence feeling estranged (Taylor, 2017). The symptoms of PTSD vary, according to the scope of the situation which led to the incident. Most of those suffering from PTSD may therefore have different symptoms, with others being affected by incidents which may make them to remember the past experiences, hence becoming a lifetime condition which recurs from time to time (Ritchie, 2017).  

PTSD Treatment and Side-effects

PTSD methods of treatment is include medication and psychotherapy. A PTSD treatment is conducted after a comprehensive assessment of the symptoms are carried, to ensure the treatment is appropriate for the condition (Ritchie, 2017).

If one has experienced PTSD for of less than 4 weeks, then an approach commonly known as watchful waiting may be used. This is a type of approach which requires close monitoring of the condition, to understand if it worsens over time or not. The follow up process takes place for a period of one month (Taylor, 2017).

If the PTSD persists, psychotherapy is usually recommended as the first approach.  Psychotherapy and medication go hand in hand particularly if the condition is severe and it persists. Psychotherapy is basically used in the treatment of mental health conditions which may include: PTSD, anxiety, compulsive disorder, and depression (Roberts, 2011).

Psychotherapy is majorly carried out by trained medical practitioners who take time to listen to the victim and help the victim to come up with operational strategies to solve the issue. There are different types of psychotherapy used in treating PTSD, which may include the following, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and group therapy, which are also old methods of treating PTSD (Taylor, 2017).

CBT is a therapy type which intends to help victims of PTSD to manage their issues through changing their ways of thinking and acting (Roberts, 2011). It consequently uses a variety of psychological treatment approaches which helps victims to come to terms with the distressing event. For instance, a therapist may ask a victim to focus on other experiences in detail, thus confronting the traumatic memories (Ritchie, 2017). During this period, the therapist allows the victim the cope with stress, while at the same time identifying unhelpful thoughts which might be affecting the victim. In that process, the therapist can help the victim to gain control of the distress and any form of fear, through changing the victim’s negative way of thinking, thus leading to a positive way of thinking. This process may last for up to 8-12 weeks, before a victim fully recovers from the condition.

EMDR is new form of treatment which is effective in reducing the effects of PTSD. In this approach, the victim is supposed to follow the movement of therapist’s finger, through maintaining an eye contact with the movement of the finger, while thinking about the post-traumatic event (Taylor, 2017). It is not that clear how the method works, but it helps the victim to change negative way of thinking, thus being able to focus. However, the method has been found to be effective, hence it is used in the treatment of PTSD (Roberts, 2011).

Group therapy involves different people suffering from different types of PTSD, who come together to discuss their experiences. In the process, they tend to recover, and see how serious their conditions may not be, hence recovering from the disorder.

Medication and its side effects      

In PTSD treatment, antidepressants like, paroxetine, mirtazapine, phenelzine, sertraline, and phenelzine may be used in the treatment of adults (Roberts, 2011). These drugs are considered only if the other methods of treatment have not proven to be effective. Antidressants are used to reduce any forms of symptoms associated with depression, and may also help in solving sleeping disorders. It is however recommended to people above the age of 18 years. Common side effects include: anxiety, sleeping disturbances, irritability and intense dreams (Taylor, 2017).            

Prognosis of PTSD  

PTSD is severe without treatment, and victims may experience mental health problems, thus making it hard for them sustain their families (Roberts, 2011). However, if treatment is administered earlier, then the chances of changing the way a person behaves and relates with other people is likely to change. In addition, those who have recovered from PTSD, particularly soldiers, have been able to inspire suffering from the condition, thus making them to recover from the condition. Out of those treated, 90% of them have been able to fully recover from the condition, hence being a source of inspiration to others, and also becoming caring to their families (Taylor, 2017). 

Reference

Taylor, S. (2017). Clinician's guide to ptsd, second edition: A cognitive-behavioral approach. Guilford Publications.

Roberts, C. A. (2011). Coping with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Guide for Families. Jefferson: McFarland & Co., Publishers.

In Ritchie, E. C. (2017). Intimacy post-injury: Combat trauma and sexual health.

            Influences of Health Care Research

Robotic Surgery Background Information

The utilization of Robotic surgery in major hospitals has been on the rise in the recent. Robotic Surgery new breed was developed in the early 2000s due to the need for increased patient safety (Sood, & Leichtle, 2013). This innovation was developed in order to lower the threats associated with surgery. Robotic surgery is a kind of slightly aggressive operation which implies that rather than operating via huge cuts reduced operating tools are used. The tools are characterized by additional innovation intelligent that works in minimizing the associated threats (Sood, & Leichtle, 2013). The technology is not new since it has been utilized for years with the objective of reducing errors that are related to medical surgery.

This technology is placed on varying location in the surgical room thus permitting the surgeon to conduct the operations by controlling motions. This instrument works to ensure that there are no errors since the 3D display that the surgeon utilizes is essential in creating a more grounded location (Sood, & Leichtle, 2013). The settings can be modified for specific necessities of an institution and for distinct patient groups within such institutions that are based on the patient’s aspects such as location, perception (Tan, 2008). The alert that is offered can provide medical advisories based on the existing patient’s condition. These advisories are comprised of certain operational information that is demonstrated on the display when a when any command is chosen. This innovation notifies the users if the selected operation is out of the specific range but the innovation can still be overridden without having to alter the general settings of the systems (Tan, 2008). In addition, the hard stop is focused on informing the users if the selected drug is safe and thus denies the infusion unless the modification of the program is made within the specified timing.

Robotic Surgery provides a huge deal of efficiency and time saving that is essential in influencing safe health practices (Tan, 2008). This technology creates different opportunities that can be utilized to enhance safe utilization and informs different actions that can be adapted to correct the issues. These interventions are grounded on the information to be modified to the particular needs of the patients and the institution and the concentration that is required on the identified sections. Most surgical procedures are categorized as high alert intervention and are most likely to result in damages if errors are administered (Sood, & Leichtle, 2013). One of the primary benefits of this technology is that it is associated with reduced administration errors that are related to the surgery. Smart technologies can offer a close check of calculations by ensuring that the incisions are right and safe for the patient. This technology, therefore, encourages and support safe and quality care.

How Evidence-Based Research Influences the Healthcare Industry

Evidence-based research leads to quality healthcare services and promotes patients safety in general. Evidence-based leads to a more stable health care industry by focusing on the best and highly positive outcomes in general. This research promotes quality and growth because it is centered on patient values and needs, clinical profession and the most suitable evidence. In other words, evidence-based medical practices increase health systems value as it helps clinicians to sustain standardized processes (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2011). In addition, it uses actual time data in making more informed decisions leading to transparency, responsibility and increased value. This is because it expresses more enhanced commitment that seeks to improve the transparency of thinking behind policies that leads to increases responsibility that justifies the ground for the utilization of valid decisions and eliminates any existing uncertainty. In addition, it leads to improved quality care (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2011). Despite the fact that the nation normally spends more money per individual on healthcare as compared to other countries it is evident that Americans fail to acquire the necessary care. With the presence of evidence-based care is concerned it leads to improved care since clinicians have access to the unexploited information regarding the most suitable practices. In other words, this leads to improved outcomes for treatment is usually safe and appropriate and thus few errors might occur but not affect the general outcomes (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2011).

Evidence-Based Research Influence on Robotic Surgery Innovation

Robotic Surgery innovation has highly been influenced by evidence-based research as it has evolved progressively and attained more efficiency. In that, the technology does not only work in ensuring that errors regarding medicines are lowered but it ensures that the safety of the patients and that of the users is preserved (Parsons & Revell, 2016). Innovation has therefore, influenced the values of this technology by ensuring that medical expertise is integrated with the most suitable and available systematic findings. Research-based evidence has worked to improve the functionality and the response of the software which not only seek to enhance quality and safety but are now objected at stabilizing the performance and supporting positive outcomes (Parsons & Revell, 2016). This implies that all the information that is utilized in making decisions is mainly grounded on evidence in order to eliminate the occurrence of errors. This integration is mainly focused on providing the most suitable care to the patients and addressing usability for the practitioners.

External Influences That Affect Healthcare Research

Healthcare research is affected by several external forces which include lack of governmental support, patient stereotyping and cost. It is apparent that the expenses that are associated with healthcare research are particularly high and it is challenging for a single organization to fully finance such activities and at the same time focus on the provision of quality and safe care to the patients (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2011). Based on the associated expenses and the lack of support from the governmental institution it becomes very challenging for the research to be completed and once it is done the outcomes are always below expectations and associated with minimal or zero benefits (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2011). Most of such healthcare research is guided by evidence that is not certain or proven leading to errors and complexity. Awareness and familiarity is another challenge since most of the practitioners are not fully informed of the use or the guidelines and complex.

External Influences That Affect Robotic Surgery Innovation

In this regard, some of the external forces that affect Robotic Surgery innovation use in healthcare are cost, awareness, and lack of leadership support (Tan, 2008). In that the adoption of such innovation is expensive and it requires the support of the government to offer guidance and encourage its applicability. However, the high expenses normally push most healthcare institutions away which fails to uphold quality and safety values. In addition, for effective adoption of this technology awareness and familiarity is a requirement (Tan, 2008). The practitioners should be well informed of its use and application which will, in turn, lead to lowered errors. In that despite the fact that the innovation is user-friendly comprehensive understanding is a requirement. 

References

Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2011). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Parsons, L. C., & In Revell, M. A. (2016). Pathophysiology and care protocols for nursing management. Elsevier.

Sood, M., & Leichtle, S. W. (2013). Essentials of Robotic Surgery. New York: Spry Publishing LLC.

Tan, J. K. H. (2008). Healthcare information systems and informatics: Research and practices. Hershey, PA: Medical Information Science Reference.

Discussion

The CDC 2016 came up with the following strategies, regarding the use of opioid use disorder to prevent CNS complications (Jean, 2016). Among the strategies which were discussed in CNS include the following. Paediatricians should address the exclusive sensitivities of prescribing opioid medications to expectant women, and non-expectant women, who are still in their reproductive ages. The recommendations therefore include discussing the effects of prolonged use of opioid, since it may affect the conception periods, and future pregnancies, and how women who suffer from opioid disorder can also avoid unwanted pregnancy (Nora, 2016). Similarly, other recommendations were providing nonopioid pharmacological therapy for the management of chronic pain, and also recommending the lowest effective dosage when commencing opioids. In addition, from March 2016, it is required by the Food and Drug Administration, continued and immediate-release opioid drugs to include a warning on the box, which notifies the patients about the effects of prolonged use of opioid during pregnancy, as it may lead to central nervous system (CNS) complications.

It is significant to provide requirements of treatment for expectant women who might be suffering from opioid use disorder (Nora, 2016). Therapeutically supervised interfering of opioids in expectant women is consequently related with high deterioration rates as related to methadone upkeep. The administration for substance and mental health service has been reviewed to improve the capacity to provide MAT for expectant women with Opioid use disorder. It is consequently significant for medical providers to evaluate simultaneous substance abuse and depression and transmittable comorbidities of opioid use disorder (Jean, 2016). Furthermore, medical providers need expect that children born of mothers receiving MAT might be affected by CNS. It is therefore necessary for an association with paediatricians to assess babies’ utero opioid exposure for any symptoms or signs of CNS.

Reference

Jean Y. Ko, Sara W, Wanda D. B, Stephen W. P, Cheryl S. B, Kimberly A. Y, Rebecca N, John I. (2017). CDC Grand Rounds: Public Health Strategies to Prevent Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6609a2.htm

Nora, D. V. (2016). What Science tells us About Opioid Abuse and Addiction: National Institute on Drug Abuse: Advancing Addiction Science.

 Anxiety disorder

 Anxiety Disorder a mental condition where individuals respond to threat such as environmental changes. There are different types of anxiety disorders and these types differ with respect to situations that trigger fear and anxiety. Clinicians conduct diagnosis by employing cultural contextual factors to understand whether the disorder is developmentally normative or persistent fear (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). In addition, clinicians conduct diagnosis of the different anxiety disorders when they are aware that the disorder is not contributed by physiological effects. According to American Psychiatric Association, individuals may suffer from separation anxiety disorder due to the feeling that emotional attachment is separated.  Selective mutism is also a condition where individuals especially children are unable to communication in some social settings simply because they feel uncomfortable and unsecured. Other type of anxiety disorder is specific phobia and this occur when individual develop fear due to specific situations   such as negative experience with  animals. People also develop social phobia when they meet with unfamiliar people, eat in presence of people and fear being humiliated. Panic disorder is contributed by physical and cognitive factors that cause panic due to situation or panic for no reason. Last is agoraphobia and this occur when an individual develop fear when walking alone, finds himself in either open or encloses places among other situations.

 Selective Mutism

Diagnostic Criteria

 A person with this condition fails to speak in expected situations like school, and speaks in other situations. This condition interferes with life since social life such as education, social activities and interactions are minimized. During diagnosis, a child must have shown the symptom for a least one month. An important point to note is that a person does not refuse to speak due to lack of knowledge on the language being spoken. In addition, the condition is not as a result of communication disorder or other psychotic disorder.

 Diagnostic features

  Children with selective mutism do not talk with other people in social interactions.  When they meet their friends, relatives, schoolmates and teachers, they develop social anxiety.  This leads to disastrous effects since teachers are unable to asses skills and other adults may not understand the social needs of the child.  However, these children talk to their family members, and in school they may use nonverbal means as they also feel the need to perform in social settings.

 Associated Features

Associated features with selective disorder are oppositional behaviors, social isolation, children show shyness in social setting, they fear social embarrassments and they always show negativism. An important point is that such children have the necessary language skills but their behaviors relate with communication disorder though not medically identified.  In diagnosis, physician considers other disorders such as social phobia.

Prevalence

  The prevalence is 0.03% and 1% as it shown by clinical samples. The prevalence also varies due to factors such as setting and age. However, sex or race is assessed when measuring prevalence.  This disorder is very rare and young children are more vulnerable compared with adults. In diagnosing prevalence rates of childhood disorder, selective mutism is not included since it is not well understood.

Development and course

            This condition or symptoms of selective mutism occur when a children is below 5 years.  The problem is detected when a child join school since social interaction and performance will help identify the problem. This is the period when the child develops social resistance and poor academic performance due to inability to read. This condition also changes in terms of physiology or in other words, the condition may disappear but in some cases the symptoms may stay for several years. The clinical research has not reported the cause of chronic condition.

Risk and Prognostic factors

Behavioral inhibit, or anxiety toward unfamiliar situation may be rooted from parental history.  In addition, children with selection autism have problems in understanding the spoken language.  Parents who develop social inhibit in social interaction contribute to selection mutism to their children. Environmental factors also show that  parents  to these children were overprotective or protect  their children excessively compared with parents whose children has no selective mutism. Physiological factors explain that the condition may be contributed by benefit factors which exist between selective mutism and social phobes.

 Cultural-related diagnosis issues

 Research has shown that immigrant children are at a risk of developing selective mutism   since they face language problems. In the new country, children remain silent since lack of knowledge becomes an obstacle. They face challenges in speaking second language and this is termed as a cultural issues. However,  clinician may diagnose selective mutism if challenges to learning second language have been met  or programs to teach second language   have been developed, yet children suffer from selective mutism.  

Functional consequences

 Since children with selective mutism fear socializing with children and other people in social setting, they develop social impairment.  In their adulthood, the probability of being isolated is high.  In academic setting, they develop academic impairment where they show poor performance. Due to lack of communication, teachers are unable to meet their academic needs.  In school, these children are disturbed and annoyed by other students. This increases social rejection to avoid peer teasing.

Differential diagnosis

Communication disorder such as speech sound disorder, stuttering, language disorders among others should not be placed in the category of selective mutism. This is because, communication disorder does not occur in specific social situation but selective mutism occurs specifically on social setting and disappears when children interact with family members or other close people. The second point is that children with psychotic disorders are not able to speak in social situations. Thus, a difference should make between psychotic disorders and selective mutism. In addition, clinicians should diagnose selective mutism if a child refuses to speak in expected places and speak in specific settings. Last is social phobia and the point is that social phobia and selective mutism are related and thus clinicians should diagnose both to make conclusion.

 Comorbidity

            Comorbidity or others diseases that may occur at the same time with selective mutism include social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, opposition behaviors and communication delays.

Reference

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub,

Self-Disclosure

The topic clearly represents what the paper will be talking about, which is self-disclosure, and how the process will be conducted. Self-disclosure is appropriate in helping professionals, in the sense that it helps in allowing them to understand their areas of weakness, through making them to realize how they may easily end up disclosing information, without actual intention of doing so (Thomas, 2010). In addition, self-disclosure allows professionals to speak their mind out, hence being able to know whatever challenges they may be going through, hence being able to come up with new techniques and ways of actual dealing with their issues. I might have concern disclosing topics such as politics, and my health issues, and this is basically because, these are the main topics which actually represent a person, and the way he or she reasons, and lives.        

Psychotherapy

1. The client displayed resistance to treatment, because she thought she was not the person who was suffering from the condition, hence she predicted Oliver, who was suffering from the condition, should have been the one under treatment instead (James, 2014).
2. The therapist was not tuned to her feelings, and this was because, the client was resisting the treatment in such a way that the therapist could not understand, this prompted the therapist to ask her what she really wanted, before he made things clearly, hence making her to understand why it was important for to be treated and not Oliver (James, 2014).
3. As a therapist, I would have changed the way the therapist was administering the treatment, hence I would have initially talked about the importance of treating the client, before beginning the actual treatment, hence dealing with any form of resistance when the treatment begins (James, 2014).

Reference

Thomas, G. G. (2010). Ethical Aspects of Self-Disclosure in Psychotherapy: Psychiatric Times. Retrieved from: http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/ethical-aspects-self-disclosure-psychotherapy

James, K. (2014). Psychotherapy Examples: Part 11 Process Issues (Resistance to Treatment Plan): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODT6zHPqtZk  

Water, water, everywhere – and lots of it in bottles

Six different types of bottled water, source and treatment

Purified water- this type of bottle water comes from different sources such as spring and ground water.  Before drinking, the water is treated to remove impurities. The methods of treatment include distillation-heating water to form steam, deionization-the process of removing mineral ions, reverse osmosis –the process of purified water by removing all contaminants. Other method is carbon filtration- a process by which an activated carbon removes microorganisms and harmful organic chemicals (Brown, 29).

Spring water- the source of spring water is the underground formation in the earth surface.   Different methods of water treatment are not required since the water does not contain microorganism. What happens is that the water in the underground formation is collected by creating a bored hole. The water is full of nutrients and minerals. However, the water is tested to ensure safety and purity by adhering to FDA standards (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 1).  Thus, purification systems remove contaminants and unwanted elements to ensure that the water is safe for drinking.

Mineral water- the source of this water is recognized underground water sources and investigation is done to ensure that the source has 250 per million natural minerals. The water does not need additional of minerals since it contains natural minerals. Mineral water may not require treatment apart from labeling to show high or low mineral content

Artesian water- the source of this type of water is natural elements such as rock, ice and more.  The water comes to the surface on top of the aquifer or to the level of hydrostatic equilibrium under pressure. The water is extracted by drilling an artesian well. Even though the water has no contamination, artesian water is treated by adding chlorine to kill pathogens.  In addition, irons which could bring health effects are removed.  This is done by adding sodium silicate which acts as an additive.  Last, the water is stored in the reservoirs (Brown, 29).

Distilled water-   this is a tap water which comes from various sources such as river, lake and more.  The water is distilled to kill the bacteria, organic, inorganic chemical and other contaminants.  During distillation, steam is recondensed to make it safe for drinking. The water is bottled by adhering to federal standards (Brown, 29).

Sparkling water- the water also comes from a well or spring where carbon dioxide has been dissolved.  The process of water treatment such as sedimentation, filtration, disinfection and others are done to ensure   that the water is safe for drinking (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 1). 

            In comparison, bottled water is made safe for human consumption through different methods of treatment such as coagulation, filtration, disinfection and more. On the other hand, tap water is water that comes from a piped supply; meaning that the water is not distilled and contains contaminants. For example, tap water has   a high level of lead which its root cause is aging pipes (Dege, 59). Thus, the government is responsible for removing old pipes and treating water.  Both bottles water and tap water are treated by different the method.  For example, emerging contaminants such as herbicides, pesticides and others in tap water are not treated. Bottled water has effects on health since the plastic bottles contain polyethylene terephthalate which has toxic materials harmful to the health. The bottles are made using bisphenol A that leads to negative effects on the reproduction system. Taste is as a result of source and treatment and many people prefer drinking bottled water   since it is rich in nutrients and minerals (Dege, 59). In addition, manufactures of bottle water ensure that the process of purification meets the FDA standards. The standards ensure that the water contains the beneficial elements and harmful substances such as in organics and pesticides are removed. This makes the bottled water to have a better taste while tap water is flat and flavorless. Generally, both bottled water and tap water have merits and demerits which make individuals to have a choice. For example, both are regulated by agencies responsible for safety. Numerous treatment processes are taken to remove contamination (Dege, 61). However, they have negative health effects in that tap water have a high level of lead and other microorganisms which affects the body. Similarly, the treatment process in bottled water removes important elements such as fluoridation benefits which could be beneficial to the body. In addition, plastic bottles are harmful to the environment.

 Example of brands of bottled water includes Volvic, Dasani, Evian, Nestle Pure Life and Mountain Valley Spring Water.  Among the five, I would choose Volvic because this is a brand from spring water. Based on its source, spring water has natural minerals and good taste. The water is rich in minerals such as calcium and magnesium.  The water from underground source has no contamination. The water also has total dissolved solids (Gleick, 78).

 Comparing bottled water and tap water, I would choose bottled water.   The main reason for choosing bottled water is that this water is clean or in other words   the water is free from contamination as the purification process has to adhere to FDA regulation (Gleick, 88). Tap water pipes contain lead and the water is full of fluoride which has negative effects to the body.  Even though the tap water is regulated by protection agency,   the water may be contaminated during natural disaster which might affect the water treatment plants. Bottled water is convenient with various varieties, it is easy to store and has a great taste (Gleick, 97).

Work cited

Brown, Jordana. "Water Pressure." Vegetarian Times, no. 358, May 2008, pp. 29-31. EBSCOhost,

search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=31726253&site=ehost-live.

Dege, Nicholas. Technology of Bottled Water. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. Internet resource.

Gleick, P. H. The world's water: 2004-2005 : the biennial report on freshwater resources.

Washington, DC [u.a.: Island Press.2004

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. 2017