The Effect of Fatigue on Vertical Jump Height in Performance Sport

Introduction

Neuromuscular fatigue is a renowned multifactorial sensation whose etiology is still the subject of a lot of debate. All the same, most of the descriptions of the neuromuscular fatigue share a joint component which is the reflection of an exercise persuaded degeneration in muscle force construction together with an upsurge in the level of the exertion that is essential to complete the exercise. When the fatigue is offered, the physical changes in the muscles can be detected in the muscles where the muscles get impaired and the excitation-coupling failure is detected (Nicol et al., 2006).

The capability to vertically jump is essential in the performance of numerous sporting undertakings for instance in playing of volleyball, football and basketball. The accomplishment of this motor undertaking is vastly dependent on the synchronization of the human physique’s segmental movements, which is normally resulted by the collaboration between the muscle powers controlled by the instincts directed by the central nervous structure (Kuitunen, 2010). And the net actions that have to be formed near the joints in order to be able to achieve the automatic stresses of the accountabilities. The outcomes of the kinematic and electromyographic studies that have been steered so far demonstrate that vertical jumping is normally accomplished bestowing to a vigorous categorized outline. The scheduling, classification and the scope of the muscle commencement and the joint movement are reasonably correspondent even while the movement is accomplished by assorted subjects (Windhorst, 2007).

Some of the movements’ boundaries for instance limiting the trunk section hardly upset the form of the variables that are used to define the coordination for example muscle stimulation (Nicol et al., 2006). During the utmost vertical jumps, there is a conjoint drive that subsists and it is what panels the agonist antagonist muscle reparation action as a lone practical unit. The variation of this conjoint drive also leads to in like muscle stimulation between the exhausted and the non-exhausted jumps, but it also distresses the top angular speed and the peak control that is round the joints during the propulsive period of the movement. Although muscle power regulates the highest jump height that can be attained, the definite performance is reliant on the regulation of the muscle properties. Neither amassing of the knee power extensor muscle nor levitation of the power of all the muscles can principal to jump height enhancement, unless the muscle instigation is restructured (Windhorst, 2007).

It is conceivable that debility in enactment after fatigue could be the source of alteration in synchronization, the variation in concrete aptitude of the muscles to create force without altering the impartial response or even the arrangement of these two features. In the first situation, the variations in both muscle stimulation and kinematics are most probable to transpire while in the subsequent situation, it could be branded by an unchanging neural effort where a dissimilar kinematic production might occur (Zib & Lidor, 2010). The main question in this case is whether neuromuscular structures adopt a different synchronization pattern in order to justification for the indigenous; muscular exhaustion or whether it agonizes the concerns of the condensed muscular power. The aim of this study is to comprehend whether and the degree that the neuromuscular structure is able to restructure and accommodate the controls that are used in multi-segmented actions when altered muscle groups are exhausted. It is theorized that exhaustion leads to reduction in performance and it impacts the extent and the period of numerous kinematic and kinetic variables but will have diminutive influence on muscle stimulation outlines.

Literature Search Strategy

To fulfil the objectives of the study, an operational selection process of the current literature was mandatory. The consistency and reliability of any research conclusions are resultant based on the aptitude of the selected literature to effectively respond to the research question. Systematic review involves a literature review that visibly addresses the framed research question while using categorical and methodical research methods. On the other hand, meta-analyses refer to the numerical tactic that reviews and assimilates results acquired from applicable sources as selected with regard to methodical review. In this context, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) report is worth bearing in mind proceeding to steering an orderly literature review.

PRISMA style was used in acting as a guide on the expansion of an organized evaluation procedure and recognizes key models for insertion all through the evaluation process. The procedure trailed a clear set of diverse approaches such as catalogues and key terms that were used all through the examination approach. PRISMA offers suppleness worth in choosing the most applicable sources; it was also selected because it is valuable in finding sources that are exceedingly pertinent to explicit matters. The technique was utilized in getting sources that are related to the research topic ‘effects of fatigue on vertical jump heights in sports performance. The scholarly web databases that were utilized in the search process comprise Google Scholar, Ebsco-Host, Microsoft Academic Search and PubMed Central. The sources were chosen because they are the most reliable academic databases and also because of their capacity to provide widespread peer-reviewed sources to respond to the research question.

The literature was chosen on the root of significance to the research topic, dialect, publication date, authors, publication, and number of citations. With deference to the inclusion principles the researcher only sort to integrate current studies based on their aptitude to offer pertinent and reliable data. In this case, the sources that were encompassed in the research are those that are published within the last 15 years. This is bearing in mind the fact that the topic of the effects that fatigue has on vertical jump heights is a topic that is not so commonly researched and so there are not so many past studies on this. In totalling, all the research articles had to be peer reviewed to demonstrate their trustworthiness since peer-reviewed literature is not extremely exposed to author prejudices which in turn distress the reliability of the conclusions.

 The journals also had to be published by trustworthy editors most especially those that are linked with data bases such as Sage publication, PubMed, CINAHL, Sport discuss and Ebsco Host among others. The preferred language for the study was English because it is universal and it also meets the study requirements. All the selected research articles had a noteworthy sum of citation for the raised argument which established their correctness and significance. Literature that was not published in the last decade was excluded because the findings might not be applicable to the contemporariness of the world in the present day. Non-peer reviewed sources were also eradicated most especially those whose author’s trustworthiness cannot be recognized based on the lack of data about them. Non-English sources were also disregarded to elude the issue of language barrier which could lead to misunderstanding.

Figure 1: The selection of the articles

All the sources acquired from the databases as well as other sources                                     100

 

 

 

 

After screening the 100 sources  for relevance based on abstracts

20 of the sources were eliminated

After screening the remaining 65 sources based on content

 

 

 

 

35 of the sources were eliminated

 

 

 

 

 

Only 40 sources met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in this review.

 

 

 

Literature review

To effectively satisfy the objectives of this study, the literature review chapter presents a detailed comprehensive review of the available studies that deal with muscular fatigue and its effects on sports performance most especially in vertical jumps. This review acknowledges that fatigue indeed has some impact on the performance of vertical jump sports and it greatly affects the performance of the athlete.

Vertical jump and the way that it’s measured

Ostojić et al., (2010) defines the vertical jump as a practical sport detailed activity that is a counter movement with a dorsiflexing of the ankle and the stretching of the knees, the hips, trunk and the lengthening shoulders. This crafts a stretch restriction sequence that is trailed by a quick eruption of the lower margin musculature and upward initiative of the trunk and upper margins. Beneka et al., (2013) supports this illustrating that, it can be perceived in basketball when a player dunks a basketball or even blocks a hit and in football when a receiver jumps to hit the ball away. It can also be perceived in many track and field actions for example in soccer when heading a ball and in basketball when an outfielder is hopping high over the fence to catch a fly ball (Beneka et al., 2013). The vertical jump is generally employed for dimensions, railing and the development valuation. When observing the plyometric jumps, the vertical jump has the maximum influence output, muscle enrolment and ground response powers. The long-time standard dimensions of a vertical jump have been through the use of a vertec (Ebben et al., 2011). The vertec is usually precise to the dimension of half inch augmentations. The vertec measures the alteration that is there amid the vertical reach and the vertical jump with the reach often labelled as the jump reach. People normally stand even footed and they stretch for the uppermost vane, where they then jump and reach for the uppermost vane and the variance is normally documented as the vertical jump height (Buckthorpe  et al., 2012). There are always wall fixed and free standing movable schemes during the exercise, a motion exploration camera structure is deliberated as a gold standard in vertical jump height for the stretch technique. The video from a gesture scrutiny system can be decelerated to perceive a precise dimension of the vertical jump height. With the progresses in technology, a variation of jump mats are on the market that measures the hang period and also compute the vertical jump height, the jump mat generally quantify to the accurateness of 1/10^th of an inch (Magnúsdóttir & Karlsson , 2014). This calculation is a dimension of the time off the mat, but it does not take into concerns the accomplishment aptitude.

Neuromuscular fatigue and its effects  

Performance in sport is the utmost detailed pointer of an athletes’ sport definite neuromuscular presentation enthusiasm and its longitudinal valuation can be problematic and it is not concrete. Alam et al., (2018) indicates that coaches observe training loads and they guarantee that they periodize the training meetings in order to craft ideal versions, this kinds of monitoring are nevertheless unsuccessful because they do not consider the functional stress that is felt by each of the athlete at any set time. Field tests for example the drop jumps, the counter movement jumps and short sprints are the most appropriate methods that can be utilized to evaluate the neuromuscular weariness and enthusiasm of an athlete. Cesar et al. (2017) supports this indicating that the jump tests are always improved by a very thorough examination that uses the force plate or what is generally known as the position transducer structures that might have led to an improved consideration of the biological and neuromuscular reactions that are linked with the neuromuscular exhaustion.

In a study by Lesinski et al. (2016), it was found that although muscle strength determines the maximum jump height that can be achieved; the actual performance is dependent on the control of the muscle elements. The increasing muscle strength of the knee extensor muscles and raising the strength of all the muscles results in jump height improvement up until there is recognition of muscle control. This is supported by Prieske et al. (2017)  in their study involving undertakings such as cycling, running, lifting and hopping workouts aid in verifying that some compensatory techniques are utilized in counterbalancing the damage of the muscle power producing elements as a result of the exhaustion. The fluctuations in muscle stimulation scheduling should be conducted in order to evade the weakening of the performance when the elements of the musculoskeletal structure are reformed (Kawakami & Fukunaga, 2006). It is consequently accurate to point out that under exhaustion, the compensatory approaches can prompt a restructuring of the movement assembly and an innovative synchronization outline is expected to appear. It is not experimentally understood if or the manner in which neuromuscular structure rearranges the outline of utmost countermovement jumps every time a certain muscle group whether it’s the knee extensor or the knee flexor muscles has its obligatory producing elements altered due to fatigue whether it is in regard to cumulative or even deceasing. This argument is further supported by Kawakami & Fukunaga, (2006) that argues that changes in the muscle activation timing should always be accomplished in order to try and avoid the decline of the performance with the elements of the musculoskeletal system area altered.

In addition to these basic alterations and the condensed force producing, fatigue also destructively affects the speed of the muscle fibers shortening and relaxation. Altering the power generating elements of one constituent of the agonist-antagonist pair is an eye-catching way to assess if a collective motivation exits and the technique that it impacts the movement association in the course of the dynamic situations (Fisher, 2010). If a joint effort directs the movement implementation of utmost counter movement jumps, a distinctive incentive pointer would be utilized and muscle initiation timing may be dependable and other variables for instance peak net moment, ultimate angular speed and the ultimate net power around the joints could fluctuate when one constituent of the agonist-antagonist duo is exhausted meaning that the muscle capacity producing elements are condensed (Zib & Lidor, 2010). A good illustration is when the left or rightward section deviations in the forecast of the other variables of the task for example eventual angular speed time would be estimated to happen in exhaustion while the muscle initiation would persevere destitute of large inequalities.