Describe what the specifically Etruscan characteristics in temple design are; how are these characteristics different from Greek temple design.
The characteristics of the Etruscan temple were wooden columns, the temples had three cellas, the roof had terracotta tiles where narrative statuary was placed, the wall was made of bricks, entrance was made of stone and columns were at the podium (Gardner & Kleiner, 2011). These characteristics were different from Greek in that the Greek temples had columns all sides so that it appeared as a sculptural mass. Greek temple had one cella and the pediment was decorated.
Describe what developmental phases we can observe in the design of Etruscan residential architecture; use the Northwest Gate complex at Veii and the house at Vetulonia as your examples. Include in your discussion the kinds of building materials that went into house construction.
Etruscan residential architecture was made of perishable materials and construction had two phases: an oval hut, a rectangular house model with stone foundations. The For example, the Northwest Gate complex at Veii had two developmental phases; a hut made of tufa blocks, rectangular house, made of stone (Ulrich & Quenemoen, 2014). The house at Vetulonia has two developmental phases; ovoid ground plans and a rectilinear plan. Etruscan residential architecture used building materials such as bricks, woods, and stones.
Differentiate between the processes of preservation/conservation of historic monuments and presentation of historic monuments, two key concepts in historic preservation practice
Conservation of historic monument maintaining the building or sides so that they do not lose their significance and that they may be used by future generations’ on the other hand, presentation meanings using written, verbal, or visual method to communicate the message of the historic m monument to the public (Feilden, 2007). A point to note that presentation is done to people who are interested in cultural values. In both conservation and preservation, there should be programme that aim at maintaining the historical evidence and avoid aesthetic confusion.
Describe some of the activities that go on around the actual preservation of ancient sites and what they add to the historic preservation process and eventual presentation of the archaeological site.
The preservation of ancient sites require a holistic approach preservationist’s gather information to gain knowledge of the archaeological wealth. The information also help them know the degree of damage, the resources needed and the appropriate actions. The first activity is prioritization which involves assessing the religious, economic, and cultural and religious values of the site (Baker & Chitty, 2013). Another activity is reductionism or the process of understand each site, their values, and their role. The big picture helps preserve the site for the future. The last activity is movement and monitoring of resources. These activities add to the presentation of archeological site in that visitors can see the historian reality in authentic way. Visitors come to site for cultural performance and for remembrance of historical monuments.
What are the characteristics of Villanovan impasto wares; what kinds of surface decoration was applied to the impasto vessels and what are examples of the kinds of pottery produced with this impasto fabric?impasto wares were
Villanovan impasto wares is a pottery which was made using clay, it has a burnished surface and it was black in color. The surface decoration were dark brown and black (Bonfante, 1986). Examples of the kinds of pottery include; water ware jug, a cockerel, drinking cup, single handed cup, and bowl.
Why is the Portonaccio Minerva Temple at Veii important for our understanding Etruscan terracotta sculpture; what kind of sculpture is preserved there, which divinities are represented and what is the sculptural style they are represented in?.
The Portonaccio Minerva Temple at Veii helps understand the Etruscans and in particular the religious shrine. One kind of sculpture that is preserved in the temple is Etruscans sculptor and the divinity presented is god Apulu (Gardner & Kleiner, 2010). Etruscan terracotta sculpture; was influenced by Greek art and this means that the temple represents a Roman Sculpture
Describe the sculptural style used in the Sarcophagi of the Spouses from the Villa Giulia and Louvre museums and cite details from the sculpture. What is the setting the spouses are represented in and how does that context relate to Etruscan funerary practice (you can refer back to Etruscan painting if you wish)?
The Sarcophagi of the Spouses uses a Romanian sculptural style. This is because, the painted terracotta is a human –shaped painting of 19th century and now it discovered in Rome. The spouse are representing women freedom unlike in the Greek society, women in Etruscan society enjoyed freedom and they could participate in activities such as painting (Bell & Carpino, 2016). The Sarcophagi of the Spouse relate to Etruscan funeral practice in that since to figures are equal. This means that when a spouse die, the partner will conduct funeral rituals and the deceased will be remembered.
The famous Etruscan statue of the Orator (slides 43-45) is a useful example of the general process called acculturation, more specifically in this case, Romanization. Discuss how this statue shows how Etruscan aristocrats adapted Roman customs after the Roman conquest of Etruria.
The Etruscan adapted Roman customs through cultural and artistic traditions. Thus, Etruscans adopted the ides of other cultures and combined with their conventions to understand Roman cultures (Turfa, 2012).
Describe what are the two main burial types in use in the Sorbo Cemetery at Caere up until the Orientalizing Period. Which type is better preserved and why.
Two main burial types are Regolini-Galassi and Caditoia tombs. Regolini-Galassi is better preserved because it had Bronze shields and it has other features like base tumulus and moldings (Banti, 1973). On the other hand, caditoia is tiny.
Judging from the Sample Tomb Inventories from the Villanovan period in the Sorbo Cemetery at Caere, in the artifact groups of grave goods for the sample burials, what are the indications of wealth and gender? Provide examples of richer and poorer burials.
There was gender differentiation as a result of egalitarian social organization (Banti, 1973). For example, I funeral graves there were funeral goods such as bronze vessels and precious metals.
Both Caere and Pyrgi are typical examples of the fate of Etruscan cities and their territories after the Roman conquest. What was the Roman strategy in their treatment of Caere and Pyrgi; how were Pyrgi and Caere isolated with respect to the regional regional economy.
First, it is important to note that Etruscan had influenced the Roman culture. Rome benefited greatly in terms of learning architectural style, new religious practices and territorial expansion. However, war started when Rome wanted land expansion or taking a small Etruscan land and in 369 BC, Rome defeated the Etruscan and by 90BC, Etruscan gained Roman citizenship (Banti, 1973). In 15th century Rome isolated Pyrgi and Caere from regional economy by colonizing the region and blocking its market opportunities.
Why is the Regolini-Galassi tomb important for understanding the development of Etruscan culture at Caere and the changes that take place in the Orientalizing Period in general; what kind of tomb is it and what types of grave goods were recovered from it; what do the grave goods indicate about the status of those buried there.
The Regolino-Galassi tomb helps understand the function of the tomb. It reveals that the Etruscan society has numerous investments in funerary accommodations and public structures (Banti, 1973). It also reveals the Etruscan civilization and funerary rituals.
Why was the goddess Uni worshiped in the sanctuary at Pyrgi; what aspects of human life was she the patroness of? Judging from the archaeological remains in the sanctuary connected with Uni, why would you say that her cult was one of the most important ones there?
The goddess Uni was an all-powerful deity that was believed to cause thunderbolts. All the women in the cities especially Pyrgi and Perugia were believed to be under her watch and protection (Gimbutas & Dexter, 1999). Uni is shown as having taken care of Hercle as an adult. This shows aspects of human life.
. What are the architectural phases of burial at the Banditacchia cemetery; what kinds of funerary architecture distinguish the Orientalizing Phase and what kinds of structures are imitated in the design and decoration of the tomb interiors.
The burial at the Banditacchia cemetery has a paved access road and the tomb is covered by mounds. There a stair leading to the podium. The cemetery reveal the changes from Caere to the Roman state.
In the two temples of Uni and Thesan at Pyrgi, what different kinds of architectural design are represented by the two temple buildings? What is the archaeological evidence on site for your conclusions?
The two temples at Pyrgi included Graeco- Tuscan and Tuscan. There was a significant influence of the Greek architecture in designing these temples. The walls were essentially of stone (Banti, 1973). On the other hand, the temples had the Roman architectural design, which put emphasis on the frontal face and this ensured that the temples were colorful besides being highly decorated. The remains of stones found at the sites attest to this finding.
What are the most visible remains of the Roman colony at Pyrgi and what are some of the impediments to archaeological excavation on the site? What kinds of information were produced by the archaeological survey and underwater excavations on the site in 1974?
The rectilinear street-system are basically the most visible evidence of the roman colony. The impediments included materials buried down the ground thus decomposing to and this technically meant that evidence was lost. The 1974 excavations showed that the harbor that had a semi-protection might have some form of Etruscan settlement (Banti, 1973). The excavation also led to the discovery of wooden forms that were found preserved around the structure of concrete.
References
Baker, D., & Chitty, G. (Eds.). (2013). Managing historic sites and buildings: reconciling
presentation and preservation. Routledge.
Banti, L. (1973). Etruscan cities and their culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bell, S., & Carpino, A. A. (Eds.). (2016). A Companion to the Etruscans. John Wiley & Sons.
Bonfante, L. (1986). Etruscan life and afterlife: A handbook of Etruscan studies. Detroit, Mich:
Wayne State University Press.
Feilden, B. (2007). Conservation of historic buildings. Routledge.
Gardner, H., & Kleiner, F. S. (2010). Gardner's art through the ages: The Western perspective.
Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning.
Gardner, H., & Kleiner, F. S. (2011). Gardner's art through the ages: A global history. Australia:
Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
Gimbutas, M., & Dexter, M. R. (1999). The living goddesses. Berkeley: University of California
Press.
Turfa, J. M. I. (2012). Divining the etruscan world: The brontoscopic calendar and religious
practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ulrich, R. B., & Quenemoen, C. K. (Eds.). (2014). A companion to Roman architecture. Wiley
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