WALMART COMPANY Executive Summary
In this paper, I will be explaining the various methods which will be employed for the purpose of accounting the assets, liabilities as well as the owners’ or the shareholders equity. Furthermore, the paper will explain inventory evaluation methods will be affecting the reported result of the company. Similarly, the approach of the company to its internal control as well as its assets compliance with Sarbanes-Oxley will be taken into consideration.
There will be the preparation and the interpretation of the results of both the vertical and the horizontal analyses of its financial statements. The five ratios which will be chosen below will be aimed at assessing not only the overall financial performance of this company but also the integrity of its internal control. Finally, the paper will analyze the extent at which both the internal and external stakeholders will be depending on the data contained in the financial statement for the purpose of making sound decisions.
1. Discuss methods (Accounting Policies) your chosen company uses to account for its various items of assets, liabilities, and shareholder equity:
To begin with, the financial position of this company will be measured through the use of assets- that which it owns, liabilities- that which will comprise of the owner’s equity and that it owe others- the difference between assets and liabilities (Albrecht et al, 2011). With those considerations, it then implies that the basic accounting equation will be the first method which is to be used in accounting all the three. The reason for this is because it offers a simple means of understanding how the above three parameters will amounts as related to each other. The accounting equation will therefore be;
Assets = liabilities + owners equity.
This then means that as much as the information is concerned, the assets will be termed as all the things the company currently owns. An example of this includes the accounts receivables, all the prepaid insurance, cash, goodwill, buildings, land, and equipments. Conversely, considering the accounting equation, what we can say is that the equation reflects the amount of assets which must be available so as to equalize to the total liabilities together with the stockholder’s equity (Albrecht et al, 2011). Moreover, liabilities will reflect the obligations of the company which basically totals to what the company owes. Such will comprise of loans or notes and accounts payable, income tax payable, salaries and wages, income and interest payable. The liabilities of this company can be viewed in two ways i.e. a source- alongside with the stockholder’s equity – of the assets of the company. Equally it can be regarded as the creditor’s equity against the assets of the company. Within this perspective, the owner’s or the stockholder’s equity reflects the liabilities will be left over after deducting liabilities from the assets.
Assets – liabilities = Owner’s equity
The owners equity from this method will be reflect or report the amount which is invested by the company by its owners as well as the company’s cumulative net income which has not been distributed withdrawn to its owners (Albrecht, 2007). Therefore, in case the company will be keeping accurate records, it will make the accounting equation to be in balance. The balance will be maintained due to the fact that its every business transaction which will affect its accounts. For instance, in case the company will be borrowing money from the bank, its assets will be in the position on increasing just the same amount the its liabilities. In this case, if the company purchases inventory in cash terms, one of its assets will decrease as the other will be increasing. As much as at least two accounts will be affected by every individual transaction, this system will be referred to as the double-entry accounting (Albrecht, 2007). Finally the company will keep track of the entire transactions through recording them general ledger.
Another method which will be depended upon is use of the income statement. And also the balance sheet can be used. This will reflect the above accounting equation. It thus reports all the assets, liabilities and the stockholders’ equity of the company as at a certain period of time. It thus assist in showing the total amount of assets of the company will have to be equal to the amount of liabilities together with owner’s equity.
On the other hand, the income statement will be reporting the revenues as well as the expenses of the company which results from the net income obtained. Although the balance sheet will be dealing with one point in time, this statement will be covering a period of time. This is to mean that it will be explaining part of the changes which will be encountered in the owners’ equity during the time intervals amongst the two balance sheets (Albrecht et al, 2011).
2. Assess the Company’s compliance with Sarbanes-Oxley:
With the need of complying with the Sarbanes-Oxley, a top-down, risk based approach is to be used. This will be relied on the premise that suggests that all the transactions, accounts and risks all equal and the same. The reason for that is because it will be focusing on the internal control resources on the identified areas since they are the greatest risks. Similarly, it will be due to the fact that their relative quantitative importance as well as other associated concerns which includes the business nature i.e. the inherent nature of its transactions, technologies, processes or the effectiveness of its human resources (Ramos, 2006).
Consequently, the company should be applying a balance holistic view to its internal design controls. For instance, compliance efforts will be initiated or implemented through the use of a bottom-up approach which treats all of the internal controls equally despite of the fundamental risk profile. In the long-run, what it will mean is that the company will be in the position of testing a huge amount of internal controls at its routine levels hence complying not only with its assets but also with the Sarbanes-Oxley. This will definitely require an extensive bloated as well as disproportionate control which assists in devoting the majority of time, resources, and efforts over the routine transactions, allocate little time, resources and efforts as far as entity levels and risk controls will be concerned (Green, 2004).
3. PREPARE AND INTERPRET the results of HORIZONTAL ANALYSIS of the financial statements (Balance Sheet and Income Statement [also referred to as the Statement of Operations]):
The best means of comparing or analyzing this company’s financial statement is through performing vertical or horizontal analysis of its statement. The reason for that is because its this statement which will assists a financial reader in comparing the firms with different sizes (Rich et al, 2012). Typically, the two approaches will be differing due the base which is to be used in computing the percentages. Therefore, horizontal analysis will assist in focusing on the changes and trends in its financial statement items over a certain period of time. Alongside the amount of dollars presented in such a statement, this analysis will be vital in overseeing the comparative changes over time as well as identifying troubling or positive trends (Rich et al, 2012). Contrary to that
4. PREPARE AND INTERPRET the results of VERTICAL ANALYSIS of the financial statements (Balance Sheet and Income Statement [also referred to as the Statement of Operations]):
Vertical analysis implies that the total amount of a particular year will have to be converted into percentages of the company’s major financial statement component.
5. PREPARE AND INTERPRET the results of at least 5 ratios, 1 FROM EACH of the following categories:
Profit Ratio:
That is, return on total assets = this ratio will be used for measuring the efficiency of the firm in making use of its assets to generate adequate profits (Leach, 2010).
Return on total assets = Net income after tax/total assets
= $ 482130/199581
= 2.4
Debt Ratio:
As the insolvency ratio it used in measuring the overall liabilities company as a percentage of its total assets. Thus it measures its financial leverage.
=Total liabilities/total assets
= 80546/199581
=0.4
Efficiency Ratio:
That is, Total asset turnover= this ratio measures the general efficiency of each dollar of the assets of the company in generating sales (Leach, 2010).
Total asset turnover= revenue/ average total assets
= 482130/199581
=4.8
Equity Ratio:
Measures the relationship which exists between creditors’ capital to the capital which is contributed by shareholders
= Total debt/ total equity
= 80546/ ()
=30.1
Liquidity Ratio:
That is, current ratio = this ratio is used for measuring the ability of the company in paying its long-term and short-term obligations (Leach, 2010).
Current ratio = current assets/current liabilities
=199581/80546
= 2.47
Assess the company’s overall financial performance and the integrity of its internal controls
As stated above, internal control implies the integration of policies, attitudes, activities and plans as well as efforts of workers of the company’s department which works together with the main objective of providing reasonable assurance which the department will achieve the mission of the establishment of the company (Pwc, 2013). Therefore, the integrity as well as the overall financial performance of its internal controls is directed at assisting the departments of the company in achieving not only its mission but also accomplish specific objectives and goals.
Moreover, it is aimed at promoting orderly, efficient, effective, and economical operations, production of quality products as well as services which will be consistent with its mission, and protect its resources against damage or loss. It also suggests that it promotes adherence to its bulletins, regulations, and procedures. In the long-run this will end up developing and maintaining reliable and sound financial and management information which ensures accurate reporting of that information in a timely manner (Pwc, 2013).
6. Discuss how various stakeholders—internal and external—use information contained in the financial statements for decision making:
Internal users or stakeholders
Management: With this information, the management can be able to enhance effective analysis of its position and performance as well as for taking appropriate measures which assists in improving the results of the company.
Employees: need this information for assessing the profitability of the company or the consequences of their future remuneration and job security.
Owner/s: makes use of this information for the purpose of analyzing the profitability and viability of their investment or for coming up with future course of action (Jackson et al, 2008).
External users or stakeholder
Creditors: this stakeholders use this company’s financial information for assessing its credit worthiness. Although all the terms of credit are usually set by the creditors they remain to be in line with the assessment of the financial health of their customers. They comprise of suppliers and lenders of finance i.e. banks.
Tax authorities: use this information for analyzing the general credibility of the tax proceeds of the company.
Investors: To the investors, this information is used for determining the general viability of making sound investment in this company. The reason for that is because they always desire to make or earn sufficient returns from their investment before committing any form of financial resources to it (Jasch, 2009).
Customers: Makes use of it for determining the position of its suppliers financially. This is important since it assists in maintaining a stable source of supply (Jasch, 2009).
Regulatory authorities: Use of the company’s financial information will assist in protecting the stakeholders’ interests who depend on that information for decision making (Jasch, 2009).
References
Albrecht, W. S., Stice, E. K., & Stice, J. D. (2011). Financial accounting. Mason, OH: South-Western/Cengage Learning.
Albrecht, W. S. (2007). Accounting, concepts & applications. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western.
Ramos, M. J. (2006). How to comply with Sarbanes-Oxley section 404: Assessing the effectiveness of internal control. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley.
Green, S. (2004). Manager's guide to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act: Improving internal controls to prevent fraud. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.
Rich, J. S., Jones, J. P., Mowen, M. M., & Hansen, D. R. (2012). Cornerstones of financial accounting. Mason., OH: South-Western.
Leach, R. (2010). Ratios made simple: A beginner's guide to the key financial ratios. Petersfield, Hampshire: Harriman House.
Pwc, . (2013). Manual of accounting narrative reporting 2014. Place of publication not identified: Bloomsbury Professional.
Jackson, S., Sawyers, R., & Jenkins, J. G. (2008). Managerial accounting: A focus on ethical decision making. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western.
Jasch, C. (2009). Environmental and material flow cost accounting: Principles and procedures. New York: Springer.
Appendix
(Include the last 2 years of published financial statements)
Provide your answer here…
BALANCE SHEET (values in 000's)
Period Ending: |
1/31/2015 |
1/31/2014 |
||||||||||||
Current Assets |
||||||||||||||
Cash and Cash Equivalents |
$9,135,000 |
$7,281,000 |
||||||||||||
Short-Term Investments |
$0 |
$0 |
||||||||||||
Net Receivables |
$6,778,000 |
$6,677,000 |
||||||||||||
Inventory |
$45,141,000 |
$44,858,000 |
||||||||||||
Other Current Assets |
$2,224,000 |
$2,369,000 |
||||||||||||
Total Current Assets |
$63,278,000 |
$61,185,000 |
||||||||||||
Long-Term Assets |
||||||||||||||
Long-Term Investments |
$0 |
$0 |
||||||||||||
Fixed Assets |
$116,655,000 |
$117,907,000 |
||||||||||||
Goodwill |
$18,102,000 |
$19,510,000 |
||||||||||||
Intangible Assets |
$0 |
$0 |
||||||||||||
Other Assets |
$5,455,000 |
$6,149,000 |
||||||||||||
Deferred Asset Charges |
$0 |
$0 |
||||||||||||
Total Assets |
$203,490,000 |
$204,751,000 |
||||||||||||
Current Liabilities |
||||||||||||||
Accounts Payable |
$58,583,000 |
$57,174,000 |
||||||||||||
Short-Term Debt / Current Portion of Long-Term Debt |
$6,670,000 |
$12,082,000 |
||||||||||||
Other Current Liabilities |
$0 |
$89,000 |
||||||||||||
Total Current Liabilities |
$65,253,000 |
$69,345,000 |
||||||||||||
Long-Term Debt |
$43,495,000 |
$44,559,000 |
||||||||||||
Other Liabilities |
$0 |
$0 |
||||||||||||
Deferred Liability Charges |
$8,805,000 |
$8,017,000 |
||||||||||||
Misc. Stocks |
$0 |
$1,491,000 |
||||||||||||
Minority Interest |
$4,543,000 |
$5,084,000 |
||||||||||||
Total Liabilities |
$122,096,000 |
$128,496,000 |
||||||||||||
Stock Holders Equity |
||||||||||||||
Common Stocks |
$323,000 |
$323,000 |
||||||||||||
Capital Surplus |
$2,462,000 |
$2,362,000 |
||||||||||||
Retained Earnings |
$85,777,000 |
$76,566,000 |
||||||||||||
Treasury Stock |
$0 |
$0 |
||||||||||||
Other Equity |
($7,168,000) |
($2,996,000) |
||||||||||||
Total Equity |
$81,394,000 |
$76,255,000 |
||||||||||||
Total Liabilities & Equity |
$203,490,000 |
$204,751,000 |
||||||||||||
Annual Income Statement (values in 000's)
Period Ending: |
1/31/2015 |
1/31/2014 |
|
Total Revenue |
$485,651,000 |
$476,294,000 |
|
Cost of Revenue |
$365,086,000 |
$358,069,000 |
|
Gross Profit |
$120,565,000 |
$118,225,000 |
|
Research and Development |
$0 |
$0 |
|
Sales, General and Admin. |
$93,418,000 |
$91,353,000 |
|
Non-Recurring Items |
$0 |
$0 |
|
Other Operating Items |
$0 |
$0 |
|
Operating Income |
$27,147,000 |
$26,872,000 |
|
Add'l income/expense items |
$113,000 |
$119,000 |
|
Earnings Before Interest and Tax |
$27,260,000 |
$26,991,000 |
|
Interest Expense |
$2,461,000 |
$2,335,000 |
|
Earnings Before Tax |
$24,799,000 |
$24,656,000 |
|
Income Tax |
$7,985,000 |
$8,105,000 |