Growth & Development

1. Incremental growth refers to the gradual increase in volume of substance like tissues or even number of cells during the growth process (Murray et. al 1997, p 257). An example is incremental lines in teeth’s dentine. Replacement growth refers to the growth of new population that is able to replace itself like in case of the body cells (Murray et. al 1997, p 257). For example the skin cardiomyocyte cells of the heart are replaced at as a person ages. Asynchronous growth – this refers to unequal development of a person in regard to physical, emotional and intellectual aspect (Murray et. al 1997, p 257). For instance, a child may excel in math and poor when reading. Hypertrophy refers to when an organ or tissue increases in length as a result of component cells enlargement (Murray et. al 1997, p 257). An example is the size of the heart’s left ventricle where sarcomeres increases in series. Hyperplasia refers to increase in amount of tissues due to cell proliferation (Murray et. al 1997, p 257). An example, increase in breast glandular cells due to pregnancy.
2. Cephalocaudal refers to where development takes place from top to bottom (Purtilo,et. al 2014, p. 271). An example is where a child first gains physical control of the head, of the arms and eventually their legs. Proximodistal refers to where development takes places from the center of body towards the outward side (Purtilo,et. al 2014, p. 271). For instance, an egg after fertilization involves cells dividing and expanding outward to form an embryo. Bilateral Developmental science – scientific means study of human behavior that involves carrying out empirical research (Purtilo,et. al 2014, p. 271). An example is conducting quantitative research on people’s behavior .Applied means putting the information and findings obtained from developmental science into practical use (Lerner et. al 2003, 43). An example is implementing data on violence to control behavior.  Interdisciplinary involves using people from multiple different fields while carrying out the study on human behavior (Lerner et. al 2003, 43). An example is using people from different cultural background.
3. Developmental context refers to circumstances in which a certain event happens (Anderson, Northam,& Wrennall, 2014, 99) .An example is a understanding behavior at the time if panic. Developmental tasks refer to on that occurs in a predictable and consistent manner in particular time of person’s life.  An example is irritability associated with adolescence. Developmental process means a series of changes associated in growth in life cycle happens (Anderson, Northam,& Wrennall, 2014, 99).  An example is growth of a child into adulthood.
4. Stability in psychology debate holds that development of personalities occurs in first few years then occurs (Sigelman, et. al 2014, 203). For instance, on character is defined in their first five years. Change debate holds that personalities develop or become modified by interactions (Sigelman, et. al 2014, 203). For instance, one becomes a good speaker after interactions with others. Equilibrium in development stage is the period of calm (Sigelman, et. al 2014, 203) .An example is when a child is consolidating some learnt skills. Disequilibrium in development stage involves creative destruction period. An example is when a child is working in his or her new abilities.
5. Continuous development means that a child develops constantly while adding new skills and lessons on top of what they had previously learnt(Purtilo,et. al 2014, p. 271). For instance, a child learns new skills as he or she interacts and plays with others.  Discontinuous development notion hold that children grows through certain stages where they develop various abilities and experience some events in life (Purtilo,et. al 2014, p. 274). For instance, a child moves from toddling to standing on their feet.
6. Nature influences involves certain influences of biological factors and genetic inheritances (Sigelman, et. al 2014, 203). An example is the pre-wiring of a person’s traits adopted from parent. Nurturing refers to influence of various external factors after the process of conception (Sigelman, et. al 2014, 203). An example is the effect of experience on a person’s mental ability.

 

References

Murray, R. B., Zentner, J. P., & Murray, R. B. (1997). Health assessment & promotion strategies through the life span. Stamford, Conn: Appleton & Lange.257

Purtilo, R. B., Haddad, A. M., & Doherty, R. F. (2014). Health professional and patient interaction. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier/Saunders. 271-274

Lerner, R. M., Easterbrooks, M. A., Mistry, J., & Weiner, I. B. (2003). Handbook of psychology: Volume 6. New York: Wiley.

Anderson, V., Northam, E., & Wrennall, J. (2014). Developmental neuropsychology: A clinical approach. Psychology Press.

 

Newman, B. M., & Newman, P. R. (2015). Theories of human development. Psychology Press.

 

Sigelman, C. K., & Rider, E. A. (2014). Life-span human development. Cengage Learning.203