Case of Corruption: Odebrecht Corruption Problem Car Wash

Company Overview

Odebrecht is an international corporation of Brazilian foundation established in 1944 by Norberto Odebrecht[1]. The company has a consistent commitment to satisfying the needs of its consumers, generating maximized earning for its shareholders, supporting developments in the communities in which it conducts business and assisting its members to attain full potential. The company is principally active in the fields of construction, industry, engineering, infrastructure and engineering services both for the public and private sector[2]. The company is also engaged in petrochemical, oil, gas, transport, real estate and agro-industrial businesses across the globe. The company utilizes a decentralized business model that has helped it throughout in increasing its market presence and revenue generation. The decentralized model is mainly grounded on investing in different servicing industry both in the private and public sectors[3]. With the company’s operational presence in Brazil and twenty-four other countries, it is guided by a diversified business operation and a decentralized business structure.

Odebrecht is involved in businesses that relate to engineering, innovative solution, construction, infrastructure development and energy based projects that serves personal consumers and communities in general[4]. Odebrecht revenue is accounted to add up to 45.8 billion dollars with more than 11 percent of the revenue being acquired outside its home country Brazil based on a 2015 report. The company occupies the fifth position in regard to size within the private sector in Brazil[5]. Its 73rd anniversary was marked this year with its presence increasing across the globe with a 20 percent revenue increment for the past fifteen years across the globe[6]. However, the company exports its products and services to more than sixty countries around the globe which demonstrates its high presence.

Odebrecht Company has not acquired its success without facing intense competition from well-established firms in the provision of construction and infrastructure development and management services mainly for highway and other diverse transportation schemes. The primary competitors in the case are Rooney Holdings, The Hubbard Group, and Community Asphalt Corporation[7]. These competitors are well established in the global context and the success has mainly been fueled by their financial stability, profitability and market share. Competition is particularly high in the contracting, building and construction management globally based on the increasing need for better infrastructures and the presence of well-equipped and highly reputed organizations such as Odebrecht.

Odebrecht is undyingly dedicated to satisfying of clients and maximizing revenue for the shareholders including the employees and investors[8]. The company mainly supports technology as well as innovation that is aimed at obtaining sustainable growth. The primary objective is to ensure that individual’s lives are improved by developing sustainable solution via contract, construction, and infrastructural management. The company’s strategic vision revolves around becoming the global leader in sustainable construction and infrastructural services. The company’s values are mainly grounded on the needs of the consumers, community, and shareholders. In that, it acknowledges that employees are its most valuable assets and without them, the company’s operations can never be fulfilled. In addition, the company also recognizes the needs for quality, convenience, and sustainability by the communities and consumers in which it works for. The company is fully committed in socially responsible activities that are targeted at enhancing life’s quality in general. Its mission is organized in a manner that seeks to create unity in regard to thoughts and actions consistency among those that are involved in its extensive range of industries, nations and cultural diversity in which the company operates. This assists the firm to comprehensively and successfully meet the requirements of its consumers, increase worth for the shareholders, invest back the achieved outcomes and develop from distinct fronts in the quest of generating wealth for all the involved. Odebrecht is additionally committed to pursuing an accountable and transparent management[9]. All such practices are well included in the conduct code which offers guidance in regard to internal and outside relations and performances.

Odebrecht Company is guided by Odebrecht Entrepreneurial Technology (TEO) which is a customized principle set, ideas as well as criteria asserting education and operations which offers a moral, ethical and conceptual foundation for any actions that are performed by Odebrecht company members[10]. These principles recognize the likelihood in all human individuals such as their general will to act, their abilities and need to develop and the desire to outweigh the previous outcomes. This also adheres to an organized delegation procedure one that is grounded on partnership and trust amid team members and leaders. TEO is claimed to be the company’s culture basis which is utilized in guiding the actions of every individual in different business within the company’s operations, nations and diverse cultural settings in which the company is engaged[11]. This approach ensures that the company is well situated and focused on fulfilling its consumers’ needs in general.

Operations that are strongly based on ethics, transparency, and integrity is the company’s commitment as it believes that these values are essential in enabling the business to produce authoritative results. The company has a documented and approved compliance policy that works to enhance positive conducts. Besides the fact that the company apologized for the colluding with unacceptable practices that were uncovered by the carwash scandal, the company has assumed its commitments to transform the company has developed a tangible obedience measures which have been applied since the beginning of the year and therefore, shows that corruption can never be accepted[12]. This compliance policy is the instrument that is aimed at ensuring that the company acts in an ethical, translucent and trustworthy manner.

The company’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) approach is sustainability. In that, the company seeks to provide quality and sustainable services that will, in turn, improve the general life of its consumers and the communities that it operates in. This implies that the company is focused on sustainable development that will, in turn, improve the lives of those that surrounds and ensure that the needs of its consumers are satisfied, its reputation is preserved and earning is maximized. When choosing projects the company settles of those that create high value and promotes sustainable growth[13]. The company is currently undertaking an environmental responsibility initiative that involves encouraging and practically using natural resources cautiously. For instance, in Angola, the company has focused on winning the hearts of the consumers by investing in street cleaning and improvement which created a positive PR in the market which has earned it more construction projects in the region[14]. The firm is also involved in promoting social development by supporting education and these investments are focused on reinforcing communities with activities that are bound to increase wealth and encourage stability. Odebrecht encourages both tutors and students to focus on innovative solutions that will, in turn, facilitate sustainable development in regard to architecture, engineering, and infrastructure. The primary goal of pursuing these initiatives is to earn trust and show that it is a company that is focused on sustainability, transparency, and accountability rather than earning. Since the company has been involved in some destructive scandals the company is seeking to win the trust of its consumers in general as well as communities in which it operates.

Ethical Situation and Consequences

For an extensive period, Latin America’s construction company Odebrecht has engaged in developing some of the area’s most vital infrastructure developments. However, it 2016, the company become well recognized for additional exceptional since it was involved in one of the topmost corruption scandals in history. In 2016 the company signed got into one of the highest leniency deal alongside Swiss and America after confessing to engaging in corruption and agreed to settle a 2.6 billion dollars fine[15]. This is considered to be the highest sum of this kind in history. Brazilian construction gigantic Odebrecht signed the leading anti-corruption agreement in the economic history in December 2016 with regulatory authorities from three distinct continents after a two year period of consistent investigations that resulted in the sentencing of its CEO and 76 other authoritative figures in the company.

The company’s 77 executives had agreed to plea bargains with the Brazilian authorities and all their statements of the confessions made public[16]. The revelations created authoritative political and socio-economic consequences across Latin America. Odebrecht is categorized as the region’s giant construction corporation and it is one of the highest contributors to the economy. Odebrecht is one of the corporations that has been caught in the Brazilian Corruption Investigation where many firms confessed of paying bribes to distinct officials for contracts exchange. The company’s CEO was arrested in June 2015 along 76 other executives and in 2016 they signed an agreement where they agreed to make revelations for the committed crimes in exchange for reduced prison sentences[17]. Odebrecht officials confessed to giving bribes in order to acquire contracts in Brazil and in different parts of the globe. The firm is also seeking to settle corruption cases with different governmental authorities so that it can be permitted to tender for further infrastructural projects.

Odebrecht admitted to making payments worth 788 million dollars bribes particularly to government officials in eleven different countries that include 9 based in Latin America[18]. The corruption scandal was a violation of Foreign corrupt practices law since the company particularly generated millions in engaging in corrupts deals. The company executives engaged in deceptive and unprofessional practices which violate ethics in general. Through the deceptive practices, the construction firm has become a global giant for decades through the use of bribery as well as corruptive conducts to acquire close to a hundred major development projects in over twelve different nations thus generating illegally acquired revenue of close to 3.3 billion dollars. The violation mainly occurred through the use of bribes to major politicians by supporting their campaigns and other initiatives in order to acquire development based projects.

The violation led to the destruction of major political career for those that have been funded illegally by the company. In addition, the executives who were 77 in the inclusion of the chief executive were sentenced to 19 years and less after getting into a bargaining plea that sort to lower the sentences making confessions of the committed crimes so that all those that are accountable can be charged for their misconducts[19]. Committing such crimes did not only affect the company’s reputation across the globe but also affected employment and some of the well-developed careers especially in the Dominican Republic and Brazil. For instance, Dilma Rousseff was forced to reassign from the president left wing role as she was one of the casualties involved in encouraging bribes[20]. In addition, the company has lost many deals in distinct countries as most of them are still investigating of any misconduct that the company might have played part in. In this case, the company has been affected economically based on the loss of potential to participate in business due to the loss of trust.

The company’s reputation has particularly been destroyed despite the fact that those that were involved were charged for their crimes. In spite of the company playing part in apologizing for engaging in the unacceptable practices communities in the affected areas believes that it cannot be trusted as it only acted to maximize its own earnings without accounting for the wellness of the community[21]. Further being one of the largest corporations in the region in terms of growth, financial stability and revenue contribution the economy has been impacted rather negatively as the loss of opportunities has resulted in minimal contributions. It cannot be ignored that the company is mainly focused on creating sustainable growth but the fact that it ignored its transparency, accountability and ethical beliefs has contributed to its fall. The violation affected all its contributions as it will be required to put higher efforts in achieving it back.

The discovery of the violation that included the use of deceptive and unprofessional practices such as bribery has affected the company financially as well as its image. The company has for the longest period been recognized for its sustainable growth contribution across the globe as well as being a consumer-centric company. However, after the discovery of the violation by the public the trust and the positive public relation that it had created was ruined with most individuals demonstrating against its practices. The information has traveled across the globe and to most it deceptive acts demonstrates that it is not committed to creating wellness in general. In addition, most of the countries in which the company operates have limited it from acquiring any fresh projects or even continuing with the ones that it had stated stating that it has violated the Foreign Corrupt Law and the cases should be settled first[22]. In this context, the firm has destroyed its potential, in general, to participate in expanding its investment and finances in general. The company financial stability has been affected since its revenue generation has lowered drastically. Further, its operating expenses have heightened since it is currently engaging in Public relation activities and marketing that are objected at rebuilding the lost image and creating trust among the consumers and foreign nations. Having affected its major markets such as America and Swiss it is apparent that its business opportunities are minimal and it will require more time and resources to recover.

Analysis and Recommendations

In the globalized economy today, consumers categorize companies to greater standards based on the practices[23]. Consumers are currently in search of more than only the material items or even quality services when selecting a firm that they can work with. Nine in every ten clients anticipate that companies should not just generate profit but also conduct their operations in an accountable manner in regard to addressing environmental and social matters. Recognizing the significance of social responsibility to the consumers, in general, most firms are currently focused on practicing extensive sets of CSR[24]. Odebrecht is centered on sustainability as its primary CSR strategy[25]. This strategy’s goal is to build better relationships with the community while improving their lives by centering on growth.

The deceptive practice that was facilitated by Odebrecht executives destroyed the image of the company and pressured it to act upon. The company apologized to the public, all the affected nations as well as communities for the deceptive practices that had been going on for years. In response, the company approved a compliance policy that seeks to govern internal as well as external practices and guide individual’s behaviors. This was created in order to fulfill its commitment to the Brazilian, Swiss and American governments. In my opinion, the action that the company took in response to the violation that had occurred is adequate because it showed much concern by participating in ensuring that all those that were held accountable for different crimes were charged irrespective of their position. In addition, the compliance policy is essential in ensuring that such practices are not encouraged in the future as it might destroy the reputation and performance of the company in general[26].

Odebrecht Company’s internal ethics compliance program failed to notice the violations since the deceptive acts occurred with the knowledge and support of the major executives. This is because the violation was detected after the Brazilian probe that resulted in many firms of revealing that they participated in bribery activities in order to acquire contracts rather than trying to acquire them in an ethical, professional and procedural manner. This occurred despite the fact that the internal compliance highlighted that the firm is responsible for maintaining quality, sustainability as well as transparency in all its operations as a company that is focused on sustainable development. The policy highlights that all the members are mainly responsible for ensuring that they conduct professional, trustworthy and transparent operations. Since the company is centered on improving the quality of existence for everyone in the communities that it operates in, it is apparent that the practices with the knowledge of the firm as the executives were in full support of the bribery. In addition, the deceptive practices were aimed at increasing the financial gains for the firm rather than focusing on the wellness of those that are involved[27].

The corporation’s CSR plan in the case of the occurrence of the corruption scandal was not connected with its business. This is because while the CSR of the company is particularly focused on the generation of high sustainable value all the business operations were focused on higher financial earnings. Odebrecht did not only focus on maximizing the shareholder’s earning but also ignored its sustainability plan. While assisting in getting solutions to matters regarding construction and infrastructural development helps the company to realize the actual sustainable movement communities. Sustainability business strategy involves the involuntary promise that holds that the success of the organization and the wellness of the society are directly connected and the long run interests of the company can best be achieved by improving the existence of its consumers and the environments in which it operates[28].

Odebrecht’s CSR plans are relevant to the firm’s business model which is a decentralized one[29]. In that, since the business model is grounded on operating in diverse sectors it is its obligation to assist the society in developing and living more enhanced lives. In that, the company operates globally in markets that are characterized by differing cultures, needs and developments and since these communities offer markets for its services and a favorable environment to operate it is only ethical to support them in addressing their needs. In that, the company is focused on enhancing the lives of those that surround it to create wellness which is relevant to its business model which seeks to attract consumers from different markets. In this context, the community’s needs such as those related to conserving the environment should be addressed critically. This is because the general success of any company is determined by the health of the community that it operates in. This implies that if environmental measures are not taken then the health of the consumers can be affected and the spending will be switched to the health needs rather than development[30].

The company’s CSR sustainable goals are helpful but also sensibly attainable because the company has the resources to ensure that they are achieved. The company’s CSR objective is to ensure that its business conduct is performed in an ethical manner. This includes accounting for the economic, communal and environmental outcome of their activities as well as make consideration of human rights. For the company, this is achieved in several ways which involves working in collaboration with the communities while making investments that seeks to develop the community in general. In that, the sustainable development approach is based on the objective of improving the lives of those that are affected and for the communities that provide good markets for the company to operate in[31]. This goal can be achieved reasonably based on the model that the company utilizes.

The company’s CSR sustainability strategy was not adequately detailed and thorough because it failed to assert and also prevent the occurrence of the violation. In that, the sustainability strategy is one that was vague and briefly structured. In that, the company mainly focused on the maximization of the shareholder’s value rather than concentrating on the needs of the consumers and its development plans. If the strategy was detailed enough then it should have created a balance amid the issues and particularly focus on both its financial needs and the promise that it can make to the consumers. In that, the company failed to honor its sustainable promises and particularly choose to optimize its earnings. In this context, the company should have relied on a well-organized plan that seeks to heighten its own gains while upholding the needs of the community[32].

Unethical behaviors are bound to place in the organizations which might include stealing or briberies to acquire more valuable contracts like Odebrecht did. Unethical conducts are bound to harm the credibility of companies causing them to lose their consumers and finances. However, there are various alternatives that Odebrecht should have applied in order to prevent such a violation. To begin with, the firm should have created a conduct code that offered its workers and managers the overview of the kind of behaviors and practices that are acceptable. This code should highlight the kind of behaviors that should be followed and the measures that are to be utilized if the code is violated by any employee. Odebrecht corruption case makes it clear that the compliance policy was not descriptive enough as those that were involved in the unprofessional and deceptive practices are major executives. In that, the compliance code seems to have only been applicable to the subordinate’s workers while the executives would violate the code without any disciplinary measure. As the executives, they should have led as the example to offer directions to the rest on how they should have behaved[33]. The firm should also have prevented the event by reinforcing the consequences of unethical behaviors. In that, every worker should be held accountable for acting in an unacceptable manner[34]. The most suitable approach was to focus on developing an inclusive approach that does not segregate workers based on their positions.

Recommendations

In order for Odebrecht to improve its ethics compliance, it is proposed that it should create an include conduct code, reinforce consequences and hire based on values. This implies that the company should develop a more firm conduct code that will not segregate disciplinary measures based on the positions of the workers. In that, every employee is supposed to adhere to the set practices and any violation should be addressed accordingly. In order to make the strategy effective, the employees should be informed consistently in regard to the acceptable practices and behave as well as the measures to be applied in case the code is violated. In that, the consequences of any violation should be reinforced to ensure those that act in unacceptable ways are held responsible for their behaviors. The company should also create reward and appraisal programs that will seek to appreciate those that act ethically. Loyal employees are unlikely to behave in unethical ways and thus appreciating them in often basis can deter violations[35]. This can best be applied to employees hired based on their values rather than relationships.

Odebrecht can implement the recommendations by creating an accommodative environment and by engaging the employees in policymaking. It is much easier to ensure that all the employees are involved to avoid any form of resistant. The recommendations can be communicated to the workers by holding often meeting where the employees are also given the opportunity to respond to the raised thoughts and allow them to understand and accept them. In that employees need to feel that they are cared for and that their opinions count. This can also help in creating trust and better relationships. Managers should be in-charge of communicating and implementing the changes based on their control authority. These strategies can help in discouraging violations that particularly involves deceptive actions by encouraging ethical behaviors and transparency[36]. The company can create platforms where employees can raise their concerns while the company can be monitoring individual’s practices to ensure that they comply.

 

 

 

 

 

References

Casey, Nicholas and Zarate Andrea. 2017. Corruption Scandals with Brazilian Roots Cascade across Latin America. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/13/world/americas/peru-colombia-venezuela-brazil-odebrecht-scandal.html

Cooper, Anderson. 2017. Brazil's "Operation Car Wash" involves billions in bribes, scores of politicians. Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/brazil-operation-car-wash-involves-billions-in-bribes-scores-of-politicians/

Cuvilceva, Marina. 2012. The importance and significance of Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting. Munich: GRIN Verlag GmbH. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-201212205304.

Gallas, Daniel. 2017. Brazil's Odebrecht corruption scandal. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-39194395

Horch Dan. 2015. Brazil Arrests Head of Odebrecht in Petrobras Scandal. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/20/business/international/brazil-arrests-head-ofodebrecht-in-petrobras-scandal.html

Milone, Pierluigi, Flaminia Ventura, and Jingzhong Ye. 2015. Constructing a new framework for rural development. Emerald.

Odebrecht. 2017. Odebrecht Annual report. Retrieve from http://www.fundacaoodebrecht.org.br/Midias/en/Publicacoes/Relatorios-Anuais/

Padgett, Tim. 2017. Brazil’s car wash scandals reveals country soaked in corruption. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-25/brazil-s-car-wash-scandal-reveals-a-country-soaked-in-corruption

Rubenfeld, Samuel & Kiernan Paul. 2016. Brazil’s Odebrecht to Pay Up to $4.5 Billion to Settle Bribery Case. Brazil’s Odebrecht to Pay Up to $4.5 Billion to Settle Bribery Case. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/odebrecht-to-pay-2-6-billion-to-settle-bribery-claims-1482325309

Sawyer, Donald. "Population and sustainable consumption in Brazil." Livros (2015): 225-254.

Simpson, Justine, and John R. Taylor. 2013. Corporate governance, ethics, and CSR. London: Kogan Page.

Spitzeck, Heiko, Claudio Boechat, and Sérgio França Leão. "Sustainability as a driver for innovation–towards a model of corporate social entrepreneurship at Odebrecht in Brazil." Corporate Governance 13, no. 5 (2013): 613-625.

Stevenson Alexandra and Sreeharsha Vinod. 2016. Secret Unit Helped Brazilian Company Bribe Government Officials. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/21/business/dealbook/odebrecht-brazil-company-bribe-kickback-braskem.html

Swanson, Diane L., and Dann G. Fisher. 2011. toward assessing business ethics education. Charlotte, N.C.: Information Age Pub.

Wilhelm Rang, Timo. 2010. The strategic importance of corporate social responsibility: competitive advantage or contemporary trend? Magdeburg: GRIN.

 

[1] Odebrecht. 2017. Odebrecht company overview. Retrieved from https://www.odebrecht.com/en/home

[2] Odebrecht. 2017. Odebrecht Annual report. Retrieve from http://www.fundacaoodebrecht.org.br/Midias/en/Publicacoes/Relatorios-Anuais/

[3]   Odebrecht. 2017. Odebrecht company overview. Retrieved from https://www.odebrecht.com/en/home

[4] Odebrecht. 2017. Odebrecht company overview. Retrieved from https://www.odebrecht.com/en/home

[5] Casey, Nicholas and Zarate Andrea. 2017. Corruption Scandals With Brazilian Roots Cascade Across Latin America. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/13/world/americas/peru-colombia-venezuela-brazil-odebrecht-scandal.html

[6] Gallas, Daniel. 2017. Brazil's Odebrecht corruption scandal. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-39194395

[7] Cooper, Anderson. 2017. Brazil's "Operation Car Wash" involves billions in bribes, scores of politicians. Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/brazil-operation-car-wash-involves-billions-in-bribes-scores-of-politicians/

[8] Cooper, Anderson. 2017. Brazil's "Operation Car Wash" involves billions in bribes, scores of politicians. Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/brazil-operation-car-wash-involves-billions-in-bribes-scores-of-politicians/

[9] Casey, Nicholas and Zarate Andrea. 2017. Corruption Scandals With Brazilian Roots Cascade Across Latin America. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/13/world/americas/peru-colombia-venezuela-brazil-odebrecht-scandal.html

[10] Gallas, Daniel. 2017. Brazil's Odebrecht corruption scandal. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-39194395

 

[12] Gallas, Daniel. 2017. Brazil's Odebrecht corruption scandal. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-39194395

[13] Cooper, Anderson. 2017. Brazil's "Operation Car Wash" involves billions in bribes, scores of politicians. Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/brazil-operation-car-wash-involves-billions-in-bribes-scores-of-politicians/

[14] Horch Dan. 2015. Brazil Arrests Head of Odebrecht in Petrobras Scandal. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/20/business/international/brazil-arrests-head-ofodebrecht-in-petrobras-scandal.html

[15] Horch Dan. 2015. Brazil Arrests Head of Odebrecht in Petrobras Scandal. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/20/business/international/brazil-arrests-head-ofodebrecht-in-petrobras-scandal.html

[16] Stevenson Alexandra and Sreeharsha Vinod. 2016. Secret Unit Helped Brazilian Company Bribe Government Officials. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/21/business/dealbook/odebrecht-brazil-company-bribe-kickback-braskem.html

[17] Padgett, Tim. 2017. Brazil’s car wash scandals reveals country soaked in corruption. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-25/brazil-s-car-wash-scandal-reveals-a-country-soaked-in-corruption

[18] Horch Dan. 2015. Brazil Arrests Head of Odebrecht in Petrobras Scandal. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/20/business/international/brazil-arrests-head-ofodebrecht-in-petrobras-scandal.html

[19] Padgett, Tim. 2017. Brazil’s car wash scandals reveals country soaked in corruption. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-25/brazil-s-car-wash-scandal-reveals-a-country-soaked-in-corruption

[20] Padgett, Tim. 2017. Brazil’s car wash scandals reveals country soaked in corruption. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-25/brazil-s-car-wash-scandal-reveals-a-country-soaked-in-corruption

[21] Rubenfeld, Samuel & Kiernan Paul. 2016. Brazil’s Odebrecht to Pay Up to $4.5 Billion to Settle Bribery Case. Brazil’s Odebrecht to Pay Up to $4.5 Billion to Settle Bribery Case. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/odebrecht-to-pay-2-6-billion-to-settle-bribery-claims-1482325309

[22] Horch Dan. 2015. Brazil Arrests Head of Odebrecht in Petrobras Scandal. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/20/business/international/brazil-arrests-head-ofodebrecht-in-petrobras-scandal.html

[23] Swanson, Diane L., and Dann G. Fisher. 2011. Toward assessing business ethics education. Charlotte, N.C.: Information Age Pub.

[24] Rubenfeld, Samuel & Kiernan Paul. 2016. Brazil’s Odebrecht to Pay Up to $4.5 Billion to Settle Bribery Case. Brazil’s Odebrecht to Pay Up to $4.5 Billion to Settle Bribery Case. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/odebrecht-to-pay-2-6-billion-to-settle-bribery-claims-1482325309

[25] Padgett, Tim. 2017. Brazil’s car wash scandals reveals country soaked in corruption. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-25/brazil-s-car-wash-scandal-reveals-a-country-soaked-in-corruption

[26] Spitzeck, Heiko, Claudio Boechat, and Sérgio França Leão. "Sustainability as a driver for innovation–towards a model of corporate social entrepreneurship at Odebrecht in Brazil." Corporate Governance 13, no. 5 (2013): 613-625.

[27] Spitzeck, Heiko, Claudio Boechat, and Sérgio França Leão. "Sustainability as a driver for innovation–towards a model of corporate social entrepreneurship at Odebrecht in Brazil." Corporate Governance 13, no. 5 (2013): 613-625.

[28] Swanson, Diane L., and Dann G. Fisher. 2011. Toward assessing business ethics education. Charlotte, N.C.: Information Age Pub.

[29] Rubenfeld, Samuel & Kiernan Paul. 2016. Brazil’s Odebrecht to Pay Up to $4.5 Billion to Settle Bribery Case. Brazil’s Odebrecht to Pay Up to $4.5 Billion to Settle Bribery Case. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/odebrecht-to-pay-2-6-billion-to-settle-bribery-claims-1482325309

[30] Sawyer, Donald. "Population and sustainable consumption in Brazil." Livros (2015): 225-254

[31] Milone, Pierluigi, Flaminia Ventura, and Jingzhong Ye. 2015. Constructing a new framework for rural development. Emerald.

[32] Wilhelm Rang, Timo. 2010. The strategic importance of corporate social responsibility: competitive advantage or contemporary trend? Magdeburg: GRIN.

[33] Cuvilceva, Marina. 2012. The importance and significance of Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting. Munich: GRIN Verlag GmbH

[34] Milone, Pierluigi, Flaminia Ventura, and Jingzhong Ye. 2015. Constructing a new framework for rural development. Emerald.

[35] Simpson, Justine, and John R. Taylor. 2013. Corporate governance, ethics, and CSR. London: Kogan Page.

[36] Cuvilceva, Marina. 2012. The importance and significance of Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting. Munich: GRIN Verlag GmbH