WHITE HATE GROUPS      

Introduction

According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, hate groups are people who vilify a class of people due to their mutable characteristics such as religious beliefs and immutable characteristics such as race. A hate group can also be defined as an organization that promotes hostility against other racial groups due to their immutable characteristics that differ from their own. The SPLC uses a hate map to depict the hate group in the U.S, the locations, and their activities. The organization also uses a variety of methodologies such as reviewing the news media, investigations, and group publications among other sources that help track the hate group activities. A report from Washington Post in February 2018 showed that the hate groups in the U.S are on the rise and the hate group that is growing at a faster rate is white supremacist movements.  For example, the total number of white groups in 2015 was 892, but the number increased to 917 in 2016 and 954 in 2017. It is noted that the white supremacist movement is proliferating where neo-Nazi groups have risen from 99 to 121, anti-Muslim from 101-114 among others groups. Through empirically research and literature review, the research paper finds that economic and demographic determinants are contributing factors to a hate crime. The ‘frustration-aggression theory' will show that unemployment, power, social and income inequality makes the feel frustrated and develop aggressive behavior toward a class of people in trying to demonstrate their self-worth. Furthermore, hate groups practice various activities such as holding meetings, rallies, socializing and organizing a political movement to express their ideology, display a sense of belonging and self-worth in the society. In discussing the hate group, the purpose of this paper to conduct comprehensive research on three areas.  First, the paper will provide an overview of the white hate groups, the second area is based on the prominent white hate groups in the U.S, and third, the paper will research the correlation between white hate groups and hate crimes. The research will show that the white hate groups contribute to racially-motivated crimes or hate crimes which leads to serious security challenge and wars within the community as well as across the nations. There is a higher growth of White supremacists- white people in America have a political ideology and beliefs that they are superior to other races, and thus identify various racial groups as inferior and their enemy. The ideology has caused racial prejudice and discrimination against minority due to the belief that the minority groups are the threat to the Americans by trying to minimize the white power and privileges.

Overview

There is a resurgence of hate groups and, this is a critical issue in the criminal justice system since the hate groups are bringing their racially-motivated crimes to prevent the Jewish conspiracy from controlling the government and the economy. The racially-motivated crimes are motivated by the political ideologies that the government is ineffective, and they introduce publications, journals, video cassettes, digital networks and other resources to spread their ideology to prisons, college campus, schools and other institutions experiencing interracial conflict (Catherine, 2018). The white hate groups are also influenced by the religious ideologies where they believe in ultra-fundamentalist doctrine such as creationism as a science, moral discipline, among other beliefs. The religious ideologies create the assumptions that Jewish people violate the societal laws and they are inferior. All hate groups including the white supremacists have common characteristic based on prejudice against other racial groups, and second, the hate groups are organized in a way that they have leaders and principles which guides their activities toward other ethnic groups (Joe, 2018). The Dominant hate group which is the white supremacist is empowered by the ideology of power that helps them believe that white race is supreme and should employ all efforts to maintain survival and to prevent the minority from obtaining power. The white hate groups focus on RIGHT-WING IDEOLOGY which states that the groups should oppose multiculturalism, feminism, immigration, and support or strive to maintain white supremacy, isolationism among other issues that relate to inequality. Other hate groups which are against the white hate groups criticize the right-wing ideology since it targets the minority and diminished democracy (Joe, 2018).

White supremacists are not the only hate group in the U.S but there are other hate groups such as Black Separatists and others minority hate groups who lack power, and they are striving to enjoy their rights and to obtain power (Gallagher & Lippard, 2014). However, these minorities hate groups are regarded as inferior due to their immutable characteristic and the dominant hate group focus on creating racial separatism or separate societies who have the white attributes and attitudinal and behavior align with the superior groups. Gallagher and Lippard  (2014) state that hate groups in the U.S hold informal meetings where the develops and shares ideologies and of hate and in vilifying the minority groups or other hate groups, they engage in hate speech in social media and they also use technology such as World Wide Web to recruit members and to share ideas.  In reality,  technology has played a role in empowering the hate groups in that in there was only one Web site that hate groups could use in sharing racist ideologies but the number increased up to 3,000 Websites in 2000 (Gallagher & Lippard, 2014). Hate groups used these Web sites as ‘cyber-hate' where they shared a message on racism, terrorisms among many. In researching how hate groups have led to hate crimes, the paper will show that as hate groups use the internet in sharing the racist ideologies based on terrorisms and more, the number of hate crimes increases. For instance, David Copeland used the internet to interact with racist politics and through interaction, he learned the tactics which he used to plant a bomb in London. Thus, despite the fact that the First Amendment gives the citizen the rights to freedom of speech, it is high time to regulate, monitor, suppress and combat online hate speech since the white hate groups are using inert as a platform of sharing racist ideologies (Gallagher & Lippard, 2014).

THE STATE OF WHITE SUPREMACY (WHITE HATE GROUPS)

 Today, White hate groups hold the beliefs that they should take actions to prevent the rising tides of non-whites from attacking or rather destroying the American society.  The supremacist ideology states that "we must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children” (Jung, Costa, & Bonilla-Silva, 2011). The white hate groups believes that the statement symbolizes the social and political reality which is based on preventing the white extinction. These ideologies rooted in 1800s when Black and white abolitionists had differing perceptions based on the role each group was to execute during the abolitionist movement (Jung, Costa, & Bonilla-Silva, 2011). During the abolitionist movement, North and South had racism ideologies and attitudes and although the Emancipation Proclamation changed the Northern attitudes slightly, they believed on white supremacy. On the other hand, the Southern believed that blacks were totally inferior and they established political and social groups that enacted laws and oppressed the blacks. During this period, hate groups such as Ku Klux Klan, Knights and the White Camellia were created in 1865 and 1867 respectively. These groups together with other hate groups denounced blacks and by 1877, the Southern had a dominant power in the south. Since this period, white supremacy rely on the ideologies that  white race is genetically  supreme than other races,  they  developed a white separatism  where only whites  could  live  in American society and separate from other races in terms of economic, social and cultural development since  minority races are parasitic evil (Jung, Costa, & Bonilla-Silva, 2011). The white hate groups established the right-wing terrorism to express their sentiments and aggression to Black societies who elected African-American president, Barack Obama. Even though the rise of white hate groups in U.S is high, the groups are not strong due to various factors such as death of their leaders, less capable recruits, imprisonment of leaders among other reason.  However, there are other strong white hate groups which are unorganized or rather white hate groups who are independent and who share racist ideologies in the internet. Today, majority of white supremacists do not join organizations but rather they use discussion forums such as Stormfront, Facebook and other social networking sites where they interact with each other on real-world issues. The white hate groups are not only unified by ideological ties but   salon subcultural ties and allows them to share rituals and ideas. White supremacist movement comprise different groups with common beliefs that whites are genetically and morally superior. Initially, the white hate groups targeted the Jews and the African Americans but today, the groups' targets all ethnic and religious groups and, individuals with different gender identities (Swain, 2004). 

 

 Typology

NEO-NAZISM

Neo-Nazi is a white hate group which expresses sentiments toward Jews and other minorities. The group was recognized in the 1950s, and the members have been expressing their feelings and practicing the ideology that Jews controls the government as well the economy, and more importantly, they violate the social norms. The group is divided into subgroups where some members express resentment toward non-whites while others focus on creating a fascist state. The group that forms a fascist state is influenced by the political ideology that is against liberalism and Marxism or in other words; they are against democracy (Swain, 2004).  The groups focus on the beliefs and practices of Nazism and maintaining the loyalty to Adolf Hitler. Neo-Nazism groups stick to the phrase ‘white power' that was developed by the founder of the American Nazi Party, George Lincoln. After the death of Lincoln, the American Nazi Party split and formed small neo-Nazi groups which started the movement until today.There are many Neo-Nazism groups and below are some of the prominent groups;

 National Alliance

This group is the most dangerous as it focuses on eradicating Jews and other minorities with the aim of maintaining the American homeland. They refer to themselves as ‘Aryan race' and believe that they should create new societies in the White world which will exclude non-Aryan values and customs.  In the National Alliance Website, the group state ‘temporary unpleasantness’ which means that as a dominant group, they will use their effort to bring war and genocide against the Jews (Swain, 2004). The group focus on restructuring and the world where Whites will express social and spiritual traditions regarding art and architecture, literature, mass media and more. The whites want to develop a sense of rootedness, a sense of responsibility and the moral compass which allows white to understand the moral and immoral nature. The National Alliance wants a strong and a centralized government that will establish the White living specs, support the white race, reorganize the society and, eliminates the racially destructive institutions. 

 

 Creativity movement

 This is a religious organization that was formed in 1973, and the group referred to itself as the ‘Church of the Creator.' The group believed that the minority and white races could not live on the same planet and for this reason, their declared war against the Jews since Jews were regarded as evil people who would bring trouble to the humanity (Swain, 2004). The group focused on eliminating the Jews to rebuild a new beautiful; world. The Creativity movement referred the white race as elite, unique and sacred and, the only race that demonstrates culture and civilization. On the other hand, non-white races were referred as ‘mud races,' and the group employed the term ‘Racial Holy War' or war against Jews toward achievement the inevitable victory.

National Socialist Movement

 This is a neo-Nazi group that was founded in 1974 with the aim of protecting the white civil rights and preserving the European culture and heritage.  In the National Socialist Movement Website, the group state that there should be immigration policies that will force the non-whites to return to their nations (Swain, 2004).  In 2007, Jeff Schope, the leader of the group stated that when the minority and white race mix, they degenerate and destroys the bloodlines of the races.  The group follows the actions of Adolf Hitler, and they refer to him as the Holy Father. An example of NMS protests against the minority happened in 2005 when the group attacked the black people in Toledo and led to devastating effects.

 Traditionalist worker party

 This is a neo-Nazi group that was formed in 2015 by Matthew Heimbach and Matthew Parrott who developed the Traditionalist Youth Network to support and encourage students to study traditional values.  After establishing the Traditionalist Youth Network, Heimbach and Parrot created a Traditionalist Worker Party and argued that the globalization and multiculturalism are a threat to the racially homogenous nations (Swain, 2004).  Heimbach and Parrot, the leaders of the group, acts as counter-protesters and favors diversity by stating that the nations should be made racially and culturally homogenous. However, they emphasize ethnopluralism-this means that humans are different and there should be racial separatism and avoid making America a melting pot and prevent intermarriages.  Even though they support homogenization, the leaders believe that cultures have their natural orders, but there should be boundaries since cultures remain distinct.

 

RACIST SKINHEADS

Initially, the group acted as just a rebellious subculture but later, the members engaged in racist violence where they attacked minority in different regions. Various bias-crime detectors report that skinheads are the worst criminals who mainly targets minorities. Racist Skinheads emerged in the 1970s in Britain and by 1980s, the group had spread to Western Europe and U.S (Swain, 2004). Racist skinhead has a similar ideology as Neo-Nazis (securing the White homeland) but what distinguishes them is the tactics to target the minorities and appearance. For example, the members of the racist skinhead conduct violent activities openly and they salon like hands-on violence. For instance, the group such as Vinlanders Social Club attacked a multi-racial couple in 2009 and killed the woman. Another murder occurred in 2012 when Wade Michael attacked a Sikh temple and killed six people, and four were injured. The Skinhead gangs attack the regional level, and the majority are independent-meaning that they do not form an organization, but they socialize on how to strike a specific region (Swain, 2004). The groups perceive violence as a recreational activity, and they use the term ‘boot party'-meaning that they use their steel-toed boots as a weapon rather than firearms to beat the victim. On appearance, the like wearing suspenders, dark boots and they also have unique tattoos. Examples of Skinheads include;  Vinlanders Social Club, Western Hammerskins, Golden State Skinheads, Travis Ricci, Keystone State Skinheads, the Atlantic City Skins, Sacramento Skins and more (Swain, 2004).

 

                                          

‘TRADITIONAL' WHITE SUPREMACISTS

 This group comprises all the groups that were against the minority and who refuted equal rights between Whites and African Americans. These groups were unaffiliated, but they had similar ideologies. The group has a radical ideology that white races are superior and there should be no equal rights between white and other minority races. These groups include;

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

 The is the most Infamous white hate group that targets not only black American but also the Jews and people with different sexual identities. The group was founded in 1866 with the aim of resisting Republican Party's Reconstructions which supported political and economic equality.  Initially, the group acted as a social club but in 1867, the group developed Invisible Empire of the South' and this marked the period when the group rejected the policies of Radical Reconstruction and reinstated the ‘white supremacy’ (Gerstenfeld, 2013).  By 1870, KKK had attacked all the Southern states and formed branches all over. The KKK members demonstrate intimidation and violence toward the Republican leader with a goal of re-establishing the white supremacy. The groups were established after the Civil war with the goal of preventing African-Americans from exercising new civil rights.  During 1865, the group was organized, but later it was divided into various groups (Gordon & Overdrive, 2017). KKK did not only target the African Americans, but it prevented Catholics and Jews from migrating to the U.S. Even though at some point it declined, it emerged in the 20th century and during this period, the groups denounced immigration and prevented the development of the civil rights movement. The KKK comprise over 40 Klan groups found in States and local areas, but the majority are active in the Midwest, South and Mid-Atlantic States. However, since the 1970s, the groups have declined, and the evidence is rooted in the number of public demonstration they hold in America.  For instance, the total number of public demonstrations presented in a single State in 1994 was 10, and the total number of rallies demonstrated in the United States in 2014 was 10 (Gordon & Overdrive, 2017).  This evidence shows that there is a considerable decrease of demonstrations. The causes of decline are internal conflicts, government infiltration and court cases among other factors that have weakened the groups.  Examples of KKK include; United Klan's of America (UKA), Traditionalists Knights, Loyal White Knights, Sacred Knights, Patriotic Brigade Knights, Mississippi White Knights and more.

 

Council of Conservative Citizens

  This is a white supremacist group which was created in 1985, but initially, it was known as the White Citizens Council in the 1950s and 1960s (Gerstenfeld, 2013). The group is against the amalgamation of races and it publications condemn black people by calling them ‘a retrograde species of humanity’. The Council of Conservative Citizens follows an ideology that racism is rooted in the creation since God created humankind and divided the race into different types. Thus the act of mixing the races is defiance.  For example, America originated from European, and thus, Americans should not allow the massive immigration since different races will transform America to non-European State.  There must be laws and policies, affirmative actions and, military forces to prevent the illegal immigration and the mixture or races. The ‘White Citizens Councils' supported the school segregation though they did not want the battle. The council declined steadily, and the founder of the group and other white men formed the Council of Conservative Citizens (Gordon & Overdrive, 2017). The CCC was a group that vilified Jews, LGBT, and other minorities and named them as ‘genetically inferior'.  The newspaper, Citizens Informer published articles presenting the scientific evidence of white being superior. The critics argued that racial inequality is genetic and blacks are less intelligent and more aggressive.  The CCC is against the non-white immigration, and it is demonstrating against immigration (Gordon & Overdrive, 2017).

 

 The league of the south

 This is a Southern Nationalist Organization that focuses on maintaining the well-being of the Southern people in all areas including social life, cultural values, politics and economics. The group was initially known as the Southern League but later changed to the League of the South and focused on eliminating the ‘Cracker Culture'- a distinct culture which was brought by massive immigration (Gerstenfeld, 2013). The group demanded a theocratic government that could create a culture of hegemony. The members of the group argue that European Americans or Anglo-Celtic should run the south and be a European population, there should be no universal rights of man. First, there should be a re-establishment of the Southern culture, abjure the influence of post-Christian culture and eliminate the debased cultural climate (Gordon & Overdrive, 2017).  The League of South was against the interracial marriage and believed that to achieve the secession; there was a need for segregation since it could maintain racial integrity by creating a hierarchal society with superiors and inferiors. One of the leaders declared that non-white would live in South if they would accept the cultural dominance of white.

 

CHRISTIAN IDENTITY

 This is an informal organization that expresses their anti-Semitic and racist beliefs by asserting that  Jews or non-whites are ‘mud people'  and the Americans and Canadians descended from the ‘Lost Tribes'  which emerged after the invasions of  Israel (Quarles, 2004).   The adherents believe that to fulfill the end-time prophecy, Jews descended from Cain, and they should return to Israel. Although the group calls itself Christian, its ideologies are quite different from that of evangelicals and fundamentalists. The group used the British Israelism views that people of England are racially descendants and the views have influenced the Christian identity group in developing anti- Semitic interpretations.  They beliefs that God created non-whites when he was creating the beasts of the field, and so, non-whites are mud people. Also, all non-whites excluding American Indians were harmful and subhuman. Christian Identity believers have demonstrated violence acts such as firebombing synagogues (Quarles, 2004).  For instance, in 2014, McQuilliams was killed by trying to burn the consulate building.  Example of Christian identity groups includes; the America's Promise Ministries, Church if Israel, Divine Truth Ministers, Kingdom Identity Ministers and more.

 

WHITE SUPREMACIST PRISON GANGS

White supremacist prison gangs comprise criminal groups which engage in illegal activities and hate crime in the American streets. The group has about 100 prison gangs, and each group has over 500 members.  Whereas other hate groups such as neo-Nazis and KKK are declining, the prison gangs are proliferating, and the higher growth is leading to higher rate of crime and violence. These groups cause gang-related murders in streets, cities, home invasion, streets, and behind bars. Examples of States that suffer from the problem posed by prison gangs include Texas, California, Oklahoma, Oregon and more. Example of infamous prison gang group comprises; Aryan Brotherhood-this is a prominent group with over 2,000 members who act as a threat to the U.S states (Brook, 2011). For instance, in 2000-2015, AB caused 33 murders in Texas. The group practice all sort of crimes such as drug trafficking, gambling, murder-for-hire, gun running, heroin sales, identity theft and more.  The groups state that ‘blood in, blood out'-meaning that once a member joins the group, he cannot leave the group and if he decides to leave then he should be killed (Brook, 2011). There are suggested recommendations which the federal government should employ in dealing with problems caused by the criminals. First, track the prison gangs in correctional facilities and outside and report the dangers they pose. Second, the state corrections should report the committed violent crimes, and investigate the role of authority in combating the crimes. Third, the government should fund the law enforcement agencies to address the prison hand problems and create exit programs to help the criminals leave the activities. Other examples of prison gangs groups include European Kindred, Aryan Circle, New Aryan Empire, Southern Brotherhood and more (Brook, 2011).

WHITE HATE GROUPS AND HATE CRIME

Economic inequality between Wealthier states and poorer states contributes to hate groups and hate crimes

 

White hate groups and hate crimes are not new in the 21st century. The ‘Manifest Destiny' or the beliefs that American people are white and civilized and should have superior power over other minorities shows that the hate groups and hate crimes started back in the 15th century. During the latter period, American wanted westward expansion and displaced indigenous and forced them to be under the dominion of ‘civilized' Europeans (Schlembach, 2016). The hate group denounces a particular group of people due to their race, ethnicity, gender identity and other immutable characteristics.  (Schlembach, 2016) argue various research and studies have used the theoretical method to show the correlation between hate groups and hate crimes, but it should not be conclusive without analyzing the correlation empirically.  The authors use the panel data to analyses how to hate groups because hate groups in the U.S. The paper confirms that in 2002 and 2008, the number of white hate groups grew rapidly but the number of hate crime did not increase but it decreased by 1.3% (Schlembach, 2016). These data show that even though hate crimes occur due to hate groups ‘criminal activities, some factors influence the hate groups in committing the crime.  The factors that influence hate groups in engaging in criminal activities include economic determinants and demographic determinants.  The former determinant includes a higher rate of unemployment which leads to poverty and, demographic determinants includes race and urbanism.

 In economic determinants, the ‘frustration-aggregation theory' explains that when people experience economic hardships,  lack of employment and poverty, they feel frustrated and develops aggressive behaviors toward a particular class of people since they believe that the people of different class prevent them from attaining the goals (Gerstenfeld, 2013). In analyzing the correlation between economic determinants and hate crimes, economic determinants act as independent variables whereas hate groups act as dependent variables.  To understand whether hate groups contribute to hate crime, it is important to analyze the hate groups' level of income. The research was done indicates that wealth is a motivating factor of hate crimes in that unemployment and poverty or even economic downturns makes white people feel frustrated and develops economic impulses toward minority groups even if the vulnerable groups are not responsible for the economic decline. The point is that income inequality is a motivating factor for the hate crimes in that as the wealth for the elite class increases, the wealth for the working class decrease. Since the 15th century, American society involves two classes of people; those who have more resources and those with fewer resources. In other words, factors such as employment and income influence the economic and even political position of people in the U.S (Gerstenfeld, 2013). The social inequality hinders the middle-class people from attaining the American Dream. Thus, the social inequality which results in economic insecurity contributes to social issues such as hate groups and hate crimes. The author conducted a study to analyze the relationship between economic determinants and hate groups. The United States Census Bureau developed a five-year project. Data of hate groups and hate crimes were taken from both 25 wealthy states and 25 poorest states in the U.S. The findings showed that after the collection of data in five years, the total number of hate groups in the wealthy states was 446 while the total number of hate groups in the poorest states was 471 (BROWER, 2009).  It shows that the wealthier states (the population was high) had fewer hate groups whereas the poorest (the population was low) had, the higher number of hate groups.  It means that the income inequality has made the ‘angry white male' to develop aggressive behaviors toward the elite wealth in trying to eliminate the racial inequality.

 

 According to Perry (2002), the 20th century marked a period when the rate of hate crimes was higher and among the violence acts during this period was the murder of James Byrd, Benjamin Smith and Mathew Shepard and the school shootings. Since this period, hate crams have been occurring in the marginalized communities. In the U.S, hate crimes are presented by structural and cultural context where the hate groups create a racialized hierarchies. White hate groups present oppressive violence to the marginalized and powerless groups, and due to structural and institutional concepts, the marginalized groups do not get the opportunity to participate in the social setting. The structural and cultural exclusion makes the minority groups vulnerable to ethnoviolence (Perry, 2002).  Hate crimes arise when the dominant group constructs a culture that the other class of people should comply with. The non-white tend to desist from these new ways of life and opts to follow their won images and ideas.  When these groups steps outside the ways of life that whites have constructed, white people create intimidation and defines complex hierarchy where they become dominant over the minority groups. It is essential to understand that history repeats itself since the hate crimes that occurred in the 1980s and the ones that happened in 1990s. For instance, in the 1890s, the minority were vulnerable to institutional discriminations when struggling for rights and freedoms. Also in 1990, the black slaves exercised their new rights, and they ended up experiencing suffering due to Ku Klux Klan attacks (Jung, Costa & Bonilla-Silva, 2011). Perry (2002) employs the structured action theory to show that the white hate groups use the cultural construction concepts where they gain a structural meaning, establishes their dominance and perceives non-white as inferior and evil. White hate groups tend to demonstrate the white sexuality, punishes those who violate the norms.

 

 Conclusion

According to the SPLC, hate groups in the U.S are growing a higher rate. In 2016, the total number of hate groups was 917, and the number increased up to 954 in 2017.  Since 2014, the number has increased by 20%, and all groups have a common ideology against the non-whites. The SPLC plays a significant role in detecting and monitoring the hate groups and the hate crimes they cause in the states. SPLC reports that the rise of hate groups is increasing racist violence to ensure that they have dominion over other minorities. The major infamous white groups include; Neo-Nazi such as Ku Klux Klan, racist skinheads, traditional white supremacists, Christian identity and white supremacist prison gangs. The research paper has done comprehensive research on empirical studies and literature and has found that there is a correlation between hate groups and hate crime. Hate crimes have contributed to devastating effects on families and communities due to they're mutable and immutable characterizes. The critical point is that factors such economic determinants and demographic determinants influence the hate groups in committing the crime. For example, income inequality increase the poverty level and people feel frustrated and expresses their aggression toward a particular class of people.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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