History

Section 1

1. The government organization which aided the enslaved African Americans was known as the Freedmen’s Bureau. The new tenancy system which allowed the freedmen to work in the fields and get a share of the crop in return was known as the sharecropping (Bucy, 103).

 

2.By the year 1875, the National Grange had a membership of 800,000.The 1886 court case which  supported the regulation of railroad rates and reversed the Munn v. Illinois was known  as the Wabash case (McGeehan & Morris, 213). 

 

3. The law which was created to prohibit the immigration of Chinese laborers to U.S was known as the Chinese Exclusion Act. By 1880, children aged 10 to 14 years in the labor force were 18% (Soennichsen, 67).

 

4. The Silverites wanted the remonetization of silver at the ratio of 16 to 1. The L. Frank Baum’s 1900 literature which was an allegory about free silver was ‘The Wonderful Wizard of Oz’ (Whaples, 524).

 

5. The name given to the communities who were dependant of trolleys was streetcar suburb communities. The magazine which used the word ‘skyline’ was the ‘New York’ Archives (Warner, 460).

 

 

Section 2

 

2. Division during reconstruction was caused by three issues.The first issue was presidential reconstruction. Presidents Lincoln and Andrew Johnson had the idea of developing emancipation and reuniting the country (Geipel, 41).The second division was the congressional reconstruction which was based on developing civil and voting rights. The third division was redemption which was based on ending reconstruction since they had won the Southern State. Reconstruction was associated with both beneficial and harmful consequences. The first beneficial consequences were that by 1870s, former slaves had gained the right to vote and right for public education (Geipel, 48). The second benefit is that southern states gained economic and social development in terms of increase in capital investment, manufacturing, new factories and employment. However, some challenges were encountered since Southerners lost their loved ones, reconstruction of cities and homes. Second, there was violence which was established by Ku Klux Klan (KKK) with an aim of attacking the African Americans.

 

 

3. According to Turner, frontiers were experienced and the experience assisted them in shaping the American character and institution. In specific, frontiers were individualist and optimist, and the traits helped in establishing westward expansion (Fitzpatrick, 116). Through experience, they were adapted to the new society where they eliminated Old World institutions and developed American institutions. They also created Americanization, mixed race and led to a rebirth. The new society was characterized by national identity and new cultures (Fitzpatrick, 116). They were individualistic and this means that they focused on nationalism and democracy and to achieve this, they believed that American society should have a democratic self-rule. The first policy which Turner reacted on was the Indian Removal Act. Turner argued that Indians gained civilization as well as independent citizenship. Thus, Indians entered a new era and they should live with peace and unity. The second policy is termination policy which denied Indians social services like education. Turner argued that Indians developed character and values and thus they should be allowed to access their property (Fitzpatrick, 116).

 

 

4. Example of modernization in industry includes new processes of manufacturing, transportation and communication. There were technological innovation such as automated flour mills, horse power and more. Transportation was improved such as introduction of railways. Americans believed that the industrial revolution was a beneficial period as it brought economic growth (Perloff & Wingo, 67). However, industrial modernization led to harmful consequences in that it led to division of social classes and income disparity. Example of modernization in urbanization includes development of towns and cities, high level of employment and higher standards of living. It was influenced by new technologies and development of factory systems. However, urbanization led to rise in crime, corruption, immigration, resentment and social unrest (Perloff & Wingo, 72). The modernization in all the three areas was associated with industrial revolution since the revolution developed new ways of living. Modernization in agriculture was marked by food production, farming efficiency, livestock breeding, plant breeding, farm equipment and more. People believed that the growth was due to industrial revolution which led to revolution in agriculture. However, this led for land hunger and land wars between Native Americans and indigenous peoples. Immigration was high; there was family disruption and conflict between labor unions (Perloff & Wingo, 78).
5. The class conflict is between the poor and the wealth. In other words, class conflict is between people who are at the higher ladder of economy or people who established means of production (capitalist class) and  people who must  who work to sustain others (working class) (Carter, 178).The class conflict is influenced by  a socio-economic structure which is capitalism. The latter comprises private property, profit motive and completion. Labor, movement is influenced by need to develop working condition, fair treatment, employment law, better wages, health benefits and more. Both capitalism and labor movement leads to class conflict in that capitalists treat workers unfairly and  workers develops labor movement to fight for their rights (Carter, 180).

 

 

6. During reconstruction, African Americans were freed from slavery, gained the right to vote, acquired land, accessed employment and utilized public property. However, they struggled from starvation, unemployment, after reconstruction, African American entered in the Gilded Age where they experienced economic growth and social transformation (Friedman, 235). For example, there was development in transportation, farming, market and industry. However, developed was achieved with a high cost since they encountered challenges associated with child labor and women’s right where women were denied right to vote. In addition, there was labor violence and conflict which was influenced by labor unions. In year 1860s and 1890s, African Americans had developed reform movements which aimed at eliminating discrimination and creating education and employment rights (Friedman, 237). During this period, life changed in that slavery was eliminated and they gained an opportunity to access land and political power.

 

Work cited

Bucy S. Carole. Tennessee through Time, The Later Years. Gibbs Smith, 2007

 

McGeehan, John, and Morris Gall. Let's Review: U.s. History and Government. Hauppauge, NY:

Barron's Educational Series, 2008. Print.

 

Soennichsen, John R. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Santa Barbara, Calif: Greenwood, 2011.

 

Print.

 

Fitzpatrick, Ellen F. History's Memory: Writing America's Past, 1880-1980. Cambridge, Mass:

Harvard University Press, 2002. Print.

 

Whaples, Robert. Historical Perspectives on the American Economy: Selected Readings.

Cambridge [u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996. Print. 

Warner, Sam B. Streetcar Suburbs: The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870-1900. , 1978.

Internet resource.

 

Geipel, Robert. Long-term Consequences of Disasters: The Reconstruction of Friuli, Italy, in Its

International Context, 1976-1988. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. Internet

resource.

 

Friedman, Lawrence M, and Harry N. Scheiber. American Law and the Constitutional Order:

Historical Perspectives. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1988. Print.

 

Perloff S. Harvey & Wingo Jr. Lowdon. Issues in Urban Economics. Routledge, 2013

 

Carter B. Capitalism, Class Conflict and the New Middle Class (RLE Social Theory). Routledge,

2014