Question 1

 After the end of slavery the African Americans desired their full freedom. The aspirations for full freedom was derailed Whites who wanted the former control they had exercised over the African Americans. In 1877, Whites in the South banded together under a common banner that was called White supremacy and came up with a new system to use against the Blacks living there.  The Jim Crow system  that enforced laws that demanded a complete separation of Blacks and Whites in places such as workplaces and learning institutions such as schools. This system was sanctified by the federal government in 1896 (Gaines, n.p). Slavery had ended but the Jim Crow law denied the Black the freedom they sought. This law went ahead and eliminated the Blacks from the Political Arena when the southerners decided to amend their constitution in order to deny the Blacks the right they had to vote, a right that had been given to them by the Fifth Amendment in 1870.  After the abolishment of slavery the Jim Crow Law continued to marginalize the African Americans.

 This shift of racial ideology from slavery to Jim Crow had it impact on house segregation.  Separate housing had to be accorded to the Black and White since the Whites believed that they could not live in the same neighborhoods as the Black. Segregation was everywhere even in the offices the Whites could not share the same waiting area with the Black and White kids could not go to school with Black kids. As part of the segregation of keeping Blacks away from Whites some cities instituted zoning laws that prohibited Blacks and their families from living or moving into White dominant blocks. However, the Supreme Court was against the zones and tried to make Amendments but using loopholes in that ruling in the 1920 a federal zoning committee was created with intentions of making local boards come up with laws that will prevent families that earn low from moving into neighborhoods that are of middle class earners this effort was made with the intentions of targeting Black families in order to keep them away from White neighborhoods (Gaines, n.p).  This law further went ahead and barred mixed marriages of the Black and White.  

Question 2

The Great migration was the migration of more than six million slaves that took place between 1916 to 1970. These African Americans were leaving the South headed to other cities in the North and Midwest. (History Editors, n.p). These people were driven from their homes by the harsh segregation laws that had been enforced to marginalize them. Many of these African Americans were headed for the North in search for industrial work that had been created by the First World War. This migration gave African Americans the chance to begin life a new in other places while still campaigning against racial prejudice and economic prejudice that they were still facing.

            This migration is also referred to as the Black migration it has also been regarded as one of the largest mass internal movement in the history of America. This migration took place in two phases where about 1.6 million African Americans moved from the south to the north between the periods 1916 to 1940.  The second phase of this migration saw about 5 million African Americans move to the west and North between the periods 1940 to 1970.  The causes of this great migration was the segregation that these people encountered in the North, the increase of racist ideology, the wide spread of extrajudicial killing that happened in public that the African Americans faced. Lastly, lack of social and economic opportunities in the south also made these people migrate (History Editors, n.p).

Question 3

Segregation greatly impacts poverty, the first way segregation impacts poverty has been evidenced by the difference in the lives of the Whites and Blacks. Whites who are in the middle class families build their lives in middle class residential areas, their children attend expensive learning institutions while many Black families are in poor neighborhoods and their children attend schools in the same neighborhood (Quillian, Lincoln, n.p). Segregation only means that this child living in a poor neighborhood will not attend an expensive middle school and thus when the child grows up and the same cycle of poverty will continue. Segregation only makes sure the vicious cycle of poverty does not end.

Secondly segregation with no doubts happens to be one of poverty traps. High density poverty and segregation are intertwined. In highly segregated neighborhoods, unemployment is very persistent. This effect is very much evident by the fact that the Black are highly unemployed while their White counterparts experience low levels of unemployment despite that fact that the education gap that existed between the Whites and Black has been narrowed.  In cities such as Washington D.C and Chicago where segregation is high finding a job is a struggle for the minority and in this case the Blacks. As the percentage of unemployed Blacks increases so does the level of residential segregation increase (Quillian, Lincoln, n.p). Segregation is responsible for creating unemployment which is one of the causes of poverty.

Question 4

The Urban underclass is made up of poor minorities that are living in metropolitan areas, these minorities are often subject to discrimination in private and in public eyes.  The economic status of the urban underclass is defined by high levels of poverty.  Members of the urban underclass are below the annual income of $10,890 (Sidhu, n.p). There is no criteria that is used to vet which race falls under the urban underclass. Mostly the urban underclass in America is composed of Caucasians but the larger percentage of the underclass is the African Americans. 65% of the about 2.4 million ghettos that are poor are populated by the Black (Sidhu, n.p).

            The urban underclass is still subject to discrimination in private and in the public eye.  Historic discrimination the holds the description of how the urban underclass was created in reference to the history of the African Americans. The racial suppression these people faced made them fall under the underclass level. The economic advancement that later took place in the country and failed to favor them cemented their place as the majority urban underclass.  The culture of these people is defined by misappropriate interactions with the criminal justice system and mass incarnations (Sidhu, n.p).

Question 5

            The nature of work has changed drastically in the United States and other countries.  With change in economy a new model had to be created, this model is the creative class.  Florida (61), suggested that for cities to be able to be viable and make sure they grow in the future the development must be guided by the set guidelines, Florida also proposed that the creative capital model is the best to follow since other models have become outdated as a result of a shift in the economy. According to Darchen and Tremblay (256) creative capital is the “complementary approach to the human model”.  The creative capital thesis happens to be one of the theories that can help to bring growth in urban areas.

 Creative class has been held responsible for attracting growth in industrialized countries since these creative countries have a high tendency of attracting foreigners with high capabilities than the less developed countries. The creative capital theory is founded on the concept of existence of individuals and the contribution these individuals are making.  The creative class is divided into two; those individuals who are super creative and those who fall below them, the creative. These two groups relate when creating  Florida, (68). For development urban leaders are taking seriously this theory such as opening a diverse and open space that maintained in order to attract and retain younger generation of workers.

Question 6

A ghetto is part of a city that has been set aside and acts as a slum and is occupied by people who are under urban underclass who are mostly the minority group.  There are two kinds of Ghetto the institutional ghettos and the jobless ghettos.  Jobless Ghettos are defined by the high level of unemployed individuals living in these ghettos while institutionalized ghettos are ghettos that have created as a result of segregation or as a result of spatial confinement (Xie, n.p)

Over time the ghettos have changed. Most of African American Ghettos started out when they were a little well off economically and mostly in the mid west. These ghettos were built by people who held manufacturing jobs and received high wages. In New York the housing of the ghettos was also quite good and the houses in the ghetto in Harlem were state of the art apartments. However, segregation of people that were foreign born rose for reasons such as the ones that caused the great migration (Xie, n.p). Segregation continued to rise and the Black continued to be concentrated in this neighborhoods. Initially, ghettos existed because legal restrictions that required certain minorities to live in certain segregated areas, today ghettos exist as a result of economic factors (Small, n.p).  The fact that segregation has made a lot of Black people jobless and are under the urban underclass makes ghettos continue existing.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Works Cited

Darchen, Sebastien, and Diane-Gabrielle Tremblay. "What attracts and retains knowledge workers/students: The quality of place or career opportunities? The cases of Montreal and Ottawa." Cities 27.4 (2010): 225-233.

Dawinder S. Sidhu.,The Unconstitutionality of Urban Poverty-II. The Urban Underclass. n.d. retrived from;https://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1656:unconstitutionalityurbanpoverty&catid=56&Itemid=179&showall=&limitstart=1

Richard, Florida,  The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community, and Everyday Life. 2002. New York: Basic.

Kevin. K. Gaines, Racial Uplift Ideology in the “Era of the Negro Problem”. Retrieved from; http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1865-1917/essays/racialuplift.htm

History Editors. "Great Migration", 2010. retrieved from; https://www.history.com/topics/Black-history/great-migration.Accessed 6 Aug 2019.

Liyi Xie., Exploring the Concept of Ghetto. Social Sciences. 2016. Vol. 5, No. 2, 2016, pp. 32-36. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20160502.15., Exploring the Concept of Ghetto. 2016 Social Sciences. Vol. 5, No. 2, 2016, pp. 32-36. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20160502.15

Mario L. Small. American Ghetto. 2016. Retrieved from;  https://www.chronicle.com/article/American-Ghetto/236181

Quillian, Lincoln. "Segregation and poverty concentration: The role of three segregations." American Sociological Review77.3 (2012): 354-379.