Reflex

1. In Achilles, the tendon produce cutaneous mechano-receptors that is expansive, but the ones in ones foot cannot influence the resultant ankle jerk since they have long conducting distance to the cord ,afferent conduction speed that is slower and its path is polysynaptic intra-spinal. The cutaneous receptors are normally excited more proximally at the knee. However, for the pathways of Patellar reflex for, there is a production of a signal that is transmitted to the synapses and spinal cord without any inter-neurons at L4 level (Brodal, 2016).

 

2. The normal latencies for patellar tendon reflexes done for normal pregnant women done in Netherlands is indicated as 21.29 with an error of +- 2.30 ms) ^c,h. where ^h latency corresponds with maximal amplitude (Lapole & Perot ,2015). In a study done to determine normal latencies for Achilles for a normal man, the range of the latency was between 150-180ms in vibration of various subjects in voluntary influences (A berardelli, hallett, kaufman, fine,Berenberg &Simon,2016).

 

3. In voluntary responses a stimulus results to a reflex response and is normally replaced by way of learning another stimulus. The learning happens after the involuntary stimulus preceded by some other kind of stimulus. The reflex stimulus results from another a conditioned stimulus even where there is no unconditional stimulus following it (Brodal, 2016)..
4. Blowing at a human eye will make the pupil to constrict automatically. This is because such kind of an act is under the control of the reflex arc. The signals are transmitted directly to the motor neuron which is the reflex action. People will use sense and sight of a given position which will help them coordinate walking. In this case the brain will send out motor impulses which will control their movement (Brodal, 2016)..

References

Brodal, P. (2016). The central nervous system. Oxford University Press.329-332

Lapole, T & Perot C (2015).Hoffmann reflex is increased after 14 days of daily repeated Achilles tendon vibration for the soleus but not for the gastrocnemii muscles

 

A berardelli, M ,hallett, C, kaufman, E,fine, W Berenberg, sr Simon(2016). Stretch reflexes of triceps surae in normal Man. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1982;45:513-525