1. unit of analysis (independent variable or dependent variable)
2. Boys whose parents are divorced or separated (independent variable) have more behavior problems (Dependent variable) than boys living with both biological parents (independent variable)
3. The number of sexually explicit magazines sold in each of the fifty states (dependent) is positively correlated with the number of reported rapes (independent variable).
4. Residents of rural communities (dependent variable) are less tolerant of people holding non-traditional views than urban residents (independent variable)
5. How does the level of economic development in a country (independent) affect the level of human services provided to its people (dependent variable)?
6. Physical Exercise

            Regular physical exercise undertaking is essential as it contributes towards minimizing psychological stress and thus enhancing the well being of a person as they are positively influenced. However, in as much as generalizations are made that lack of exercise causes disorders, it cannot be measured. Nonetheless, the examining of the correlation between the physical exercises frequency that is the number of times that the person engages in physical activities and the effect that this has on the psychological well-being makes it more reliable to make the conclusion that lack of physical exercise results to psychological disorder. However, it may not be accurate but it is precise. It is thus essential to engage in any physical exercise or activity as it will ensure that mental health is attained (Garcia, et al 328).

            Men as well as women vary in the levels at which they get depressed and also I the manner that they get involved in physical exercises. In most case, the female gender has a higher frequency of depressive attitudes as compared to the male gender. Therefore in most cases, those women who participate in physical exercises are less depressed as compared to those who are less engaged in physical activity. It is thus clear that gender is a driving factor to interaction effect mostly in the depression and physical exercise correlation. Older men are less likely to attend personal physical exercise than older women as they believe that the correlation between physical exercise and depression may have minimal healthy impact on the men than in the women. Physical exercise relation with psychological disorder or stress is spurious as it reflects on the underlying influence of the correlation characteristics, the social support and the welfare of the physical exercise and disorder control in both male and female. Both male and female associate occurrence of aging with the lack of engagement in the physical exercises and thus most of the older people tends to lead active lives as they regard exercising as essential.  However this perception varies across the gender and with different people. Thus most of the men who are aging tend to engage more in the participation of the physical exercise with an aim of attaining physical expertise and thus they are able to project their manliness and this enables them to reduce their stress. On the other hand most of the women participate in physical activities with an aim to increase their desirability and thus allowing them to be happier as they moods and attitudes are uplifted as well as their sense of belonging. Thus, most of the women are able to reduce or minimize their stress disorders when they engage in physical activities and that’s why they mostly engage in these activities as compared to men who are less affected by stress disorders (Garcia, et al 329).

 

3. Level of measurements
4. Race (white, African American, Asian, etc.)- Nominal
5. Order finish in a race (First, second, etc.)- Ordinal
6. Number of children in families- Ratio
7. Populations of nations- Nominal
8. Attitudes toward nuclear energy (Strongly approve, approve, etc.) Ordinal
9. Region of birth (Northeast, Midwest, Southwest, etc.) Nominal
10. Political ideology (Conservative, liberal, etc.) Nominal
11. Reliability and validity

            In this case a poor measurement of reliability was made. This is due to the fact that different measurements were acquired. Though reliability does not guarantee accuracy but it ensures that precision is attained. This therefore is not reliable and accurate as there is no consistency in the results that are attained.

            In this case, the criterion related validity is at fault. This is also referred to as the predictive validity as the employee used this validity method to assess the proficiency of the workers before hiring them through the use of exams to test their abilities. Though different tests were administered to all of these people for more than one time, and a series of related scores were achieved per each person, the measurements were not correctly measured. Poor criterion method of validity testing occurred as the results indicated that the workers scored highly but in reality they performed so poorly. Therefore it is clear that poor measurements on validity were made and this reduced any chances of accuracy achievement from the measurement. Therefore the results failed to support the measurements that were already taken from the examination of aptitude and ability of all these interviewees.

References

Garcia, Danilo, et al. "Exercise Frequency, High Activation Positive Affect, and Psychological Well-Being: Beyond Age, Gender, and Occupation." Psychology 3.4 (2012): 328-336.