• Paleontology
• Introduction
•             Paleontology, which is the study of the history of earth as based on the fossils, has helped to contribute towards understanding of different aspects of the extinct and the living organisms. Studies indicate that the fossils contain information about the organism and the environment it occupied. In addition the scientists have also been able to deduce the behavior and the evolutionary history of an organism using the fossil information. This report analysis three articles that presents studies related to the paleontology. The first article analysis the various reforms related to palaeontology and the rise of the biogeography. The second article analysis the fossil record of Limopsis in Antarctica and the Southern high Latitude. The last article describes the rhetorical invention of the paleontological representation. In addition this report also present some of the possible research that need to be studied in relation to paleontological studies.
• Reforms of the paleontology and the rise of the biogeography
•             The main aim of the document was to help in the historical development of the cladistics and the various roles that the paleontology and the biogeography played in helping to establish the concept of phylogenetic relationship. In addition, the article also tries to focus on the some of the aspects of paleontology as contributed by the Gareth Nelson. In the beginning of the article the authors first analyses the lecture that was presented by the Gareth at the American Museum of Natural History on the idea that there was pure paleontology. In his lecture the he argued that paleontology, as discipline was committed towards ensuring that it establishes the ancestral descendant of the relationship. According to Williams and Ebach, the field of paleontology emerged as an evolutionary discipline in the nineteenth and the twentieth century (Williams& Ebach, 694). Haeckles first coined the word paleontology while he tried to explain the possibility of explaining the origin of diversity in the life of the earth. In addition the author also indicates that the paleontologists in the 1960s were set to try and reform the subject as first presented by the Haeckles. From the author analysis it is evident that he argues that from the nelsons formulation of the threefold parallelism helped to provide a basis of investigating the phylogeny. Moreover he also indicates that the numerical phylogenic methods that have been introduced have helped to replace the stratigraphy that was used as the key to indentify the phylogenetic relationships (Williams& Ebach, 711).
• The fossil record of limposis in Antarctica and the southern high latitude
•             From the article the author first present a strong argument explaining that the Limposis is one of the common species of the bivalve genera in the southern ocean. In relation to this the authors indicates that the few information is known regarding the phylogenic relationship of the organism (Whittle, Linse & Griffiths, 935). Other scholars have subsequently discredited the information presented regarding phelogenetic of the organism. In their study he used the paleontological fossil database that has been established to assess the distribution of the fossil and the recent limopsids. Analyses of the fossil record by the authors of the article indicate that the genus underwent a second Cenozoic radiation related to the isolation of the Artantica accompanied by the cooling in the northern hemisphere. The author of the article concludes the article by arguing that the genus adapted to the changes in the environmental condition including the surviving the last glacia.
• The rhetorical invention of paleontology
•             One of the main aims of the article is to establish the intersection of visual rhetoric of the science through examining the rhetorical context in which the natural science represents the paleontology (Northcut, 303). In his introduction the author quotes that the tradition of rhetoric of science studies is largely one of the scholarly research literature review and discourse analyses. The author used the field method to establish the rhetorical context in which the paleontology became represent through the art. In relation to this he argues that the knowledge about paleontology is provided through words and image. The author therefore presents a number of researchers who uses the natural science illustration to represent the paleontology. In addition the author reports that there is considerable difference between what the experts know and what the public perceive. From his conclusion the author argues that using the visual communication the researchers are able to bring products and perception of science into the full view of the science (Northcut, 306). Another important point to note from the conclusion is the fact there is need for the scientist to recognize the importance of the visuals communication in order to capture the interest of the public.
• Conclusion
•             From the above it is evident that the field of paleontology has undergone various developments. Considering the first article on the reforms of the paleontology has led to invention in the numerical phylogenetic methods has helped to replace stratigraphy. The introduction of these methods has helped to establish phylogenetic relationships. The invention of the modern fossil databases has helped to provide the basis of establishing the distribution of fossil and the recent limopsids. Moreover, the use of the visual representation has also helped to improve the knowledge in the paleontology among the public. One of the researches that need to be carried out in relation to the field of the paleontology is the ways of dealing with imbalance of the carbon dioxide cycle due to the burying of the fossil fuel. This is because the increased burning of the fossil fuel has led to increase in the emission of carbon dioxide in atmosphere. This therefore implies that the research needs to be done on the ways of lowing the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
• Work cited
• Northcut, Kathryn M. "Insights From Illustrators: The Rhetorical Invention Of Paleontology        Representations." Technical Communication Quarterly 20.3 (2011): 303-326. Business           Source Complete. Web. 23 Apr. 2013.
• Whittle, Rowan J., Katrin Linse, And Huw J. Griffiths. "The Fossil Record Of Limopsis   (Bivalvia: Limopsidae) In Antarctica And The Southern High Latitudes."         Palaeontology             54.4 (2011): 935-952. Academic Search Complete. Web. 23 Apr. 2013
• Williams, David M., and Malte C. Ebach. "Original Article The Reform Of Palaeontology             And The Rise Of Biogeography – 25 Years After ‘Ontogeny, Phylogeny,        Paleontology   And The Biogenetic Law’ (Nelson, 1978)." Journal Of Biogeography 31.5 (2004):          685-712. Academic Search Complete. Web. 23 Apr. 2013.