Question1

The pathophysiology behind rhabdomyolysis

The specific causes of rhabdomylosis are normally known but the actual pathway that lead to the manifestation of the disease is often not known. The final activity that leads to rhabdomylysis is associated with myocyte injury or the loss of energy disbursement within muscular cells (Myers, Neighbors, & Tannehill-Jones, 2002).

In normal occasions, a muscle’s activity at rest allows ion routes within the plasma membrane to have lower and stable intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ absorption and steep k+ concentrates in muscular fibers. The loss of polarization within the muscles results to influx of Ca2+ from the stores inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum and into the cytoplasm forcing the muscular cells to contract by actin-myosin chemical bonds. All the procedures explain above  rely on the availability of enough energy in a form known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP).Hence, anything that pauses a danger and destroys the ion routes  directly through myocyte impairment or loss of available ATP for energy will result to the disruption and destruction of normal functioning and balance of intracellular electrolytes absorption or concentration. (Myers, Neighbors, & Tannehill-Jones, 2002).

When muscle damage occurs due to loss of Atp ,it is usually as a result of excess intracellular  introduction of Na+ and Ca2+.The increase of Na+ in the intracellular attracts water into the cells and disorients the normal functioning and operation of the intracellular space. The abnormal presence of high levels of Ca2+ leads to numerous sustainable contractions that further reduce ATP. In addition, the increase of Ca2+ gives rise to dependent enzymes that break down proteins and phospholipids thus damages ion routes. The end result in entirety is the destruction of ion channels.  This changes within the muscle cause muscular cell inflammation. The self-sustaining destruction of ion channels leads to the release of necrosis of muscular fibers and the displacement of muscles content into blood system and extracellular space (Myers, Neighbors, & Tannehill-Jones, 2002).

Question 2

The difference between basal and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is that carcinomas associated with basal cells originate from the basal cell part of the epidermis whereas squamous cell carcinoma are formed in the squamous section of the epidermis (Reichrath, 2006).

Squamous cancer cells are more likely to spread to other parts of the body and progress deeper into various parts of the skin (Reichrath, 2006).

Question 3

The role of thyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone in the regulation of calcium in regards to skeletal tissue.

The role of parathyroid hormone is to control calcium concentration levels within the body to enable muscle and nerves systems to function efficiently. Calcium plays an important role in ensuring healthy conditions of bones and teeth. Parathyroid hormone operates in the kidney, skeletons and intestinal systems. Parathyroid hormone enables the bones to take in calcium in various ways. One of the ways it achieves this is by rapid stage that increase the amount of serum calcium within the osteoblast and the osteocytes. (Osteoblast and osteocytes are cells responsible for bone formation).This release allows the osteocytes and the osteoblast to absorb the calcium provided by parathyroid hormone hence regulating amount of calcium. The other alternative way is through the slow stage. This stage lasts for several days. First of all, the osteoclasts are triggered to dissolve formed bones and forces a procreation of the dissolved bones which will require additional calcium. This is initiated by the parathyroid hormone. In short, the hormone is responsible for discharging calcium within the bones and also causes the absorption of excessive calcium from the bones by other parts of the body. Thyroid hormone regulates calcium levels in the blood which prevents it from being excessive in the blood stream (Sanders, Lewis, Quick & McKenna, 2012).

Question 4

The extra articular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis.

In the skin it appears as rheumatoid nodules, Episclerritis and pericardial effusion. In the eye, it appears as keratoconjunctivis sicca which makes the eyes dry. In the intestinal system, it is manifested as severe abdominal pains (Hochberg, 2009).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

Myers, J. W., Neighbors, M., & Tannehill-Jones, R. (2002). Principles of pathophysiology and emergency medical care. Albany: Delmar/Thomson Learning.

Reichrath, J. (2006). Molecular mechanisms of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas. Georgetown, Tex: Landes Bioscience/Eurekah.com.

Sanders, M. J., Lewis, L. M., Quick, G., & McKenna, K. (2012). Mosby's paramedic textbook. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier/Mosby Jems

Hochberg, M. C. (2009). Rheumatoid arthritis. Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier.