The Effects of Globalization on the Level of Hospitality in Different Countries across the World

 

Introduction and Research Significance

Globalization is the current way of life, which is characterized by the world becoming smaller. A major consequence of the phenomenon is that many countries are continuously becoming more dependent on one another economically. The need to remain competitive economically in a more open and integrated world economy has seen countries their level of hospitality, especially through the tourism and hospitality industry. Hospitality has become an important part of business interests across the world with different countries showing the need to develop or diversify their activities.  With the onset of globalization, hospitality became one of the spheres where business and social cross-continental shifts could be observed due to its innate global nature. The research on the globalization has affected the hospitality level across the world is important for a wide understanding of the growth and change in the hospitality and tourism industry.  Understanding the global orientation of hospitality among countries is also important in predicting the future possible outcome of the industry.

Critical Reflection on the Existing Literature

Globalization has been driven by international politics, social aspects, economic changes including markets, firm strategy, capital and trade flows. It is a phenomenon that can be explained through global citizenship social theory especially in relation to cognition. The theory relates to the need for knowledge acquisition, critically thinking and understanding of local, national, regional, and global issues and interdependency of various populations and countries (Pittman, 2017, 3).  From economic perspective, globalization relates to increasing level of interdependency of production and the market in different countries, and also, media communication that provide information in for of a trade good (Barnett & Sikkink, 2008,6).  The globalization process has brought about creation of international tourism market.

The tourism markets are expected to have fair competition irrespective of the nation of origin, and destinations normally function interactively (Sheel, A., 2007, 7). In order to remain competitive, countries had to improve their level of hospitality in order to attract investors and customers. The improving level of hospitality is indicated by the quality of services provided to customers, and an enabling environment that foreigners to visit specific countries. Hospitality was perceived to have multiplier effect, so that a boom in the hospitality industry leads to opportunities for other kinds of businesses (Zaitseva et al.2016, 7181). The flow of foreign investment also increased when firms improved their level of hospitality.

Theoretical Framework

It is important to have an overall understanding of how the onset of globalization lead to increased level of hospitality in different countries in the world.  Globalization involves internationalization of markets, expansion of economies, and delivery of goods and services in the foreign markets. Over the years hospitality became an important aspect of business in countries, which was seen in their desire in developing and diversifying their activities. Globalization increased the level of competition, and countries endeavored to increase the hosting service level, and eventual network of business organization within the hospitality industry (Bang & Markeset, 2011, 238). The globalization process impacted the organizational capital of services industries including hotels through the emergency of enhanced management technologies, organizational culture, leadership, tools of management.

The globalization process is the independent variable, while the level of hospitality is the dependent variable. The expansion of markets due to full exploitation of local markets, internalization of economies, and increased competition contributed to the notion that enhancing the hospitality level of a country would have multiplier effect. The major assumption is that countries viewed hospitality as the major sphere of business, which would affect the entire economy.

Research Questions or Hypotheses

Research Questions  

• What are the factors that led to the process of globalization?
• To what extent does the level of hospitality influence the business environment of countries?
• How did globalization influence the level of hospitality in countries across the world?
• Were the effects of globalization on hospitality experienced across the entire world?

Research hypothesis

• The need for business expansion to increase growth and profitability, improved technology, reduced barriers to facilitate global trade and improved infrastructure specifically transport systems largely contributed to the process of globalization across the world.
• Hospitality has been viewed as a major sphere of business so that an increase in the level of hospitality is associated with a multiplier effect, leading to growth in other businesses.
• Countries understood that to remain competitive in a globalized, and thus, open economy, they had to enhance their hospitability.

The effect of globalization was felt by almost all countries, except the ones that continued to enforce barriers to external trade.

Research objectives

The research aims at achieving the following objectives:

• Investigating the effects of globalization on the level of hospitality across the world; the aim is to have an insight on the extent to which countries become hospitable after the onset of globalization process
• To analyse the factors that drove the process of globalization and why hospitality became a sphere of business in countries; the essence is to understand how these factors  informed countries to embrace hospitality as a competitive aspect for their economies
• To examine whether the impacts of globalization were felt in the entire world; it includes examining whether there are countries that remained unaffected by the process.

 

Research Methods

 The data needed for this research will be gathered from different published research journals and articles touching on globalization and its effect on hospitality. Since this research is qualitative, the aim is to carry out a study that offers in-depth insight and hence, the effect of globalization on countries’ level of hospitality.  The data collection technique will involve examining the existing data from various documents and records.  The technique entails examining various information and research from databases since relating to the globalization, growth in hospitality industry, and how the two interconnect. The data collected will involve how the hospitality of chosen countries changed due to the phenomena. Hence, by search different data bases, it will be possible to gather sufficient information for the completion of this study.

The sampling method to be used in this case is typical case sampling. Typical case sampling involves a purposive sampling method applied when one is interested in the normality of settings, contexts or events (Palinkas et al. 2015, 536). In this case, “typical” implies that study will involve the capacity to compare or contrast findings from a research by use of “typical case sampling” with other related samples (BARAN & JONES, 2016, 118). With this sampling technique, the sample focuses on data related to the level of hospitality of some selected countries, and viewing the sample as demonstrating other similar samples.  Other than the research article and journey available through online platform, any report or records will be accessed by seeking permission from relevant bodies.

Research Methodology

The research will apply qualitative data analysis, which entails descriptive data that relates to concepts on globalization and hospitality. The analysis will provide an understanding of the research objectives through a revelation of themes and patterns of the information collected.  The analysis will aim at identifying common themes, relationships and patterns within the sample of the data collected. The analysis will also employ both primary and secondary comparison of data, where findings of the documented information will be compared with the literature review findings. The differences between the primary and secondary data and literature review will also be discussed in the data analysis.  The analysis will also involve a discussion about any aspects of the effect of globalization on level of hospitality that will not be mentioned in the available studies, even though they should be mentioned.  The analysis will also involve linking the research findings to the research objectives and hypothesis.

Ethical Considerations

In research, ethical consideration is very important and involves various standards of conduct expected from the researcher. Ethical standards help in preventing against falsification or fabrication of data and hence, enhance the pursuit of truthful knowledge as the major aim of the research (KULAKOWSKI & CHRONISTER, 2006, 525). A major ethical consideration is adherence of laws and that govern the research process including acknowledging and protection researchers of documents used. Also, the research will ensure there is no fabrication or falsification of data. In addition, care will be taken to prevent presenting other researchers’ work or taking credit for other people’s work through failure to cite relevant sources.

Potential Contribution to Knowledge (and Practice, for Professional Doctorates)

Essentially, the research will help professionals in developing and polishing their research skills. It will enable them conduct substantial research, while reflecting upon individual’s practice. The paper follows the expected research standards and guidelines, and relevant principles. The research can be viewed as ethnographic, where the goal is to explore the degree to which the researcher who is undertaking the professional doctorate improved in terms of knowledge. The completion of the research on globalization and its effect on hospitality will have impacted an individual’s level of understanding, and their professional development and practice. It is expected that the analysis of the findings will help the student to have a personal reflection on how their professional development will be altered or impacted by the research.

With increased understanding of how the globalization process affected hospitality, the student can pursue their professional career on the basis of greater insight in their relevant field.  Moreover, the research can help the student in improving from mere learners to researchers, having understood the framework of the research and its significance in improving the level of knowledge. Hence, undertaking the research and acquiring the required qualification is an important aspect for the students. It empowers the individuals and opens up various opportunities in the field of research and hence, enhances their competitiveness. The completion of professional doctorate involves development of one’s knowledge, their understanding, and improved writing skill, presenting by way of research and exploring practice.

Research Plan

The plan will help in allocating sufficient time for every task that has to be completed. The resources needed in the completion of various tasks include enough hours, the various databases from which data will be collected.  Access to some of the databases will be booked in advance.

Week 1
	Prepare research proposal	Write literature review	Completion of literature review	Collection of data
Week 4
	Completion of data collection	Analysis of data	Preparation of plan for dissertation	Preparation of first draft
Week 6
	Completion of draft , discussion with supervisor	Preparing second draft	Completion of the draft	Checking the work

 

 

Alignment of Proposed Research with Research Interests of The Faculty of Business

The research focuses on different areas that the Faculty of business emphasizes including international business management, consumer behavior, marketing, business strategy, and leadership. The research areas of the Business Faculty aim at providing the PhD students with access to a wide range of expertise. The research interests also cut across a number of disciplines, and working with the required support of its high quality faculty. The research on effect of globalization on the level of hospitality across the world touch on a wide range of disciplines including micro and macroeconomics , strategic management , marketing management and international relations. The aforesaid are the major aspects that have greatly contributed to the improvement of the level of hospitality for most countries in the world. The concepts of business environment and macro-economics are important in this research because attempt to explain the changes in the world economics.  This research aligns with the faculty need to equip the leaners with enough knowledge whose application can produce a well-rounded and competitive professional. The research also improves the research skills of the learners, and thus, aligning them with the research interest of the faculty.

 

 

 

References

Pittman, J., 2017. Exploring global citizenship theories to advance educational, social, economic and environmental justice. Journal of Tourism and Hospitality, 6(6). Pp. 3-6

 

 Sheel, A., 2007. Globalization, Tourism and Hospitality–A Reflection. Journal of Hospitality Financial Management, 15(2), p.7.

Zaitseva, N.A., Larionova, A.A., Yumatov, K.V., Korsunova, N.M. and Dmitrieva, N.V., 2016. Assessment of the Impact of Globalization on the Introduction of Innovative Technology Companies in the Hospitality Industry. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 11(14), pp.7176-7185.

 

Barnett, M.N. and Sikkink, K., 2008. From international relations to global society. In The Oxford Handbook of Political Science. Pp. 5-7

 

Bang, K.E. and Markeset, T., 2011, September. Identifying the drivers of economic globalization and the effects on companies’ competitive situation. In IFIP International Conference on Advances in Production Management Systems (pp. 233-241). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

 

Palinkas, L.A., Horwitz, S.M., Green, C.A., Wisdom, J.P., Duan, N. and Hoagwood, K., 2015. Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), pp.533-544.

 

KULAKOWSKI, E. C., & CHRONISTER, L. U. (2006). Research administration and management. Sudbury, Mass, Jones and Bartlett, Pp.525

 

BARAN, M., & JONES, J. (2016). Mixed methods research for improved scientific study. Hershey, PA : Information Science Reference, an imprint of IGI Global,pp 117-119. Retrieved from:http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=1203149.