ARTICLE ONE
Ha, D., Roberts-Thomson, K., Arrow, P., Peres, K., & Do, L. (2016). Children’s oral health status in Australia, 2012–14. In Do L. & Spencer A. (Eds.), Oral health of Australian children: The National Child Oral Health Study 2012–14 (pp. 86-152). South Australia: University of Adelaide Press. Retrieved June 20, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/10.20851/j.ctt1sq5wh7.9
Annotated bibliography
The authors illustrates that dental caries have the potential of affecting a large percentage of children particularly infants. According to the information provided by the authors in this article, dental caries is caused by the complex interactions that occur between fermentable carbohydrates and acid-producing bacteria. Their analysis indicates that such a chronic ailment is characterized by demineralization.
Hypothesis
Dental caries is one of the oral conditions that negatively affect the dental health of children
Conclusion
According to the information provided by the authors, it is evident that the balance that exists between demineralization and remineralization is the one that aid in determining the health of teeth of children. Despite that, it logical to say that such a balance at times becomes disturbed because of different health conditions of children. In this case, it can be argued that demineralization is the one that results in the development of cavities or holes in the surface of teeth. In the earliest stages, the damages that are caused on teeth can be medically reversed by using fluoride.
From the medical perceptivities, cavitation that grows into the inner enamel into tissues also results in bacterial infection. Such a condition can be said to have the propensity of inducing considerable pain which in return requires a child to be subjected to surgery. As much as dental caries is concerned, the authors are trying to demonstrate whether demineralization is ultimately stimulated by bacteria and other waste products that are produced by them (Ha et al., 2016). Although a dentist can advise the parent to allow the tooth of his or her child to be removed, medical tooth filling can also be considered as another option for restoring the function and the form of the teeth or tooth.
Validity
According to the information provided by the authors in this article, it is evident that they offer detailed information regarding the initial causes and the remedies that can be suggested by dentists to restore damaged teeth of children. During their research, an epidemiological examination was conducted to enable them to understand the oral conditions of the children who are affected by dental caries. Furthermore, clinical and didactic training for the selected examination was also undertaken to provide concrete information regarding this oral condition. Under standardized conditions, mobile or fixed dental clinics were also utilized as an additional source of information.
Future studies and implications
In the future, it is important to conduct socio-economic research to understand the health of each child in terms of the diet they consume. The reason for that is because it will make the community or the general to understand the fact that untreated dental caries is a condition that results from poor dental care. Background information required in future research is examining the number of teeth each child misses to determine their oral condition. Ideally, it is logical to say that those children who are subjected to regular dental examinations have low preferences for dental caries.
ARTICLE TWO
CHEN, C., WEN, H., CHEN, P., LIN, S., CHIANG, T., HSIEH, I., & GUO, Y. (2012). Prenatal and postnatal risk factors for infantile pneumonia in a representative birth cohort. Epidemiology and Infection, 140(7), 1277-1285. Retrieved June 20, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/41549134
Annotated bibliography
The authors illustrate pneumonia is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children especially infants. From the research conducted by the authors, it is evident that pneumonia ultimately represents the most important defined causes of infection-related mortality rates in children. Despite that, the article provides a clear explanation of the main risk factors that are linked with the development of pneumonia in children.
Hypothesis
Pneumonia increases the morbidity and mortality rates in children especially infants.
Conclusion
The information provided by this article indicates that after birth, the majority of infants opt to ensure that they have spent most of their time indoors. As a result of that, it clear that the postnatal indoor environment plays a crucial role in fostering the health conditions of infants, particularly their respiratory health condition. From the illustration provided in the article, it is obvious that identifiable prenatal conditions prove to be the risk factors for the majority of infantile pneumonia for children who are aged six months and below. Such a condition is brought about by various factors such as maternal smoking, overweight, use of antibiotics, and prenatal ETS (elevated tobacco smoking) exposure during pregnancy.
Conversely, although antibiotic use is linked with infant pneumonia, the information provided does not give a clear explanation as to why pregnant women should not take such medicines. Maternal overweight is an independent factor because it increases risks of thromboembolism, delivery complications, gestational diabetes, and hypertension in mothers. As a result of that, long-term effects particularly metabolic impairment occurs in infants. Gestational diabetes does not have the potential of increasing risks of pneumonia development in infants (Chen et al., 2012). Relatively higher BMI (body mass index) can be said to be negatively linked with infantile pneumonia. Furthermore, since they have immature secretory and systemic immunities, it makes them to be susceptible to indoor air particles, such as molds. This is because they have the potential of damaging the natural immunity of their respiratory tract.
Validity
The information provided by the authors also enables the reader to understand the fact that infants are the ones who are extremely vulnerable to this illness. Ideally, the reason as to why infants are susceptible to developing pneumonia is because their respiratory anatomies and immunity are still underdeveloped. The sample size used by the authors was mainly narrowed down to caregivers. Structured questionnaires were utilized to collect information regarding family medical history, frequency of hospitalization, and family environment. Potential determinants and demographic characteristics of the results of the study were compared with infants without and with pneumonia.
Future studies and implications
As much as infantile pneumonia is concerned, future research should be conducted based on the socioeconomic status of each family. Socioeconomic analysis to be conducted should also incorporate questions regarding the care given to infants by parents and/or caregivers in each community, the frequency of diagnosing infants with pneumonia should also be included. To clearly understand this research in the future, background information such as the medical history of each family, the frequency of seeking medical care particularly for pregnant women, and retrieving previous health care records should be considered.
