- Population Geography
- Population geography refers to the composition and growth of people in the world. Population geography also covers about the special variations in the distribution and density of human growth on earth (Bailey, 2011). This type of geography focuses more on how the population in the world is distributed and arranged through various characteristics. It demonstrates the increase or decrease of population within countries all over the world.. Another significant aspect contained in population geography is the occupation structure within various geographical locations on earth. Most of the related areas of geography that depict to offer information related to population geography include demography and sociology disciplines (Bailey, 2011). Moreover, economics is another discipline that offers information related to population geography. Most of the work covered in population geography relates to the population on the earth. The importance of studying population geography is that it helps in linking all other aspects of geography together. Through population geography, it is possible to understand the movements and mobility of populations within countries.
- Demographic Changes
- Demographic refers to the statistical study changes in the population with respect to the mortality rate in various countries. Demographic changes explain the reason why there is transformation from high to low in birth and death rates of countries within a specific period. Apart from explaining the transformation in mortality rates, demographic changes illustrate the natality and growth rates of countries within a specific time and space. The main purpose of studying demographic changes is there is an increase in the number of people living today compared to any other period as described in history. The other significance issue of learning various aspects as illustrated in demographic changes is because there have been much change in population numbers since World War 2. Demographic changes depicts that there is an inverse relationship between how the number of people increases in various geographical locations and the resources that they can be able to access (Mayda, A. 2010).
- Various factors cause demographic changes of countries. Some of these factors include aging of population, famine, war and outbreaks of diseases (Mayda, 2010). Other main factors that cause demographic changes are industrial revolution of countries. Moreover, improvements on sanitation and availability of health services cause demographic changes (Mayda, 2010). The translation in demographic changes is based on the two main changes that occur over time. One of these changes is the variation on the crude birth rate (CBR). The other change is the variation on crude death rate (CDR). Most of the developing countries tend to give a high percentage of CBR compared to the developed countries. For example, in the year 1998, the CBR was 14 per 1000 in the United (Mayda, 2010). During the same period, the CBR amounted to 32 per 1000 in Kenya (Mayda, 2010). This indicates that there were 14 births in the United States while in a population of 1000 in Kenya there were 32 births in the same population of people. In order to determine the demographic translation of various in CBR of a specific country, the following method is applied (Mayda, 2010).
- Finding the number of births that have occurred in the country and then dividing by the total number of people in the country. The figure obtained after the first calculation should be multiplied by 1000 to give the crude birth rate (Mayda, 2010).
- In order to get the figure contained in CDR thesame method illustrated above is applied. This means that after finding the number of death occurred in period of one year, the next step is to divide the figure by the population of the given specific country and then multiply by 1000. While referring to the demographic changes there are a number of stages reflected in the translation of countries. The first stage depicts that there is a high percentage in the fluctuation of mortality rate. This gives the reason why there are a number of few people in the countries depicted to be in this stage. Many of the countries in this stage of demographic changes demonstrate low basic living standards. Examples of these countries are those in the Amazon rain forest (Mayda, 2010). The countries depict not to have any education and various other basic requirements.
- The second stage that depicts demographic translation illustrates that there are many children born in this particular countries. However, the number of those who die reduces to for example 20/1000 (Mayda, 2010). The reason behind this is that the conditions of living tend to be better because of improvements in various factors like sanitation and availability of better infrastructure. The third stage that demonstrates demographic changes illustrates that there is low deaths in this counties and a decline in the birth rate. Therefore, there is a slight increase in the number of citizens in these countries. The reason behind the fact that there is low birth rate is that more people may have acquired education and therefore consider family planning in order to handle the demanding situations of life (Mayda, 2010). Most of these countries depict to be more industrialized and therefore the availability of basic living materials is high. The other stage of demographic changes illustrates that in these countries, there are stable living conditions and the population in these countries tends to live in best conditions. The percentage of death rate in stage four is high, compared to the birth rate. The other possible stage in demographic changes depicted in some of the most developed countries demonstrates that there is very low birth rate that leads to decline in population (Mayda, 2010).
- Forced Migration
- Population migration refers to the movement carried by a group of individuals from various countries in the world searching for residence. Some of the people find permanent residence while others tend to before only for a short period before they return to their home countries (Iqbal, 2007). Forced migration refers to the movement of people from one area to another because of a natural calamity or other disasters that contribute to a compulsory deployment of people from one area to another. The flow of forced migration may also occur because of other reasons like ethnic discrimination and situations of war. Forced migration results to changes in population of countries because of the movements from one place to another. The issue of forced migration result to the development of refugees (Iqbal, 2007).
- Refugees Issues
- Refugees have been acceptable all over the world as part of human migration. Most of the countries in the past could accept all the refugees and over the necessary help to them. However, many countries in the world have set various rules that restricted acceptance of the refugees during the early years of the 19th century. This was after the development of the fixed-boarders rules that made most of the counties in the world to shun of movements of immigrants (Guilfoyle & Hancock, 2009).
- (A)Refugees
- This refers to the group of individuals that move from their home countries because of the reasons associated with forced migration. The main number of refuges tends to rise in relation with the reason for migration to take place. The main reason that causes millions of people to me to other countries as refugees is war and conflict. Many people especially in Africa have moved from one country to another in such of peace. The population among the refugees tends to increase every year due to the emerging issues affecting different parts in the world (Guilfoyle & Hancock, 2009). There is a high death rate compared to the birth rate among refugees because of various reasons. One of the reasons that lead to the percentage of death rate among the refugees to rise is that change in environmental and living conditions. Many of the refuges lose their lives because of factors health related complications that they encounter during the migration. Others die because of failure to afford basic requirements like food, water and sanitation during the movement. Lacking proper sanitation results to outbreak of various diseases that end-up killing a large number of people. All the above factors that cause death of the refugees lead to a decrease in their population (Guilfoyle & Hancock, 2009).
- (B). Internally Displaced People (IDPs)
- This refers to the individuals who tend to move from one geographical location to another within a country (Qazi, 2010). The particular persons tend to be forced to leave their homes and t properties in order to save their lives. Apart from armed conflicts that make most of the people to move from their place of residence, natural calamities also tend to be one of the main causes of the migration. Most of the leading countries in number of internally displaced persons tend to be in Africa and an example of such a country is Sudan. Internal displaced persons are categorized into three groups, which include the conflict-displaced individuals. The reason for the conflict that results in migration within a country is that various reasons that include political pressure and land related issues. Most of these issues lead to lose of many lives that affect the population of the concerned country (Qazi, 2010).
- The other category of internally displaced people includes those that are re-located from one place within a country to another because of reasons that relate to development issues. The government may decide to displace people in order to make various developments within a set geographical region. The relocation may lead to some of the areas in the country have high populations while others end-up having low populations. The other type of internally displaced people is the trafficked persons. This group of individuals mean that there they are dislocated from their place of residence with use force in order some other people take advantage of their former land. The migrations of this persons result causing an effect in the population. This means that that some of the people may lose their life during the migration of this form (Qazi, 2010).
- Politics of Immigration
- Various issues lead to the development of migration policies. However many of the aspects that lead to the creation of various migration policies is politically filtered (Bailey, 2011). The politics of immigration contributes to the economic and social practices that the refugees encounter. Immigrants’ politics refers to the activities that the refugees tend to undertake while in the foreign country in order to improve their condition of living. Most of the main factors that the refugees claim to undertake include having political and social rights. Others try to fight against discrimination that they tend to face in the receiving country. The immigrants’ politics tend to be translational especially when the refugees’ home country tends to be involved in issues of offering help to its people. The home countries also engage in the issues that tend to improve the legal and social status of the refugees (Bailey, 2011).
- Some of the main reasons that contribute to the politics of immigration include the jobs that the refugees or immigrates tend to perform while in the receiving country. Most of the refugees perform various obligations that the host could not do but they carry out these duties under pressure (Bailey, 2011). This issue leads to political interference in order to solve most of the immigrants especially the refugees from receiving treatments that depict violating their rights. The other issue that leads to the politics of immigration is the high number of refugees that tend to seek for residence because of various circumstances. Many countries tend to apply some rules and regulations that prohibit certain immigrants to enter in their countries because of various factors. These factors include fear of encouraging terrorists to enter their country especially nowadays where level of crime has increased (Bailey, 2011).
- Transnationalism
- Transnationalism refers to the process that demonstrates the way refugees or immigrants build social fields that help them to address various factors and activities linking their home country and the receiving country (CUBERO, 2010). Many of the immigrants who manage to create such social fields are considered to be transmigrants. They try to maintain a couple of relations that help them to develop them to develop social, economic and political issues that span boarders. The transmigrants contribute in various issues that result to development in the country of settlement. They take actions and make decisions of several activities and they develop identities that help them to connect with the societies in the receiving countries (CUBERO, 2010).
- Trasnatioanlism helps in maintaining ties with the mother countries. This issue of maintaining a strong relationship between countries because of immigration helps in creating peaceful environment (Čiubrinskas, 2009). The difference between a transmigrant and a migrant is that the latter tends to maintain relationship only within one space. This means that a migrant fails to maintain ties with the two countries. The transmigrants enjoy nationality of both countries where in the home country they possess legal citizenship by birth. Although the translatioanlism do not necessarily involve mobility of the citizens, those who are involved always help the two countries concerned to maintain strong ties (Čiubrinskas, 2009).
- References
- Bailey, A. J. (2011). Population geographies and climate change. Progress In Human Geography, 35(5), 686-695.
- Campbell, E., & Turpin, M. (2010). Refugee settlement workers' perspectives on home safety issues for people from refugee backgrounds. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 57(6), 425-430.
- Čiubrinskas, V. (2009). Transatlantic migration vis-à-vis politics of identity: two ways of Lithuanian-ness in the US. Filosofija, Sociologija, 2009(2), 85-95.
- CUBERO, C. A. (2010). PICTURING TRANSNATIONALISM. Suomen Antropologi: Journal Of The Finnish Anthropological Society, 35(4), 26-34.
- Guilfoyle, A., & Hancock, P. (2009). Discourses and refugees' social inclusion: Introduction to method and issues. TAMARA: Journal Of Critical Postmodern Organization Science, 8(1/2), 123-133.
- Iqbal, Z. (2007). The Geo-politics of Forced Migration in Africa, 1992-2001. Conflict Management And Peace Science, 24(2), 105-119.
- Mayda, A. (2010). International Migration: A Panel Data Analysis of the Determinants of Bilateral Flows. Journal Of Population Economics, 23(4), 1249-1274.
- Qazi, S. A. (2010). Population Geography. New York: APH Publishing.
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