• Chemistry Comes Alive
•             In this exercise, you use ball and stick models and sample bottles to identify the molecules listed below. For each category, a simpler molecule structure called a building block (or monomer) is used to make the more complex macromolecules (or polymer) in each category. During your observations, compare the building blocks to the other examples in each category. Take notes and make simple diagrams to help you identify these models. Examples of molecules are in parentheses.
• 1. Identify the Building block that corresponds to each category:
• Compound
• Building Block
• Glycerol and fatty acids
• Fats(Lipids)
• Amino acids
• Proteins
• Nucleotides
• Nucleic Acid
• Monosaccharides
• Aldehydes

1. Identify the intermediate molecules (if present) for each category. (example: disacchardie or dipeptide)

• BUILDING                   INTERMEDIATE        MACRO-                           CATEGORY 
• BLOCK                         MOLECULE           MOLECULE             
• ____monosaccharide_________ à   _____disaccharide_________ à   Polysaccharide   Carbohydrate
•                                                                            (Glycogen, Starch)
• _monopeptide___________ à _____dipeptide___________ à Polypeptide         à                    Protein
•                                                                                                                         (Albumin)
• _nucleotides___________ ànone     à                                Nucleic Acid    
•                                                                                                                         (DNA,RNA)
• _three fatty acids___________ +      
• _glycerol___________   ànone         à Triglyceride                                    Lipid
• Two fatty acids____________ +
•  glycerol____________ +
• A phosphate group____________   ànone   à Phospholipids                     Lipid (Elaine 96)
•             PART B: In any chemical reaction, the starting molecules are called substrates or reactants and the end molecules are called products. The arrow in each reaction indicates the direction of the reaction. In the body, two different reactions are necessary for normal body function. These reactions involve the removal or addition of 1 water molecule for every bond that is formed or broken. First, macromolecules are eaten and broken down into their building blocks by the digestive system. Next, the small building blocks enter the body and are carried in the blood to the liver where they are rebuilt into the molecules the body needs. Energy is also transferred during these reactions. In this part of the exercise, label the reaction below with the following information:
• • Building Block   ----glucose---------------------------à        Macromolecule
  •                   Type: __Dehydration__________________
  •                   Forms or Breaks Down: __Pyruvate_is formed____________
  •                   Energy: ______ATP is released_____________
• • Building Block ß---pyruvate------------------------------     Macromolecule
  •                   Type: _hydrolysis____________________
  •                   Forms or Breaks Down: __glucose________________
•                         Energy: _____ATP is consumed_______________ (Elaine 102)
• LESSON 3: CHEMICAL FUNCTIONS. Chemical bonds hold elements together as molecules.            There are two major types of chemical bonds – Ionic and Covalent. Ionic bonds form when elements gain or lose electrons in order to form a bond. These elements are called ions or electrolytes. Covalent bonds form when elements share electrons. If the electrons are equally shared, Non-polar covalent bonds form. Unequal sharing produces Polar covalent bonds. Another biologically important type of chemical attraction is called a Hydrogen bond which forms between two different molecules or between two sections of a larger molecule.
• LESSON 3: Using the models and other examples:
• MOLECULE
• BOND TYPE
• FUNCTION
• NaCl (Sodium chloride)
•  Ionic bonding
•  Cleans body fluids
• H₂O (1 water molecule)
•  Polar covalent bonding
• _____________________
• H₂O (between water molecules)
•  Ionic bonding
•  Solvent for a wide variety of chemicals
• Monosaccharide
• (glucose, fructose)
•  Polar covalent bonding
•  Source of energy
• Disaccharide
• (maltose, lactose)
•  Non-Polar covalent bonding
• Intermediate product: None
• Polysaccharide
• (glycogen)
•  Non-Polar covalent bonding
•  Provide energy and maintain constant body pressure
• Amino acid
• (also called monopeptide)
•  Hydrogen bonding
•  Provide energy, carry message around the body to manage various physiological functions
• Dipeptide
•  Non-polar bonding
• Intermediate product: None
• Polypeptide
•  Polar covalent bonding
• Intermediate product : None
• (in most cases)
• Protein
• (Albumin)
•  Polar covalent bonding
•  Carrier protein for steroids
• Glycerol and 3 Fatty acids
•  Non-polar covalent
•  Maintain body temperature and promote healthy cells in the body
• Triglyceride
•  Non-Polar covalent bonding
•  Help in starting the breathing process
• Phospholipid
•  Hydrogen bond
•  Provide and reserve energy
• Nucleotide
•  Ionic bond
•  Creating and replacing cells
• DNA
•  Hydrogen bond
•  growth and maintenance of life
• RNA
•  Hydrogen bond
•  Protein synthesis
• Using the information above, identify the dominant or primary bond type for each of the categories of biological molecules:
• Carbohydrates - Hydrogen bond      
• Lipids - non-polar covalent bond 
• Proteins - polar covalent bond
• Nucleic Acids - Hydrogen bond (Elaine 102).
• LESSON 4: SOLUBILITY if a small amount of a molecule (solute) is able to dissolve in another molecule (solvent), a solution is created. In this experiment:
• SOLUTE
• MOLECULE
• SIZE
• BOND TYPE
• POLARITY
• SOLUBILITY
• NaCl
•  small
•  ionic
•  polar
•  high
• Glucose
•  medium
•  Covalent
•  polar
•  high
• Glycogen
•  large
•  covalent
•  Non-polar
•  none
• Oil (lipid)
•  large
•  covalent
•  Non -polar
• none
• Protein
•  large
•  covalent
•  Polar
•  medium

1. Determine which of these reactions Forms macromolecules or Breaks down macromolecules. Write your answer on top of the arrow.
2. Determine the type of reaction - Dehydration synthesis or Hydrolysis
3. Identify whether Energy is Stored or Released.

1. Identify the chemical bond – Ionic, Polar Covalent, Non-Polar covalent or Hydrogen that is most dominant in the molecule.
2. Describe a function of the molecule in the human body.

1. Using information from lessons 2 and 3, for each solute identify:
   1. Molecule size - Small, Medium, Large (judge from model size from Lesson 3)
   2. Bond type – Ionic or Covalent
   3. Degree of Polarity – Polar or Non-polar
2. Describe the degree of solubility - High, Medium, None - of each solute in water

1. Which properties (size, bond type, polarity) did the molecules with the highest solubility have in common?

•             Polarity

1. Which properties were different between the high-solubility and the medium-solubility molecules?

• Size of the molecule and the Bond

1. Which molecule was insoluble? Why?

•         Lipids
•         They have large molecular size, have covalent bond and are non-polar (Elaine 96)
• LESSON 5: pH EFFECTS. pH is a measurement of the amount of Hydrogen ions in a solution. For each of the solutions below:
• SOLUTION
• pH VALUE
• ACID/ALKALINE
• H⁺ CONC
• Gastric juice
• 1 - 2
•  ACID
• HIGH
• Urine
• 5 - 6
•  ACID
•  HIGH
• Bile
• 8
•  ALKALINE
•  LOW
• Blood
• 7.25 – 7.35
•  SLIGHTLY ALKAINE
•  SLIGHLTY HIGHER
• Distilled H₂O
• 7
• Neutral
• Equal
• Describe the effect decreasing pH has on proteins.
• At physiological Ph, most proteins have a net negative charge. Their stability is thus dependent on the level of Ph. The effect of lowered Ph is almost similar to that of that of increased temperature which denatures the compounds. This alters the structure of the proteins. This is normally applied to increase their solubility for instance in the formation of fibers from proteins of plant origin (Elaine 116).
• Work cited
• Marieb, Elaine . Anatomy & physiology. New York: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2005. Print.

1. Determine if the pH value is acid or base (alkaline)
2. Determine the concentration of Hydrogen ions – High or Low