1

The lymphatic system

 The lymphatic system is a framework of tissues and organs which assist the body excrete toxins, waste and other useless content from the body. Its main functionality is lymph transportation- lymph is a liquid rich in infection-combat white blood cells, all over the body. The lymphatic system is made up of lymph vessels which resemble vein and capillaries. The lymph vessels connect to lymph nodes hence providing a suitable location for filtering the lymph. Common example of lymph system is the adenoid and the tonsils.

The lymphatic system plays a role in the management of tissue pressure, immune sustenance and the intake of dietary fat within the intestines .Vast body of scientific information reveals that the lymphatic system participates in the manifestation of various illnesses such as lymphedema and metastasis among other inflammatory illness. The utilization of molecular markers enabled scientists to differentiate between blood and lymphatic vessels which further facilitated isolation the distinctive lymphatic system functions and structure. It is vital to note that the lymphatic system is the second vascular system found among higher vertebrate members. The lymphatic capillaries begin at the tissues where they form lymph from a blood vessels. The lymphatic system are covered with a distinctive coating of overlying endothelial cells and do not have a constant basement tissue. Therefore, tissue fluid goes in the lymphatic system through lymphatic vessels located between irregular cellular intersections and this helps in circulation.

 The lymphatic system is made up of thousands of lymph nodes, all located within the human body. They are situated deep within the human body, for instance near the lung and heart area. Besides, they can also be found near the surface, for example around the arm or groin. From the head area to the knee section. Meanwhile, the spleen can be found above the kidney and it is known as the largest lymphatic organ. According to medical research the spleen filters blood, regulates the amount and storage of red blood cells and also assists in the fight against infections. In case the spleen perceives or spots potential harmful microorganisms in the blood, it generates white blood cells known as lymphocytes. The lymphocytes safeguard against foreign harmful material. The lymphocytes produce antibodies which eliminate harmful materials hence stopping further infection. No human can survive without a spleen and this explains the reason why people without a spleen are disposed to infections.

 2

 Functions of the lymphatic system

 The organization of the lymph vessels resemble those of blood vessels. Endothelium, connective tissues and well-developed components can be found on lymphatic system walls. This helps in the permeability functions of the lymphatic system.  More so, the vessel permeability relies on the structure. Some sections of the lymphatic system have blood vessel permeability which gives small particles the chance to easily pass through enclosed walls and junctions. While in conjunction with blood vessels, the lymphatic system maintains tissue homeostasis and this prevent diseases associated with the lymphatic system. The widespread system enables the balance between blood fluids and also safeguards against infections. The lymphoid structures and ducts move material all over the human body and in the process helps in the elimination of toxic material. One of the most visible lymphatic system’s function is the elimination of excessive fluids from body tissues. This mechanism is vital due to the simple fact that liquid, protein and supplementary materials are unceasingly leaking out of small blood vessels into neighboring cells. If the lymphatic systems failed to eradicate excessive tissue fluids, the lymph system would be overwhelmed hence impeding other important functionalities. Apart from removal of excessive fluids, the system absorbs fatty acid consequently transporting fat to the cardiovascular system. Additionally, blood movement via the arteries and veins causes filtering into tissues. Filtering causes fluid loss, the lymphatic system collects this fluid and ensures that it is returned into the cardiovascular system. The return of filtered fluid back into the circulatory system results into an equilibrium between protein and fluid.

As stated earlier, the lymphatic system is integral in retaining body immunity. The systematic vessels and nodes move and sieve lymph liquid which contains antibodies and lymphocytes. The body’s first line of defense is the lymphatics. The lymphatics signals the entire lymphatic system to initiate the infection-fighting mechanism to prevent sickness causing microorganisms from infiltrating the body. The spleen is full of lymphocytes and other types of white blood cells known as macrophages. Macrophages kill harmful bacteria and eliminate dead tissue or other foreign material from the body.

 In line with lymphatic system defense mechanism, phagocytes use a process known as phagocytosis to eradicate harmful microorganism, damaged tissues and other foreign materials in order to safeguard the body from harm. To emphasize further, phagocytes drag harmful pathogens into a phagosome which in turn neutralizes their harmful impact. There are three different types of phagocytes- macrophage, granulocyte and dendritic cell. Each type of phagocyte has a specific function to play. The monocytes are located within the blood. They move from one place to another and whenever they encounter an infection or inflammation, they enter into the affected tissue. While in the tissue, they turn into macrophages. Macrophages are found within regular tissues. This way, monocytes can change based on the need present. It is vital to note that monocytes can also change into dendritic cells. The ability of the monocytes to differentiate according to arising needs makes them essential for insulating the body against any harm that might come along the way.

 The composition and function of lymph

 In order to put things in the proper context, the lymph is an alkaline liquid formed from interstitial liquid. Consequently, interstitial space is simply a void between tissue constructions. The interstitial fluid moves in between tissues and organs. The spaces can be compared to sponge holes. The lymphatic vessel gather the lymph which is then carried from the tissues and reunited with the bloodstream. The lymph comprises of proteins, salts, liquid etc. it is vital to note that the lymph lacks red blood cells. The lymph origin determines its composition. For illustration, arm or leg lymphatic vessels are colorless and translucent and the lymph biochemical composition resembles that of a blood plasma. Nevertheless, lymph has more plasma than proteins. The intestinal lymph is cloudy due to fatty acid. The combination of fats and lymph is known as chyle. Lymph near the intestines are known as lacteals. As the lymph moves within the lymphatic vessels, it also comes into contact with the lymph nodes. The lymph nodes are bean-shaped and are around 600 in number. Lymph node are evenly spread across the human body and offers active site for the filtration of harmful foreign material and other dangerous agents.

 The thoracic duct is one of the main lymphatic vessels. It begins at the lower spine and makes its way through the pelvis, belly and lower torso. The thoracic duct is highly concentrated along the chest and its concentrates fades gradually near huge neck veins. After the thoracic duct, the lymphatic duct is another crucial lymphatic vessel and garners lymph fluid found on the right neck section, torso and arms and empties it into on a huge neck vein. Other additional lymphatic system composition are tonsils and adenoids. For instance, tonsils contain intense concentrations of lymphatic cells hence forming the body’s first defensive mechanism against infections.  The presence of the white blood cells and nutrients helps in production and maintenance of some of the most importance aspects of the body. The entire lymphatic system depends on the conjunctions and connections created all over the body. The equilibrium created all over the body sometimes hinder the active participation of the antibodies produced all over the body hence the need to keep up with the production in various parts of the body and filtering some crucial parts of the body so that the infections cannot spread further.

 The liquid state of the lymph enables it to carry both soluble and insoluble substances. The insoluble substances can be filtered out of the body based on the weight and shape. On the other hand the soluble material can be absorbed in different parts of the body based on the need. For example, sugar is well catered for as it can be absorbed near the abdomen regions hence the need to always consider the separation of the soluble and the insoluble. Sometimes functions might overlap hence leading to an extreme case on either end. Due to the constant circulation of the lymph fluid and the vessels are entrusted with influencing other parts of the body. Time and chance to rectify some of the mistakes taking place within the lymphatic systems are rarely noticed and this is the main reason why the lymphatic system is valued as it is one of the system which ensures that the body functions at its maximum. In other words, the lymphatic system carries out its work in a self-reliant manner and in case of a break down no other section of the body can directly or indirectly affect hence the need for safeguarding it optimally.

4

Lymphatic capillaries

These are minute, thin-walled vessels, situated amidst cells cavities. They are found in all parts of the body. The lymphatic capillaries have intensive oncotic pressure compared to other capillaries. Whenever interstitial liquid pressure is higher than the lymphatic pressure, cells isolate from each other allowing lymph fluid to flow into the lymphatic capillaries. Higher pressure within the lymphatic capillaries increases adhesion between the cells hence retaining lymph fluid within the lymphatic capillaries. This pressure regulates the retention ability of the lymphatic capillaries hence impeding excessive loss or even irregular decrease of lymphatic fluid in various parts of the body parts.

Under usual settings, lymph capillaries stop the buildup of edema within the muscles or organs. Nevertheless, edema may occur especially during sharp inflammation or illness in which the lymphatic organs are blocked. During inflammation, liquid drips into tissues faster than usual thus preventing lymph capillaries from removing the excess liquid. Whenever there is a lymphatic vessel impediment, lymph capillaries cannot function as normal via the entire lymphatic system and this increases pressure within the lymph capillaries leading to backflow. Moreover, the lymphatic capillaries join the lymphatic system to the lymphatic vessels. The lymphatic capillaries have characteristic valves to regulate pressure and move the lymph fluid onto larger lymphatic vessels it is vital to note that lymphatic capillaries have closed ends and minivalves positioned at each interval to stop backflow into the neighboring organs and this enables the lymphatic capillaries to withstand pressure from different sections thus pushing the lymph fluid. The capillaries ensure reliable and abundant circulation to other parts of the body due their extensive areas and narrow shapes which allow the fluid to move upward towards the neck. These vessels have to keep up and safeguard the body from any poisons liquids that try to infiltrate some parts of the body. Thus at the end of it all, the basis of the foundation of the lymphatic capillaries ensures that the functionality does not alter the content of the material being transported.

Lymphatic vessels

These vessels are thin-walled micro channels. They complement the circulatory systems in terms of structure and design. Endothelial cells cover lymphatic vessel’s walls. The primary function of lymphatic vessels is maintaining homeostasis fluid. This homeostasis function is enabled through transportation of lymph fluid into other sections of the body. The lymphatic vessel walls are fitted with valves which enable transportation of lymph fluid to different parts of the body. The lymphatic vessels bind onto the neighboring tissues through the endothelial smooth tissues. The outermost layer consists of adventitia hence giving the lymphatic vessels its anchorage properties within the body and in terms of additionally facilities.

 The lymphatic vessel characteristics are designed to absorb and transport lymphatic fluid from nearby tissues. The endothelium refers to the innermost layers of the lymphatic vessels. This way, the walls are flattened due to the single epithelial cells. The epithelial and endothelium cells lining the lymphatic vessel facilitated the transportation of fluid. It is vital to note that the lymphatic vessels are found on extensively absorptive basement membranes produced from extracellular matrix which distinguishes the endothelium from the rest of the sections. The endothelium has junctions within its cells which permits the lymphatic fluid to enter into the lumen whenever pressure is extremely higher than the rest of the lymphatic systems.

Lymphatic ducts

This is a significant lymphatic vessel which moves lymph fluid into the subclavian veins. There are two types of lymph ducts- right and left lymphatic duct. The right lymphatic duct empties into the higher appendage, thorax, neck and head sections. In simpler terms, the lymphatic ducts   result from the collection of various lymphatic vessels. The lymphatic duct is large and empties lymph collected from other parts of the body into the circulatory system. Finally, both the right and left lymphatic duct transport lymph fluid into the venous circulation. This helps in the circulation of lymph and maintaining the correct pressure and output. the second section of the lymphatic vessel are the smooth muscles which are organized to form a circular shape near the endothelium hence changing the lumen pressure within the lymphatic vessels through contraction and expansion. The smooth muscles actions permute the lymph vessels to steadily pump lymph liquid into other parts without utilizing the pumping force generated via the heart. 

 The immune system flow via the lymphatic system. Besides, the big molecular materials such as fat, are first entered into the lymphatic system and further transported into other systems.  The lymphatic system is vital as it used for the drainage purposes and the movement of lymph to different parts of the body. The lymphatic ducts develops from anterior and aorta vessels.  The ability of the lymphatic duct to connect lymphatic nodes is one of the most important function of the lymphatic duct as it enable constant flow of lymphatic fluid all over the human body.

 Lymph nodes

 This refers to numerous bean-shaped structures found along the lymphatic system. At the lymph nodes, filtration and formation of lymphocytes takes place. The integral functionality of lymph nodes is lymph filtration, isolation and defining harmful foreign material. As stated earlier, the lymph nodes are rich in lymphocytes and B and T cells. The B cells generate antibodies which reinforce the fight of dangerous pathogens. Antibodies are designed to deter and kills specific germs. If one type of antibody finds a specific germ, it binds on it hence preventing it from spread to the rest of the body. For example, B cells are introduced into the bloodstream from the lymph nodes consequently enabling the protection of the body from harmful bacteria.

 The fact that lymph nodes are regionalized and each one of their categories links a specified body section and in case of a challenge the lymph nodes imitate the irregularities within that particular region hence making it easier or early detection and medication of that particular region. The lymph nodes are found within distinct areas such as behind the ears, neck region and the chin areas. Whenever someone feels sick, medics check this areas and take note of any swelling. Most sickness result from bulging of the lymph nodes, for instance tonsils and other ear illness. Therefore swellings or even inflammation around the lymph nodes indicate the increase of an infectious disease. However, not all the swelling are signs of illness around the lymph nodes. The lymph nodes thus are good indicators of managing the health of a human being.

 Lymphatic tissues

This forms part of the immune system hence assists in the protection of the body against harmful microorganisms. The lymphatic tissue contains high concentrations of lymphocytes and corresponding cells such as reticular microcells. The spleen is an example of a lymphatic tissue. It is found near the kidney and it is considered the largest lymphatic organ. More so, the spleen filters blood, regulates red blood cell content and stores blood in various body parts. The functions of the spleen helps to fight against infections. Apart from the spleen, the thymus is situated near the chest cavity and its main function is the storage of immature lymphocytes. Immature lymphocytes develop into active T cells which assist in the destruction of cancerous cells. Last but not least, the tonsils form a strong line of defensive against harmful foreign material. Tonsils strategically placed at the throat and palate in order to prevent harmful bacteria from gaining access into the human body via nose or mouth opening. Tonsils have high concentrations of white blood cells whose main role is killing germs. The ability of the lymph tissues to kill germs also give it the quality and efficiency to restore damaged cells. Whenever the some cells are damaged beyond repair some lymphatic tissues have to sometimes perform more than functional duty do that it can keep other on the a similar level.

 Lymphangion

 This is a lymph vessel’s practical component. It is sandwiched between semilunar faucets. The lymphangion has similar features to ventricles and arteries. Their primary function is pumping lymph against a certain pressure deficit. Additionally, the organs can act as passageways whenever they are transporting lymph against a certain pressure gradient. As a matter of importance, the semilunar valves direct the lymph flow and open up to release the lymph fluid whenever necessary. Under stable conditions, lymph pressures influence intake and absorption of ions and rich minerals. The lymphatic system uses lymph pumps to generate the necessary energy needed to push against steep pressure gradients. The muscle contractions assists in the movement of the lymph fluid from one section to another. The valves found at various intervals help prevent the fluid from moving backwards hence the motion is always on directional. The ability of any human to having a health lymphatic system helps the body fight against numerous diseases hence also protects other functioning parts of the body. One of the most notable features of the lymphangion is the heterogeneity of the systems found within organized framework. The active heterogeneity relies on the localized variances or combinations of the lymph flow on the basis of nutrients and the ability to collect and then insist on numerous transportation routes. The essence of transportation within the body is to ensure that different parts of the body get different nutrients and in the process eliminate the unwanted content from the blood. The lymphangion have a role to play in ensuring that the lymph fluid is retaining in the right amounts and cater to various parts of the body so that in the long run every section may get a chance to be free from any infection. This role makes the lymphangion a significant part of the body.

Spleen

As mentioned earlier, this is one of the largest lymphatic organ and is charged with the generation and eradication of dead cells from the body hence playing a central in safeguarding the body against diseases. It is vital to note that the spleen is very busy organ due to its protection functionality. The primary function of the spleen in relation to the entire lymphatic system is filtering of blood. It identifies and eliminates worn out cells, deformed or injured red blood cells. When the blood enters into the spleen, the spleen participates in determining its quality. The blood, which is usually rich in red blood cells is passed through an intensive maze made up of numerous narrow canals. Fit blood cells have to pass through the maze successfully while unhealthy ones are eradicated. This process ensures that the blood circulating within the body only consists of healthy blood cells. In addition, the spleen separates the healthy from the unhealthy red blood cells. Important blood elements such as iron are retained in the blood while damage cells are eradicated. This process ensures that the bone marrow and other important things are safeguarded from extensive damage. An additional helpful role the spleen plays is the storage of blood. The spleen’s blood vessels can either contract or expand based on one’s situation and needs. Expansion of the blood vessels increases space thus leading to more storage while contraction reduces space leading to less accommodation space. For example stress may cause spleen contraction.

 The circulatory pathway of the lymph

 The lymph is transported all over the body along the lymphatic vessels. The movement is a one way circulation from the interstitial voids to the subclavian veins near the neck region. Even though the lymphatic system does not rely on the pumping action of the heart but its own mounting motions generated by the muscles and dual pumps. As the lymph fluid flows upwards within the human body, the lymph goes through the lymph nodes hence filtering occurs to eradicate wastes and toxic material.  The filtered lymph fluid continues its journey and until it reaches the neck. Once it reaches the neck it empties into the subclavian veins located on the right and left side of the right side of the neck. The lymph comes from Plasma- this is the liquid part of blood. The arterial blood which passes through the heart and into the capillary region. The slowed movement around the capillary section permits leakage to leave the capillaries and enter the tissue to form tissue fluid or the extracellular liquid. These fluid then moves from one cell to another but it does not enter the cells. This fluid is rich in nutrients, oxygen and even hormonal content and this enables it to supply the cells with the nutrients they need to function optimally. As the liquid leaves the cellular sections, it carries way wasteful items and dead cells hence clearing the surrounding cellular environment and this impedes sickness and cancerous cells from occurring.  An estimated 90% of the lymph liquid enters minor veins. Once is enters the veins, the venous circulation continues as plasma and it is the circulatory system take it from there. Before leaving the tissues, the lymph fluid has to go through the lymphatic system via the capillaries. An estimated 70% of the lymph capillaries are found under the skin. The remainder 30% are lie deep within the lymphatic capillaries. The lymphatic capillaries resemble closed channel pathways and are made up of thin cells hence they are very thin It is vital to note that the lymphatic system is the second vascular system found among higher vertebrate members. The lymphatic capillaries begin at the tissues where they form lymph from a blood vessels. The lymphatic system are covered with a distinctive coating of overlying endothelial cells and do not have a constant basement tissue. Therefore, tissue fluid goes in the lymphatic system through lymphatic vessels located between irregular cellular intersections and this helps in circulation. The cells overlap to facilitate the continuous flow of fluid from part of the body to another. The only way this system can work if the fluid moves continuously through the body without any delay. The functions of the lymphatic system are synonymous to the immune system. The lymphatic system is made up of various lymphatic vessels which carry the lymph from one area to the next.