Psychology of Crime
Crime, social order and control influence much concerns in various societal orientations. Both government and the public at large denote considerate attention in matters of crime and its connection to social order and control. For that reason, this analysis aims to evaluate the existing analogy of crime in relation to social order and control. The analysis examines the subject to its causes and in relation to societal moral principles. Crime includes a lot of complexity and so, the analysis focuses on the connection between prominent theories and its occurrence.
Theories
Feldman (1996) relates crime as an activity that includes uncommon attributes hence causing criminal and traditional uneasiness. Social order define a decided system that associate morally acceptable codes in relation to factors such as social structure and values. Importantly, social order is in actuality meant for preserving and sustaining the commonly known patterns in a social context. On the other hand, social control relates to certain mechanisms positioned by either societal beliefs or political jurisdictions to regulate human behavior (Innes, 2003). . Generally, an activity or behavior is classified as a crime in instances whereby it contradicts social compliance and consistency by violating principles of social order and control. It is therefore logical to position crime as a complex crime that encompasses illustrations of various theories in accordance to its causes (Siegel, 2016).
The Classical Theory
Classical theory is used by sociologists in contexts that need typical study of activities with complex attributes to the society. Socrates used this theory to enhance his motive to identify the social composition of goodness. Classical theory focuses on the classification of moral attributes by breaking down the subject of piety into its comprehensive components (Hagan, 1994, 2). According to the classical theory, an activity or behavior is considered a deviance if its attributes are of less benefit to the majority. Importantly, classical theory defines an act in relation to the availed set of principles that need to be accomplished. Thus, an activity is considered a crime when it acts against moral guidelines. It is true to state that a healthy relationship exists between crime occurrence and social governing principles. Arguably, order and control has huge potential of influencing emergence of criminal activities in a social presentation. Britt & Gottfredson (2003) conceptualizes that human kinds are influenced by different motives before involving themselves in criminally objected activities. For instance, people may use crime as a method of accomplishing their needs in life whereas others may consider crime as a mechanism of avoiding oppressive criticisms caused by social sovereign.
Psychological Theory
Natural characteristics of an individual have the potential of building criminally purposed events depending to the nature of social environment. Psychologists suppose that mental processes have considerable probabilities of impacting personal intentions in support of criminal activities. Psychological theory is particularly based on perspectives such as behavioral, cognitive abilities in relation to personality. Nevertheless, psychological theory explores the likelihood of experiencing criminal activities in a society due to mental illness (Greene & Heilbrun, 2013, 68). It suggests that some who engages in crime have less cognitive function which limits crime thus their involvement. It enumerates a link between personal intelligence about social order, and control and violent behaviors. For instance, people with less or misguided knowledge about social guidelines are likely to commit crime.
Biological Theories
Biological theory connects crime to genetic factors that limit abilities individual abilities for principle acceptance. Biological theory focuses on social disorder of either; social interaction or familial sources. The theory predicts probability of critiquing physical or social interactive attributes among offenders (Bohm, 2010. 46). It is thus logical to state that crime offenders entail anti-social characteristics influenced by genetic composition of aggressive behaviors.
Sociological Theory
Sociological theory links crime to social pressures due to unbearable principles of social order and control. Social strain is an effective cause of crime in the society on the basis that unbearable conditions such as poverty impacts people’s inspirations towards acceptable norms. Social strain influences people to look for alternative ways of accomplishing life goals and so, many turn to crime since many refer crime as an immediate method of resolving social pressures (Martindale, 2013). Importantly, the theory critiques social pressure, ineffective functionalism, conflict and ordinary stigmatization as immediate outcomes of unbearable social order and control which facilitates emergence of criminal activities. For instance, people turn to criminal activities in environments that limit methods of accomplishing life practices for the sake of sustaining desired motives (Menzies, 2014).
Social distribution of crime
Extracted from https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjXtIq-
Crime distribution vary in terms of age, ethnicity, gender, locality and social class supposedly due to the fact that each category come across different challenges in the availed social composition. Social composition can be based as the main cause of crime in all social levels. People of young age are more involved in crimes that the elder groups (Steffensmeier et al 1996). For instance, disadvantaged youths in the labor market join criminal groups as an alternative source of gaining monetary value.
Ethnicity
Notably, crime distribution is dependent on the nature of ethnic backgrounds. For instance, uncivilized backgrounds signify high ratio of crime than civilized groups as a result of opportunity differences (Weatherburn & Lind, 2000). A social setting with more civilized people register fewer cases of crime since such settings avail alternative opportunities capable of sustaining one’s aspirations unlike uncivilized backgrounds with fewer opportunities thus emergence of huge portions of criminal activities.
Gender
More men appear to like criminally objected activities or behaviors than women. Different theories present reliable reasons as to why men are likely to major in criminal activities at high rates than women (Heimer, 2005). . Biological theories for instance suggest that men have more genetically physical privileges than women which accelerate aggression confidentiality in men.
Locality
Urban communities experience high rates of crime emergence in relation to rural areas. Urban have more criminal opportunities such as increased monetary value which highly enhance criminal motives (Barkan & Bryjak, 2014). Nevertheless, it is hard to practice crime policies for social control in urban areas due to factors such as social disorganization, high population and association differences.
Social class
Differences in social class between individuals or groups determine the nature of crime distribution in the community. It is evident that less privileged communities lead a low class form of life. Lower class communities encompass a variety of life concerns which lead to increased rates of crime persistence (Miller, 2012).
Globalization and crime
Modern society has continually undermined primary relationships over secondary relationships due to globalization. Globalization has increasingly diversified societal functions such as sociopath functions which raise concerns of social uneasiness (Carrabine et al 2004). Diversity of social functions continues to influence emergence of social complexity in response to social order and control (Attawell et al 2004). For instance, globalization has caused social disorder and disorganization in the sense that people of a particular social context live and associate with people from unfamiliar sources.
Crime control
Crime management includes diversified methods hence the need to embrace appropriate strategies of ensuring effective control, prevention and punishment processes. Societies thus specialize in social control that notes purposeful regulation of definite norms and enforcement of appropriate policies of ensuring social order (Britt, & Gottfredson, 2003). Social control composes strategic actions aimed to transform people’s perspectives towards appropriate standards in the society (Black, 2010). The approach uses governing policies to enact social order and punishments for social control by either encouraging or forcing people to abide by the set rules. Punishments such as imprisonment precede violation of moral principles and also, societies embrace an appraisal system whereby people who show conformity are referenced as role models in order to encourage people to follow the legally approved principles.
Control systems critique various styles of enhancing effectiveness of crime management. Evidently, penal control is commonly used in the society which majors in the essence of criticizing some behaviors and also enforcing appropriate punishments to offenders. Compensatory control is used to make sure that victims receive payments that justify accrued damages. Therapeutic style of social control is used in situations that demand mental rehabilitation in order to instill responsive attributes into offenders (Black, 2010). Nevertheless, therapeutic style is used as a prevention style whereby therapeutic sessions are conducted in areas with high rates of criminal minds. Additionally, conciliatory control is usually projected for reconciliatory purposes in situations that demand social harmonization between offenders and victims (Innes, 2003).
Criminal justice system plays a very important role in crime management. Criminal justice connotes the role played by the government to curb crime prevalence. Criminal justice is responsible for ensuring that victims of crimes receive their justification (Siegel, & Worrall, 2016). For instance, it is the duty of criminal justice system to ensure that crime offenders face appropriate punishment in accordance to social legislations (Neubauer & Fradella, 2015).
Sociological Study of Suicide
The study of suicide in sociology takes in strategic methodologies focused to analyze the core factors associated with its occurrence. The study involves thoughtful distinction of research directions to be used in evaluating the subject since it involves different perspectives in society. According to Gunn & Lester (2014), sociological studies are usually focused at analyzing the link between suicide and social influences. This clarifies that sociological studies aim to analyze the subject of suicide by elaborating the major causes in response to social structure and other related influences to suicide in the society (Chapman, 2004).
Conclusion
Crime is noted as a violation of social norms. Evaluation of crime is usually based on contextual understanding and situational nature in relation to social order and control. Sociological explanations have projected verification that crime is a complex subject since it is prone to a variety of causes. Crime complexity is as well extended to its distribution in different social levels hence the need to hold appropriate actions towards crime management. Most societies use disciplinary measures such as penal punishments aimed at enhancing social order. Prevention of crime in the society embraces different methods like therapeutic assessment which is conducted in areas that are prone to criminal activities.
References
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