The Agricultural/Food Technologies that will Sustain Globalization – 2016 to the Future
Introduction
Unarguably, sustainability is one of the most debated phenomena in modern society both in the United States and globally. As noted by Qaim (Chapter 1) Rapid population growth alongside income increase integrated with consistent urbanization, globalization and rapid technological development have resulted in major dietary transformations and amplification of food today in the developing and undeveloped nations a trend that will continue into the future by 2050. Sustainability in this context can best be interpreted as the ability to meet the food needs and demands of the current population while ensuring that the ability for rising generations to meet such needs are not affected. Meanwhile, the climatic change being one of the most controversial subjects in contemporary society based on its unappealing effects has posed rather newer abiotic and biotic difficulties towards the general production of food. It is anticipated that in the next 30 or so years there will be even more rising concerns in the developed nations with regard to environmental footprints of contemporary farming methods such as the use of GMO technologies. While the ability to meet the growing food needs of the population is important, it is worth noting that the most effective methods are those that adhere to safeguarding the three sustainability spheres being economic, environmental and social compositions. Meanwhile, consumers are cumulatively demanding and will to purchase a product based on their specific characteristics such as mineral content, freshness and attractiveness which is usually classified as quality.
It is rather apparent that farming land in the United States similar to other developed nations has significantly decreased over the past couple of years while the population has doubled due to globalization. This, therefore, possesses the challenge for meeting the demand with low supplies. As asserted by most researchers and policy developers, Genetically Modified (GM) foods and livestock provide an important solution to the growing problem. However, these technologies are highly opposed based on their potential environmental adversities and health defects. Actually, GM technologies fall under some of the most controversial subjects with regard to global agricultural development in the last two or so decades. However, with the increasing demand for more food production, it is highly agreed on the potential of these contemporary techniques of genetic modification in the acceleration of agricultural productivity, increased yielded and minimized the application of agrochemical inputs. Thus this report offers an in-depth discussion of the implications of the present and potential future of GM agricultural techniques and demonstrates how these technologies are likely to contribute considerably to agricultural development sustainability as well as food security.
Goals of Agricultural Development
Agriculture remains to be one of the most essential issues as it relates to sustainability, economic growth, environmental conservation and social development (Denison 9). Thus, universally the priorities of agricultural development include food security, famine reduction, poverty eradication, protection of the climate, conservation of the surrounding, animal welfare, landscapes protection, biodiversity maintenance and so on (Godfray et al. 814). Actually, people in developed nations have different goals with regard to agricultural development when compared to those in the developing states. In that famine and starvations are more common in the economies with fewer resources than the developed ones. It is rather surprising, however, that developed nations tend to source most of their food supplies from the developing states based on their substantially large farming lands and low cost of their supplies. The main priority of agricultural development entails the production of adequate food supply and other food items to meet the growing needs and demands of the rising human populace. This does not, however, imply that the world is able to meet the demand for food but globalization and international trade has been useful in creating a desirable balance amid supplies and deficits across all regions. This, therefore, demonstrates that national sufficiency of food is not always a well-organized goal since the growth of population and farming land reduction differ in regions. Internationally, however, adequate food production is an essential precondition for guaranteeing food security. This is mainly described as the situation in which every individual has access to adequate and nutritious food supply to promote a fit and active lifestyle (Denison 9). Thus in the case that the increase in food demand outweighs the supply within the global scale, then the prices are likely to go up which leads to the inaccessibility of food to the poor individuals particularly those with low incomes.
An additional priority of agricultural development involves improving the living standards of the persons who are directly engaged in agricultural production which includes farmers and laborers. With comprehensive economic growth, the proportion of active individual in agricultural production goes down since servicing and industrial sectors develop rapidly in terms of economic significance (Denison 9). Thus, GM technologies are focused on obstructing such structural changes that threaten the sustainability of food supply (Qaim Chapter 1). However, in the developing state's agriculture remains to be one of the main employment sources particularly for the poor due to the fact that they lack the necessary skills to participate in the industrial sectors. However, due to the scarcity of resources, most of these agricultural activities are done in small scales which therefore implies that they only derive a small income share which is not enough to accommodate the needs of their large families. Therefore, most of these people are not just poor but also suffering from malnourishment. Consequently, agricultural development within the existing small farms remains to be one of the most vital grounds for achieving sustainability through a reduction of the poverty level, improving diets and food security.
Sustainability within the global sale is the other priority of agricultural development. Sustainability normally demands the application of natural resources and environmental conservation to ensure that humans are able to consistently increase food production in the long term. In other words, this involves the production of adequate food without interfering with the potential of future generations to meet their food needs (Denison 9). In other words, this promotes the notion that agricultural technologies such as the application of GM will lead to sustainability within the global scale in the future as food demand continues to rise. The last few years have obtained impressive growth with regard to increasing agricultural productivity to meet the growing population’s food demand globally. In that, the use of GM for instance in 2016 outweighed the growth of population which highlights the potential of such technologies on increasing food supplies while promoting sustainability. Historically speaking the rise of agricultural production are mainly obtained through the use of extensive lands for farming (Qaim Chapter 1). However, it is without a doubt that over the years the land has become even scarce and thus the focus has shifted towards rising yields per the available land. Agricultural research and development progress, particularly with relation to plant and animal breeding, pest control, plant nutrition as well as engineering, has resulted in an extensive yield rise across most regions globally over the last few decades which is likely to continue into the future.
In the 21st century similar to the situation experienced in the 20th century, the size of land that is particularly used for cultivation has not increased while the global agricultural production has tripled. This production rise is grounded on the fact that farmers have moved from the conventional farming approaches to rather contemporary high production crop varieties as well as the high use of chemicals, fertilization and irrigation approaches. In the mid-20th century over half the global population were subjected to poverty when equated to about 15 per cent as indicated by 2010 reports (Qaim Chapter 1). By 2016 this population has reduced since the application of GM technologies had increased rapidly. Even though the reduction in poverty level is mainly influenced by a combination of factors such as education and economic growth it is without a doubt that agricultural activities usually provide adequate resources for those that are involved leading to increased growth. It is worth noting that environmental issues are still a major challenge that affects agricultural development. It is highly argued that the application of external agricultural inputs such as fertilizers has lowered drastically thus promoting a more friendly production approach towards the environment. Some argue that organic farming is highly connected to sustainability and should, therefore, be upgraded. However, the argument ignores the fact that with globalization the need for agricultural sustainability is rising while the global population is increasing rather rapidly and such moves would affect production. Conventional farming methods are an ineffective way of promoting sustainability because they cannot provide food to the growing population (Denison 10). Based on the above findings I conclude that GM agricultural technologies will lead to globalization sustainability and food security while compared to organic farming techniques.
Use and Impacts of GM Foods
According to Limayem and Ricke (450), Genetic modification technology refers to the scientific development of crops and animal for human consumption while following the most recent biological techniques. In basic nature, the production abilities of the plants are enhanced through genetic alteration which in most cases involves the integration of genes from other plants. Over the years through the development of agricultural research some plants which are highly resistant’s to pesticides and demonstrates high growth rate have been identified. Thus, the genes of such plants and livestock are used in improving the general performance of other organisms. In the actual basis, the modification is done within a laboratory setting with the objective of improving the general nutritional levels of crops through scientific breeding methods. On the other hand, conventional agriculture relied on crop and animal breeding approaches as a way of increasing the level of nutrients and productivity levels. These methods are, however, time-consuming and in most cases prove to be ineffective based on the inaccuracy of the approach. The fact that such methods are not well supported by scientific research also exposes them to the risk and have therefore proved to be unreliable in promoting agricultural sustainability in the world where population growth is utmost. On the contrary, the use of genetic engineering techniques has increased the ability to generate crops and animals that are rapidly exhibiting the actually desired traits with high reliability and accuracy. For example, through GM technology it is now thinkable for the scientist to eradicate drought tolerant gene of a certain organism and use it in another (Denison 10). As a result, the plant that has been modified genetically ends up becoming drought resistance as well since it has obtained the needed gene for this adaptation. In addition, it has also become possible to make the transfer of genes that are not from plants into plants organisms thus making them more enhanced. In that, these technologies have thus worked to ensure that there is adequate food for all even though farming lands have reduced drastically. Actually, the technologies are mainly focused on producing organisms with the ability to mitigate agriculture-related challenges like pests while at the same time generating high levels of output for human use within the shortest time possible.
Specialized organic agriculture is only responsible for covering not more than 1 per cent of the global farming lands, shapes on ecological standards while ruling out the application of high fertilizer levels as well as chemicals such as pesticides. However, it is a common notion that since sustainability holds the goal of conserving the surrounding that the ability to minimize the application of chemicals is a beneficial thing. In that based on sustainability notion, the surrounding can only be protected by using the least amount of chemicals in the quest of promoting economic and social wellness. However, the use of these technologies differs from a region to another based on the applied regulations. Both in the United States and Europe, the application of chemicals such as pest controls and fertilizers is particularly high but it has reduced gradually since the late 20th century. It has been established that farmers use even less than a quarter of the chemicals that were been applied in conventional farming which highlights the difference while demonstrating how modern farming supports sustainability. In some regions farming soils is normally depleted of nutrients and in such cases further lowering of the application of fertilizers might not lead to sustainable production (Limayem and Ricke 450). On the other hand, increasing the application of farming chemicals is not a possible solution for increasing the levels of yields. However, this might result in some notable environmental advantages as the weight of agricultural development to environmentally delicate regions would be minimized. This scenario illustrates that there is no single solution that can address all the issues that relate to agricultural development and sustainability that seek to make general production within the agricultural sector even more sustainable.
Further, than reducing the environment related footprint in relation to production, there are other dominant barriers with regard to agricultural development and global sustainability. The growth that has been achieved in the last decades with respect to starvation and poverty reduction is supposed to result in satisfaction because the objective is not clearly outlined. It is estimated by FAO that close to one billion persons still suffer from malnourishment which implies that their access and use of calories is inadequate (Prasad, Vivek, and Suranjit Prasad 706). However, with regard to sustainability, the fact that most individuals are not able to access adequate food is a major issue. In that, the general demand for food normally rises with the growth of population and income gain. The chain should mainly focus on the production of high food levels while at the same time reducing wastes to ensure that every person has access to adequate and nutritious food. This means that the global production of agricultural commodities has to be increased considerably to match with the growth of the population over the next few years while ensuring that there are food availability and accessibility in the future.
With respect to agricultural evolution, genetic modification of livestock and foodstuffs remains to be one of the most controversial public issues across the globe. There have been rising doubts with regard to the safety of GM foods especially while focusing on human health as well as environmental destruction. Most individuals are concerned that human health is likely to experience unexpected defects because the technology works by altering the general genetic composition of plants and animals in the effort to increase production rapidly (Prasad, Vivek, and Suranjit Prasad 706). GM might have originated from the rising of plants that are highly tolerant to pesticides but to most of these technological applications holds threatening health defects that will affect the stability of the environment. In fact, it is widely acknowledged that the use of greenhouses that supports GM technologies have significantly contributed to the high levels of gases emissions. However, based on the evolution of agriculture since the 20th century it is arguable that this technology application has resulted in increased yield and crops that are high in nutrients levels that support human wellness. Besides the use of fewer chemicals is a beneficial aspect of sustainability as the environment is guarded against any form of dominant degradation.
Genetically modified (GM) foods have been utilized extensively in the 21st century in an effort to meet the growing demand for more food production. In developed countries such as the United States and across Europe it is undeniable that globalization has resulted in population growth. This, therefore, means that with the population growth more in terms of food production will be required to sustain the population as a whole. Pressure groups and environmental organizations have increasingly been involved in active protests against the use of GM technologies for food production based on the argument that they lead to more harm to the environment and humans which is not desirable. Such measures have resulted in the enactment of active regulations to ensure that the foods are suitable for consumption and that such agricultural activities adhere to the set guidelines as a way of ensuring that the environment is guarded against any harm.
In this context, the implications of GM technology are both positive and undesirable with respect to the scenario of examination (Rotman 1). For the developed countries, this is rather positive more because it promotes sustainability by increasing food production while ensuring that natural resources are protected for other generation. Actually, in developed countries, the amount of land that is available for farming is minimal meaning that more effort is needed to ensure that the growing population is fed sufficiently. In fact, the human society is mainly sustained by its general capability to generate adequate food for use by the general population while still not exhausting the resources and ability to consistently make adequate food produce that sustains the current and upcoming generations.
On the contrary with respect to agricultural development, it is undeniable that genetic modification for plants and animals remains to be one of the biggest development so far. This is based on the fact that the applications of these technologies have been essential in overcoming the issue of farming land scarcity and well as the high for high agricultural production to meet the food demands of the growing population. However, since the technologies are highly used in developed nations the negative implications cannot be ignored as well. In that, developed countries amount for the highest level of harmful gases emission such as carbon. These gases, are needed but they are generated in excess which therefore implies that they subject humans and the surrounding to major defects as a whole. GM technology according to the argument by experts leads to reduced agricultural related emission based on the use of minimal gases. In that, farmers are now able to reduce the level of environmental footprints based on the general ability to utilize lower levels of inputs leading to low emissions levels. In this context, GM has been an essential force in minimizing the levels of Carbon Dioxide levels in a level that is equal to the eradication of about 12 million vehicles from use (Prasad, Vivek, and Suranjit Prasad 706).
Besides this has increased the ability to minimize soil erosion and increasing the levels of conserved water. Unlike before farmers are less involved in tilling the land since GM technologies ensure that they are more efficient and effective when it comes to controlling weeds within the least time and expense when compared to traditional cropping systems. Rather than tilling framers are more engaged in spraying weeds while protecting the soil. The leftovers then generate organic matters that fertilize the soil for other crops (Denison 10). GM increases the general capability of the soil to increase water retention thus reducing the demand for water. By becoming drought tolerance this characteristic assists crops in coping with the environmental pressure. In other words, while these technologies help in reducing the number of chemicals used but it also has the ability to improve the lives of people in the growing nations. Thus, GM technologies are the most suitable tools that can help in increasing food production while creating opportunities to achieve global sustainability, growth, health stability as well as other environmental, social as well as economic implications to safeguard the current and future generations as a whole.
Why GM Foods will lead to Sustainability
The current, as well as future generations, need the applications of GM agricultural technologies as the means of increasing agricultural productivity. Climate change is likely to create major difficulties in feeding the world as a whole. Besides the challenge is likely to be intensified by the growth of technology and globalization. These aspects have ensured that the world population and particularly that of the developed countries intensifies rather rapidly thus causing a major strain on the existing food system (Rotman 1). This implies that while the demand for more food is high, the supply is particularly low and responsible bodies have to come up with strategic measures to deal with the issues. In this context, as the population continues to increase and the land for farming becomes even scarce it implies that Biotech food will play a vital function in ensuring that agricultural productivity is adequate to feed the existing population without destroying resources to be utilized by future generations.
The climate has changed across the globe means that the environment is being affected based on its ability to produce adequate food. With the harsh weather, it is challenging to make the goal of increasing productivity possible. The production of GM foods has been controversial in the United States and Europe for crops such as maize and potatoes. However, the controversy lies on whether the modification is likely to lead to negative implications on the surrounding such as the composition of the soil thus affecting the general productivity. The objective of following a sustainable approach is to ensure that the current global populace is able to acquire adequate and nutritious food conveniently without causing defects on other resources. Thus, the existing achievement of GM technologies offers a fascinating demonstration on the manner in which modified plants are likely to assist in protecting the food supply within the global scale. In this case, disease resistant crops represent one of the leading foods that are genetically developed to integrate defenses against and illnesses. According to Rotman (1), it is believed that plants diseases are responsible for destroying about 15 per cent of global agricultural production. Besides, pests and harsh weather also play a critical role in this development which therefore implies that to achieve food security then such issues must be addressed (Godfray et al. 814). Over the last few years, plan diseases have emerged in abundance and most of the existing chemicals have not yet been able to address the issue. This is further extended by the emergent of pests that are resistant to chemicals which therefore implies that there is even a bigger challenge with regard to agricultural development objective of increasing productivity. Even with the high levels of fungicides application in dealing with a wide range of crop diseases a significant amount of produce is still affected globally. These diseases are threatening the future of agriculture in the regions that engage in large scale production such as India and Africa. This means that about 50 percent of the product will be negatively affected leading to drought and creating pressure on the existing production settlements. In this context, it becomes clear that genetic modification has the possibility of creating food varieties that are more enhanced to overcome the obstacles while focusing on agricultural development within the global scale particularly for the developed nations as they are characterized by farming land scarcity and rapidly developing population courtesy of globalization.
Global sustainability cannot be achieved in the absence of adequate food supply. Both social and economic development is highly dependent on food security and thus it is only by meeting the needs of the world while protecting resources for the future that this can be achieved. In this case, GM foods can make it possible for the development of a rather new set of biotechnology foods that will be sold directly to the buyers. Despite the fact that transgenic crops that are mainly modified to play high resistance on pests and herbicides have been cultivated highly in the late 20th century across the United States, they end up in animal feeds, cooking fat and biofuels (Rotman 1). It has been established therefore that there are no generically created varieties with regard to wheat, rice as well as potatoes that are grown extensively based on the fact that farming of such crops in the developing nations has highly been opposed thus deterring investment. In this case, organizations are unable to use their resources in the development of crops that will be rejected in the market. This is even though adequate resources to support GM technologies are highly accessible in developing nations. This norm seems to be delaying the general concept of sustainability and agricultural development within the global scale because while scientific findings indicate that GM technologies are the solutions to the growing issue of sustainability globally, controversies surrounding the issue have deterred development. The globe needs GM technologies because the growing population appears to be demanding for more food while the production system is constrained to achieve this objective.
As the global population is anticipated to increase to about 9 billion in the next 30 years, it is possible that the world will be in need of varieties (Rotman 1). With respect to agricultural production, there is a possibility that as the global population continues to grow this will also imply that the preferences and demands of the diverse populace will change as well. Even with the expectation of such changes, it is clear that the world will also be facing the pressure of adequate production to meet the needs of every person. Apparently the existing resources particularly land is not adequate to support such changes. This implies that the use of technologies remains to be one of the most feasible solutions to the existing issue because drought, harsh weather and destructive storms have already taken over on the current crop production levels. The problem is likely to intensify in the future and the approaches and choices that will be taken today towards supporting agricultural development will determine if sustainability in achieved globally in the future.
Despite the fact that agricultural production both in the United States and globally have improved drastically in the last five decades. Economists project the concern that such developments have started to diminish at a period in which the demand for food that is driven by the high population increase as well as the desire for growing wealthier standards is anticipated to grow amid 70 and a hundred per cent in the middle of the 21st century (Rotman 1). Specifically, the rapid growth in the production of crops such as rice production that have played a critical role in feeding the globe for years are displaying some signs for slow growth and thus cereals production will necessitate more than double the production by the year 2050 to sustain the growth. In other words, there is a necessity to strike a balance amid agricultural production, growing population and demand for more food to feed the universal population at ease (Rotman 1). If this trend goes on, there is a likelihood that production will not be adequate to meet the growing global food needs unless humanity begins to utilize more land, chemicals and water like in the past. This is not guaranteed that sustainability will be achieved because the production of organic foods normally requires more investment in terms of resources and time. With this, it is not possible to strike a balance amid production and supplying of foods globally.
Climatic change holds the potential of making the situation even worse by creating high temperatures and in most regions promoting wetter weather that is characterized by the trait of creating a potential surrounding for spreading illnesses and pests in the affected regions. In addition, drought destructive storms in addition to hot weathers have taken control of crops production and thus the frequency of these incidences is anticipated to rise as the climatic conditions become even warmer (Rotman 1). For farmers across the globe, the implication of climatic changes leads to the notion that climatic shifts are not predictable and thus life-threatening weather is highly common. In this case, the main benefit of applying genetic modification is to ensure that crops are able to adapt to the sudden climatic and environmental changes. Therefore the creation of crops varieties via the use of traditional breeding for instance usually consumes fifteen years in minimum while the production of genetically created ones might take less than six months. Apparently, genetic modification permits crops breeders to create more accurate transformations because it borrows from a range genes option that is acquired from plants with high levels of resistance. Scientists have consistently indicated that there is no form of a mystic gene that can be used in crops to ensure that they are resistant to harsh weather while at the same time increasing productivity without engaging in constant and variety centered genetic modifications. This derives the assertion that genetic modification is not only a versatile but highly important agricultural technique that promotes increased production levels.
The overwhelming and practical thing to be done is to ensure that more sustainability centered approaches are adapted to focus on promoting agricultural development. This is a technology that promotes high production levels while at the same time eradicating the issue of diseases spread on crops leading to low production. The increasing pressures on increasing the levels of agricultural production globally are relevant and are likely to affect millions of people particularly in the low economic nations. This is a perspective that is shared widely by the individuals who are mainly accountable for facilitating the growth of crops varieties. However, in order to save lives and ensure that there is food available to all those that are in need genetic modification technologies would serve as the most feasible and produce yielding instruments. Even though in the view of most individuals the world has adequate food to feed everyone if wastes are eliminated, it is apparent that in regions that are subjected to harsh weathers food production is still low (Qaim Chapter 1). This means that when the population rises to 9 million in the next 3 decades it means that more lives will be lost due to the lack of adequate food supply. Currently, the use of GM is helping in feeding millions of individuals mainly in the developed nations and these approaches have the ability to be of more help if they are applied strategically to address the need of agricultural productivity as a whole.
In the developed nations GM foods are a major source of commercial success. The argument that the crops are contaminated because the genes are borrowed from other plants is not valid because based on evidence the genes create enhanced traits. These traits that are given to the plants are the ones that would not be obtained in any case while still promoting high productivity levels. It is estimated that more than a hundred and seventy millions people are currently reliant of GM foods (Rotman 1). The effectiveness of the technologies helps in positioning the crops strategically. Based on the evidence it can be concluded that we need these technologies in achieving sustainability in the future.
Future of GM Agricultural Technologies Applications
According to Nesbit (1) GM, agricultural technologies are the future for global food sustainability. Today more inset and herbicide resistance remains to be the most commonly engineered traits and this means that engineering crops with the same traits will change the situation in the market as a whole. This will be beneficial for both developed and developing nations noting that sustainability is a comprehensive that that must be achieved globally without bias. The commercialization of GM foods is the main break that has been made in the agricultural industry over the years. There is a fast-growing production of GM foods even though there are still high levels of regulation due to the concern of health defects that is connected (Curry part-one). In the future, this might lead to both social as well as economic benefits. Actually, GM foods are available in the market within half the production time that it normally took conventional organic foods to produce and these products normally demand less time and resources. In recent years scientists have been working on developing livestock and crops that are highly resistant to drought and illnesses and their success has played a role in increasing food security.
Back in 2016, it is estimated that about a hundred and eighty-five hectares of land were covered with biotech crops (Nesbit 1). The majority of these crops mainly consisted of maize, cotton and soybean because they represent most of the most consumed crops globally. Thus, over the last couple of years, rapid developments in modifying crops with unique characteristics with resistance abilities have been created. In the near future, there is a possibility of producing crops with the utmost production abilities. An additional trend that will be dominant in the future is the development of crops with increased resistance to insects and weeds. GM crops are highly tolerant chemicals but they are mainly reliant on the use of chemicals which leads to an increasing reliance on herbicides that leads to the high levels of weed. Similarly, the prevalence of insect resistance plants implies that pests on their own are gaining resistance to this technology which makes the crops highly vulnerable to such attacks (Nesbit 1). Even though scientists are increasingly involved in the developments of new genes to fight the dominance of insects and diseases, pests are gaining the same resistance which means that there should be continuous development of technology. In addition, proper control of the application of this technology is needed.
Conclusion
In summary, it is apparent based on the above discussion that agricultural technologies for food production will lead to global sustainability. Sustainability entails the ability to meet the food needs of the current populace without altering the potential for future generations. In this context, as the global population continues to increase because of technological development and globalization then the demand for food is increasing as well. Production land has reduced rather significantly in the United States and globally and to substantially meet the growing demand, more strategic approaches are required. GM technologies applications have proven to be essential sources of food security and thus their adoptions would lead to a more sustainable future that is characterized by social, economic and environmental conservation. In general, such approaches will be required in safeguarding the future while protecting social wellness and the surrounding.
References
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Present and Future of GM foods
Retrieved From: https://www.nap.edu/read/23395/chapter/12
Appendix 2: GM Crops
Retrieved from: https://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/agriculture/genetically-modified-gm-crops-techniques-and-applications-0-710/
