EDUDORM ACADEMIC SERVICES

Plastic shopping bags litter is accounted as one of the primary environmental and public health issue particularly in the Urban as well as the semi-urban parts of Kuwait. The issue has in the recent year's acquired adequate attention from the media due to the rising controversy in its regard but minimal effort has been applied to curb the problem. This study utilized a descriptive design and a mixed methodology that incorporated both qualitative and quantitative research. This strategy permitted the researchers to acquire information, recapitulate, present as well as understand it for the objective of clarification. A study survey was utilized to gather empirical information from the acquired sample population. Every item in the survey questionnaire was focused on addressing a different subject and aim. The study’s analysis was conducted based on the gathered data. The research established that the plastic shopping bags littering condition has shifted from ruthless to worse due to the continued use of plastic bags. In addition, to the physical littering of the bags, the shopping paper bags are a hundred percent non-biodegradable leading to more accumulation and heavy environmental impacts. It is the same plastic bags that play part in sewerage and drainages obstructiveness thus posing risk to biotic animals and abiotic elements. Based on the enormous negative environmental issues that have been caused for years by these plastic bags this study suggests that plastic bags should be replaced by paper bags. In addition, the government, as well as private organizations, should focus on creating awareness and familiarity among the public in regard to the use of plastic bags effects on health and environment. Based on the conducted survey it is apparent that the public feels positive about replacing plastic shopping bags with shopping paper bags to secure the environment. Plastic bags

Introduction

Background of the Problem

Due to the increased consumer spending, the use of plastic bags for convenience has been on the rise in the recent years. However, this trend is particularly viewed as a positive one for the economy thus ignoring the fact that the environment is suffering the most (Rudnik 14). Without an accommodative environment, this implies that human existence and wellness is threatened as well. Hundreds of plastic companies are focused on generating millions of plastic shopping bags which are highly utilized by individuals in Kuwait for shopping reasons. Some of the characteristics that have for the longest period facilitated the increased use of plastic bags among the public is ease of access, affordability and use convenience (Rudnik 14). However, despite the existing advantages, these plastic bags are very dangerous and their negative effects on the surrounding are never bolded or are never addressed using a serious toning that they deserve. The situation in Kuwait has worsened despite being a socio-economically advantaged nation. Environmental pollution is among the leading worries across the globe due to the increasing health effects and destruction being experienced (Rudnik 14).

Plastic bags were introduced in the economic market back in the 70s and due to the shopping and consumption changes the bags have continuously gained popularity among retailers and consumers in Kuwait and across the globe. It is approximated that close to five hundred billion plastic shopping bags are utilized daily universally (Horne, Grant, and Karli 21). The increased spread in regard to the use of plastic bags is mainly attached to the cheapness and user convenience. Most of the bags are usually disposed of as waste normally after a one time use. It is acknowledged that plastic bags are durable and can last to over a thousand years without degrading thus creating a disposal problem as sunlight and other discomposing organisms cannot degrade its capacity (Horne, Grant, and Karli 21). The accumulation of these plastic bags which increases by the day leads to environmental pollution all which can be accounted through a number of ways. One of the primary issues is the destruction of the regular beauty of the surrounding. An additional issue is the death of animals which therefore calls for more activate measures in order to protect the existence of species against Extinction. It cannot be denied that water is an essential element is not spared by plastic bags litter as they block sewerages leading to water pollution and contamination. This is both a health and an environmental threat in general (Horne, Grant, and Karli 23).

In Kuwait particularly in the major cities sewerage blockage is growing to be a mutual trend and the use of tools such as taxation to minimize the use of plastic bags although having proved to be effective have not significantly lowered the effects. This measure appears to be more voluntary as studies demonstrate that plastic bags are consistently resulting in severe environmental damages along with human wellness threats in the nation (Agarwal 44). Some of the leading rationales would be grounded on inappropriate waste management and low consciousness among the public in regard to the negative implications of plastic bags. Plastic bags are the most commonly utilized means of carrying shopped items from the retailing outlets in Kuwait yet efforts to minimize their environmental effects from the trend that have been facilitated by unsuspecting consumers have been inadequate (Agarwal 44).

Significance of the Study

Plastic shopping bags have evolved to be among the most efficient products in Kuwait in the recent years. They have acquired increased adoption among the shoppers and retailers based on their lightweight, use, diverse functions and clean manner of transporting products. It is estimated that close to a five hundred thousand plastic bags is utilized on high shopping days in Kuwait every month. Despite the fact that these bags have succeeded in functional and several environmental elements, plastic bags have grown to be a primary appearance of the contemporary method of consumption and transportation in Kuwait. To the extent that millions of plastic shopping bags are utilized in Kuwait they all end up to the littered ground immediately after being utilized. An authoritative concentration has been grounded globally on the environmental implications of plastic carrying bags mainly since they are offered freely after purchase, created for single use, their persistence to decomposing leading to adverse ecological effects and physical litter and being deserted by the recycling programs.

The study, therefore, focused on investigating and informing the environmental impacts of plastic shopping bags a case study of Kuwait. This study is essential as it will contribute to the grouping of knowledge in regard to the sources, degree of effects and offer feasible solutions in regard to the plastic bags issue in Kuwait. Research information also offers detailed information that will be helpful to researchers, physicians, policymakers, government and the society in general to understanding the issues that have been created by the increased plastic carriers use and the practical solutions that can be applied to minimize the problem and secure the environment. In addition, the findings are essential to the Environment ministry in regard to developing policies that are applicable to the plastic bags effects. The conclusions are anticipated to be useful to the Kuwait administration as it can be utilized as a reference point when developing policies aimed at handling plastic bags environmental implications.

Purpose and Scope of the Study

The study was conducted in Kuwait. The research particularly examined the source of the issue and the environmental implication of plastic carrier bags and the most applicable solutions to the issue. Based on the utilized sample the findings of the study generalized the perception of the whole populace in Kuwait. The study established the involved bodies seem to have neglected the issue despite the growing attention in its regard mainly because it appears as cumbersome or impossible to change the trend that has been present for decades without detaching. The existing measures are voluntary which have proved to be ineffective in accomplishing the set objective of minimizing the use and the effects of plastic bags in Kuwait. Structured questions that included both open and close-ended questions were included in order to ensure that the generated information was maximized for clarification and justifying the objective of the research as well as ensuring that the study does not divert from the set objective. The survey questionnaires were comprised of 25 questions which examined the knowledge held by the participants in regard to the environmental effects of plastics bags and their views in regard. After, the questions become more specific in regard to examining the participant’s perception of the need to replace the plastic bags, the source and the effects of this issue. The primary target of this study was the millennial generation based on their capability to relate with issues fast and their willingness to participate in the study. The primary objective of the study is to investigate the perception of Kuwait consumers in regard to plastic carrying bags use over paper bags, the environmental implications of plastic bags and determining the most feasible method of decreasing plastic bags effects in Kuwait.

Literature Review

Plastic Grocery Bags and Environmental Effects

According to Al-Jarallah and Esra (953) in Kuwait similar to the rest of the world Plastic bags as disposable items might appear to be convenient but have already demonstrated to be the largest source of environmental pollution today. Based on research conducted the global environment agency it was established that amid 500 and a trillion disposable bags are mainly utilized yearly across the globe. The utilization of plastic bags in Kuwait has reduced gradually by in regard to grocery shopping plastic bags remains to be the primary means of transport that is being utilized in general. This trend is not only worrying but it is a destructive one since the environment is being threatened. Walking around the major cities the effect is evident since the plastic litter has destroyed the beauty of nature making it seem as rather unappealing. These bags that are utilized daily still remain on the ground, on water and other different locations for more than a thousand years (Agarwal 44).

Based on Al-Zenki, et al (369) plastic bags are normally developed via the utilization of fossil fuel and necessitates an increase of water as well as energy to ensure that they are manufactured as required and transported respectively. In other words these papers consumers a huge amount of fossil fuel and water during production yet they end up destroying the surrounding without excluding water. The general manufacturing is a drain on the environment but that is never adequate as they are not degradable leading to increased pollution. Plastic bags are a home to most infections species such as mosquitoes since they have the potential to store water thus accommodating bacteria’s (Al-Zenki, et al 369). This aspect leads to illnesses while their prevalence of water leads to death of aquatic animals.

Suja et al. (1534) assert that plastic bags are normally associated with varying undesirable outcomes particularly in regard to the surrounding. Besides the high use of natural resource thus leaving humans and animals struggling to share the remaining resources, wastes that are generated from the manufacturing of plastic bags normally increases the threat of flood. This is mainly because plastic bags never get broken down and can thus block drainages while sewerages lick leading to flooding which will, in turn, destroy properties and even lives. In addition, water sources are primarily affected by plastic bags where plastics blocks air movement thus most species are killed and this can result in extinction. This also affects sources of clean water which are usually affected by sewerage and dirty (Muthu and Yi 6).

According to Convery, McDonnell, and Susana (4), while the pollution by plastic bags is still a huge issue in Kuwait, there are some available options that the responsible bodies can adapt to minimize the utilization of disposable bags. In that, the government should mainly focus on encouraging traders to switch to the use of recyclable bags with the aim of saving funds and guarding the surrounding. There are some traders who are currently offering discounts for the paper bags while rising prices for the plastic one to discourage their use. There is a need to create policies that prohibit plastic bags fully or increase taxation that will make them unfavorable to be utilized. With the enactment of policies and making a bolder shift in relation to the use of recyclable bags being at the continuity, it is evident that in Kuwait plastic bags consequences can be minimized gradually leading to a more secure environment (Convery, McDonnell, and Susan 10).

Plastic Bags Pollution in Kuwait

According to Poortinga, Whitmarsh, and Suffolk (241) grocery plastic bags have been a primary pollution cause in Kuwait. Littering is the primary effect of these bags. Littering can best be described as the situation where wastes are scattered all over leading to untidiness. In accordance, plastic bag littering is usually made of these bags that have not been disposed properly and are not in the most needed places. The distinction amid disposing and littering is based on capacity, location and the mode of disposal that has been utilized. Littering that is driven by the increased use of plastic bags is a tendency of disregarding wastage in a manner that is not planned for or without accounting for the following consequences. Plastic bags have the potential of damaging the surrounding and also creating several possible undesirable outcomes on the health of individual. It is widely acknowledged that the aspect of littering is mainly driven by the poor management of wastes, perception and the lack of awareness in regard to the resulting effects. Most individuals fail to embrace the idea that the surrounding should be clean at all times and this is primarily the responsibility of humans to ensure that it is fully guarded (Poortinga, Whitmarsh, and Suffolk 242).

The Uses of Plastic Bags and Causes of Environmental Pollution

Homonoff, (8) notes plastic bags in Kuwait are mainly utilized to transport grocery from the retailing outlets to the shopper’s home. These papers are normally preferred as the means of transporting commodities because they are safe, convenient, cheap and durable. However, it is rather discouraging that most users only utilize them once even though they are highly recyclable. These bags are popular among grocery and retailing consumers and traders based on the functionality, lightness, and hygiene but few accounts for their environmental effects in general. Based on the affordability of the bags there is usually an extreme use and misuse as they are nothing much to be lost. In the semi-urban and major cities in Kuwait, a single shopper normally utilizes 3 different plastic grocery bags daily on the ground that they are offered freely by retailers. While the inexpensive nature is appealing to the consumers the negative cost is usually directed to the surrounding via the consumers who are fully unaware of their role. This aspect is common as retailers attempt to attract more buyers by offering a form of discount or extra service but in turn harms the surrounding.

The primary cause of plastic pollution can be acquired from a number of grounds. To begin with, the manufacturing is high which encourages wide use. This, in other words, means that as the producers enjoy high producers and the retailers benefit from high purchasing rate there is no one left to guard the surrounding (Homonoff, 11). This has grown to be a collective trend in Kuwait. A collective trend usually happens when majority of the populace is involved in supporting a common conduct without having the same objective or when most are not fully aware of their contributions. Most individuals in Kuwait have the tendency to drop litters inappropriately based on the perception that the management groups will clean. However, they usually forget that plastics are not degradable and will, therefore, persist in the environment for the longest period (Homonoff, 12).

According to Homonoff, (11) the increased littering has particularly been attributed to the lack of knowledge, lenient laws and minimal efforts in regard to the matter. There are few individuals or firms that have been held accountable for littering or polluting the surrounding. This trend has thus fueled most individuals to fall into the trend without their knowledge. For most of them based on the efforts made by the government and different organizations, this behavior is mainly facilitated by negligence in general. The lack of awareness is to blame since most individuals are not fully aware of these effects or the manner in which they can be of assistance in ensuring that the problem is adequately resolved to guard the surrounding and the wellness of everyone.

Methodology

Research Design

The research team applied a descriptive design of gathering primary qualitative data through the use of survey. Surveys were distributed randomly to a population of 55 participants. The study utilized structured survey questionnaires which began with personal data filling them moving towards more objective and detailed questions regarding the study subject. The objective was to investigate the environmental effects of plastic Carrying bags in Kuwait and the perception of the public in regard to replacing the bags with paper bags which are friendlier to the environment.

Subject’s Selection

For the survey the study needed a minimum of 50 participants. Observation and selection were conducted randomly at the selected shopping retail in the urban settings in order to detect the use of plastic versus paper bags. Time and location were chosen on the ground of convenience, distance, shopper’s number and ease of access to the retailing stations for the study team. While observation was primarily made on all present shoppers, the research team utilized several hours observing the shopping trend. For the structured survey, the study’s respondents were particularly chosen on the ground of personal selection and convenience. In that based on observation, the researchers would approach their targets and appeal for their participation. The primary objective of the study was to conduct the survey particularly on individuals representing the plastic carrying bags users in general which comprises of the majority populace. Several participants were excluded based on their age and convenience and the research was conducted on 55 persons that qualified for the response. The young individuals were selected based on their availability and the fact that they would relate well to the research team their ideas are close.

Procedures

In one day, the study only utilized several hours to conduct the random survey among the selected populace. The random approach was selected as a means of eliminating biases as well as ensuring that the findings are reliable and accurate. The surveyed populace was guaranteed confidentiality through a consent form to ensure that they provided accurate answers without fear that their identity would be utilized against them. In addition, the participants were informed that the study was only to be utilized for academic objectives and not for commercial to ensure that they agreed to invest their all in the activity without fail. More so this helped in asserting that the researchers were not exploiting them rather it was for the wellness of the community in general. The study was not biased as it attempted to include the same number of men as well as that for female but the number of women was greater by ten based on the fact that men are not highly involved in shopping particularly from the supermarkets but they mainly engage in infrequent fast shopping.

Data Collection

The study was accomplished by recording the survey’s findings using excel and word sheet to make it easier to convert statistical data into graphs and tables after analysis. The general details of all the surveys were analyzed after summarization in order to create data in relation to the environmental implications of plastic bags used in Kuwait and the most practical solutions that the respondents believe would be more appropriate. The choices of the respondents and suggestions are discussed thoroughly within the discussion section which is the foundation of the whole analysis. The objective of the study was to investigate the perception of the shoppers in regards to the use of plastic paper bags, the sources, and effects of the environmental effects.

Data Analysis

Data was acquired from primary sources after the respondent’s filled questionnaires that were provided during the survey. The acquired data was summarized through the use of coding to identify similar patterns and the content analysis was applied. Data was acquired in this manner in order to enable the researchers to compare with the existing literature. On the other hand, empirical and literature review was mainly analyzed through the use of systematic review. These strategies were selected because they are inessential in minimizing the length of the gathered data via providing simplified and while coded information while still creating results that can be measured through the utilization of qualitative or quantitative approaches. In addition, both systematic review and content analysis provide the researchers with the potential of structuring qualitative data that is accessed in a mode that works to satisfy the objectives of the study. However, such approaches are usually restrained by errors because interpretation depends on individual’s judgment and caution was applied to generate reliable and accurate findings.

Instrumentation

The primary instruments utilized for the collection of data are survey and interviews. The survey questionnaires were utilized as a foundation for the interview for the few participants who were not willing to fill in the survey based on their convenience. Surveys were distributed on a random basis to the 50 respondents as the filling only took less than 30 minutes. The use of structured questions was encouraged to save time as well as to ensure that the ideas were within the stipulated subject and objective. Survey and interviews were selected based on their capability to generate maximum data from a wider range of respondents within a short time. Besides, convenience these instruments are also cheaper and easy to use for the respondents as well as for the researchers in regard to analysis. This, therefore, made them favorable and reliable in generating more accurate data.

Ethical Consideration

The study was conducted in a confidential manner and no personal information was involved regarding the respondents such as their contact. Most participants feared for their confidentiality an aspect that might have affected the reliability of the study. Through the consent form, the respondents were assured of confidentiality and voluntary nature of the study and they were allowed to withdraw at will at any given point without having to explain. There was no direct contact amid the researchers and the respondents thus there was no harm that was imposed on the respondents. In addition, they answered the questions independently which means that no bias that was imposed to the study. The respondents had a number of alternatives to make their choices and they were all fair and non-discriminative to ensure that the study was not affected by any means. Based on the existence of a number of options this means that the answers were not being subjected to a given direction. All the gathered information was primarily utilized for the objective of the study and within the limitation of the study. This means that there was no any form of finding that was published for other reasons except for the academic purposes as acknowledged by the participants. During the survey, all the participants were required to fill the things that are related to the subject and no personal questions were asked. The participants were fully informed in regard to the purpose of the study, motives, and steps to participating. Confidentiality was assured and all the acquired data was personally analyzed by the research team to ensure that the confidentiality aspect was not destroyed.

Errors and Limitations

The study was limited by time, thus leading to a sampling error since the research only utilized 55 respondents which did not fully represent the general populace in Kuwait. In addition, a systematic error might have occurred since the respondents were from the same generation which means that their ideas are closely related and due to the contemporary need of creating a positive impression most of them might have denied their primary drive in regard to the use of plastic paper bags. The limitation of time might have affected the reliability of the analysis as the researchers were forced to rush to ensure that the deadline is met. Despite the fact that surveys were distributed to more than 90 people only 55 responded fully as those that never completed the survey were excluded leading to a non-response error.

Results

As stated prior, this research survey included 25 different queries that were distributed randomly to the participants in which 67 percent were females which is equal to 35 and 33 percent were males. Most of the participants were between 18 and 25 years which equaled to 70 percent followed by the ages between 26 and 30 years comprising of 30 percent. The respondents were mainly Kuwaitis with a populace of 88 percent over that of non-Kuwaitis made of 12 percent. The largest share of the study’s respondents were full plastic paper bag users mainly 80 percent, 5 percent mixed users and 15 percent paper bag users. In regard to income, most respondents earned less than 400KD making 60 percent followed by above 500KD with 40 percent. In regard to education, 65 percent of the respondents are bachelor degree holders, 25 percent diploma and 10 percent high school level.

In regard to the awareness and familiarity of the negative implications of increased plastic bags use on the environment, health and socio-economically, 65 percent of the respondents believed that they were in a way aware, while 25 percent while completely familiar. Out of all the 55 respondents, 80 percent believed that they use paper bags only once after purchases and this is encouraged by affordability, convenience, and access ease, therefore, those that recycle are 5 percent while 90 percent do not find it appealing to utilize the papers again and they utilize them for trash.

Most participants agreed that a more effective strategy in regard to dealing with the issue was required particularly policies. 80 percent held that a positive view in regard to replacing plastic bags with paper bags that can be recycled at ease is convenient, affordable and friendlier to the surrounding while 15 percent asserted that the move was cumbersome and would destroy the economy and those that depend on the items. On the other 85 percent agreed that more practical policies need to be created in order to address the issue fully while 10 percent held that the option should be voluntary.

Based on the survey most of the respondents mainly shops more than 5 times every month comprising of 90 percent while 10 percent shops between 2 and four times. 90 percent hold that their use of plastic bags is particularly fueled by the fact that the papers are offered freely, safe for transporting their products and convenient and 5 percent for the lack of other convenient options.

Discussion

Kuwait is among some of the leading countries boosting of rapid and consistent economic growth globally. This has also lead to more consumer spending and higher shopping rates. Grocery is the most consumed in Kuwait with close to 70 percent of the country’s populace shopping between 3 and five times every month. However, despite this achievement, the country is particularly ranked among those with the highest use of grocery plastic bags which has affected the environment greatly. Based on the study’s findings it is apparent that more than 70 percent of the populace only utilize the grocery plastic bags once and disposes of them immediately after use. These papers can be utilized for months based on their durability and design but due to the convenience, ease, safety, and affordability consumers prefer them over the paper bags that are friendlier to the surrounding in general. These, therefore, demonstrates that despite the fact that individuals are fully informed of the existing issue they are not fully familiar with the resulting negative outcomes. The high spending habit and convenience of the plastic bags have contributed to the increased amount of plastic bags litter and pollution.

As mentioned prior it is believed by most individuals that the primary driver of the increased use and pollution of the surrounding by plastic bags is caused by convenience and affordability with 70 percent followed by 30 percent holding that the appearance of new plastic bags is more appealing as compared to the recycled one. For the young generation, everything is a form of showing off which implies that they can never work with papers that are not attractive. This, therefore, demonstrate that individuals hold a rather unappealing view in regard to the view of plastic bags effects to the surrounding.

Based on the survey 70 percent of the respondents are aware of the negative implications that are associated with increased use of plastic paper bags but they have to use them due to the lack of other convenient options. In addition, 65 percent of the respondents asserted that paper bags as the primary substitute to plastic bags are not accessible and most of them are offered at higher prices despite the fact that they are not as safe as plastic bags and will not last long. This, therefore, pressures most individuals to settle for the plastic ones. In addition, it was surprising that 60 percent of the respondents stated that they have not heard of any active campaign in Kuwait aimed at creating familiarity and awareness in regard to the issue. Most state that their knowledge in regard to the severity of the matter was acquired through the internet asserting that the issue is not addressed with the seriousness that is needed. Most individuals comprising of 80 percent of the respondents held that paper bags should amid 20fils and below in order to encourage consumers and retailers to adopt them.

86 percent of the respondents believed that the government should come up with policies that seek to limit the general use of plastic bags as the intervention has to start from the top. In addition, the same populace holds the view that the government is not doing enough to ensure that better approaches that favor the retailers are the shoppers are developed. 60 percent hold that paper bags deserves subsidies to ensure that retailers adopt them easily. More so, 80 percent hold the view that the efforts by the non-governmental organizations are essential but are not adequate and effective in addressing the issue. It is thus, apparent that grocery plastic bags have affected the surrounding negatively and more integrative measures should be adopted.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Based on the research, the researchers concluded that the increasing use of plastic grocery bags is associated with negative effects on the environment. While it was established that income plays a critical role in regard to the amount of plastic bags that an individual utilizes especially during festive seasons or events, in general, the responsibility of the government in regard to controlling use and creating awareness is essential. It was established that the increased use of plastic bags over paper bags has mainly been driven by the existing perception in regard to the subject. In that, it is apparent that individuals have grown to believe that there is no other convenient option thus ignoring the accompanying threats. The government and non-governmental institutions have failed to actively create awareness through active campaigns an aspect that has played part in the excessive environmental pollution. Plastic bags are convenient and affordable but the damage that they cause to the environment ranging from water and litter cannot be undermined since human health wellness is being threatened. This study suggests that the government should apply more effects in minimizing the use of plastic grocery bags and instead advocate the use of paper bags. These papers should be made available through implementing subsidies in their regard to ensure that consumers and the traders are not only willing to adopt but to switch their use. This can best be accomplished through developing more inclusive measures that seek to ensure that that the amount of plastic bags wastes and use in Kuwait is minimized. The most effective approach to the study established is implementation of a more inclusive policy while imposing subsidies to paper bags to discourage the use of plastic bags.

Work Cited

Agarwal, Tanya L. Reduce Reuse Recycle (key Stage 3). Place of publication not identified: The Energy And Resources, 2008. Print.

Al-Jarallah, Rawa, and Esra Aleisa. "A baseline study characterizing the municipal solid waste in the State of Kuwait." Waste Management 34.5 (2014): 952-960.

Al-Zenki, Sameer, et al. "Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolated from a poultry farm and processing plant environment in the State of Kuwait." Foodborne pathogens and disease 4.3 (2007): 367-373.

Convery, Frank, Simon McDonnell, and Susana Ferreira. "The most popular tax in Europe? Lessons from the Irish plastic bags levy." Environmental and resource economics 38.1 (2007): 1-11.

Homonoff, Tatiana A. Can Small Incentives Have Large Effects?: The Impact of Taxes Versus Bonuses on Disposable Bag Use. Princeton University, Industrial Relations Section, 2013.

Horne, Ralph, Tim Grant, and Karli Verghese. Life Cycle Assessment: Principles, Practice, and Prospects. Collingwood, Vic: CSIRO Pub, 2009. Print.

Muthu, Subramanian S, and Yi Li. Assessment of Environmental Impact by Grocery Shopping Bags: An Eco-Functional Approach. , 2013. Internet resource.

Poortinga, Wouter, Lorraine Whitmarsh, and Christine Suffolk. "The introduction of a single-use carrier bag charge in Wales: Attitude change and behavioural spillover effects." Journal of Environmental Psychology 36 (2013): 240-247.

Rudnik, Ewa. Compostable Polymer Materials. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2008. Internet resource.

Suja, Fatihah, Biplob Kumar Pramanik, and Shahrom Md Zain. "Contamination, bioaccumulation and toxic effects of perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) in the water environment: a review paper." Water Science and Technology 60.6 (2009): 1533-1544.

5722 Words 20 Pages