Literature Review on the Effects of Different Parenting Styles in Adolescence

Parenting style plays a significant role during early development. For instance, good parenting is associated with positive cognitive development and a negative parenting style is a risk factor for psychological problems in young people (Piko & Balázs, 2012). Many parenting styles have been proposed to explain their effect on child development. However, this review will focus on two parenting style known as authoritative style and authoritarian style. The current research report that authoritarian parenting use power and coercion and parents have high expectations (Vera et al, 2012). Authoritarian parenting style is associated with behavior problems due to lack of individual autonomy and as the child strives for autonomy, they develop internalizing and externalizing behaviors. On the other hand, the authoritative parenting style finds that this style of parenting helps parents meet the child's psychological needs through adequate parental monitoring (Valente, et al 2019). There is an adaptive mechanism where a child gains self-control hence positive behavioral and psychological outcomes. Thus, the literature proposes that the authoritative parenting style sets good behavior and promotes safety hence minimizes the risk of adolescence alcohol use, drug use, and psychopathology symptom. However, the authoritarian parenting style increases the risk of engaging in antisocial behaviors due to parental psychological control which affects autonomy and identity development hence the adolescences develop externalizing behaviors. 

 According to Konopka et al. (2018) emotional and psychological disorders are common among adolescents. The mental health professionals report that adolescent's hospitalization due to depressive and functional disorders is high. American investigation and Italian investigation have found that the rate at adolescence are developing psychological problems is high and this has motivated the investigators to study the etiology of psychopathological. After conducting rigorous research on psychological problems among adolescents, scholars have found that factors such as genetic, biological, and situational factors contribute to psychological problems. However, they have also found that the family environment affects adolescents' social and personal development.  For example, children are likely to develop depressive symptoms during adolescence if they have negative relations with their parents.  America's youth aged 12-17 years’ experience authoritarian parenting style and they show depressive symptoms than adolescents whose parts use authoritative style.  A point to note is that authoritarian parents are extremely strict and they control their children using threats, punishments, and other methods.    

Eun et al (2018) and Liem, et al (2010) agree that adolescents whose parents use authoritarian style develop externalizing and internalizing behaviors. For example, they struggle with self-control, they have low self-esteem, and they develop risky behaviors.  On the other hand, authoritative parents apply discipline but they ensure that the purpose of the discipline is to change behavior. They combined discipline with love and warmth.  As a result, adolescents have high self- control and they are less likely to engage in antisocial behaviors such as alcohol and drug use. 

Braber (1996) suggests that parental psychological control is problematic for adolescences. This is because psychological control affects a child's activities and behaviors hence affect the child's development's. The author points out that parental psychological controls is associated with love withdrawal. Parental psychological control contributes to risky behaviors and depressive symptoms. Castellanos-Ryan et al (2016) add that adolescents are vulnerable to antisocial behavior such as substance use due to anxiety, hopelessness, among other factors. The authors suggest that in studying the parenting style that affects a child's development, it is also important to study cognitive-behavioral interventions to prevent psychopathology symptoms. According to Nunes & Mota, (2017), there is an empirical evidence that adolescences with insecure family bonds have more mental health problems. Such young people experience mistrust and they lack self-with. Insecure emotional bonds increase their vulnerability to suicidal acts. The article suggests that authoritative parenting behaviors promote interpersonal relationships which minimize the risk of developing psychological distress. Visser et al (2013) assert that adolescents need autonomy and parents play a significant role in the socialization process. However,   parents who overprotect their children increase the risk of developing behavioral problems which may lead to alcohol use. The author suggests that the authoritative parenting style provides the child with love and emotional warmth and as a result, children develop self-control which regulates behaviors such as alcohol use. Low et al (2012) advises parents that it is important to use effective monitoring. The latter will help parents gain knowledge on youth's behaviors and set rules and limits and more importantly build parent-child trust. Parent monitoring is also important in encouraging youths to disclose information.  The author puts it clear that the authoritative s parenting sty; is the best style that can promote the maternal-youth relationship.

Bebes et al (2013) are also against the parent psychological control as they state that psychological control withdraws affection and it disrupts autonomy development. Adolescences develop externalizing problems such as lower-self-esteem and also depressive symptoms. The authors support behavioral control as it influences a child's wellbeing. Gulley et al (2013) say that point out that many factors contribute to mental disorder but one factor that should not be overlooked is negative parenting. In specific, the authors suggest that the authoritarian parenting style contributes to child anxiety due to rejection.  Note that the authoritarian parenting style is characterized by disapproval, judgmental, and shaming tactics. Children develop poor emotional regulation abilities due to a lack of support. However, parents can reduce adolescent's behavior problems and suicidal attempts by using positive parenting (Boeninger & Masyn, 2012).

This literature has shown that the parent-child relationship plays a significant role in a child's development. A point to note is that many of the adolescence psychological and behavior problems are routed from parenting styles (Mensah & Kuranchie, 2013). This means that a negative parenting style such as an authoritarian parenting style affects a child's behavior in that this type of parenting increases the risk of aggression and intelligence. On the other hand, authoritative parenting promotes high self-esteem, self-control, and positive behaviors. Thus, the literature has demonstrated that authoritarian parenting affects adolescences' behavior (Garcia & Serra, 2019). This suggests that the authoritative parenting style is the best parenting method as it is associated with a child's autonomy and parental support. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

 

 

Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child

development, 67(6), 3296-3319.

 

Bebes, A., Samarova, V., Shilo, G., & Diamond, G. M. (2015). Parental acceptance, parental

psychological control and psychological symptoms among sexual minority

adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(4), 882-890.

 

Boeninger, D. K., Masyn, K. E., & Conger, R. D. (2013). Testing alternative explanations for the

associations between parenting and adolescent suicidal problems. Journal of research on

adolescence, 23(2), 331-344.

 

Castellanos-Ryan, N., Brière, F. N., O'Leary-Barrett, M., Banaschewski, T., Bokde, A.,

Bromberg, U., ... & Garavan, H. (2016). The structure of psychopathology in adolescence

and its common personality and cognitive correlates. Journal of abnormal

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Eun, J. D., Paksarian, D., He, J. P., & Merikangas, K. R. (2018). Parenting style and mental

disorders in a nationally representative sample of US adolescents. Social psychiatry and

psychiatric epidemiology, 53(1), 11-20.

 

Garcia, O. F., & Serra, E. (2019). Raising children with poor school performance: Parenting

styles and short-and long-term consequences for adolescent and adult

development. International journal of environmental research and public

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Gulley, L. D., Oppenheimer, C. W., & Hankin, B. L. (2014). Associations among negative

parenting, attention bias to anger, and social anxiety among youth. Developmental

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Konopka, A., Rek-Owodziń, K., Pełka-Wysiecka, J., & Samochowiec, J. (2018). Parenting style

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Liem, J. H., Cavell, E. C., & Lustig, K. (2010). The influence of authoritative parenting during

adolescence on depressive symptoms in young adulthood: Examining the mediating roles

of self-development and peer support. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 171(1),

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Low, S., Snyder, J., & Shortt, J. W. (2012). The drift toward problem behavior during the

transition to adolescence: The contributions of youth disclosure, parenting, and older

siblings. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22(1), 65-79.

 

Mensah, M. K., & Kuranchie, A. (2013). Influence of parenting styles on the social development

of children. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(3), 123.

 

Nunes, F., & Mota, C. P. (2017). Parenting styles and suicidal ideation in adolescents: Mediating

effect of attachment. Journal of child and family studies, 26(3), 734-747.

 

Piko, B. F., & Balázs, M. Á. (2012). Control or involvement? Relationship between authoritative

parenting style and adolescent depressive symptomatology. European child & adolescent

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Valente, J. Y., Cogo-Moreira, H., & Sanchez, Z. M. (2019). Predicting latent classes of drug use

among adolescents through parental alcohol use and parental style: a longitudinal

study. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 54(4), 455-467.

 

Vera, J., Granero, R., & Ezpeleta, L. (2012). Father’s and mother’s perceptions of parenting

styles as mediators of the effects of parental psychopathology on antisocial behavior in

outpatient children and adolescents. Child Psychiatry & Human

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Visser, L., de Winter, A. F., Vollebergh, W. A., Verhulst, F. C., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2013). The

impact of parenting styles on adolescent alcohol use: the TRAILS study. European

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