Correction can be described as association or rather a measure of how different variables are related. If one variable increases and leads to increase in another variable then positive correlation occurs and vice versa. Two variables can correlate if they are of the same value therefore correlation tends to discover causal relationships between different properties. Positive correlation occurs where variables are described in more-more or more-less terms while negative correlation occurs where variables are described in more-less or less more-terms. The human nature based on this perspective tends to connect causes with effects which in most cases are untrue. Positive correlation explains why children who tend to watch violent materials tend to become aggressive. They are likely to practice what they watch as one way of proving positive correlation since they are relating what they watch to how they behave. Children need to be supervised and if they fail to get supervised they involve themselves in violent and aggressive behaviors mainly depending on what they watch.
Most people believe on various superstitious beliefs since they found others believing in the same. Most of the superstitions are untrue since no research has been carried out to prove the beliefs are true. People end up believing in causes that are not true such as human sacrifices, superstition about the rain and various birth defects. The happenings are taken care of by medical research but some people believe in superstition ignoring research which has been carried out. They tend to relate the causes with effects which in most cases are misleading unless thorough research has been carried out and conclusions made. Correlations have therefore affecting lives of different people either in positive or negative manners depending on the behavior one is exposed to in the childhood days.
This paper aims at determining the statistical time of various activities relating to the installation of carpets in offices. The paper looks into the project management and the necessary requirements involved it, an analysis of the implications of project scheduling changes and an evaluation of techniques used in project management in relation to operational requirements and goals of a firm.
Activity 2 starts immediately after Activity 1. Activity 3, Activity 4, and Activity 5 start concurrently after Activity 2. Activity 6 does not start until after Activity 3, Activity 4, and Activity 5 are completed.
A3
15
Start A 1 A 2 17.5 A4 A 6 A 7 finish
7 11.5 22 A5 33 7
Critical path: A1 A2 A5 A6 A7
Early start - A 2
Late start - A 4
Late finish – A 5
Probability if finishing project in 40 or less days
Variance of critical path = 13.6 > 40-/13.4= 2.9
Project management refers to a process that involves the application of skills, knowledge, techniques and tools to various project activities so as to meet the set requirements. It is an art or science of organizing various components of a given project, and consists of new product development, launching a new service and such endeavors. It is normally a onetime activity which is temporary and specific. In essence, it is a discipline concerned with planning, organizing and controlling resources to attain specific goals and objectives. Project management requirements comprises of both the functional and operational requirements (Hill, 2009). Functional requirements refer to those requirements that involve the quality of a project and operational requirements are the requirements that involve using the results of a project. These requirements relates to the various resources which are required in the completion of a given project and involves the human resources , financial resources and other requirements which are necessary in the completion of a given project. The project manager has to look into how many people are required to handle the activities of the project, the amount of expenses involved in the completion of this project and the materials if any, which are needed for the purpose of completion of this project. A project manager will also identify the various constraints and limitations which relates to the resources, budget and the scope (Hill, 2009). Time is also an essential aspect of resources that needs be addressed by project management since it can affect how other resources are management in the implementation and commissioning of a project. Essentially, changes in the schedule can lead to an increase or decrease of total time to be used for implementing a project where there is deletion. A change in the schedule can be cardinal, in that it is beyond the scope of the project being undertaken so that it changes the whole character of the work to be done in the project. Such a change may have a great influence on the activities of the project, resources to be used and the overall objective of the project (Hill, 2009).
Project scheduling involves ensuring that activities in a project are carried out on time and the project is kept on time. This includes various techniques which are used in estimating time things will take, planning accordingly and keeping everything on the right track. Any change introduced in such schedules can affect all the factors in the project and this will eventually affect the performance of the project. This will in turn influence the perceptions and satisfaction of various stakeholders such as the expansion of the scope can lead to an increase in amount of work or activities, and will affect the cost involved. For the project to succeed, changes in schedule may require, the manager to recognize them, evaluate the effect of such changes and ensure the project team members are informed of such changes. Project management techniques assist business managers and management team to determine the various project goals, and developing realistic approach in the achievement of project goals (Badiru, 2007).
References
Hill, M. (2009).The Complete Project Management Methodology and Toolkit. CRC Press. 75-77
Badiru, A., (2007).Industrial Project Management: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques. CRC Press. 4-5
The summation of durations for the expected completion of activities on a critical path of 36.5 and a variance of 6 is given by:
Z= (32-34)/2.4495=-0.81799
From the normal table, the probability of – 0.81799 is 0.33
If the number of days were reduced by four days, the following process would be undergone. First a PERT analysis would be performed in order to calculate the value of I for all critical activities (Snyder, 2013). The next step requires one to pick an activity that has the smallest value of I. the duration of the activity would be shortened as much as possible. This means that it should be reduced until it reaches the crash time or when another activity path becomes critical. The last step is conditional such that if the time can no longer be reduced any further, the one should stop. Otherwise the second step should be retrieved until a modified crash program is reached.
Project cost basically refers to the approved budget which is composed of all the expenses that are likely to occur in the course of the project (Snyder, 2013). In order to come up with an accurate budget for the project, requirements such as the materials that are going to be used, transport costs, administrative costs, overhead costs and other direct costs must be skillfully estimated. During the conduction of the project, techniques such as cost aggregation, reserve analysis and funding limit reconciliation are used (Snyder, 2013).
Changes in timing and costs of a project can results to the following of implication. First, the initial time frame does not capture the changes and hence the over budgets are not implemented (Snyder, 2013). Other implications include increased maintenance costs, deferring of the benefits cancellation of the project among other possible implications. The concepts of time and cost management of a project can be applied in areas such as education and training of staff, risk management, project integration and cost management among other areas (Snyder, 2013).
Reference
Top of Form
Snyder, C. (2013). A project manager's book of forms: A companion to the PMBOK guide, fifth edition. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.
Central tendency is the measure of the probability of numbers and distribution to the given location while variability is the distribution of statistical data from the extent of average points to the extent of diverging points in addition to the extent from each other points of data. Central tendency is measured with three indexes which are the mean, the mode, and the median while variability is measured by the range, the variance, the inter-quartile range and standard deviation.
The mean is also known as average and it is the measure of central tendency. The mean is calculated as a sum of all values in an extent of data points set dividing it with the extent of points given. The mean of data located is essentially a model which has the common values. Actual values are not given by the mean as it is observed in the data set but it is very important because it minimizes errors of the data set values which are predicted. The mean has advantage and disadvantage in it because as on advantage it produces the lower amount of error to the value predicted. The mean disadvantage is that it produce unusual values that are mainly susceptible as it is compared to the values of values of the data set which might be small or large value hence influencing the outliers. Mean is appropriate in central tendency to measure ratio or interval that is not tilted (Weisberg, 1992).
Weisberg (1992) stated that mode is the highest percentage of a value of data set. The mode is the best when it comes to the comparison of values given and find only one value is greatest. But it is a big problem when the mode is used to measure central tendency it occurs in two values that are greatest but with the same arithmetic number. At this point of two greatest numbers, mode can fail to give the appropriate measure of central tendency. It is more suitable to use mode in nominal because it will give out an appropriate measure to the central tendency.
The median is given by the middle score when values set arranged from the smallest to the largest. The median is not much affected by tilted and outliers because the values are arranged from the lowest to the largest creating susceptible values when they are compared. Median is more appropriate in measuring central tendency when it comes to ordinal and ratio or interval that is tilted (Weisberg, 1992).
In the measure of variability, rage is the appropriate measure when it comes to dispersion and the difference of values between the smallest and the largest values in a data set. The range is calculated by finding a difference of smallest values from the largest value as it is in order magnitude. The range is the simplest and useful measure of variability when a whole data set was given is evaluated. The range is not only useful in evaluating but also useful in comparing the dataset spread (Weisberg, 1992).
Variance is the difference of score from the mean computed giving out the square root. Variance measures the middle of the distribution in the given values of a dataset. Variance is calculated with the right formula and placed in the right field given that value in the dataset is at the bottom of the field. Variance is useful in measuring variability since it balances the distribution of given values in a dataset (Weisberg, 1992).
According to Weisberg (1992) inter-quartile consists of two quartiles which are upper quartile and lower quartile. The inter-quartile is divided into two half ending up with upper and lower quartiles. These two quartiles are indicated when the values arranged into order magnitude. The upper lower quartile lies between the middle and the upper quartile while upper quartile lies between the middle and the lower quartile. Quartile measures variability by indicating the middle of percentage in the extent values given in the dataset which also is related to the median. The inter-quartile is found when the lower quartile is subtracted from upper quartile. Inter-quartile is appropriate in measuring variability because it considers variable of a datasheet.
Standard deviation is found by finding the square root of the variance. Standard deviation requires more computation because means and variance must be computed before finding the root. The standard deviation is the most appropriate measure of variability because it computes all measure and takes all value of dataset varies from the mean. Standard deviation has to be sure since it takes into account and has to be considered in the entire population given appropriate formula on it (Weisberg, 1992).
In the mean, the mode and the median measures of central tendency, mean is advisable to be used in the case of ratio and interval which is not tilted. Whereas mode is the most appropriate in calculating the nominal in central tendency. And the median is used in computing ratio or interval that are tilted and ordinal. In the variability, we have to see the range is appropriate to be used in the case of dispersion. Variance is appropriate in computing distribution of values in a dataset. Inter-quartile is the best in measuring variability while considering the comparison of the spreadsheet. The last measure of variability is standard deviation is appropriate in measuring the entire dataset spreadsheet using appropriate formula to compute it.
Reference
Weisberg, H. F. (1992). Central Tendency and Variability, Sage University Paper Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences.
Technology will change the way in which mathematics is taught. This is because the ancient teaching modes of mathematics in schools are now not productive in any of the students. Changes in the mathematics subject in the use of technology have been supported for many years. These changes in mathematics have been created by computers and the calculators and are reflective as they need readjustment in balancing each topic in mathematics. Teachers will have to change their teaching ways to the innovative ones as they will make students engage in the subject and help them to understand well the complicated concept of it. Technology has become more proficient as it has the ability to show the students many ways of approaching the mathematical concept and the processes. This will make the teachers change from the formal teaching strategies that students find to be more involving (Polly & IGI Global, 2015).
The advantages of using technology in mathematics are that it gives the students the chance of learning certain technologies resources based on mathematics. It also help the students to have concentration on how and when to use the technology well in the mathematics classroom and finally it helps in giving the students the chances to show their skills of technology and its uses in the teaching and the learning of mathematics. The huge advantage in the implementation of technology in mathematics is that technology seems as the most major issue that the school mathematics concepts face. Teachers has the challenge is that they are not aware of which tools to use and how to teach well with the devices. The issue that the technological devices are always changing often creates another disadvantage of the implementation of technology (Polly & IGI Global, 2015).
Reference
In Polly, D., & IGI Global, (2015). Cases on technology integration in mathematics education.
Mathematics is thought to be the domain among all the other subjects which are mainly based on self-attitudes and concepts. Research, therefore, illustrates that individual’s attitude in crucial in impacting the extended by which the learning effects are generated. Learning outcomes are generally connected to individual’s psychological impacts (Pepin, & Roesken, 2014). In order to achieve positive results in the mathematics, classroom individuals are required positive reflection as well as positive engagement into learning. This is mainly because mathematics learning is the matter where skills, as well as knowledge, are constructed via investigation and problem solutions development of the complex tasks that the subject presents.
The learning behavior is therefore very essential in determining results as it helps in determining the ability of an individual in developing purpose and reflection on how the presented task is to be solved. In other words student’s attitude’s fuels the learning behaviors. This, therefore, implies that those students who are characterized with a positive attitude while learning mathematics are thus bound to display behaviors that are oriented on goals. Those that possess negative behavior are most likely to attain coping behaviors thus neglecting the process of earning (Pepin, & Roesken, 2014).
Higher ability to understand mathematics is highly linked to attitudes which in turn develop one’s intelligence (Yasoda, 2009). Based on the recent studies most of the students holds a negative attitude in regard to mathematics which in return yields negative results. The negative attitude towards mathematics learning is developed by anxiety which is the general feeling of tension towards the concepts. This anxiety results in decreased performance in mathematics as the concentration and the ability to grasp the concept is affected. Negative attitude hinders the ability to learn as it generally affects the brain's capability to hold information. A positive attitude is an essential part of the general learning procedure as it influences the behaviors of the students towards the subject (Yasoda, 2009). This is because a positive attitude fuels the students in investing more energy in the subject because they are highly motivated to learn
References
Pepin, B., & Roesken, B. (2014). From beliefs to dynamic affect systems in mathematics education: Exploring a mosaic of relationships and interactions.
Yasoda, R. (2009). Problems in teaching and learning mathematics. New Delhi: Discovery Pub. House.
In elementary school when teaching kindergarten children it is important to utilize friendly strategies (Annenberg, 2016). This is mainly because the students are still young and they do not understand the purpose of being in school. The buddies’ strategy is utilized in ensuring that skills are reinforced. This helps in the discovery process and not necessarily to provide mathematics solutions. This strategy is, therefore, crucial in ensuring that the ability to understand tasks is enhanced through skills development (Annenberg, 2016). The buddies are present in order to provide the opportunity for the children to discover the fresh world of mathematics and not to give them the required answers.
Buddy and the grouping strategy help in developing the capability of operating different tasks through developing higher thinking capabilities. Through the utilization of the different stations and instruments, communication capabilities are developed fully thus allowing individuals to develop positive behaviors and attitudes towards mathematics. This develops confidence as the students are able to understand the essence of concepts (Annenberg, 2016).
The strategies may be implemented based on their strengths. This is because each strategy is characterized by specific traits which may help in developing the learning process. The grouping strategies can be applied in order to develop relationships among the students. In addition, this can be used in developing positive attitudes towards the subject, this helps in ensuring that the children are able to solve tasks. In addition, the strategy of utilizing a wider station variety is essential as it helps in developing both technical and cognitive skills (Annenberg, 2016). Grouped learning encourages active learning through interaction thus permitting greater understanding. The main objective of the buddy learning strategy is discovery.
Math buddy and the grouping strategy used in teaching students is based on assisting students to learn and practice mathematical concepts via mathematical activities and math fun in discovering numbers. This is incorporated into the everyday experience of the children which helps them in gaining more thoughts (Annenberg, 2016). This strategy helps in ensuring that the students become motivated while they are engaged in the activities. The students are also allowed to give their opinions about what they achieved and what most interests them in learning. Grouping helps in knowledge development as well as the utilization resources (Annenberg, 2016).
In my class, the buddy system can be incorporated by ensuring that individual’s practices the concept learned in class in groups of two friends. This helps in developing relationships as well as understanding in class because it ensures that the ability to retain what is learned is retained. The buddy concept can additionally be used in group discussions which are essential as it helps in growing learning skills through increased knowledge. The concept of grouping was considered to be important because it helps in ensuring that individuals understanding ability are developed. Through grouping, individuals are fully able to learn from the other and the discussions help the children in retaining information. Setting up such a wide station adds much value in skills development, knowledge as well as understanding. The wide variety of stations is essential in learning as they develop communication, and provide a challenging assumption to the students which help in tackling complex tasks. This is because the wide station's variety provides more grounds for the students to learn. The learning skills cannot be developed from a single ground because learning involves several of elements which must be developed distinctly.
Reference
Annenberg Media. (2016). Math Buddies. Retrieved From http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=872
The period of globalization and fast technological development has evolved the way in which things are carried out and also it has changed the lives of people intensely. Science and technology disciplines play an essential role in the current world we are living in. the governments in both developed and the developing nations has identified the significance of the development of science and technology. Gender roles have also changed radically in the contemporary society. Women are nowadays having the liberty to express themselves and also to actively participate in developing technologies though there are still some problems in the world. According to the United States report of 2011, the report suggests that there is the need for identifying the significance of applying a gender lens to science and technology disciplines so as to enhance more development. This gender lens will be important once they are applied since they will reflect the objectives concerns, situations, and capabilities of both the male and the female gender. Therefore the science and technology lens will not be efficient, equitable and sustainable not unless this gender lens has been applied. It is, therefore, important to note that gender equality is one of the elements of a healthy society and hence the aspect of true development. The understanding of the contribution and the role of women in science and technology will bring about development in the society through positively impacting the world. This paper, therefore, will focus its argument on the role of women in the field of technology, engineering, and science. It will also discuss the technological changes and the impacts these changes has impacted in the roles of the women and the ideas of gender.
Over the years, women have played an important role in the knowledge of scientific processes. Throughout the centuries, the scientific women have been able to shape the people’s understanding of the technical expertise.
Half of the population is made up of women and they have been significant in the improvement of fields such as the medicine and agriculture. One way through which the women have been able to succeed in the scientific field is through the knowledge of botany (Khuntia et al 300). Their role is particularly of the essence in pursuing strategies of sustainable development since the women have been traditionally actively involved in the disciplines of health, energy and food production which is the core element of sustainable development in science (Khuntia et al 300). Thus women have been so closely involved with their families and children and hence they have had unique approaches to science and its application that insists on the human aspect of science and technology and its value in evolving the quality of life and the empowerment of the human race. A high percent of the women in the world has chosen to take part in the life sciences. This is strength especially in the problems that are faced in the developing world. This is because the engagement in these life sciences such as in agriculture, health as well as in nutrition and education, the results of their participation is a piece as compared to other sciences such as in physics, chemistry and biology which may lead to war and domination.
In the education sector, the women are believed to perform far much better than the men and they make up to half of the workforce in the national labor force. The gender gap in the scientific sector has continued to widen more than in other occupations and especially in the mathematics rigorous disciplines such as in computer discipline and in engineering. Basing on statistics, the half of the population of women in America occupy 25% of jobs in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics as they earn 33% more than those who are not employed in science and technological jobs (Beede et al 1).
It is therefore, important to note that the role of women in the field of science and in the job market is rising each and every single year and this is a positive thing that indicates that the women are awakening and they are thus participating in the development of the world.
One of the key essentials in the role of women scientists is their ability to change the worldwide intolerable situations into the developmental opportunities. These opportunities involve the turning of the population outburst into healthy reproductive, poverty, and environmental deprivation into sustainable human growth and violence into peace and also cohesion. Women are therefore viewed as creators and knowledge users who are able to bring together things in new ways and not just perform as laboratory scientists. They are thus making a lot of progress and they are more than often not recognized neither appreciated.
Most of the women are able to perform well in the day to day food inspection and in veterinarians who specialize in the health of the animals. The women also ensure that the use of science is for the better of the society rather than the destruction of the society. This is because the women are more concerned about the ethical aspect as compared to the men thus they are able to ensure that science and technology are institutionalized in a better way. Thus the involvement of the women in science and technology fields only means that the use of science and technology is purposely for the constructive and not for destructive motives.
Women are talented and their role in the society and in science and technology cannot be ignored since the women ensure that the people are able to lead quality lives. Hence the exclusion of the women from science and technology in any society deprives the society half of its capability to solve issues that the people are facing. The women have contributed in the clothing preparation through the use of science.
This is another field of science that the women have participated widely as they usually are involved in the preparation of the hides, weaving and also sewing activities. They have thus invented and developed preservatives, softening products, bleaching elements as well as dying components for clothing materials. Thus they have developed sewing machines that they are using for the designing of the many unique clothes with different dyes used by the women. They have thus come up with so many beauty products that they have created so as to enhance the beauty of the other women in the society.
They have also participated in the development of the machines especially in the medical department. Some of the medical equipment has been widely invented by the women. In the nineteenth century, for instance, the women invented the sterilization methods and equipment, the medical beds and the chairs, the stretchers, ambulances, advanced speculum, and splints. Also, a team of women such as Justine Wagner also modernized the intravenous drip and assisted in the resuscitation practices for the patients who suffer electric shock and cryogenic therapy so as to destroy the cancer cells.
Women have a high ability to attain high results in the world of science and technology and their brains work effectively when it comes to suing their knowledge. They thus do not engage in so much complex and complicated technologies but they rather take into consideration the world of application and the utilization of technology which is more available to the people. Women have proved to take a more practical approach in the field of science and technology hence they mainly lay their focus on what the machines can do to ensure that things are done rather than concentrating on what makes the machine.
As men concentrate on designing machines that would enhance them control and power over the other people, the women on the other side are more focused on producing machines that are of assistance to the people and make their lives easier. Thus the women easily adopt technologies and make their use more efficient and more comfortable for the people and this explains the reason as to why women are mostly involved in the improvement of the things that already exist.
Development of technology has adversely affected the lives of the women in so many ways. These technological changes have resulted in the women leading different lives than the ones they were leading before. Gender roles as well have adversely changed as the society is rapidly changing as they are adopting the technological and the scientific changes (Jacobsen 17). The women have practically implemented science even in their homes such as the implementation of the use of microwave, gas, dry cleaners and vacuum cleaners which has eased the roles of women in their house chores (Jacobsen 16). This has thus enabled them to be left out with so much time to themselves. It is through proper use of the time left that the women have been able to engage in science and technological development. The women have reduced the rate at which they are giving birth since they have been involved in the labor force so much that they spend so much time in the development of science and technology and minimal time is left in to give birth (Jacobsen 19). The women are occupying greater positions in the workforce as they are fully utilizing their potentials in the technological and scientific advancements in the society. Therefore the value of the women is currently rising. The women and especially the girl child are offered education as they have proven to be talented in the scientific and the technological fields. The number of the women enrolling in the science, engineering, technological and mathematics classes in the universities and colleges have increased over the years.
As more and more women are engaging themselves in the technological field they are setting records through their improvements and innovations (Jacobsen 19). This has greatly helped in the empowering of the young women who are not involved in the science, engineering, and technology.
As a result of technological change, the women have been widely involved in the development and the positioning of the lifecycle of a certain technology. This has thus resulted in the initiation of the positive chain reaction. The women are therefore considered and are directly referred at critical signs marking the path from commencement to distribution in the field (Burek et al 6). Thus efforts have been made to support the women in accessing the technology and loans have been offered to them so as to enhance them to be able to purchase the technology and also in training them to use the technology (Brooks et al 9). The women have been able to use the advanced technology for their economic benefit. Over the years the women have been able to improve their productivity using the changed technology and thus they have been able to offer better health and nutrition and better education for their children and the whole society.
Some of the employees have formed ideas that the women have a competitive edge than the men and hence they have worked hard to ensure that the women are well equipped with the changes in technology. For instance, the global information communication and technology (ICT) have globalized their operations where they set apart many opportunities for women so that they can economically advance (Brooks et al 17). Thus for them to be able to attain high levels of the economic ladder, the women are trained on how to use technology. Thus as they advance their technological skills they are able to be employed in career enhancing opportunities where they are highly paid hence economically advancing (Trauth 847).
Therefore the CISCO Company has launched training programs where they offer the women with technical skills in ICTs (Brooks et al 17). It is thus clear that the job market is also globalizing in offering the women the power to experience the world of technology, science, and engineering. International donors, private organizations, and the government has emerged in funding women’s scientific and technological advancements as they are strongly convinced that certain features of technology interventions have been most efficient in encouraging women’s access to and the utilization of technologies in varying settings and over time (Brooks et al 20).
However, the role of the women in science, technology, and engineering has faced numerous challenges that have resulted to the demoralizing of the women in the society. There has been gender inequality even in offering education to the women as the men are ones that are mostly offered with the scientific and the engineering education. Also in the employment sector, there has been so much discrimination where the women are not given high roles in the job while the men are the ones that are given the roles. This has contributed to low participation of the women who feel that they are not appreciated in their work and hence they feel inadequate.
It is thus important to ensure that there is gender equality in every sector so as to enhance the development of a healthy society. This will help in the utilization of all the talents that are available in the entire society that is from both the men and the women. This will enhance greater development in the society and in the entire world. Women should also not be perceived as potential utilizers of technology but rather they should also be engaged in the repairing, operating of technology and teaching of others on how to use technology (Brooks et al 23). Thus it is important to formulate and implement policies that offer an enabling environment to reduce hindrances to women’s capacity to access and use technology. These policies, therefore, will enhance the women to successfully harness technology for their economic development.
This will, therefore, ensure that gender equality in the scientific, technological and engineering fields and as a result there will be the multiplication of the technological productivity (Brooks et al 24).
Conclusion
Women are important in the society and in the development of almost all sectors. It is, therefore, important for all of us to recognize the women’s role in science, technology and in engineering so as to be able to support them. Supporting the women in their roles will encourage them and also it will ensure that they are able to utilize all their potential and talents. This will result in the entire human race leading better and quality lives as the women will utilize their technological skills and scientific skills to advance and improve existing goods and invention of new ones. Exceptional results will be seen as the women work along with men. Also, there will be more development as they will all work towards attaining scientific and technological success.
References
Beede, David N., et al. "Women in STEM: A gender gap to innovation." Economics and Statistics Administration Issue Brief 04-11 (2011).
Brooks, Kirrin Gill Kim, and Janna McDougall Payal Patel Aslihan Kes. "bridging the gender divide."2010.
Burek, Cynthia V, and B Higgs. The Role of Women in the History of Geology. London: Geological Society, 2007. Print.
JACOBSEN, JOYCE P. "The Role of Technological Change in Increasing Gender Equity with a Focus on Information and Communications Technology." (2011).
Khuntia, S, A Parida, and Vibhuti N. Misra. Proceedings of the International Seminar on Downsizing Technology for Rural Development, Isdtrd-2003, October 7-9, 2003, Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubaneswar. New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 2003. Print.
Trauth, Eileen M. Encyclopedia of Gender and Information Technology. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Reference, 2006. Internet resource.
The scenario shows a need to determine why there is varying quantity of ketchup among the various bottles given that the standard amount each bottle should contain is 14.4 oz, but some bottles have quantities exceeding to 14.4 oz. the variable of the study is thus the ketchup product since it has a quantity that is varying.
Descriptive statistics
The term descriptive statistics is used to denote the analysis of data that aid in defining and giving data summary in such a way that is meaningful such that elements like patterns may emerge from out of them. They provide summaries about the chosen sample and the various measures and together with graphic analysis that are simple, they are used fundamentally for nearly any analysis of quantitative data. The descriptive statistics are of two general types. The first one is the central tendency measures, which refers to ways of describing the central position of a group’s data frequency distribution (Nejati, 2013). Frequency distribution in this case connotes the pattern and distribution of data in marks scale from lowest score to the highest. The second type is the spread’s measure which refers to various ways of summarizing data through a description of how spread out the scores appear. Various statistics are used to describe the spread which includes the quartiles, range, absolute deviation, standard deviation and variance (Nejati, 2013). Standard deviation would be the best suited descriptive statistical method in ensuring that all bottles are within quantity limit. It involves calculation of mean and then the standard deviation, which are used to set the control limits of the ketchup quality in a bottle. This will ensure that any measurement error is detected at a high rate with a low rate of false rejection.
Frequency tables
Frequency tables refers to tables that shows the distribution of data such that it represents the frequency of various outcomes in a chosen sample. Every entry into the table consist of the count or frequency of occurrences of given values within a certain interval or group. In this manner the tables provides summaries of value distribution in the sample (Sinha, Saxena & Gupta, 2015). The frequency distribution represents summarized data grouping which is separated into classes that are mutually exclusive and how many times the occurrences in a class appear. Frequency distributions are used in both quantitative and qualitative data representation in graphs (Sinha, Saxena & Gupta, 2015). The frequency tables and the probability analysis can be useful in determining the frequency of an error occurring in the measuring process, and provide a visual representation of data about products quality in the line of production. These techniques are very helpful in production line inspection and sorting out of products in order to rectify the ones that are faulty. The methods process would thus be useful in detecting where errors are occurring in a process and the frequency with which such errors are happening.
Correlation and regression analysis
Correlation and regression refers to techniques that re used to show the relationship between variables. Regression analysis consist of the identification of the how a dependent variable relates to one or more variables that are independent (Wegner, 2007). It also involves the application of various tests to show whether the model used in determining this relationship is satisfactory. If the model used is considered satisfactory, the regression equation that is estimated is can used in predicting the dependent valuable values given the independent valuable values. Correlation involves the use of a coefficient, which shows the extent of relationship between the two variables. The values of this coefficient is at all times between -1 and +1. None of these techniques can be used to show the cause –effect relationship (Wegner, 2007). The cause-effect relationship are based on the analyst’s judgement. In our case, the techniques could be used to show the extent of the relationship between the ketchup quantity in and the production line where the bottles are filled. This would be used to show in which production line the error is occurring so that any rectification can be done. The other variable is thus the production line.
Time series analysis
Time series analysis involves various methods of analysing data collected in time series so as to obtain meaningful statistics of the data. Time series can be defined as a group of observations that are quantitative and which are spaced evenly in time and successively measured. It is used in pattern in data that is correlated and predicting trends from the patterns, and deviation of a certain size to show a problem (Shumway & Stoffer, 2011). Thus this technique can be used to predict the pattern of default bottles quantities being produced and show the deviation in specified quantity – 14- oz – and the observation of the pattern to eliminate error in the process.
Conclusion
The standard deviation method would be the most helpful technique in ensuring that the amount of ketchup in the bottles stays within the set limit. The technique will allow the monitoring of the product so as to it meet the set specifications by indicating any deviation from the specifications targeted and any excessive variability around those specifications.
References
Nejati, M. (2013). Frontiers of business, management and economics: An Interdisciplinary collection of managerial research findings and breakthroughs.
Shumway, R. H., & Stoffer, D. S. (2011). Time series analysis and its applications: With R examples. New York: Springer.173
Wegner, T. (2007). Applied business statistics: Methods and Excel-based applications. Cape Town: Juta. 406-408
Sinha, V., Dr. Saxena, J. & Gupta, A. (2015). Business Statistics: Commerce eBook.SBPD Publications.51
Understanding linear functions helps in running a business successfully because one is able to understand changes which are effective. Linear functions helps in understanding the exchange rates changes in equations predictions. Exchange rates are effective in understanding when the business can conduct a successful trade in the purpose of gaining more. This additionally helps in understanding mathematical language which is essential in a business (Mankiw, 2016).
With adequate knowledge on the mathematical language that exists in the real world a business’s fully able to draw predictions on costs. This helps in determining the materials worth as well as the expected revenue with the involvement of operational changes. Linear functions helps in developing solutions to the issues generated due to various changes. This is because the business in the development of effective plans which helps in running schedules effectively (Mankiw, 2016).
Linear functions help the business manger in understanding the basic calculations of the business operations. This is because the developed understanding helps in developing a description of the relationship that exists between the real world and the business market. This helps in business forecasting as the manager can be able to evaluate the market and determine the demand in the market and whether the current operation is suitable. This therefore helps in evaluation various market trends in order to determine those trends that are most effective in terms of profit maximization. Running an efficient business requires transaction knowledge which is provided by linear functions understanding. To calculate the equilibrium prices in order to determine how profit can be generated linear functions knowledge and skills is useful. A linear function provides objective functions and problem solving components which helps in overcoming market issues. This therefore helps in obtaining maximum benefits from the operation of the business since the knowledge is crucial in offering directions (Mankiw, 2016).
Reference
Mankiw, N. G. (2016). Business Economics. Cengage Learning.
Topics and Questions We Can Help You To Answer: Paper Instructions:
Write a paper on the title "What is Process Mining and how does it differ from other forms of Data Analytics?" Understanding how process mining is different from other types of analytics is a key component of this project and will help you deliver stronger process mining results for the projects you have. ONLY USE ACADEMIC RESOURCES/MINIMUM 4 ACADEMIC RESOURCES.
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You have been brought by the CIO in as a lead business analyst to create the key requirements for a new staff-scheduling system that will be implemented for our company in a dozen or so locations across the country. Utilizing the roles defined in agile Scrum, you've been assigned a product owner: a business user from the headquarters office who is an expert in the business’s current state and future goals. As the product owner, that business user is empowered to define system feature requirements and priorities that your IT team will then use to construct the new system.
You find so far the product owner knowledgeable, friendly, and easy to work with. As such, you are able to define requirements quickly and with confidence. However, late in the project planning process, you participate in a review meeting in which business users from other to be integrated offices review the requirements that you created with the product owner. In that meeting, you realize that those users from other offices each utilize different current state processes and data to accomplish the same business goals. Further, they communicate the need for different future feature requirements and priorities. • What concerns does this situation raise in your mind? • Should you move ahead with the current requirements you and the product owner have created? • If not, what actions should you take?
Draft a business memorandum as the BA and address this document to [Place Business Name Here].
This memorandum should provide a state of the project update before addressing each of the questions noted above. Be sure this document looks at the potential risk from the situation after the meeting with the business users, and then details the actions next that should be taken to avoid costly production mistakes if left as is solely from the product owner's view of the requirements.
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Decisions about alpha level may be different, especially as it relates from hard sciences to social sciences. For example, a medical trial for cancer treatments conducts their statistical tests at .0001 – so for every 1 out of 10,000 patients, there may be issues, sickness or even death. For social science, we use alpha .05. We are comfortable with performing research, for example, on students. So we are satisfied with losing 5 out of 100 students or having our results being incorrect 5 out of 100 times. Do you agree with these alpha levels? Why or why not? What if your child’s education and the teacher assigned to him/her would be successful 95 out of 100 times?
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