• Amlodipine drug profile

1. Begin your drug profile the chemical name, generic name, and the Australian trade names for your chosen drug.

• Amlodipineis drug that is used as blocking agent for calcium in the body. Amlodipine chemical name is 3-enthyl 5-mehtyl 2-(2-aminoethyxomythyl)-4-(2-chlorophynel)-1, 4-dihydro-6- methylperidine-3, 5-dicarboxylate monobenzenesulfonate (Alan Xu & Maiden, 2011). The generic name of Amlodipine drug is atorvastatin or amlodipine (Opler, Barnes &Noble books, 2005).Amlodipine’s Australian trade names are Norvasc and Perivasc (Upfal, 2008).

1. List the approved indication for your drug

• Lehne (2004) states that Amlodipine is approved for the following indications;
• Headache
• Essential hypertension
• Angina pectoris
• Fatigue
• Nausea
• Abdominal pain
• Somnolence
• E dma
• Flushing
•                B). Determine whether your drug is approved for paramedic use in South Australia, and if it is, identify the approved paramedic indications for your drug in South Africa.
• Amlodipine drug is approved for parademic use in South Australia by the administration of theuraptic goods (Staff, 2003). The approved indications for the Amlodipine drug in South Australia include;
• Aortic stenosis.
• Unstable angina
• Cardiogenic shock
• Complications in breast feeding
• SECTION 4: Over -the- Counter & Complementary and Alternative Medicines
• Add to your drug profile:
• A list of conventional over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, complementary alternative medicines (CAMs) and prescription medicines that are known or suspected to undergo clinically relevant interactions with your profile drug in humans
• List the source(s) of information you have used and indicate the strength of the evidence (e.g. anecdotal report, clinical case, clinical trial, etc) for each of the interactions that you have identified
• 1. The following is a list of over-the-counter drugs, complementary alternative medicines and prescription medicines that are known to undergo relevant interactions with Amlodipine drug in humans (Staff, 2003);
• Lovenox. This a drug that is easily available from chemist and a patient can buy without a medical officer prescription. The drug prevents blood clotting but can cause bacteria endocarditis (Staff, 2003).
• Angelica root. This is herbal drug that has an effect of increasing bleeding (Staff, 2003).
• Atrial Fibrillation. This is drug that is believed to be life threatening as a result of bisphophonates (Staff, 2003).
• Bibliography
• Alan Xu, Q & Madden, TL 2011, Analytical Methods for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
• Lehne, RA 2004, Pharmacology for nursing care- Saunders, New York.
• Opler, LO, Barnes & Noble Books 2005, The Complete Pill Guide: The Latest Information about Generic and Brand-name Prescription Drugs, Barnes & Noble Publishing. New York
• Upfal ,J 2006, The Australian drug guide: every person's guide to prescription and over-the-counter medicines, street drugs, vaccines, vitamins and minerals-- Black Inc, New York.
• Staff,PDR 2003, Physicians' Desk Reference 2003 Thomson Reuters, New York.
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• Amlodipine Module 1workbook Learning Activities
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•                                Amlodipine Module 1workbook Learning Activities

1. Discuss the roles of the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) in the provision of drugs. (10 marks)

• Barraclough & Gardner (2007) states that the following are the roles of Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) and the Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme (PBS) in the provision of drugs in Australia;  
• TGA is an authority in Australia that assists in regulation of therapeutic goods.
• Through the TGA, public health is protected by making sure that therapeutic goods attain the recommended standards during import and export in Australia.
• PBS is body that its role is to establish which drugs to be used in the Australian Government.
• TGA is a regulatory body that makes sure that each pharmaceutical product is registered.
• PBS has a role of regulating the purchasing price of pharmaceutical products.

1. Discuss three issues that are currently impacting on the continued viability of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.

• Issues that are currently impacting on the continued viability of the Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme include;
• The emerging of a rise in the prescription of recent developed medicines (Barraclough & Gardner, 2007).
• Comprehensive in the available drugs that are distributed to the community (Barraclough & Gardner, 2007).
• Control -universal access of cost in drugs (Barraclough & Gardner, 2007)

1. Discuss the key components of a national drug policy.

• Wodak and Moore (2002) state that key components of national drug policy are;
• The society should be able to access medicines without difficulties.
• Medicines that are to be distributed to the society should be of high quality and of safe use.
• There ought to be a responsible and reliable medicine industry in Australia.
• The drug policy indicates that there should be clear defined roles concerning the regulation of drugs.
• The policy indicates that all partners in the medicine field ought to work together in order to attain a common goal.

1. As a paramedic, identify your responsibilities relating to three NMP objectives regarding:
   (a) the rational use of medicines.
   (b) The regulation and quality assurance.
   (c) The monitoring and evaluation.

• As a paramedic, my responsibilities relating to three NMP objectives regarding to:
• A). the rational use of medicines
• As a paramedic, my main responsibility in this issue is to make sure that necessary information is given to the PBS in order to provide effective rational use of medicines (Wodak & Moore, 2002).
• B). the regulation and quality assurance
• As a paramedic, it is my duty to make sure that l cooperate with other medical staffs to see to it that the society is provided with the best recommended treatment (Wodak & Moore, 2002).
• C). the monitoring and evaluation
• 5. from your paramedic experience, discuss current work related practices that support the Quality Use of Medicines. Identify areas which you consider do not currently promote QUM and discuss strategies you will try to put in place to support the Quality Use of Medicines.
• As a paramedic, it is my duty to make sure that medicines must achieve the goal of bringing positive change to the society (Wodak & Moore, 2002).
• Current work related practices that support the quality use of medicines
• Through quality use of medicines, patients have been responding positively and very fast. Use of Amlodipine to hypertensive patients has indicated a positive change to the quality use of medicines. Areas that l consider do not promote QUM include failing to give proper information concerning drug use to the community. Another area that does not promote QUM is the lack of cooperation with the organizations that play part in implementation of QUM. In order to support the QUM, as a paramedic, l would suggest that the government ought to improve health care to the society. Health providers ought to educate the society the importance of QUM.
• 6. Using a suitable online database accessed through Page (preferably PubMed or Medline):
• Determine the MeSH term for your profile drug.
• If your drug has no MeSH term, formulate an alternative strategy to find information relating to your profile drug.
• Record the outcome by incorporating a screen capture of the entered search and its result in your workbook (you can copy and paste the search or send a page copy from the screen)
• Identify all subheadings (e.g. classification) that you may usefully incorporate in a search for your profile drug. Also note any restrictions that you may apply to this search.
• Record the outcome by incorporating a screen capture of the selected subheading and the result in your workbook.
• Online database
• The MeSH for the profile drug is “amlodipine”
• Page copy from the screen will retrieve from:
• http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/pmresources.html
• 7. Locate an Australian licensed CAM preparation of melatonin either in your own medicine cupboard, local pharmacy, or health food shop. Record the name of the product, its melatonin content, the sponsor and any Aust L/R number.
• Determine and record whether melatonin is an ‘over the counter’ medication, ‘complementary alternative medicine’, or ‘prescription only’ medication in Australia.
• Determine and record the trade name(s) for this product, the melatonin content and the manufacturer.
• Determine and record the regulatory classification (schedule) for this product.
• Determine and record whether the information provided by the manufacturer concerning safe and efficacious use is acceptable in terms of paramedic practice.
  (10 marks)
• The following are the drug information resources;
• Pharmacology of nursing care- book by Lehne, RA
• Introduction to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics –by Tozer and Rowland
• An Australian licensed CAM
• The drug that l have identified with melatonin is the Circadin. The melatonin is a prescription only by medical officers. The trade name is Circadin and the melatonin content is 0.01%. The record given by the manufacture contradicts with terms of paramedic because patients complain of poor sleep due to the effect of the drug. My answer to whether Circadin is appropriate to a child for sleeping is no. This is because Circadin has melatonin which is effective to the child’s sleeping pattern (Lobo, 2007).
• 8. From Table 5 in reading 3 (De Smet PA. Herbal Remedies. New England Journal of Medicine. 347(25):2046-2056, 2002.), select either St John’s Wort or Hawthorn Leaf and reread the body of the article for that herb, then: (I attached a pdf reading) and example answer ( pepars for my frind )
• List the conditions for which the herb is used.
• List a summary of the recommendations you would give a patient who consults you about the advisability of using this herbal medicine:
• In the general case as a dietary component.
• In the situation where the patient has a condition for which the herb is advocated. (10 marks
• The herb is used when the patients have depression
• The herb can reduce plasma level for a number of convectional medicines (Dasgupta, 2011).
• Recommendations
• St. Johns Wort herb should not be used as a dietary component because the herb is yet to be approved by the FDA. In addition, when the patient has a condition of which the herb is advocated, my advice would be use the herb but in minimal quantities (Dasgupta, 2011).
• 9. Read http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/328/7437/0-c
  and respond to Karli's decision in the following scenario:
• Karli is a 22-year-old asthmatic woman (using a preventive DPI and a reliever MDI) who has decided to use CardiprinR in an attempt to prevent travellers' DVT on an 18-hour plane trip.In your response you should identify all considerations in regard to the potential risks and benefits of Karli's decision to use CardiprinR in this setting. (10 marks
• Karli’s decision to use Cardiprin has the following risks;
• The drug has a negative impact on the respiratory system (Tiziani, 2010)
• Because Karli is still taking DPI and MDI, taking Cardiprin will result to her being hypertensive (Tiziani, 2010).
  • The benefits of Karli using Cardiprin is are;
• She will have a recommendable blood flow (Tiziani, 2010).
• Her asthma will erupt for some time (Tiziani, 2010).
• Bibliography
• Barraclough,S & Gardner, H 2007, Analysing health policy: a problem-oriented approach, Elsevier Australia, New York.
• Dasgupta 2011, Effects of Herbal Supplements on Clinical Laboratory Test Results, Walter de Gruyter, New York.
• Lobo, RA 2007, Treatment of the postmenopausal woman: basic and clinical aspects, Surendra Kumar, New York.
• Tiziani, A 2010, Havard's Nursing Guide to Drugs, Elsevier Australia, New York.

Wodak, A & Moore, T 2002, Modernising Australia's drug policy, UNSW Pres