The Panda

Outline

Introduction

The Panda

• The panda is a playful bear that is native to China
• It feeds on bamboo and occasionally eats rodents and birds when the bamboo cannot sustain it.

Thesis Statement: The panda is a playful bear, which feeds on bamboo but sometimes eats birds and rodents and has a highly developed sense of smell.

Main Idea 1: The panda’s main food is bamboo.

Supporting points

• It has a great appetite for bamboo and can eat up to 12.5 kilograms of bamboo a day.
• For it to be able to get enough nutrients from the bamboo, it eats different parts of the bamboo plant.
• It occasionally feeds on rodents, insects or birds when the bamboo cannot sustain it.

Main Idea 2: The panda is a loner.

Supporting Points

• It does not like to be around other pandas and because it has a high sense of smell, it knows when another panda is around and avoids them.
• It releases a waxy scent marker to mark their territory.
• When Pandas come across each other, they growl, bite each other until one gives up.
• The only time a panda seeks for another is during their mating season.

Conclusion

• The panda is a playful bear that lives in bamboo forests and feeds on bamboo.
• It is a loner and releases a scent marker to keep off other pandas.

Introduction

The Panda is a bear that is native to the south-central of China. It lives in remote regions with mountains in central China. It is known for its black patches around its body. The Panda likes the regions because of the high bamboo forests which are cool and wet. The panda is a playful bear, which feeds on bamboo but sometimes eats birds and rodents and has a highly developed sense of smell.

According to the National Zoo, the panda makes its den from logs or stumps of conifer trees that are found in the forest where they live. Because bamboo is low in nutrients, the panda has to eat a lot of it and for it to get a variety of nutrients, it has to eat different parts of the bamboo plant. When there is not enough bamboo to sustain the large pandas, they occasionally feed on rodents, birds, or insects.

The panda is a loner, it doesn’t like to be around other pandas and because of its highly developed sense of smell, it knows when another panda is around and avoids them. In case they come across each other, they growl, bite each other until one of them gives up (Bradford 2019). The panda has a waxy scent marker found under their tail that they discharge to mark their territory. With it, other pandas can know the age, sex, and more about the panda by sniffing the marker. The only time the pandas look for each other is during their mating season according to the National Geographic.

Conclusion

The panda is a playful bear that lives in bamboo forests and feeds on bamboo and rodents and birds when the bamboo cannot sustain it. It eats up to 12.5 kilograms of bamboo because it is low on nutrients. The panda is a loner and releases a scent marker to keep off other pandas. The only time a panda looks for another is during the mating season.

References

 Flavonoids

Discussion and assignment

ASSIGNMENT 1

Define your phytochemical. What is it?

Flavonoids are natural products founds in plants that have a polyphenolic structure (Panche et al, 2016). They are secondary metabolites that have variable structures and plant pigment. Flavonoids are beneficial to plants in growth and defense, and for human health.  Flavonoid is sub-grouped into  chalcones-they are found in  wheat products, tomatoes, strawberries, among other sources, flavones- they are found in  flowers and fruits such as red peppers, citrus fruits, mint, celery, among other sources, flavanones-they  are found in oranges, lemon among other source, flavonols- they are found in onions, grapes, lettuce, among other source, flavanonols- they are found in bananas, pears, apples, among other  sources, anthocyanins-they are found in  cranberries, strawberries, blackberries, red grapes, among  other sources (Panche et al, 2016). Flavonoid compounds are used in the plant kingdom but they are visible in the flower pigments. In plants, flavonoids give plants colors, and in fruits, it attracts pollinators and helps in fruit dispersion (Panche et al, 2016). In plants, flavonoids also act as UV filters and as a defensive agent again biotic and abiotic stresses.

Tell us food sources your phytochemical can be found in

 Flavonoids are found in fruits and vegetables such as apple, citrus fruit, spinach, oranges, legumes, and more (Panche et al, 2016). They are also found in beverages such as green and black tea.

Is there a time when your phytochemical is more abundant in your food source? Examples: early growth stage, after cooking.

 Flavonoids are more abundant in food source after cooking. Raw vegetables are not healthier and cooking is crucial in that cooked vegetables contain more antioxidants (Gunathilake et al, 2018). For example, cooked carrots have a high level of beta-carotene, and cooked spinach, and other vegetables have a high level of antioxidants. Cooked vegetables increase their flavonoid content (Gunathilake et al, 2018). Thus, it is important to cook vegetables to increase the antioxidant properties.

 Explain what your phytochemical does for the human body.

Flavonoids have many health benefits. They are involved in different biochemical actions which include;

Anti-cholinesterase activity

 Acetylcholinesterase breaks down neural acetylcholine and if it is blocked or inhibited, the neural acetylcholine levels increases and communicate to brain cells, and as a result, it provides symptomatic relief of Alzheimer's disease. Since the drug development focus on discovering an effective drug for the inhibition of cholinesterase, research has shown that flavonoids have anticholinesterase activity.

Anti-inflammatory activity

Cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX) produce prostaglandins that are the response for providing vascular homeostasis and inflammation stimulus (Panche et al, 2016). The research has found that flavonoids such as flavonols and flavones have good anti-inflammatory activity

Xanthine oxidase modulators

Xanthine Oxidase promotes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid.  Note that when the level of the uric acid is high, it can cause complications (Panche et al, 2016).  The research has found that flavonoids have XO-inhibitor acidity and the XO inhibitors prevent inflammatory ailments.

Disease-combating activity

 Researchers have found that flavonoids have immune-regulatory roles. A diet that contains flavonoid prevents CVD risk factors. Flavonoids also have therapeutic agents that prevent the risk of hypertension and improves vascular health (Panche et al, 2016). Food rich in flavonoids improves endothelial function. Apple and in specific the pelingo apple inhibit in vitro tumorigenesis and thus it can be used in the chemopreventive activity (Panche et al, 2016).  Fenugreek seeds reduce cell deterioration and tannin-rich food inhibit pancreatic lipase.

Anticancer effect of flavonoids

             Cancer is a burden in some countries and the main causes of cancer are behavioral factors such as lack of physical activity and consumption of unhealthy foods (Ruiz‐Cruz et al, 2017). The research has found that pharmacological properties that are found in flavonoids inhibit cell damage and thus, it reduces cancer incidence. Flavonoids also inhibit the cell proliferation and provide chemopreventive effects, and therefore reduce the risk of cancer.

Flavonoids benefits on the cardiovascular system

             Research finds that people suffer from cardiovascular diseases due to reduced consumption of fruits and consumption (Ruiz‐Cruz et al, 2017). However, flavonoids have antioxidant properties that prevent cardiovascular diseases and prevent coronary diseases. The antioxidant properties provide cardioprotection through preventing blood clot, preventing LDLs oxidization, and inhibition role.

References

Gunathilake, K. D. P. P., Ranaweera, K. K. D. S., & Rupasinghe, H. (2018). Effect of Different Cooking

Methods on Polyphenols, Carotenoids and Antioxidant Activities of Selected Edible

Leaves. Antioxidants, 7(9), 117.

Panche, A. N., Diwan, A. D., & Chandra, S. R. (2016). Flavonoids: an overview. Journal of         nutritional science, 5.

Ruiz‐Cruz, S., Chaparro‐Hernández, S., Hernández‐Ruiz, K. L., Cira‐Chávez, L. A., Estrada‐Alvarado, M. I.,

Ortega, L. E. G., ... & Mata, M. A. L. (2017). Flavonoids: Important Biocompounds in Food.

In Flavonoids-From Biosynthesis to Human Health. IntechOpen.

ASSIGNMENT 2

Your vitamin/mineral: Vitamin A

Define your vitamin/mineral what is it – in its natural form – not synthetic.

Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient and fat-soluble vitamin. It is naturally obtained in many foods and the main sources are animal sources such as egg yolk, cheese, milk, and other sources, and plant sources such as carrots, maize, papaya, and other sources (Blake, 2017). 

Where is it found?   What parts of the world is most abundant?

Vitamin A is categorized into two types of Vitamins.  Preformed vitamin which is obtained from animal foods and provitamin A which is obtained from plants (Blake, 2017). The parts of the world where Vitamin A is more abundant are affluent countries such as Europe, United States, North American, and Australia (Ang et al, 1999). These countries consume vegetables, fruits, and dairy products.   

What is the human body function of your vitamin/mineral?   

• Vitamin A maintains the function of the epithelial tissue (Blake, 2017).
• It maintains vision
• It maintains a healthy immune system
• It helps in growth and development
• It aids in reproductive function
• It helps bone formation
• It prevents anemia by producing red blood cells (Blake, 2017).

What is the adult RDA or daily needs or adequate intake?

 The adequate intake for adults is 900 μg RE for males and 700 μg RE for females (Blake, 2017).

Give an exact example of what you would need to eat to meet your daily needs. 

 To meet the daily needs, one is supposed to eat liver, sweet potatoes, spinach, eggs, dark-green leafy, broccoli, carrots, mango, kale, red peppers, pumpkin, among other sources (Blake, 2017).

Identify three other food sources and how much vitamin/mineral is in a serving.  

Other food sources include ¼ cantaloupe= 233 micrograms, I medium sweet potato=1096 micrograms, and a ½ cup of spinach=573 micrograms (Blake, 2017).

What are the effects of too much of the vitamin/mineral?  Is it toxic?

Too much consumption of vitamin A has a negative effect in that it leads to hypervitaminosis. This occurs because vitamin A in the liver accumulates and later causes toxicity (Blake, 2017).  It is also important to understand that toxicity does not occur from diet alone but it occurs due to the use of high-dose supplements.

How much is too much?

The amount of vitamin that is considered too much is 3,000 µg (Blake, 2017).

How much time does it take to see effects?     

One will suffer from acute hypervitaminosis A- after a few hours, and chronic hypervitaminosis A-after a period of time.

What are the effects of too little of the vitamin/mineral?            

Low levels of vitamin A or vitamin deficiency leads to negative effects on the body. It is important to note that there are two types of deficiency; primary deficiency- occur due to dietary deprivation, and secondary deficiency- occur due to interference with absorption (Blake, 2017). Thus, deficiency does not only occur due to undernutrition but it also occurs due to poor absorption or transportation of Vitamin A.  Deficiency causes:

• Too little of the vitamin or vitamin deficiency leads
• Night blindness
• xerophthalmia
• Stunting of bones
• Severe infection

How much is too little?

Too little vitamin A is less than 5,000 IU.  The latter is the Daily Value of vitamin A to both adults and children according to the   U.S Food and Drug Administration (National Institute of Health, 2013).

How much time does it take to see effects?      

 It will take a period of time to see the effects since deficiency will impair the immunity slowly by slowly.

Tell us something interesting about your vitamin/mineral.  Something not in the text. 

             The interesting thing about Vitamin A is that as adults obtain vitamin A from vegetables and fruits and babies obtain it from breast milk.  This means that pregnant women should ensure vitamin A in their diets to prevent infant mortality (Blake, 2017). A point to note is that pregnant women should avoid taking too much amount since it may cause birth defects. Thus, they should talk with the healthcare provider concerning the amount of vitamin A.

References

Ang Y.W., Catharina., Liu Keshun., & Huang Yao-Wen.  (1999). Asian Foods: Science and        Technology. CRC Press

National Institute of Health. (2013). Vitamin A. U.S Department of Health and Human Services.  Retrieved from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-Consumer

Blake, J. S. (2017). Nutrition & you. New Jersey : Pearson,

Origin and evolution of whales

Introduction

Whales are aquatic mammals. Whales are under the infraorder Cetacea. The two parvorders of whales are; baleen whales and tooth whales. Toothed whales include; dolphins, porpoises. Scientifically they belong to the Animalia kingdom and the class of Mammalia. Whales evolved from land living mammals. Indohysus are the closes sister group to modern whales and did not descend from them. Whales over the time have descended from pakicetid, Ambulocetids, Remingtonocetidae, protocetids and Basilosaurids.

Indohysus which is a small animal that lived about 50 years ago in the northern region of India is believed to be the closest sister group of Cetacea. Indohysus share some traits with modern whales and particularly the Involucrum, which is a bone growth pattern that most whales are associated with and no other species have it. It also showed little signs to adaptation of marine life; signs such as short heavy limbs that that help them stay under water, this adaptation of there is similar to those of hippos. Pakicetids were the earliest whales and were hoofed mammals. They are known to live in the early Eocene around 50 million years that have passed, the first of its remains were found in Pakistan in 1979, at the what would be regarded as the shores of Tethys ocean. Many more discoveries followed. The reason, they are associated with evolution of whales is the skull of its auditory bulla which is commonly referred to as the ear bone, it is highly unusual and resembles that of a whale. Its jaw bones resemble the teeth of fossils whales. Its serrated, triangular in shape teeth also links it to modern whales. They were poor swimmers and this is proved by the fact that they had short hands and feet (Understanding evolution, n.p).

 Oxygen isotopes of bones of Ambulocetids are high in salty water. This indicate that these whales lived near marine shore lines and drank salty water like the existing whales. These whales also had nostrils that were positioned further and at the back of their snouts a trend that is seen in modern whales which have nostrils on their heads. These ancient whales were also large in size, they had a fat jaw like what is seen in modern whales.  they also had long back hinds and a tail that showed no sign of a fluke. This shows that as whales engaged more in aquatic life the more their nostrils also evolved to be located further away in the back of their skulls. These early aquatic whales continued to show changes that confirm that they are ancestors of modern whales. The pelvis of these early aquatic whales continued to decrease in size (Understanding evolution, n.p). their veritable column also increased.

Remingtonocetidae are also ancient whales, they were found in Middle-Eocene in south Asia 43 million years that have passed. Their habitat was shallow marine deposits although they proved to be more aquatic than ambulocetid, it has been proved by recovery of their remains in shallow marine areas such as near shores and lagoons. According to oxygen isotopes in their bones they did not ingest fresh water nor were they dependent on it. They rarely used their sense of vision since they had small orbits. According to oxygen isotopes of their bone they did not depend nor live in fresh water. Their features do not give any clue if they came to land, compared to all other ancient whale they had shorter limbs. This reduction in size was preparation for the mammals that evolved from it to adopt marine life (Thewissen, 35).

Whales are also believed to have evolved from protocetid, which are a diverse group from Asia, Europe and Africa. They are known to have lived around 43 million years that have passed. Its first remains were discovered in a coastal lagoon in South Asia, they were more aquatic compared to remingtonocetids, and Ambulocetids. They were the first ancient whales to live their habitat and disperse to oceans all over the world. They also displayed great aquatic adaptation, some of them were able to support their weight on land while others could not. Unlike the remingtonocetids and ambulocetids they have big orbits which were oriented literally and are similar to those of modern whales that might have been used to observe under water prey, its nasal opening was large and near the snouts. They had short limbs that were used for swimming. They also had a variety of feeding techniques, they have methods of sound transmission that link them to modern whales although their method of sound transmission was not much advanced like that of modern whales.  (Thewissen,36).

As whales begun to swim more changes took place in their skeletons. Their limbs begun being used more for steering than their former use which was padding. The sequence of the tails of these early whales resemble those of living dolphins. Other early whales such as Dorudon and Basilosaurus had tailfins that they developed in order to adjust to their aquatic lifestyles, these two ancient whales are known to have come to existence 40 million years that had passed.  The structure of their body allows them to propel themselves forward and resist the force on water as they swim. The hind limbs of these two whales were none existence and it is believed that they served no function in their bodies and may have been internal to the body wall like what is seen in today’s whales, occasionally tiny hind limbs are discovered inside their body walls (Thewissen, Cooper, George, & Bajpai, n.p).

Basilosauridae can be regarded as the first fully aquatic whale around 40 million years ago and they spent their entire life in the ocean. They had a blow hole that was shifted toward their eye, they had a fluke acting as the tips of their tail. Their hind limbs could support if they were to walk on land and had flippers for fore limbs. All these features are responsible for making them similar to modern whales and their features did not allow them to leave the ocean. There were seven genera of this whale but can be classified further into two categories according to their body types; basilosaurus which have a body that resembles that of a snake with an approximate length of 17 m, they swam with sinuous movements taking their entire body along with them. Other body type of this ancient whale is shorter and approximately 4 m short this is was called dorudontines, its shapes is easily recognized as the shape of modern dolphins. Their skeletons are easily recognized and are similar to those of modern whales. despite their similarity to modern whale they were not able to use echolocation like modern whales. Unlike the long one it swam using an up and down motion of their tail fluke (Thewissen, Cooper, George, & Bajpai, n.p).

The resemblance between bisilosaurid ancient whales and modern whales is very visible. As time went by ancient whales went on to evolve, the first modern whales referred to as odontocetes and mysticetes were discovered 34 million years that have passed.  They descend from a cetacean known to be monophyletic. One of the most famous innovation of odontocetes whales is echolocation that alerted them of what was surrounding them, echolocation would later prove to be important to modern whales in hunting. A new feeding method was adopted by these whales it involved filtering food using baleens. Filter feeding and echolocation are important to modern whales. These sea mammals that resembled modern whales are known to have conquered nearly all the oceans. Deep seas, shallow seas, riverine, tropical and artic waters all inclusive (Thewissen, Cooper, George, & Bajpai, n.p)

During the time of Darwin, the only known and oldest cetacean was basilosaurids which was large and streamlined in shale and are easily recognizable to anyone who is familiar with modern whales.  A hundred and thirty years later the Pakicetids remains were discovered.  When the oldest basilosaurid remains were discovered they were not identified as the remains of a whale. Whales are cetaceans and some of their features are indicators of their land ancestry. They are often on the surface of water breathing air after some time, even though their bodies have fully adopted living in water. Traces of the land ancestry of whales is visible in the features of their embryos. At the first stage of these embryos they have hind libs that are visible externally but as it continues to evolve the hind limbs disappear gradually (Thewissen, 42).

After scientist discovered that whales’ ancestors were land mammals, they sought to discover mammals that were related to them. A whale being a cetacean it proved hard to find any relationship between it and other land mammals, the fact that hippopotamuses are their close relative has been contradicted by the fact that whales date 50 million years back in history and there is no possibility that their closely related relatives are alive. Paleontologists continue to look for the land even-toed ungulates mammal that displays any relationship to the whales. In 2007 skeletons of raoellids were found, these skeletons display a close relationship to the whales when studied (Thewissen, Cooper, George, & Bajpai, n.p).

Modern whales are categorized as baleen whales and toothed whales. All modern baleen whales have baleens in place of teeth although the use of baleens is different among the species. Filter feeding is another beneficial factor in the lives of baleen since it is their way of feeding. The development of filter feeding can be credited to the environmental change and physical changes that took place in the ocean as time went by.  The ancient baleen whales had very little or no baleen and relied heavily on their teeth. Whales were forced to adapt to echolocation when toothless whales split from baleen whales, this happened about 34 million years that have passed the technique of echo location helps them locate their prey while hunting.  The skulls of an ancient whale, squalodon were the first to show evidence of echolocation and lived around 33 million years ago, however, it is unlikely that they are the ancestors of toothed whales (Thewissen, Cooper, George, & Bajpai, n.p).

Conclusion

Evolution of whale dated beck up to 50 million year ago, when Indohysus showed features that resemble those of modern whale.  Hippos have been known to be the closest relative of whales that exist to date. Pakicetid were the earliest whales, they were hoofed mammals. Its first remains were discovered in Pakistan in 1979 near a river that was close to the ocean Tethys. The skull of its auditory bulla resembles that of modern whale. Amblulocetus is another ancient whale although its features were far more developed to resemble this of modern whales compared to pakicetid, they survived more in marine water and depended on it according to oxygen isotopes of its bones. Remingtonocetidae is also an ancestor of modern whales. They had notable features such as reduced semicircular canals that were responsible for helping them balance on land. Basilosaurids were the first whales to live in water only and its close relationship to the modern whales is very visible. odontocetes and mysticetes were discovered 34 million years that have passed and echolocation that helped them navigate their surrounding them hunting was noted. As whales continued to evolve so did their feeding techniques, baleen whales begun filtering their food using baleens located in their mouths.  Raoellids have been named as the closest relatives to whales. The origin and evolution of whale has become one of the most and best documented macroevolutions.

References

Thewissen, J G. M. H. Walking Whales - from Land to Water in Eight Million Years., 2014. Print.

 Understanding evolution. The evolution of whales. n.d. retrieved from; https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evograms_03

Thewissen, J.G.M., Cooper, L.N., George, J.C., & Bajpai, S. From Land to Water: The Origin of Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises. (2009). Retrieved from; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12052-009-0135-2

             Describe the characteristics of water and carbon that makes them important to living things in general, and to specific forms of life including plants, animals, and prokaryotes.

            A large percentage of living things on earth are composed of carbon. All living organisms depend on carbon in order to grow, live, and reproduce. This is what makes carbon to be the finite resources that keep on cycling through the earth in various forms. Living things depend on water for regulating their body temperatures, breaking down food, for growth, and so on (Scott & Fong, 2004). 

Why is NASA looking for water on Mars?

            Since life ultimately relies on water, NASA is searching for water on Mars as a proof for possible life.

Describe the differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

            Eukaryotic cells are the type of cells whose organelles are membrane-bound. This is to imply that they can either be multi-celled or single-celled organisms, such as plants, insects, human beings, fungi and so on.  On the other hand, prokaryotic cells do not contain organelles in a membrane.  Bacteria are an example of these organisms (Merchant & Favor, 2015). 

How have the characteristics of each kind of cell put limitations and provided opportunities for the survival and divergence of modern living things?

            For thousands of years that have passed, prokaryotes were perceived to be the only form of life. As time went by, more complicated eukaryotic cell emerged as a result of evolution. Although each cell has the potential of reproducing, they all contain a genetic material that distinguishes them (Stubbs et al., 2014).

Why might both cell types be considered equally successful?

            The reason as to why both cells can be regarded to be equally successful is because they share similar characteristics. Another reason is that all living things are composed of cells considered to be the basic unit of life. Both cells have the potential of regulating the transportation of materials within the bodies of living things (Merchant & Favor, 2015). 

                                                            References

Merchant, R. G., & Favor, L. J. (2015). How eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ.
New York : Britannica Educational Publishing in association with Rosen Educational Services

Scott, A. S., & Fong, E. (2004). Body structures & functions. Clifton Park, N.Y: Thomson/Delmar Learning.

Stubbs, M., Suleyman, N., & Horton-Szar, D. (2014). Crash Course: Cell Biology and Genetics. Saint Louis: Elsevier Health Sciences UK.

The  ability to  provide  public leadership  or  create  a surrounding  that favors  it  is  an  essential and  central part  of  any  individual  who holds a community office. The role and functions of a public front-runner enable him  or  her  to  navigate  through  their  duties  while at the  same  time  solving  challenges  that comes  with the role. Whether a business entity or a public office, public leadership boils   down to the qualities of the person who is to perform the role of a public leader (Cherry, & Jacob, 2016). In fact,  their qualities  and   character  go into  shaping  the   roles  and  duties  they perform  on  daily  basis. In other words, public  leadership does not  stay in the  confines  of a community office  but  is  applicable   to other  sections of the  society including   medical institutions, depending  on how the   individual holding  the  post  executes  their  post.

Ethical failures have normally pointed to either leaders themselves or their leadership styles. Examination of a leader is done through the manner in which they decide to implement their duties. When it comes to set4ing a good example, the leaders are the mirrors   through which other people judge their ethical standards from. For instances when a leader arrives early at an event, the other people are more likely to follow suit and come early (Patient Engagement, 2019). A Leader has a duty of maintaining acceptable ethics and bears the results of the standards he or she upholds. Communicating ethical standards through a leader shapes the opinion of their people under him and gives them a role model to whom they look up for mentorship. An ethical leadership style gives out many positive outcomes unlike especially from a leader. An ethical administrator implies that he or she goes beyond the usual good guy picture. A goo leader makes ethical his first agenda and models it through his work ethic. In addition, they incorporate the ethical culture in ever function they carry out. For instance, while filing up posts and operations that need administrative system of the firm they should apply ethical standards. Rewarding ethical behaviors form other employees motivates.

A leader should have both technical and teamwork capabilities hence each morning he ro she writes a to- do-list (Julian et.al, 2019). First, the leader coordinates various factors relevant to the situation. More so, he or she can make many workers achieve a single objective. In other words, creating cohesion among people enables a quick way of countering the emergency hence cohesion makes decision making of a leader effective.

 According to the behavioral theory needs vary depending on the disaster at hand. The objective of any leader is reduction of an emergency from graduating into something more catastrophic and unmanageable (Julian et.al, 2019). The leader can control an emergency by defining the problems and identify the needs in line with the context of the incident. For example, in case of a fire, the immediate need is evacuating the building using the emergency exit. The second requirement is containing the fire from spreading. In terms of management, a leader has to deploy resources, according to finances or human labor. Resources indirectly provide the support needed to manage a disaster. Some researchers are of the opinion that strategies without resources are not workable. Thus, strategies go hand in hand with resources.

The ability to put things into order and clear perspective might come naturally or after some practice. Enforcing instructions and meet the necessary essentials within the time limit permitted (Cherry, & Jacob, 2016). For instance, a leader should ensure all assignments are attended for the sake of time management. In addition, stating goals is not sufficient enough. An effective leader has to go an extra mile and ensure they map goals with actions. Simplifying a goal within a group of people creates a sense of purpose rather than an uphill task. Simplified goals create thousands of possibilities easing off pressure within the group. For example, working hard is an objective but delegating of duties simplifies work and improves on work ethic of the leaders and his or her followers.

Leadership is not hereditary and thus one cannot be a leader from birth. Some may argue that the exposure to leadership positions at a young age sets one into a leadership path, early in their lives (Cherry, & Jacob, 2016). However, exposure is not equal to attaining successful leadership. History has enough examples of people who failed to leave up to expectations although they were leaders from an early onset. Although all of the above may be true, leaders are made; it is fact that stands undebated for centuries. People do not have qualities that make them leaders from birth. In fact, leaders learn a lot from their day-to-day activities, which later shape their perspectives and decisions on various matters. On the other hand, enrolling to a program does not automatically make one a leader. Making a leader means that a person is willing to learn. Some people succeed and give out good results after learning while others fail. Therefore coupled with proper management skills ensure one get ahead of his time and reap the benefits of all qualities encompassing a leader.

Reference

Cherry, B., & Jacob, S. R. (2016). Contemporary nursing: Issues, trends, & management. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Julian, J. F. E., Manalo, C. B., & Estiva, E. A. (2019). Using Images to Elicit Leadership and Management in Nursing Praxis: A Photovoice Research.

Patient Engagement (2019). Health IT Playbook. https://www.healthit.gov/playbook/patient-engagement/

Carnivore Nutrition

Introduction

To have an understanding of the nutritional need for carnivores calls for first having knowledge on their anatomical characteristics. Carnivores are normally meat eaters and their features that enable such a diet facilitate the break dog of protein and killing of the different bacteria that can be found in meat that is decaying. This discussion will majorly focus on cats and dogs as major carnivores that are normally found easily within the reach of human beings. The anatomical features of all the carnivores comprises of  digestive tracts that are acidic , short and simple , sharp teeth , Jaws that move vertically while their saliva lacks amylase.  The digestive system is designed as short, simple and acidic so as to enable quick and easy digest fat and proteins while its ability to secrete hydrochloric acid in is exceptional.  In order for to facilitate b the breakdown of protein and killing of bacteria that is commonly found in decaying meats , these carnivores manage to keep the gastric pH at about 1-2 .  The sharp teeth are meant for slicing of meat and not for grinding plants .These teeth are elongated so as to facilitate killing and tearing of prey.  The molars have jagged edges and are normally triangular so as to function like   blades that offer some smooth cutting of motion just like blades found in shears.  The vertical movement of jaws provides a smooth motion of cutting and can open widely to swallow   big pieces of meat.   The lack of amylase carnivore’s saliva means that the work is wholly placed on their pancreases to for the production of this digestive juice, for digesting of any carbohydrates.   Therefore, whenever cats and dogs are fed as if they were herbivores or omnivores where amylase is found in the saliva makes the animals’ pancreases to work harder so as these foods those are full of carbohydrates are digested. This is contrary to the usual case where normal quantity of enzyme required in the digestion of fats and proteins in cats and dogs.  

Carnivores’ anatomy and physiology - canines and felines

  Hence, the carnivores in which cats and dogs belongs are normally created to function for nearly exclusive digestion of foods from a meat based diet.   The cats and dogs are normally differentiated from the herbivore and omnivore animals on their basic anatomical features and they are adapted for more or less exclusive diet that is based on meat.   The stomach acid in dogs is highly concentrated which facilitates the breakdown of proteins faster. The pH in the stomach acids for these carnivores is around pH1 when compare to human whose stomach acid pH is between 4 -5(Christenson, 2008).  The wide opening of the mouth has a single joint and hence, carnivores can swallow big pieces of meat.  The jaws and teeth are also adapted to swallowing of whole food but not for crushing and chewing plants and this explain the case of almost restricted meat-diet (Christenson, 2008).   The enzymes for digesting protein are not released in the mouth because of the potential danger of damaging the auto digestion or oral cavity.  This also means that food for carnivores is not normally mixed with saliva but its swallowed whole.  Despite the visible outside difference of cats and dog races, they have descended from wild ancestors and with whom they have similar genetic code.  These carnivores nornmally have difficulties while trying to digest grains which are complex and large carbohydrates.

Proteins

 The dietary requirements for carnivores should consider the fact that there are just like domesticated wolfs that feeds on meet for almost all nutritional needs.  This fact indicates that the appropriate foods for cats and dogs which be a common question in the mind of cat and dog owners. Since we have observed that internal physiology for cats and dogs is similar to their fellow wild carnivores, their nutritional and physiological needs are same to those of the predator cousins that feed almost on fats and proteins only.  The dogs that are domesticated presently, regardless of their breeds can eat the food eaten by wild predators and they need such a diet for their maximum health. Their basic physiology has seen little change after being domesticated in spite of their visible variation in physical appearances (Sawyer, 2008).  The protein requirements in carnivores are needed for serving as building blocks and hence their general health.  They are required for growth and development and are a major factor in the maintenance and sustainability of skeletal and muscular structures and the immune system of these animals.  Yet protein in itself is not the key, but it is the amino acids which are found in them that are required.  These proteins are broken down into these amino acids by the aforementioned digestive systems so that they can be used in the body for building , rebuilding or even replacing the body cells .  The proteins are necessary for cats and dogs for the basic functions of the body that comprises of cellular regeneration, production of enzymes and hormones, maintenance of different tissues and   provision of any energy that is needed. Even though protein is vital, not all of these proteins work in an equal manner as their qualities vary in a big way between different sources.

These differences in the quality of proteins depend on the source of the protein, protein digestibility and the composition of amino acid making up the proteins.  Animal proteins are normally considered to be complete proteins for the carnivores while plant proteins are known to be incomplete sources. The composition of amino acids in animal proteins is complete are required for the functions of both cats and dogs bodies and they are available in quantities that equals these requirements. This means that feeding animal proteins to cats and dogs ensures their overall health, growth and body maintenance.  However , proteins found in plants like gluten in corn , meal  made of soya beans  or even protein isolates in plants do not have all the required amino acids and in the appropriate proportions that are need in  carnivores like cats and dogs.   There are various amino acids that are needed in cats and dogs that cannot be found in plant proteins and these comprises of taurine, arginine, tryptophan, methionine and even lysine (Sawyer, 2008).  This shows that the nutrition content of proteins offered to carnivores’ matters and not all proteins have the right composition of nutrients required in the normal function of the body. The right composition of animal acids is only found in the animals proteins and therefore, any feeds for cats and dogs should be almost exclusively made up of the proteins from the flesh.  Another feature that defines the quality of protein offered to carnivores is its digestibility, and its key measure.  It would not be necessary to have a diet that is made of high quality protein if such protein is not easy to digest.  Foods that contain proteins that are highly digestible are one the digestive system can break it down into smaller components that are easily and quickly absorbed.  In the carnivores’ short digestive systems, proteins from plants are not as effectively digested as the meat proteins.  This makes meat as the source of protein for carnivores as being the best choice since it can be digested easily and has sufficient amino acids that are vital to growth and development of carnivores.

Fats

 Fats are also an essential part of carnivore diet and play an important role in their health.  These roles include acting as a concentrated energy source, supplying vital fatty acids such as Omega-3 which cannot be produced within the bodies of cats and dogs.  While fats are normally perceived to have negative effects by humans who are health conscious, it is a vital dietary need in cats and dogs and the focus on reducing fat intake in people should not be at expense of how this food is necessary to these carnivores (Sawyer, 2008).  Fats are also not similar in terms of quality but a big difference can also be found in their structure.  Cats and dogs do not normally suffer from health issues relating to high animal fats levels such as heart disease and cholesterol problems, which can explain the fact that these carnivores are in need of meat based fats   but not from plant sources.  The two animals need high quantity of animal fats and this should be provided in the foods given to them. The animals enjoy a lifestyle that is more sedentary than the wild carnivores and hence, it is important to have a moderation in the fat, and normally the best range of the fats is between 15 to 18 %.   Carbohydrates are not the right source of energy when compared to fats since they provide energy faster than fats and carbohydrate loading lead to excessive buildup of lactic acid in the carnivore muscles (Sawyer, 2008). This in turns lead to hypoglycemia condition that relates to fatigue and weakness in the body of cats and dogs and this makes animals fats to be the best energy source. Since essential fatty acids cannot be made in the body, they have to be obtained from foods.  The major ones include omega-6, Omega-3 and DHA, and balance omega-6 and omega-3 is necessary since both work together.  The biggest lack of fats is omega-3, but a ratio of 2:1- 5:1 is considered as ideal for these animals.  Omega-3 from plant is obtained from flax, soy and canola (ALA), and ALA has to be converted to DHA and EPA for cats and dogs to obtain nutritional benefits from it. However, the best source of these fats is omega three from fish, since they are absorbed directly and readily unlike ALA from plant that is not biologically appropriate for the animals since they are known to be inactive.

Carbohydrates

  Carbohydrates as a source of energy for cats and dogs are required in as little quantities as possible, and they usually offer an economical energy source in the dog’s diet.  Therefore, these carnivores do not have any nutritional need for the carbohydrates since there are evolved to obtain energy from protein and fat.  Their natural diet has next to no carbohydrate and any predigested in the prey’s stomach make up a negligible fraction of overall diet.  The conventional pet foods manufactured today result to fluctuations of blood sugar, resistance of insulin and are known to be a major cause of diabetes obesity and a myriad of other complications in dogs and cats health. This is due to high level of carbohydrates content in the conventional dry foods.  The consumers are ignorant of the fact that these foods are not essential since manufacturers are not required to show the level of content. The high level of intake induces enzyme factors that lead to excess carbohydrate being stored as fat in the body.

Vitamins

Another aspect relates to vitamins in the diet carnivores.  Some vitamins are produced inside the body of a dog especially Vitamin C or the Ascorbic Acid.  Research has indicated that for large dogs, an over dose of this vitamin can considerably lead to an improved immune system and hence facilitate the healing of various injuries inside the body. Although, extra Vitamin C is necessary for humans, it is not sensible to conclude the same for carnivores such as dogs, since there is no detailed knowledge about certain chemical reactions inside the body of a dog which results to production of Ascorbic Acid (Eliasen, 2003). It is also not clear what other chemicals that come with generation of this acid, some of which can be very vital for metabolism in the dogs body .However, a constant supply of Vitamin C in a dogs diet can collapse the ability of the dogs to produce this vitamin inside the body .Therefore, it is certain that Vitamin C should not be supplied in the diet of a dog unless in the case of a very extreme acute due to injury or infection.  In such a case, Vitamin C should be used as a medicine for fighting the infection rapidly and then supplementation is stopped.  It should be used the same way antibiotics are used by humans.  Other Vitamins are quite necessary for this diet including vitamin A and vitamin B1. Vitamin B1 or thiamine is an important nutrient in the metabolism of carbohydrates and particularly in the nerve tissues of carnivores.   Vitamin A which is soluble in fat and its large amounts or Vitamin A Toxicosis can affect the neck or cervical spine and also the front legs which lead to some deforming (Eliasen, 2003).   However, including large amounts of meats from animal organs especially the liver and diets containing all-organs and it can lead to excesses.  The result is lead to weight loss, unkempt coat, impaired mobility and pain which indicates a bigger underlying problem.

An important issue in carnivore diet is the provisions of foods in a state that will ensure that important nutrients are intact and will benefit their body functions. When a dog or cat has been feed on cooked or processed foods, they are denied of various live enzymes which are quite critical for appropriate digestion and health (Schlesinger & Joffe, 2011).  The carnivores have good and bad bacteria that are found in the intestines and form part of intestinal ecology.  For their immune systems to function in the right manner, the amount of good bacteria should be around 80 % of the intestinal flora while the bad bacteria occupy the rest of the flora (Bloomer &Thomason, 2010).  Dogs are normally designed to consume things that herbivores or omnivores cannot and their gastro-intestinal tracks are created with features that can hinder different pathogenic bacteria that like e-coli from controlling their bodies; the tracks prevent an upset of a healthy intestinal flora balance.  Their saliva also has enzymes whose function is to neutralize harmful bacteria and preventing pathogenic organisms so that they do not migrate in large numbers into the gut.  With a healthy immune system, those bacteria that can survive the acidity in the stomach are destroyed by bicarbonate, bile salts and digestive enzymes occurring naturally (Bloomer &Thomason, 2010).  .  Cooking or processing foods meant for the carnivores’ diet the various necessary enzymes that carry out these important actions.  As a result the body of the carnivore resort to enzymes reserves for processing the unnatural food and this quickly depletes the vital enzymes.  Even though the dog has its natural defense system against such bacteria, an infection requires just a few bacteria for it to occur and this affect the immune health of the animal.  To prevent case of the carnivores being infected by salmonella, an appropriate diet has to be provided and this diet should contained meat whose preservation is properly done to prevent bacterial infection right from the slaughterhouse (Bloomer &Thomason, 2010). The meat fed to these carnivores should also be protected from being infected during the processing, handling, packaging, transportation and even storage.  However, for safety of the animals’ health, all products should be viewed as already contaminated. Those dogs and cats that are which are given poor diets will have a very weak immune system because of lack of important enzymes  or even live nutrients which can be  found in a diet made of fresh food (Lee,  2014) . This will surely lead to more risks for diseases that are related to bacterial infection.

What can be deduced from the above discussion is that cooked or processed foods may not be the appropriate diets for carnivores or cat and dogs as pets for that matter.  Denaturation’s effect is to alter the chemical and physical properties of the protein, making it less usable or completely unusable.    The changes resulting from Denaturation is known to be as a result of complete damage of certain patterns that make up the chains of amino acids. Hence, cooking and processing foods that are provided to dogs and cats makes it useless to their health.  These changes that occur as a result of cooking lead to destruction of the vital nutrients that are required for the various body functions of the carnivores. It is better for the foods offered to dogs and cats to be raw since these carnivores have various digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid which can digest or destroy the harmful bacteria and safeguarding the good bacterial in the intestinal environment in the stomach.   Providing diets to these animals which is devoid of necessary live enzymes and complete amino acids will result to reduced immune system and therefore poor health for the animals.   This shows that the conventional diet provided to cats and dogs by their owners, most of which is processed or even cooked does not add any nutritional value needed in the bodies.

Feeding the carnivores on foods that are grain-based can lead to yeast infection in Cats and Dogs.  This is in addition to processed foods and vaccines that weaken the animals’ natural immune systems, or steroids that have the ability to shut down the ability of the body to fight against infections by yeasts.  This proves the notion by science that cats and dogs as carnivores were are not suppose to eat vegetables and grains since their digestive systems were not designed to do so.  Their diet should consist of prey and one which is raw but not processed or cooked.  Just like other carnivores in the wild which consume very small amount of vegetations, with not vegetables or grains, the diet for domestic carnivores should also be the same (Schlesinger & Joffe, 2011).  The two groups of animals have almost identical internally and their dietary needs are also similar.  In addition, the raw diet has very many live enzymes and vitamins that are destroyed when food intended for domestic felines and canines, hence their diets are best given raw than processed or cooked.  The conventional diet for pets benefits humans more than it benefits   cats and dogs, since humans are the ones at risk of being by bacteria in such foods. However, there is no study which documents that pet or even humans are at risks of being infected by micro-organisms such as Salmonella due to providing war meat to the carnivores. However, there may be some undeniable evidence linking the diets based on raw foods with nutritional risk. For sure, carnivores were meant to consume meat.

Reference

Sawyer, D. (2008). The Practice of Veterinary Anesthesia: Small Animals, Birds, Fish and Reptiles. CRC Press.322-330

 THE ANATOMY OF EATING. Retrieved from: http://www.lhasa-apso.org/health/carnivorediet.html

Christenson, D. E. (2008). Veterinary medical terminology. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders.

Lee, J. (2014). The Inner Carnivore. (Paperback)

Eliasen ,M., (2003).Why adding Vitamin C to your dog's diet is

Not always a wise thing to do

Schlesinger, D. P., & Joffe, D. J. (2011). Raw food diets in companion animals: a critical review. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 52(1), 50.

Bloomer, K., Thomason, J., (2010).Salmonella: The Bad Bacteria. Retrieved from: http://www.dogsnaturallymagazine.com/salmonella/

Thomason, J., (2010).Yeast Infections in Dogs.1. Retrieved from: http://www.thewholedog.org/ArtYeast.html

Week 5

 Question 1

Mendel Gregor lived in a monastery located in Australia and he tended the garden in the monastery.  Through  the  observations of the  growth  of  peas  in the garden, Mendel  come up  with  three  distinct principles  which were  ignored  by  scientists  in the period  but later  become the  basis  for  science genetics (Jenkins, 2015). All the  pea plants  hold a male  and female  reproductive  organs which  means  that  through  self pollination they  reproduce.  Mendel realized that through the self pollination the plants produced offspring with similar traits as theirs.  He examined seven different contrasting characteristics and wished to determine what would be generated through cross pollination which resulted in hybrids (Jenkins, 2015).

Question 2

Mendel was involved in studying the inheritance present in peas also known as Pisum Sativum. Peas were chosen for his experiment since he was used to identical studies, have a simplified growth process and can be harvested annually. In addition  cross pollination was easy since  it  would be performed  by  hands  by removing the  stamen to prevent  the occurrence  of self pollination (Jenkins, 2015).

Question 3

Peas  were  ideal  organism  to study  the independent assortment  law  since  Mendel  had concluded that traits  are transmitted in an independent way  to  their  offspring’s.  The principle was   formulated post the dihybrid crosses amid plants that differed in regard to pod and seed color.  The organisms were suitable for the experiment based on its ability to self pollinate (Jenkins, 2015).

Question 4

One of the dominant traits established by Mendel is red color and the recessive is white color.  The F1 generation of the two resulted in red flowering heterozygous individuals.  With the self crossing of F1 generation this resulted in heterozygous and homozygous red flowering and white flowering homonymous. The offspring were noted to be 75percent red and 25percent white flowering which is the ration of 3:1 (Jenkins, 2015).

Week 6

Question 1

Galapagos islands and geography were  the  best places  for  gathering evidence regarding  evolution  because  the places presented  easiness in  studying  species diversity  since there  were not  many species  to be viewed.  In addition  the  islands  were alienated from another  by a significant distant, deep waters as well as strong water tides  that  prevented  newcomers and  many  plants and animals  from  breeding with  each  other  of the  same kid that  may have  led to  colonization  of other shore.

Question 2

Galapagos island finches toady are referred as Darwin finches. Darwin  was involved in the  experimentation  of the  finches  in explaining  the  adaptive  species radiation  based  on  environmental  changes, mutation  impact  and  allelic changes (Quiroga & Sevilla, 2016).  In addition, he held  extensive  knowledge  in regard to  natural selection  and survival  which helped in understanding the  characteristics  of the organisms (Quiroga & Sevilla, 2016).

Question 3

According to Lamarck’s theory species underwent changes in the respective responses to environmental changes.  He  also   stated  that the  adopted  change was  permanent  provided that  the  environment  continued  to  exist (Grant & Estes, 2009).  On the other hand Darwin’s theory was based on natural selection and survival for those that were fit.  As the environment was subjected to changes species being affected were involved in changes to fit in the environment. Darwin’s theory did no believed in internal vital pressure while Lamarck’s did and did not additionally consider struggles for survival (Grant & Estes, 2009).

Question 4

Galápagos land iguana is a resemblance of post dragon’s mythical creatures with spiny crests, clawed feet and long tails. They are heavily built with thick back feet but smaller legs on the front.  Their part of adaptation to the dry and hot environment includes they ability to conserve energy via slow movements (Class adventure, 2014).

Go Ahead Blog: 2010

            References

Class adventure. (2014). Top 5 Unique Wildlife of the Galapagos Islands. Retrieved from https://www.classadventuretravel.com/top-5-unique-wildlife-galapagos-islands/

Grant, K. T., & Estes, G. B. (2009). Darwin in Galápagos: Footsteps to a new world. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press

Jenkins, S. H. (2015). Tools for critical thinking in biology. Oxford University Press.

Quiroga, D., & Sevilla, A. M. (2016). Darwin, Darwinism and conservation in the Galapagos Islands: The legacy of Darwin and its new applications. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.

Response

            According to Susan, different topics have different research approaches that are applied so as to be effective in getting the most appropriate king of information and analysis. Morphological and behavioral research in this case is not described using direct results but rather they are examined through a multiple dependent pathways. This is incorporated with biological mechanisms development and the assessment of the complex ways in which the extra organism factors interact with other organisms at each and every stage of their lives (Sperling 205). In doing this, with the emphasis on the possibility in the growth of biological as well as the behavioral coordination an understanding as well as an analysis and a conclusion that results to a belief on the gender based behaviors are genetically formulated.

            The author expresses the fact that the readers may not be in a position to understand  some of the social, biological as well as ecological foundations of the nonhuman primate violent behavior.  She thus tells the unfolding of the story of the primates so as to enlighten the reader on the structural functionalists and the sociobiological replica (Sperling 206). This is element is quite essential and it makes the research successful and it allows the reader to familiarize and get a background on the topic. The setting of this study is rich and diverse as the writing of the author is quite engaging thus making it interesting for the reader to read more and understand about the primates. It thus develops an insight of social constructions that illustrates how gender and control are interconnected in the past and entangled.   

                                                                     References

Sperling, Susan. "Baboons with Briefcases vs. Langurs in Lipstick." Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge DI LEOARDO, M., ed., Berkeley: Uniersity of California (1991): 204-234.

Life Insurance Business Purposes

Scenario 1

A life insurance policy can be used by a business owner as it is a valuable tool for the business. It is an important tool for cash value component as it can be used for a business expansion and an increase in stock. It is a good option as it reduces the overall risk of a business as it provides a basic financial foundation. Many problems are solved mainly those that are associated with the maintenance of the business as well as its growth and success due to the fact that life insurance covers the entire business and the owner's estate (Goldman & Sigismond, 2014).

A life insurance in this matter can be used as loan collateral for the business expansion by a way of acquiring funds from banks or the private lenders. The life insurance policy provides an inexpensive platform for the loans due to the guaranteed level rates that are insured by the insurance policy due to the satisfaction of the requirement (Goldman & Sigismond, 2014). When a company uses the life insurance to get a loan the company pays the premiums, owns up the policy and the listed beneficiary. As long as the key man policy is effective the business owner and the bank can sign off the collateral agreement in which the assignment is a lien against the policy proceeds in which upon the death of the business owner the bank has the first rights to the outstanding amount the business owe and the remaining proceeds are injected back to the business hence the continuation of the business (Goldman & Sigismond, 2014).

Scenario 2

A business owner may use a life insurance policy due to its numerous advantages. This is because the money accumulated from such a policy can be used in the business and plan for the unexpected. A life insurance is a very cost effective solution to the many threats that affects the business such as the loss of an owner or a key employee (Goldman & Sigismond, 2014). A life insurance can be used in a key person insurance, protection of a business loan, sell funding of the business such as finding of the capital tax gains in case of a business in death and the split of dollars arrangement that may exist in a business. The owner may use the life insurance platform so as to provide the business with the numerous advantages of taxes on investing and on the part of the enticing compensation package that can be used to attract best employees (Goldman & Sigismond, 2014).

A life insurance for a business owner comes with executive compensation that often supplements a very beneficial package that attracts executive. Such packages offer a wide range of benefits that includes a life insurance protection. This ensures that upon the death of an executive their dependants receive money that is used to cater for all the expenses that are connected to the funeral arrangement, reduction of debt, education costs and provide a future income for the dependents (Goldman & Sigismond, 2014). The policy can also be used by the owner in order to provide a beneficial portion to the employees that can funded jointly. In conclusion, life insurance can be used to protect the interest of the business owner and ensure prompt operation of the business itself. The policy also provides a sense of security to the creditors even with the departure of key personnel’s. It is also a wealth creation strategy that can often be used to increase business operation achieving stability which is essential for the future success of the business (Goldman & Sigismond, 2014).

Reference

Goldman, A. J., & Sigismond, W. D. (2014). Business law: Principles and practices. Mason, OH : South-Western Cengage Learning

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