Question 1: Evidence For and Against the Ideology of Visual Thinking
For Visual Thinking
Humans are the only living beings who can coordinate all the five senses that is a smell, hear, sight, taste, and touch. The human capability to solve intricate challenges, plan daily problems is the underlying basis for thinking traits which later can manifest as visual thinking. Human nature can process information, weigh-in factors before making informed decisions, and even solving puzzles proves the existence of visual thinking. From the examples above, humans can be conscious of their thoughts, clearly establish a specific line of thoughts while at the same time being aware of their surroundings. Also, humans can be aware of the outcomes of their actions before making them (Cognitive_Psychology_A_Student's_Handbook). Likewise, introspecting thoughts, gathering memories, and choosing which memories are accurate and applicable to a situation point to visual thinking. The nature of generating isolate associate thoughts and then directing them into a monologue speaks to relatively immense pressure on reasoning and thinking via visual abstract representations. There are different type of thinking which demonstrate visual thinking: problem-solving, decision-making, discernment, logical thinking, influential cognition, and informal reasoning. Intellectually defining a problem requires evaluating several thoughts, procedures before coming into a conclusive statement. On the other hand, choosing a single suitable solution out of numerous alternatives is evidence enough that humans know the negative impacts of an action before it takes place. In terms of discernment or judgment, humans can formulate an abstract idea and turn it into an actual ide while calculating the risks, and possible outcomes. Additionally, analyzing the weakness or strengths of a concept by considering information at hand and experience makes visual thinking a constant factor in human thinking. Combining problem-solving and judgment facilitates purpose, regulation of processes, locating suitable information that can be used to solve the problem, and acknowledging the underlying consequences which might occur if one does not find an immediate answer. Summary, the human ability to imagine, consciously organized, problem-solving, picturing, and reminiscing are some of the evidence which proves that visual thinking exists.
Against visual thinking
Humans depend on self-talk and visualization. One of the arguments made against visual thinking is that it does not exist in itself. For instance, an individual cannot develop problem-solving skills with visual thinking implying through insight and experience humans play a pivotal role in restructuring a situation and then finding a problem for the problem. Thus visual thinking is not a concept that comes naturally to humans it is a concept that is facilitated through various activities one encounters daily. Moreover, visual thinking is passive and does not actively take place unless a human being has the experience and information required to solve the problem or make a decision (Cognitive_Psychology_A_Student's_Handbook). These facts extend the argument further because humans are not rational beings. Human thought logic is sometimes flawed. For instance, humans can fail to find solutions to a simple problem as demonstrated on Frederick's cognition reflective examination. People can assume crucial data when while making a judgment and this might lead to a wrong answer. Biased syllogistic reasoning also proves that visual thinking is passive and people rarely utilize it their thoughts. As a matter of emphasis, humans face problems each day, yet this encounter with challenges does not translate into sharp and effective decision making. The thoughts of an average human being are not always rational hence ineffective. The errors found within human decision-making only occur due to social situations. Accountability influences decision-making thus people will usually deviate from rational to things which they think will benefit them. Thus, visual thinking does not facilitate any decision making in this case. Also, the existence of a problem does not translate directly to the severity of the problem but it may mean the artificial generation of a problem so that one can meet his or her personal needs. For instance, concluding does not imply that the facts behind the conclusion are believable thus validity and relevance can be manipulated as one seems fit. Lastly, it is important to note that human reasoning is restricted. One cannot visualize something he or she has never seen before depending on the motive behind the reasoning.
Question 2: Indirect Perception
The argument that indirect perception results from psychological mechanisms are fascinating and exciting. Any procedure which takes place within the conscious mind such as connection and relating ideologies is termed as indirect perception. Alternatively, any process pertaining acquisition of information whether available through mental retrieval mechanism or not is indirect. Numerous examples prove that humans do not experience the world directly. The first example is about knowing that lines are straight but people assume that they are curved due to a certain arranged or outlook. Even the human body is under the influence of indirect perception as demonstrated through the rubber band illusion. As a whole, humans create a mental context through which they experience the world hence the brain mimics or manipulates an individual as though he or she is a self-governing representative (Ben Vincent). Despite reality presenting people with the liberty to do as they please, humans have a strong sense of possessing agency which in turn forces the brain to generate a universal model. On the other hand, human think they have created a model which facilitates their way of life. The human self-model governs the body. This way, humans can organize society around certain beliefs, create a logical flow of activities, elongate their lifespan, and reproduce. The alien hand syndrome takes note of specified objectives that are not under the regulation of the conscious mind hence retaining the sense of ownership while at the sometimes minimizing the sense of urgency. On the other hand, hallucination agency, I designating the alien hand will lead to the lost agency due to retaining possession. However, experts can imagine agency over deeds when each one of them fails. Direct stimulation of the mind triggers arm motions and this generates the need to perform the motion consciously. Thus, stimulation of the brain is likened to electrical stimulation.
The existing cognitive components or inferential instruments decide whether actions are self-initiated or not. This is important because any movement characteristic to assume exterior energies for instance picking up heavier luggage than expected without putting it down. Additionally, comparing sensory data against foretold sensory data reveals that the matches will demonstrate activities were self-induced which in turn implies a sense of agencies. Contrary, no-match means that activities were outwardly fashioned or lack a sense of agency. Subsequently, indirect perceptions claim that delusions of agencies are caused by defective calculations derived from the sensory impacts of an action. According to some psychological experts, perceptions map out the universal model. This indirect perception usually makes perception deviates from reality (Ben Vincent). Self-perception is what drives and shapes self-model. Examples, where the sense of possession and agency diverges from realism, proves how self-perception shapes universal models all over the world. Even though people assume that the physical world is the actual reality, the perception builds up unrealistic objectives with which people interact with all through their lives depend on. The ability to isolate a single coherent unfaltering, goal-oriented agent scenario where one can control various things is advisable. When humans realize that perception may even control the possession of their bodies, they might think it is mere fiction.
According to Metzinger’s self-model claims that the human-self sometimes suspended its actions. This way, the body is said to be intermittently active. More so, the representation entity of the brain implies that the exterior world which takes into account the human body may be correct or incorrect. The third factor may be a human can move around because the body helps the mind move around like an agent. In simpler terms, indirect perception can be acquired through learning and ought to exceed the ordinary senses (Ben Vincent). The essence of recognizing the concepts surrounding or associated with direct perception is seeing perception as an instinctive interpretation. In this manner, one can seek out insightful descriptions of the organizations of activities. A vital part of indirect perception is that the underlying inferences point to a group of choices prepared for the clarification of an inducement. The outcomes of senses emerge from the conscious mind and this explains why some issues might be left to the human intelligence to comprehend.
References
Cognitive_Psychology_A_Student's_Handbook_----_ (PART_IV_Thinking_and_reasoning).pdf
Ben Vincent Cognition Week 5: Who am I?
