Questions and Topics We Can Help You To Answer:
Paper Instructions:

Students are required to write a 1,500-word essay responding to ONE of the
following prompts.
All essays must reference at least one finding in the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) summary for policy makers.
Consult the Week Two lecture recording for further details of the assignment
(word limit, bibliography, sexist language etc.).


Summarize and critically evaluate Sinnott-Armstrong’s single best
argument, or best two or three arguments, for his claim that individuals have
no obligation to refrain from actions that contribute to climate change.

Questions and Topics We Can Help You To Answer:
Paper Instructions:

In the Meditations, Descartes attempts to ground all knowledge on an individual’s rational capacities.  Demonstrate how Descartes does this by addressing each of the following in your paper:
1.    Explain how Descartes’s dream argument and evil deceiver argument challenges an individual’s ability to know.    
2.    Explain how Descartes uses these doubt arguments to establish the necessity of the “thinking I.”
3.    Explain how God’s reality and idea helps Descartes to support belief in the outside world.  Do you believe that Descartes’ use of God leads to the problem of evil?  Do you think this is a serious criticism?  Provide both sides on the issue and defend you conclusion as to which one you consider most convincing.

Questions and Topics We Can Help You To Answer:
Paper Instructions:

Week 4 Assignment: Paper & Presentation – Greater Good Analysis (Groups)
Due Sunday by 11:59pm Points 150 Submitting a file upload
Required Resources
Read/review the following resources for this activity:

Textbook: review previous chapters
Lesson
Minimum of 2 scholarly sources
Dilemmas
Review the following dilemmas:

The Mayor of a large city was given a free membership in an exclusive golf club by people who have received several city contracts. He also accepted gifts from organizations that have not done business with the City, but might in the future. The gifts ranged from $200 tickets to professional sports events to designer watches and jewelry.
A college instructor is pursuing her doctorate in night school. To gain extra time for her own studies, she gives her students the same lectures, the same assignments, and the same examinations semester after semester without the slightest effort to improve them.
Todd and Edna have been married for three years. They have had serious personal problems. Edna is a heavy drinker, and Todd cannot keep a job. Also, they have bickered and fought constantly since their marriage. Deciding that the way to overcome their problems is to have a child, they stop practicing birth control, and Edna becomes pregnant.
Instructions
This is a group activity. You will work in the same groups as before. You may wish to meet throughout the week to share ideas. Collaborate with your team, using email, phone meetings, or any collaboration tool you find useful or prefer.

For this assignment, addresses each dilemma in this assignment. For each dilemma, address the following:

Identify the consequences of the actions taken
Determine whether the actions taken represented a greater good, who would benefit from the good, and whether the consequences ethically justify the decisions and actions.
How would Locke have addressed or solved the problem? You may also address whether or not your team agrees with Locke and, if not, state how you would address it differently. Be sure to explain your reasoning.
Your group will submit both of the following:

A written reportthat discusses all three ethical dilemmas in depth (Be sure to give equal time to each dilemma.)
An oral presentation (using VoiceThreador a PowerPoint narrated slide show) that summarizes the report and examines the ethical ideas beyond the particulars of the dilemmas.
Writing Requirements (APA format)

Length: 2-3 pages (not including title page or references page)
1-inch margins
Double spaced
12-point Times New Roman font
Title page
References page (minimum of 2 scholarly sources)
Presentation Requirements

Length: 2-3 minutes
Grading
This activity will be graded based on the Ethical Analysis Grading Rubric.

Weekly Objectives (WO)
WO2.3, 2.5, 2.6

Due Date: By 11:59 p.m. MT on Sunday

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This assignment submission is my own, original work

Rubric
Ethical Analysis Grading Rubric - 150 pts
Ethical Analysis Grading Rubric - 150 pts
Criteria    Ratings    Pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeLength
5.0 pts
Outstanding
Meets length requirement
0.0 pts
No Effort
5.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeContent
10.0 pts
Outstanding
Addresses all aspects of the assignment.
8.5 pts
Above Average
Addresses most aspects of the assignment.
7.5 pts
Average
Addresses some aspects of the assignment.
6.0 pts
Below Average
Addresses few aspects of the assignment.
0.0 pts
No Effort
10.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeAnalysis
50.0 pts
Outstanding
Throughout the whole work, the writing shows depth of critical thought; leverages readings and course materials in support of writer’s evident effort to understand ethical problems; establishes good use of theoretical underpinnings.
42.5 pts
Above Average
Throughout most of the work, the writing shows depth of critical thought; leverages readings and course materials in support of writer’s evident effort to understand ethical problems; establishes good use of theoretical underpinnings.
37.5 pts
Average
Throughout some of the work, the writing shows depth of critical thought; leverages readings and course materials in support of writer’s evident effort to understand ethical problems; establishes good use of theoretical underpinnings.
30.0 pts
Below Average
Throughout little of the work, the writing shows depth of critical thought; leverages readings and course materials in support of writer’s evident effort to understand ethical problems; establishes good use of theoretical underpinnings.
0.0 pts
No Effort
50.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeOrganization
25.0 pts
Outstanding
Ideas are logically organized, including inviting introduction (with a thesis statement) and a satisfactory conclusion that come together in complete concepts.
21.25 pts
Above Average
Ideas are well organized, including inviting introduction (with a thesis statement) and a satisfactory conclusion, with complete concepts.
18.75 pts
Average
Organization and concepts need some restructuring.
15.0 pts
Below Average
Organization and concepts are difficult to follow and incomplete.
0.0 pts
No Effort
25.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeWriting
25.0 pts
Outstanding
Throughout the whole work, the writing/presentation actively engages with the topic; is free of major errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation; demonstrates strong word choice and sentence variety.
21.25 pts
Above Average
Throughout most of the work, the writing/presentation actively engages with the topic; is free of major errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation; demonstrates strong word choice and sentence variety.
18.75 pts
Average
Throughout some of the work, the writing/presentation actively engages with the topic; is free of major errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation; demonstrates strong word choice and sentence variety.
15.0 pts
Below Average
Throughout little of the work, the writing/presentation actively engages with the topic; is free of major errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation; demonstrates strong word choice and sentence variety.
0.0 pts
No Effort
25.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeAPA: Citation and Reference Formatting
10.0 pts
Outstanding
Throughout the whole work, in-text references are formatted using APA style; references page/slide includes complete bibliographic information for sources using APA style; format (margins, spacing font size) adheres to APA style (paper).
8.5 pts
Above Average
Throughout most of the work, in-text references are formatted using APA style; references page/slide includes complete bibliographic information for sources using APA style; format (margins, spacing font size) adheres to APA style (paper).
7.5 pts
Average
Throughout some of the work, in-text references are formatted using APA style; references page/slide includes complete bibliographic information for sources using APA style; format (margins, spacing font size) adheres to APA style (paper).
6.0 pts
Below Average
Throughout little of the work, in-text references are formatted using APA style; references page/slide includes complete bibliographic information for sources using APA style; format (margins, spacing font size) adheres to APA style (paper).
0.0 pts
No Effort
10.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomePresentation
25.0 pts
Outstanding
Throughout the whole work, the presentation has a professional and consistent format, and the narration is articulated clearly.
21.25 pts
Above Average
Throughout most of the work, the presentation has a professional and consistent format, and the narration is articulated clearly.
18.75 pts
Average
Throughout some of the work, the presentation has a professional and consistent format, and the narration is articulated clearly.
15.0 pts
Below Average
Throughout little of the work, the presentation has a professional and consistent format, and the narration is articulated clearly.
0.0 pts
No Effort
25.0 pts
Total Points: 150.0

Questions and Topics We Can Help You To Answer:
Paper Instructions:

Which of the philosophers is the most influential in the 21st Century?
Skills: Contextual analysis of historical concepts and ideas; Application of historical ideas to contemporary world; Empathy; Intellectual History

Questions and Topics We Can Help You To Answer:
Paper Instructions:

Week 6 Assignment: Memo – You Decide
Due Sunday by 11:59pm Points 75 Submitting a file upload
Required Resources
Read/review the following resources for this activity:

Textbook: Chapter 8; review previous chapters
Lesson
Link (file): Memo TemplatePreview the document
You Decide (See page in Week 6)
Minimum of 2 scholarly sources 
Instructions
This assignment presents a difficult and painful medical dilemma, with you in an imagined professional role. Go through the You Decide scenario and make the decision it calls for. Then, compose an official memorandum that will be kept for the record and could potentially be read not only by your Peer Review Committee but also by those involved in charitable fundraising, which supports hospital development, as well as by others with financial interests in the decision.

In the memo (use the Memo Template), explain your decision and your reasoning for it. Include the following:

Who benefits from what you decided? Explain why.
Who gets denied a needed benefit? Explain why.
You will see notice that there is time pressure in the simulated situation, so remember that you would not have the luxury to dawdle in the decision-making process, and as the decision maker, you would not have the luxury of consulting a broad spectrum of advisors. It falls on you to decide!

Include in the memo the utilitarian ethical philosophy of John Stuart Mill (from the lesson last week) and one other ethical philosopher of your choosing that we have studied to date. Use both of those philosophies to bolster your decision.

Writing Requirements (APA format)

Length: 2-3 pages (not including title page or references page)
1-inch margins
Double spaced
12-point Times New Roman font
Title page
References page (minimum of 2 scholarly sources)
Grading
This activity will be graded based on Ethical Analysis Grading Rubric.

Weekly Objectives (WO)
WO5.1 

Due Date: By 11:59 p.m. MT on Sunday

File UploadGoogle Doc
Upload a file, or choose a file you've already uploaded.
File:    


Comments...
I agree to the tool's End-User License Agreement.Links to an external site.
This assignment submission is my own, original work

Rubric
Ethical Analysis Grading Rubric - 75 pts (2)
Ethical Analysis Grading Rubric - 75 pts (2)
Criteria    Ratings    Pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeLength
5.0 pts
Outstanding
Meets length requirement
0.0 pts
No Effort
5.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeContent
10.0 pts
Outstanding
Addresses all aspects of the assignment.
8.5 pts
Above Average
Addresses most aspects of the assignment.
7.5 pts
Average
Addresses some aspects of the assignment.
6.0 pts
Below Average
Addresses few aspects of the assignment.
0.0 pts
No Effort
10.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeAnalysis
20.0 pts
Outstanding
Throughout the whole work, the writing shows depth of critical thought; leverages readings and course materials in support of writer’s evident effort to understand ethical problems; establishes good use of theoretical underpinnings.
17.0 pts
Above Average
Throughout most of the work, the writing shows depth of critical thought; leverages readings and course materials in support of writer’s evident effort to understand ethical problems; establishes good use of theoretical underpinnings.
15.0 pts
Average
Throughout some of the work, the writing shows depth of critical thought; leverages readings and course materials in support of writer’s evident effort to understand ethical problems; establishes good use of theoretical underpinnings.
12.0 pts
Below Average
Throughout little of the work, the writing shows depth of critical thought; leverages readings and course materials in support of writer’s evident effort to understand ethical problems; establishes good use of theoretical underpinnings.
0.0 pts
No Effort
20.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeOrganization
20.0 pts
Outstanding
Ideas are logically organized, including inviting introduction (with a thesis statement) and a satisfactory conclusion, that come together in complete concepts.
17.0 pts
Above Average
Ideas are well organized, including inviting introduction (with a thesis statement) and a satisfactory conclusion, with complete concepts.
15.0 pts
Average
Organization and concepts need some restructuring.
12.0 pts
Below Average
Organization and concepts are difficult to follow and incomplete.
0.0 pts
No Effort
20.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeWriting / Presentation
10.0 pts
Outstanding
Throughout the whole work, the writing/presentation actively engages with the topic; is free of major errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation; demonstrates strong word choice and sentence variety; has a professional and consistent format and articulates clearly (presentation).
8.5 pts
Above Average
Throughout most of the work, the writing/presentation actively engages with the topic; is free of major errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation; demonstrates strong word choice and sentence variety; has a professional and consistent format and articulates clearly (presentation).
7.5 pts
Average
Throughout some of the work, the writing/presentation actively engages with the topic; is free of major errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation; demonstrates strong word choice and sentence variety; has a professional and consistent format and articulates clearly (presentation).
6.0 pts
Below Average
Throughout little of the work, the writing/presentation actively engages with the topic; is free of major errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation; demonstrates strong word choice and sentence variety; has a professional and consistent format and articulates clearly (presentation).
0.0 pts
No Effort
10.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeAPA: Citation and Reference Formatting
10.0 pts
Outstanding
Throughout the whole work, in-text references are formatted using APA style; references page/slide includes complete bibliographic information for sources using APA style; format (margins, spacing font size) adheres to APA style (paper).
8.5 pts
Above Average
Throughout most of the work, in-text references are formatted using APA style; references page/slide includes complete bibliographic information for sources using APA style; format (margins, spacing font size) adheres to APA style (paper).
7.5 pts
Average
Throughout some of the work, in-text references are formatted using APA style; references page/slide includes complete bibliographic information for sources using APA style; format (margins, spacing font size) adheres to APA style (paper).
6.0 pts
Below Average
Throughout little of the work, in-text references are formatted using APA style; references page/slide includes complete bibliographic information for sources using APA style; format (margins, spacing font size) adheres to APA style (paper).
0.0 pts
No Effort
10.0 pts
Total Points: 75.0

Questions and Topics We Can Help You To Answer:
Paper Instructions:

Your task is to write a paper 2 pages (double spaced) that analyzes one of the following business ethical issues. In addition to applying ethical reasoning to your position, you must demonstrate how as a leader you would preserve the professional relationships in question and resolve the conflict. You may draw upon personal experience, current events, and research to support your views.


A manager has received a resume from a very promising candidate for a position that needs to be filled immediately. The company’s policy is to run a credit check on all candidates. The report on the candidate revealed some trouble with debt. When the manager asked her supervisor about it, she was told to just “go with another candidate” without determining the reasons behind the bad credit report. The manager feels that this policy may be unfairly eliminating qualified candidates who may have good reasons for their financial difficulties. Explain what the manager should do in this situation and how she could resolve the conflict between her sense of justice and the company’s practices in the most ethical manner.


Content Requirements:
You must apply at least one ethical theory to support your position.
You must also show how your decision would preserve the professional relationships in question and resolve the conflict in an ethical manner.
You must demonstrate consistency of your clearly established viewpoint throughout the paper and a clear logical flow as you apply ethical reasoning.
Your writing must be original and insightful.

Questions and Topics We Can Help You To Answer:
Paper Instructions:
According to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, there are three reasons why we need to use proper citations and references.

They are:

“To ensure the accuracy of scientific knowledge” (p.11). – How do we know if what you are reading is really the truth? We can look at the citation and the reference and do further research to make sure what you are reading and what you are basing your research on is correct.

“To protect the rights and welfare of research participants” (p.11). – People deserve to get credit for their work. When you earn a degree and go on to do research, you will want credit for the work you have published.

“To protect intellectual property rights” (p.11). – When we refer to inventions, we should give credit to the person who invented the item, trademarked the item, or developed a design. This protects their work.

A reference system also allows the reader to use the in-text citation and reference page to find out how to do further research when they find a topic of interest. It can save a lot of time.

As educated students, we should know the APA Style rules and work to perfect them.

Below are three common mistakes that cost Trident Students. Reviewing these examples should help you improve your grade and also make future assignments easier.

APA Point 1: Where does the period go?

The use of a period. The period indicates the end of a sentence. However, if we put the period before the in-text citation, we are actually beginning the next sentence with the citation. Therefore, the period goes after the citation.

Another misuse of the period is putting it before the citation and another after the citation. This is not correct. The period goes after the in-text citation.

Example: Intercultural Communication is quite important in how we deal with individuals from different Countries and even from different neighborhoods of our cities (Pearson, 2015b). – Notice where the period is.

APA Point 2: Do we need to use Quotation Marks?

When using information word for word from someone else’s work, quotation marks are necessary. This example illustrates the use of quoted material at the end of the sentence, followed by a citation and reference. The reference will also include the page numbers.

Example: When we are writing a Negative Letter, there are numerous authors who recommend starting the letters with a buffer. Remember, “Openings for negative messages are often called Buffer Beginnings because they are designed to buffer the negative message that will follow” (Bowman, 2002, p. 1).

APA Point 3: Arranging entries on a reference list.

Once again as we dive into our Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, we get guidance on how to arrange our references on the reference page. “Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author followed by initials of the author’s given name” (p. 181).

One may ask why. When there are two or three references, it does not make a great amount of difference. But with numerous references, it is much easier if we arrange the references by the author’s last name. Remember, one of the purposes of a reference page is to help readers find additional information. If there are 10 or more references listed in random order, it is difficult to find the appropriate reference. So let’s use the alphabetical ordering.

Go to any of the “Background Pages” in our Modules to see an example of a reference page.

Your paper should be double-spaced and in 12-point type size.

Your paper should have a separate cover page and a separate reference page containing the full citations corresponding to the in-text citations you choose to use in the body of your paper. So in addition to the 2- to 3-page body of your paper you will have a title page and a reference page. So overall, you will be submitting a 4- to 5-page document.

Use APA style, and proofread your paper.

Upload your paper by the end of the module.

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Questions and Topics We Can Help You To Answer:
Paper Instructions:

***4 page paper in MLA format on this topic it is for my CRITICAL THINKING PHILOSOPHY COURSE. ****

TOPIC:

How should the critical thinker respond to COVID-19? What fallacies and other mistakes have you noticed in people who are responding to COVID-19 in an irrational way?


----------------------

has to be -Double spaced, 12 pt font, 


-On this topic please use examples from trumps news interviews and his take on cover-19 from the start-present times

-Please include examples from everyones irrational decisions to stock up like its the apocalypse 

-include examples from social media spreading FAKE NEWS/ MISINFORMATION on covid i.e. Instagram influencers trying to give "professional advice" when they shouldn't 

-include examples of people not listening to the social distancing orders 

^^^ so fallacies that cover all these examples / and if u have more ideas. 

Questions and Topics We Can Help You To Answer:
Paper Instructions:

Focus on De Beavoir's "The Second Sex- Woman as the Other Introduction"
(I will provide the text above for you to use, do not use any outside sources)

Write a short essay in which you will argue for a thesis, and use at least 3 quotations from the text I have provided. It is your job to:

- write a short introduction, introducing the philosopher's idea about the topic of feminism and state a clear thesis. It will be your task to argue for that thesis in the rest of the essay.

- Write a body section in which you argue for your thesis. Make sure to use at least 3 SHORT and IMPORTANT quotations for your essay that you will use to support the thesis.

- Include a short conclusion in which you evaluate your own argument and return to the thesis.

The essay should be at least 800 words (around 3 pages). This is pretty short, so make sure you are on target and do not waste words with longwinded introductions or padding.

Questions and Topics We Can Help You To Answer:
Paper Instructions:

Journal Assignment Write 250-350 word journal assignment Read: https://reasonandmeaning.com/2020/03/11/coronavirus-we-are-all-interconnected/ Video: Watch the video on the link above If the link above does not open, then copy and paste it into your browser As background for your reflections, consider the principle of utility or the Aristotelian idea (also supported by Martha Nussbaum) that the government has a responsibility to create conditions for human well-being. In the case of the Chinese wet markets, what type of regulations might sere the greater global interest or improve human well-being, given what we now know about the transmission of diseases? In the essay consider the moral conflicts that the Chinese early on considered in allowing wet markets. How have those considerations now changed?

Questions and Topics We Can Help You To Answer:
Paper Instructions:

Business Ethics and Stakeholder Management

For your SLP this session you will be asked to review articles on business ethics from the Trident Online Library. You will review one or more articles each in Modules 1 through 4 dealing with different ethical concepts.

In this SLP we will be reviewing articles that cover the concept of stakeholder management. Stakeholders are important to consider in significant business related decisions. This is because organizational decisions – especially substantial decisions involving significant resource allocations/re-allocations – tend to impact various stakeholder groups as you will be reminded in your reading. These stakeholders may have the power to impact the organization’s success.

Assignment Instructions:

In this assignment you will be asked to apply stakeholder management theory to the following scenario:

A public corporation of 980 employees manufactures a popular brand of garments (mostly jeans) that are primarily made and sold in America nation-wide. It has a large contingent of employees in several small rural communities in the Eastern US and is the primary employer in all of those communities. Two of its 5 shops are unionized, but the union and management have a good working relationship. The company has traditionally marketed its clothing line as “Made in the USA” and attracted a bit of a “cult like” following as a result, but an outside consulting firm has suggested that significantly greater profits are possible if a different strategy is employed. The corporation is subsequently considering whether to off-shore its manufacturing facilities to a poor nation to save money on labor. It would also discretely discontinue its “Made in the USA” marketing ads, and hopefully ride the wave of its previous marketing campaigns for a while. It is estimated that total cost per unit of production will be decreased by one third, which equates to tens of millions of dollars.

Please write a 2-page paper in which you respond to the following:

Provide a paragraph summarizing the concept of stakeholder management based on your readings.
How do you think the following stakeholder groups in the above scenario will be impacted?
Employees/unions
Communities
Stockholders
What would you recommend the employer described above should do?
SLP Assignment Expectations
Your 2 (or more) page paper should be double-spaced and in 12-point type.

Your paper should have a separate cover page, and if you are using any in-text citations, then a separate reference page.

Use APA style, and proofread your paper.

Upload your paper by the end of the module.

Questions and Topics We Can Help You To Answer:
Paper Instructions:

Assignment Overview
The first part of your reading in Daniel Terris’ book will include an overview of Lockheed Martin’s organization and will lay out the research plan that Terris used to obtain information necessary for his work. This will be followed by a general overview of the evolution of business ethics in America.

Case Assignment
Based on your readings, describe what you consider to be the responsibility of top leadership in a large organization with respect to reaching a balance between profits and stakeholder concerns. Please support your position by giving some examples from the text or from other sources where CEOs did a good or poor job of finding this balance.
Terris discusses the history of business ethics in America since the late 1800s with respect to anti-competitive practices, seeking unfair advantage through immoral arrangements with suppliers and public officials, failing to adhere to laws and regulations, and lack of transparency. Discuss to what extent you believe things to be better or worse in the present day for businesses in general.
On page 41, Terris discusses the ideas of Howard Bowen regarding the evolution of social responsibility of businesses. To what extent do you think his predictions held true since 1953?
Assignment Expectations
APA Points:

According to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, there are three reasons why we need to use proper citations and references.

They are:

“To ensure the accuracy of scientific knowledge” (p.11). – How do we know if what you are reading is really the truth? We can look at the citation and the reference and do further research to make sure what you are reading and what you are basing your research on is correct.

“To protect the rights and welfare of research participants” (p.11). – People deserve to get credit for their work. When you earn a degree and go on to do research, you will want credit for the work you have published.

“To protect intellectual property rights” (p.11). – When we refer to inventions, we should give credit to the person who invented the item, trademarked the item, or developed a design. This protects their work.

A reference system also allows the reader to use the in-text citation and reference page to find out how to do further research when they find a topic of interest. It can save a lot of time.

As educated students, we should know the APA Style rules and work to perfect them.

Below are three common mistakes that cost Trident Students. Reviewing these examples should help you improve your grade and also make future assignments easier.

APA Point 1: Where does the period go?

The use of a period. The period indicates the end of a sentence. However, if we put the period before the in-text citation, we are actually beginning the next sentence with the citation. Therefore, the period goes after the citation.

Another misuse of the period is putting it before the citation and another after the citation. This is not correct. The period goes after the in-text citation.

Example: Intercultural Communication is quite important in how we deal with individuals from different Countries and even from different neighborhoods of our cities (Pearson, 2015b). – Notice where the period is.

APA Point 2: Do we need to use Quotation Marks?

When using information word for word from someone else’s work, quotation marks are necessary. This example illustrates the use of quoted material at the end of the sentence, followed by a citation and reference. The reference will also include the page numbers.

Example: When we are writing a Negative Letter, there are numerous authors who recommend starting the letters with a buffer. Remember, “Openings for negative messages are often called Buffer Beginnings because they are designed to buffer the negative message that will follow” (Bowman, 2002, p. 1).

APA Point 3: Arranging entries on a reference list.

Once again as we dive into our Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, we get guidance on how to arrange our references on the reference page. “Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author followed by initials of the author’s given name” (p. 181).

One may ask why. When there are two or three references, it does not make a great amount of difference. But with numerous references, it is much easier if we arrange the references by the author’s last name. Remember, one of the purposes of a reference page is to help readers find additional information. If there are 10 or more references listed in random order, it is difficult to find the appropriate reference. So let’s use the alphabetical ordering.

Go to any of the “Background Pages” in our Modules to see an example of a reference page.

Your paper should be double-spaced and in 12-point type size.

Your paper should have a separate cover page and a separate reference page containing the full citations corresponding to the in-text citations you choose to use in the body of your paper. So in addition to the 2- to 3-page body of your paper you will have a title page and a reference page. So overall, you will be submitting a 4- to 5-page document.

Use APA style, and proofread your paper.

Upload your paper by the end of the module.

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