US versus Canadian Democracy

Canada’s democracy

Constitutional monarch refers to a government where the head of state is a monarch and it is established in both written and unwritten law (Solski , Ruth  n.d). The head of state for Canada in this respect is the Queen of England.

Written constitution- The laws are contained in a document that govern the whole political and legal system. The constitution of Canada is partly written where laws are contained in several but not one document (Solski , Ruth  n.d).

Unwritten constitution – refers to a set of laws that are not embodied in a one document but its basis is precedent and customs set in judicial decisions and statutes.  The constitution of Canada is partly unwritten, comprising of customs and precedents previously set (Solski , Ruth  n.d).

Parliamentary – Canada’s democracy is parliamentary, meaning that the legislature enacts laws and is composed of persons that have been selected to represent the people of Canada (Solski , Ruth  n.d).

Opposition parties – these are composed of members of parliament who opposing the government and include registered parties or person who are not any party’s affiliates (Solski , Ruth  n.d).

Cabinet ministers -are selected by the Prime Minister mostly from ruling party members as confidential advisers.

Responsible government - means the requirement that government should operate responsibly and the Cabinet Minister should be accountable to Parliament (Solski , Ruth  n.d).

Vote of no confidence – a motion passed by the legislature to censure or indicate lack of support for current government or its policy (Schultze, & In Sturm,  2000).

Party solidarity – refers to the expectation that once the Cabinet and Prime Minister make a decision the ruling party support by voting accordingly (Schultze, & In Sturm,  2000).

 The patty whip –is  a political party member in Canadian senate and House of Commons whose role is maintaining discipline of the party among its members (Schultze, & In Sturm, 2000).

Caucus meeting – refers to a meeting by members or supporters of a given party or political movement.

Bicameral legislature refers to the fact that legislative branch comprises two chambers or bodies.

United States Democracy

Congressional - means that in democratic governance, the executive I branch is separated from the legislative organ and the president is not a legislate member (Connelly, 2010).

Republic- means that the people and together with people’s selected representatives hold supreme power (Connelly, 2010).

Partisanship - refers to strong support for policies of a person’s party while being reluctant in compromising with opposing parties (Connelly, 2010).

Bipartisanship - refers to where opposing parties take a centrist position through comprising their extreme positions (Connelly, 2010).

 Non-partisanship- refers to where one is not offering support for a single party over others (Connelly, 2010).

Separation of powers - means the spelling out the mandates of the congress, executive and the Supreme Court or inferior courts, so that there is no concentration of powers in any branch of government (Connelly, 2010).

Checks and balances - refer to a system established to ensure that no branch of government gets too much power (Connelly, 2010).

Vote – refers to President’s or Senate’s power to decline approving a bill pr resolution and thereby preventing it from being enacted into the law (Connelly, 2010).

Filibuster –refers to a procedure where legislation’s debate is extended allowing members to prevent or delay the proposal’s veto (Connelly, 2010).

Both U.S and Canada

Federalism – refers to a political system that involves the division of power and responsibilities between legislatures in state or provincial level and the federal legislature (Schultze, & In Sturm,  2000).

Pluralism refers to where the people puts limits on the governments powers that could affect individual rights (Solski , Ruth  n.d).

Unitary refers to a system where the country is a sovereign state and is governed as one entity, with administrative divisions to whom the central government delegates power. Both countries are federal but not unitary states(Solski , Ruth  n.d).

Patronage refers to a system where the political party that wins election gives jobs to the party supporters or friend a reward to their effort towards victory(Solski , Ruth  n.d).

Civil servant refers to a person employed in the public sector for agency or department of a government.

Reasons for bicameral legislature

The bicameral legislature was adopted in order to ensure check and balances and having practical politics. Check and balances ensured that no single government branch concentrated a lot of power.  Practical politics meant that congress representation had to be awarded on an equal basis for all the states (United Cities and Local Governments., & World Bank.  2009).

Canada’s Senate organization

The Senate consists of 105 members appointed by governor general on prime ministers advice. They meet in the Red Chamber where the Governor –general give an opening speech at each new session. The members represent various territories and provinces and they take part in Chamber’s sessions.

US senate organization

It consists of Senators who are representatives of every state and two senators represent each state, hence there are 100 senators. The president of the Senate is normally the Vice President of U.S and in his absence, the senior member of party with most of the seats becomes the presiding officer (United Cities and Local Governments., & World Bank., 2009).

References

Solski , Ruth ,( n.d).Our Canadian Governments Gr. On The Mark Press77-86

In Schultze, R.-O., & In Sturm, R. (2000). The politics of constitutional reform in North America: Coping with new challenges.

United Cities and Local Governments., & World Bank. (2009). Decentralization and local democracy in the world: First global report by United Cities and Local Governments, 2008. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Connelly, W. F. (2010). James Madison rules America: The constitutional origins of congressional partisanship. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield. 220-222

Poland (merchandising)

Culture in a business market refers to the shared elements that offer standards of believing, perceiving assessing and communicating among people with a common language, historical period and even geographic location. Poland is a country that has been shaped by its long fight its sovereignty which has resulted in a strong population that is attached to their culture and heritage.  This culture has significant effects on Polish consumer behavior which in turn influences how local, national and international companies create their merchandising approaches.  The perception of the polish population in relation to nationality race and family are manifested in various social groups and reveals their prejudices, discriminations and even patriotism (Kujawińska, Łukowska& Williams, 2011). The culture begins to play an important role for individuals who are emotionally attached to their culture and when they have the motivation to support it and even identify with it.  This brings into focus the issue of ethnocentrism whose main culture components includes an attitude by the population to their group members which translates to attitude towards products in terms of whether they are produced locally and internationally. Therefore businesses introducing their products into such a market have to consider how their products will be perceived in the market whose population is attached to their cultural heritage (Reuvid & Terterov, 2005).  The concept here is how various cultural perceptions held by consumers will influence how the manner in which the companies will present their products to consumers.  However, the retail market in the country, especially in regard to the fashion sector, has not been saturated by domestic fashion products. The firms that have ventured into this market have had to consider cultural acclimatization so as to learn how this culture affects consumer preferences. 

Entering into the retail market has seen companies adopt a mid to long term approaches by focusing on how retail zones in a particular catchment area can be developed (Reuvid & Terterov, 2005). The strategies adopted in the retailing sector so as to present products to the market have to consider that the Polish society is becoming continuously accommodative of women role in the market.  The various transformations experienced in the market over the past few years have increased the buying potential of women, but still, women bare the family responsibilities. Such transformations have not affected much the family model and various roles in the families. As such business in various sectors including the fashion industry have had to focus on the role played by various genders in the retail market in terms of buying and how the various products can be presented to this market.  The fact that education is being attained by both genders, retail businesses have had to change their merchandising strategies so that women become part of the target major consumers.   Another issue concerns to the various generational gap within the Polish population. The organizations operating in this country have had to adopt different methods of communicating to the younger generation where they use symbolic and multivalent adverts (Kujawińska et. al 2011). For the older generation, most are still used to the previous culture seen in lifestyle existing during communism where there was rarely independent thinking.  The old generation is in need of interpretation so that they can embrace abstract messages (Batra, 1999). In addition, in the fashion industry, products displays and presentation has mostly focused on the younger generations where the communism cultural hangovers are barely present.

The Polish culture, on the other hand, has largely been influenced by other foreign cultures since the country has observed various occupation of its territory by a number of political powers in the region.  The fashion industry has, therefore, adopted a mixture of designs originating from different countries to offer apparel products to the local market. Following the communist regimes, cultural changes were being experienced across the society as people got used to more wealth (Kujawińska et. al 2011). Moreover, information from foreign countries was flowing and the Poles wanted to look like their fellow western neighbors. Through magazines, newspapers and the internet, companies are now able to access the current partly westernized culture. This change in a culture informed the development of fashion sector so that it was not only designing but presenting various designs and products to the market. Fashion shows, events, and fairs became popular and the fashion companies are using this platform to showcase their products to their potential and existing customers. These events have been facilitated by an attractive Polish market whose defining characteristics include the large size of cities and country itself and economic stability whose culture boost of a population with a high consumer confidence. Such has enabled the fashion companies to use the shows, events, and fairs as a great merchandising platform or strategy. Some of these companies include Reykjavik District, NOH8 SNDCT, Reserved, LLP, and Presto.  For instance, the most significant fashion event is the Poland Fashion Week which is cyclic and has been held twice a year since 2009 in Lodz (Łęczycka, 2014).  Due to a market where both genders have been actively involved in the market, the shows have become all inclusive. These shows also include exclusive Polish fashion and the foreign fashion.  Designers have played an important role in presenting of various products in all this industry. The presence of these designers has seen global companies result to giant chains retail shops and these designers have intended to benefit from these shops. However, the market is controlled by the chain shops whose apparel products are more affordable to the local people. 

Due to a culture that enhances consumer confidence, there has been an enormous growth in e-commerce, in terms of e-commerce. Companies are finding it easy to use the online retail platform to display their products the consumers and this has seen more shopper penetration in the market. The use of social media has become a significant part of Polish culture which has seen more and more Poles try online shopping. The online platform has become a strategy being pursued by firms to increase their sales in a very dynamic culture. In addition, cross-border online shopping has grown greatly due to the realization of multinational firms of the large market in Poland (Sielewicz, 2015). This has seen the various online retailers reach more customers nationally since they sell their products including fashion products at lower competitive prices. To compete effectively and successfully in this online market, firms have had to provide most favorable payment mix and focus on delivering options that are preferable in this culture.  The various adopted approaches have had to comply with a culture which is highly diversified, increasingly liberal so that it offers high consumer confidence across the entire market including the fashion industry (Reuvid & Terterov, 2005). This culture is still family centered and hence all genders play an important role in determining how merchandising will be done by businesses or entrepreneurs.

In Poland the most celebrated holidays are religious holidays and include the Easter and Christmas holidays. Like in many part of Europe, the retail market is a bit active during the various national holidays especially the religious holidays. Sales boosts even in the fashion industry are experienced during these periods, but the amount of sales is also affected by factors such as the weather during holidays.  Such periods can prove to be challenging to the retail market when customers scale down on their buying trends experienced during favorable weathers (British Polish Chamber of Commerce, 2017). The effects of holidays on Poland’s retail market may not be significantly influenced by the celebrations of these holidays.

Presently, the Polish-Americans still keep their customs and heritage and they even tend to promote them to those who have married into their families. Though there are some Poles who have been assimilated into the American- culture, many especially among the older generation value their culture. The merchandising approaches used in Poland have been mixed and assimilated into the American merchandising strategies, in line with consumer preference in the United States that are different from that in Poland.  The retail landscape in Poland comprises of increasing number of companies whose growth is being driven by higher sales turnover.  The retail industry has been benefiting from prospects of better consumer demand driven by more household consumption while cases of bankruptcy among retail firms have been decreasing significantly (Sielewicz, 2015).  However, competition in retail market is intense and this has been reducing profits for retailers but this reduction is offset by an improving macroeconomic environment.  Being among the best country in Europe in regard to the macroeconomic environment, merchandising is seeing more action from foreign retail chains (Sielewicz, 2015).  These foreign firms have dominated the market by taking advantage of large-scale bargaining power which allows them to offer very attractive prices for customers.  This means that macroeconomic situation in Poland has been strongly connected to the performance of the retail sector, and in turn affecting merchandising in the country. With a very large population and a liberal culture, there has been a strong growth in households and private consumption that has been driving the improved shopping in the retail market.

Reference

Batra, R. (1999). Marketing Issues in Transitional Economies. Boston, MA: Springer US. 282-285

Kujawińska-Courtney, K., Łukowska, M. A., & Williams, E. (2011). European culture in diversity. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. 49-50\

Reuvid, J., & Terterov, M. (2005). Doing business with Poland. GMB Pub. 103,108,253

Sielewicz, G., (2015).Poland Retail Sector – Household spending is supporting the economy but challenges remain. Retrieved from: http://www.iberglobal.com/files/2016/poland_retail_coface.pdf

Łęczycka,M.,(2014).Polish fashion industry. Retrieved from: http://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/export/sites/trade/files/news/540140415123947/540140415123947_1.pdf

British Polish Chamber of Commerce, (2017).The Polish Year . retrieved from: http://bpcc.org.pl/en/news/the-polish-year-2017

The Social, Economic and Political Challenges Aboriginals Face in the Welfare System

Introduction

The Canadian indigenous society has been subjected to many difficulties for centuries now.  Most of the  indigenous  persons are  forced  to  commit and  overcome  enormous and unending challenges  for the  sake  of their community  and the  nation in general.  Modernization has  not  spared  them either  and  even today  most of the indigenous  persons and particularly women and children are  disadvantaged  in the  nation (Linnit 1).  Based on statistical reports  most of the indigenous  persons are  characterized  by  poor  health,  lack of  schooling opportunities, short life anticipation, reduced employment  choices  and  existence in poor  conditions and remote locations.   Along with all the issues they are additionally subjected to negative perceptions held by the society. The  Canadian government  and the existing system has  done so much in ensuring  that  there is wellness  among the  groups  but  more  needs to be done (Linnit 1). It is clear that the current welfare system has failed the Aboriginal people as their cultural perspectives, cultural safety, and cultural competencies are not represented adequately in the welfare system.

Aboriginal persons play an essential responsibility in the formative history of Canada as well as its cultural identity (Roache 1).  The  national  Aboriginal populace is  made  up  of  approximately 1.4million  persons  by three  main  groups.  These groups are the Inuit, the Northern American Indians and Metis (Roache 1).  All the  groups posses  different  cultural  traditions  as well as distinct languages  in their  appropriate  authorities. More recently, there has been adequate reports supply in regard to the issues being faced by Aboriginal persons within the Canadian welfare system.

The slashing of the children programs in the context of welfare without a guarantee of a comeback is one of the primary issues faced by Aboriginal people. Indigenous  approaches  are  projects that are  administered  by indigenous  persons and they are designed  to  fill the existing gaps  in  Family Developments Child Programs  and the  Ministry Of Children  particularly for the  Aboriginals  families. The projects began in the year 2009 with an allocation of 600,000 dollars every year (Roache 1).  The  communities  were given assistance  programs for families  and  cultivation  in order to  fight hunger  as well as offering  training  to  the groups of social  workers  who  would in turn  assist indigenous  families  with  dialogues based  on the cultures  sensitivity.  However  with  the  mishandling of  funds  over  the  last six or so years since the  foundation  of the  projects it proved  to be rather  challenging  for  auditors in establishing the  expenditure  of all the funds (Flanagin 1). The mismanagement  reports  have  resulted  into the  cut of  most  of the  welfare  programs  based on the  lack of  effectiveness in  those  programs. Children and family  development  ministry  has  been working  of  the design of  templates  to run the  different programs  which will  also be utilized  in  aids  enquiries. The  restoration of  the programs can be  characterized  as  heart  breaking  because  of the lack of  appropriate  communication  and follow up among the involved  parties.  This has thus exposed indigenous children to cultural sensitivity and negative perception held by the state’s citizens (Roache 1).

In addition the general number of the missing indigenous women unresolved cases is on the rise.  Based  on the  recent  report  from the  investigation conducted by  the NWAC it  has been established  more  than eight  hundred  women  have  be on a miss  or  even  murdered  since  the year 1990 (Roache 1).  Most of the missing women are unidentified and probes investigations have been filed for at least 400 hundred women.  This is an abuse of both gender and culture since the graves of such persons will exists with marks.  The rationale behind the high rate of unresolved cases is particularly blamed on the inaction by police forces.  Most  of the  indigenous  women were and  are  overwhelmed by some sensitive matters  that  involves  domestic  violence,  mental illness and addiction.  Since they belong to a minority group their urgency is not in existence in the system (Flanagin 1). This therefore, demonstrates the fact that the welfare system fails to incorporate the issues and the needs of indigenous women which is a form of insensitivity and incompetence.

Unequal access  to  healthcare  in  the Canadian  system is an additional issue that  indigenous  people  are  faced  with.  It is clear  that first nations’ people are  more  likely  to  acquiring chronic illnesses, mental  illnesses and HIV/AIDS  as  compared  to the  other  nations (Linnit 1). Based on  UNICEF’s report  which was  released  on 2009 it was established  that  Aboriginal children have a  double  vulnerability  of  hospitalization for illnesses that  can be prevented.  However  the welfare  system and the  Canadian  government is  on the highest  care  denial  based on the  governmental  worry  of  the  coverage  payments (Linnit 1).  It is not reasonable  and it is rather ironic that  the  government  is  designed  and emphasis of the  provision of  quality  care  for  all yet  the services  still remains  to be inaccessible for  aboriginal persons.  Indigenous persons are characterized by the poorest health and the highest rate of mortality.  Some efforts  have  been made  recently  in offering education  in the  context of  health  problems to the  Aboriginal communities  but the communities  are still  at the highest  vulnerability for deaths and illnesses.  In these particular communities heart and chronic illnesses such as diabetes are on the rise.  There is a direct association which can be demonstrated amid health, income and social forces.  In comparison to the non indigenous children Aboriginal children holds a higher rate of respiratory issues as well as infectious issues. This is mainly influenced by poor and inadequate housing as well as overpopulation in their communities (Linnit 1).

Indigenous persons and children particularly are forced to access an education system that is characterized by lowness.  Colonialism can be described as an account for most of the uncomforting and bitter legacies and the core enveloping of them all being education. The welfare  fails in taking charge  of the  situation to  incorporate  better systems to  equip the group  with  adequate knowledge  as well as  expertise  that is required  in the modern society (Roache 1).  This specific system began as a national assimilation experiment with the system of Residential Indian Schools. Based  on  Canada’s  statistics that for the year 2011 , only  22 percent  of the Aboriginal  persons  had the  privilege of   having  completed  post secondary  and high school  education (Roache 1).  In the last twenty  years  education  among the  group  has  risen  but its indication  is very  low which is an indication of  inefficiency of the welfare system in  incorporating their education  needs.

Moreover the group is subjected to poor and crowded housing. This condition should never have lasted longer if the welfare system took effect and achieved its objectives (Flanagin 1).  The system has failed generally. With such conditions families  are exposed  to  vulnerabilities  of diseases  since they  housing situations  differs  greatly with  the rest of the nation’s.  with the low access to  care  and less  knowledge in regard  to health  matters  the  group is  characterized with  high rate of deaths. In particular women and children suffer the most since most of them are forced to exist without any form of care. The system  has failed  since it is  responsible for  creating and  enhancing the wellness of the  group  through the  provision of  programs  to address  such matters (Flanagin 1).  However, their  needs  are  overlooked  by the  system which is highly  grounded  of the  misuse  of funds  rather  than care.

Most women, from the indigenous group are not educated which is influenced on the lack of cultural diversity embracing.  Aboriginal people are highly unemployed since history as compared to the rest of the groups.  The   number of  adults  from the Aboriginal  communities  who are  not employed accounts  to 15 percent as compared to the  7.5 percent  of the non indigenous  persons in the state (Flanagin 1).  This accounts to their low income status and poor existence conditions.  There  is  a high  earning  gap  in the state  and it is estimated  that  if the  gap  will  not be handled with further  measures it may  take more than  sixty  years to solve the issue.  For instance in 2010, the middle Aboriginal earner was only 20,700 dollars while the non native accounted for 30, 100 dollars (Flanagin 1).

The justice system of Canada has been regarded to be unjust for the indigenous persons for decades now. However, even with the report very little has been done in handling the issue. Abioriginal persons demonstrate the highest incarceration rate in Canada till today.  This therefore  hinders  their ability  to participate in  social  or even  economic activity  to  improve  their  living status.  Aboriginal incarcerated population increased by more than 20 percent amid the year 2009 up to 2014 (Flanagin 1).  The  statistics are  depressing  since  indigenous women  depicts  34.5percent of  the general female  gender in the  prisons  while the  male  represent  more than 22 percent of  the  respective gender (Flanagin 1).  This is a high population  who are  being  denied  their  legal  freedom  based on the fact that  they come from a small group. Aboriginal adults are only a representative of 3 percent of the general population in the state (Flanagin 1). This means that most of the productive persons from the communities are in prison thus lagging development behind.

There are higher death amidst youths and children due to the occurrence of unintended injuries and illnesses.  This is based on the fact they live on poor amenities and the exposure to communities that are characterized by low generation of income (Miller 6). In addition the group is characterized by higher rates of suicidal due to stresses and depression.  Youths from the group commit more suicide as compared to the rest of the groups. Housing is an additional issue faced by the group. Most of the housing for the indigenous groups are termed and therefore requires repairing. Indigenous persons are normally overrepresented in the justice system and particularly the criminal one. The high rate of crime  is mainly  fueled  by the  impacts  the poor schooling system , poor experience  in the welfare  system for  children,  dislocation as well as  dispossession  of the  groups.  Cultural diversity is not well incorporated in the welfare system.  Cultural factors normally influence the social situations.  Culture is a essential part of maintaining and learning a stronger ethnic distinctiveness (Scott 11). The welfare  system does not support  the  competency, safety  as well as perspectives  since  the traditional  values  like  being uncompetitive, and sharing hinders cultural support  and this creates  conflict with  other  values  which brings  challenges to the integration matter.  While  the  issue  of promoting  integration  may not  be the primary  objective of the welfare’s system, the revival  and  encouragement  of some of those cultural values.  This may primarily lead to the development of social situations via indigenous self commitment initiatives (Coates and Hetherington 240).

There is less progress that has been obtained in regard to the development of social conditions. However,  the  existing gaps  that  is in between the  economic  and social  conditions  of the  indigenous  persons  in Canada which  posses more  difficulties (Arch, Repucci, Dunham, Bret and Roylance 125). The welfare system is highly required to design as well as implement a system that suits the needs of the minority groups.  This  is to ensure  that  they are  well included  in  the  system without  discriminating or ignoring their  cultural  perspectives. The system  and  programs should have the  ability  to embrace  cultural  diversity  by  eliminating  language  and  perception hurdles.  The current system does  not adequately represent the  indigenous persons  since they continue to  suffer from  poor education, unemployment,  poor care, poor housing  and injustice that  is conducted  by the  system (Arch, Repucci, Dunham, Bret and Roylance 125).  Women and children are characterized by special requirements which are ignored by the existing system.

The wellness  of persons  is determined  by the  integration of social conditions  which incorporates  income,  health,  education, employment  and  cultural (Sissons 114). The dispossession of  cultural  perspectives  and  diversity , social  inequalities, discrimination and prejudice  have attributed  to the  main  difficulties  facing the  Aboriginal  persons in the state (Sissons 39).  The welfare system  should  try and implement  community  based  approaches  which stresses the  significance  of  culture, values  and unique characteristics. The welfare  should try and establish  the association  amid  governance  and  economic growth  and the responsibility  of  traditional  economies  for the  indigenous community  as a minority group.

Conclusion

Aboriginal are Canadian native people and thus they should never be considered as minority. Their contributing towards the state’s growth and its history is one that can never be understated.  The group is subjected to a non fitting culture, social standards, healthcare and education system which needs to change. The  welfare  system  has the  obligation of  enhancing  every  individuals  wellness  and this should not exclude the  indigenous persons.  The system  is characterized  by  high  discrimination  that  does not  account  for the  needs  of the  group as  urgent.  With  poor living conditions,  unemployment, poor healthcare access,  poor  education and low income  that characterizes  the group this is a clear  depictions that  their need are  not represented.  In addition, the  system  lacks the  integration of  cultural  diversity which would  eliminate  the negative perception  held  by persons  in the  community and improve  the general living  standards.  Cultural participation, perspectives, diversity, competency and safety should be offered   under the system through implementing an inclusive system and favorable programs for all persons. Programs and particularly those that are aimed at development and enhancing the wellbeing and abilities of children for a better future for the communities. The future lies on higher employment and they therefore need a system that includes them and suits their cultural perspectives.

            References

Coates, John and Hetherington  Tiani. Decolonizing Social Work. Routledge, 2016. Print.

Flanagin, Jake. What’s behind Canada’s Troubled Relationship with Its Aboriginal Peoples. 2014.Retrieved from https://op-talk.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/07/24/whats-behind-canadas-troubled-relationship-with-its-aboriginal-peoples/?_r=0

Linnit, Carol. Canada Faces A Crisis In Situation With Indigenous  Peoples Says UN special  reporter. 2013. Retrieved from https://www.desmog.ca/2013/10/16/canada-faces-crisis-situation-indigenous-peoples-says-un-special-rapporteur

Miller, Bruce G. Invisible Indigenes: The Politics of Nonrecognition. Lincoln, Neb. [u.a.: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 2003. Print.

Puddington, Arch, Sarah Repucci, Jennifer Dunham, Bret Nelson, and Tyler Roylance. Freedom in the World 2016: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties. , 2017. Internet resource.

Roache, Trina. Top 5 Indigenous Issues  All Canadians  Should Care  About. 2015. Retrieved from http://aptnnews.ca/2015/10/17/top-5-indigenous-issues-all-canadians-should-care-about/

Scott, Tracie L. Postcolonial Sovereignty?: The Nisga'a Final Agreement. , 2012. Internet resource.

Sissons, Jeffrey. First Peoples: Indigenous Cultures and Their Futures. London: Reaktion, 2005. Print.

CANADA’S ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

A Population and Distribution

Canada census in 2011 showed that the country population was about 33,476,688 that approximately make up about 0.5% of the world total population (Edmonston & Eric 23). Population by gender and age in Canada between 16-25 years is about 4,365,585 which is equivalent to 13% of the total population in the country. The figures are promising to Dick Sporting Goods as its main target is this age brackets. Most of the young generations are in high school and college where they develop their skills in order to become professionals in the area of sports. As a sports hub country, it is important to provide quality training gears for the young people so that they may experience a smooth period in their training.

Population growth rate in Canada has also been on the rise. It recorded a 20.4% growth in population in the year 1990-2008. Population in Canada is densely populated in southern part of the country and provinces such as Ontario having the biggest population of more than 12,000,000 while Nunavut has the lowest population of 31,906 (Edmonston & Eric 121). An increase in the life expectancy in all the provinces is an indication that the country economy is performing better thus creating business opportunities which Dick Sporting Goods can take up. It also indicates that there are better living standard and quality health care for its people. 

Economic Statistics

National income of a country is a money measure of national income that has been received or accrued by the resident of the country for a specific period of time. In the year 2010, GNI of Canada was $1.60 billion. Its GDP was 1.62 billion (Taorda 1). This shows that the monetary value of goods and services in the country has increased. Public and private consumption are high, government outlays have improved and investment in the country is on the rise. This signals that the cost of doing business in Canada is favorable even to the foreign companies. Per capita income in Canada between 1980 and 2012 $36, 138 which earns it the 8th position amongst 16 peer countries (Taorda 1). This indicates the purchasing power of the citizens in the country. This is helpful to the new company as the parents to the targeted group age can be able to purchase the training and the sports gear for their children.

The average household income in Canada in 2014 is $78,870 (Government of Canada 1). This shows that medium families in Canada generally have a higher income. This translates that there are high levels of income in each family which means that they are ready to spend. Wealth distribution in Canada has continued widening. The rich families’ net worth in 2012 was $1.3 million while the poor families’ net worth ranges from $79,500 to $109, 300 (Sturgeon 1). In the year 2016 unemployment in Canada is 6.9 % from the previous 6.8 % which is as a result of a drop in the public sector employment. An increase in the part-time jobs has also increased unemployment as most people have dropped full-time jobs. Inflation in the current year 2016 is at 1.61%. Over the years inflation has continued to change (CBC 1).

Major Industries

Canada is the 15th largest economy in the world. It is among the developed and wealthiest country in the world. Canada has 60:40 ratio of private to public companies which is as a result of the economic freedom experienced in the country. The economic system in the country is market oriented with an efficient pattern production. Canada is well covered in agriculture in terms of wheat and grains. It is the largest supplier of agricultural products (Lipsey 71). The energy industry in Canada is well developed in abundance of natural gas and oil making it the third largest oil reserve in the world (Lipsey 214). Canada has vast technology making it among the strongest in the world. It has invested deeply in digital media, E-commerce, and wireless infrastructure (Lipsey 41). Service industry such as tourism is strong in Canada with 80% (Lipsey 367).

Canada has well-developed infrastructure that gets goods and people moving. There are well-developed water tunnels that supply clean drinking water (Lipsey 171). The government has created spaces for recreation and sports that Dick Sporting Goods seeks to exploit. The drainage system is well maintained and it has proper natural disaster management strategies. The road network is extensive that enable people to move fast from one point to another.

Membership in Trading Blocs

As a member of WTO, Canada has well-integrated regional trade blocks (Wesson 165). It has well implemented international trade regulations that govern the country imports and exports operations. The regional market trades have been promoted by the government through WTO has sealed its members from global competition through the establishment of tariffs of goods produced by the countries in the organization (Wesson 324). The trading blocs in Canada has strengthened ties between different nations create an opportunity for Dick Sporting Goods a chance to thrive in the booming market. The trade blocs have increased movement of services and capital as well as trade barriers.

Work Cited

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