Effects of Multi-Species Swards

 Yield Stability to Climate Change

            Climate change created new climatic zones due to the generation and accommodation of new weather elements. The accumulated effects increased precipitation changeability- implying protracted famine periods or floods. Outcomes from natural happenings and manipulated experimentations reveal that plant diversity could develop the pliability of grasslands to drought. Drought impacts on yields could rely on ecological circumstances which comprise the amount of agrarian supervision together with pre-drought circumstances and soil nature i.e. moisturized soil and other retention features. Within extensively managed grasslands, yields perform well hence the existence of multi-species assortments which might even outperform monocultures. Astonishingly, scientists have not carried out sufficient experimental inquiries into the utilization of multi-species assortments in managing grasslands and minimizing the negative impacts of droughts on yield resistance or enhancing grassland recovery after a drought (Grace et al., 2019, p1722). Thoroughly managed grasslands are extensively dispersed and play a vital economical role, however, they usually, harbor a few amounts of useful species and are more prone to ecological instabilities. For instance, drought occurrences may cause extensive commercial losses on thoroughly supervised grasslands as compared to unmanaged grasslands. Some researches unveiled drought’s short duration impacts on yields within thoroughly managed grasslands; yet, the correlation between plant variety effects on drought resistance was not evident. Yearly harvests are vital, nevertheless, severe weather occurrences play a role in annual yields.

According to the research carried out by (Finn et al., 2018, p149) on grassland diversity, the methodology used was a usual field experiment in order to observe precipitation manipulation on two different sites. The picked sites were located in Switzerland and Ireland. The researchers then selected commercially accessible farmers so that they could plant familiar forage species based on specified features. Later on, the outcomes of the experiment at both experiment sites revealed that soil depth, soil moistness amounts were minimal during the drought than under an irrigation managed scheme. Consequently, the sites reported different yields each year. This experiment brought to light. The writers of these articles try to argue on the basis of climate change and how it has influence grasslands over the years. Additionally, the findings of these researchers managed to demonstrate the need for mitigating areas impacted greatly climate change (Grace et al., 2019, p1723). Thus, according to conclusions of the research, there was a substantial dissimilarity in terms of yields; however, the researchers realized that comparable patterns of periodic harvests and impacts of famine and post-famine recovery depended on proper irrigation and effectively managed of monoculture grasslands.

Researchers found a creative way of combating or regaining yield stability lost to climatic change. One of the innovative ways through which he would attain this was by adopting ecological friendly mechanisms especially in animal husbandry. To reiterate further, together with the decrease in the usage of manmade compounds, the leaders of nations all over have to reevaluate their agrarian production methods (Poutaraud et al, 2018, p6552). In this context, grassland secondary metabolites may be the solution to the long-standing to supporting livestock wellbeing. Consequently, grasslands particularly those with great dicotyledonous vegetation classes, release ancillary metabolites such as saponins which in turn protect plant health. Based on the researchers' perspectives, these secondary metabolites initiate actions which upgrade the plan health and reproduction. Still, the urgent need to confine expenses led to the reduced usage of treatments and chemicals in animal husbandry. Primary bases of secondary metabolites ranging from stable grasslands must play a contributory role in the limitation of chemical interventions hence sustaining animal health. Thus the researcher had to prove that 30% of the grasslands coverage represents agrarian sections in Europe. Nevertheless, lasting grasslands coverage gradually weakened within the 30 years in European areas. The European Union motivated its members to sustain their grasslands acreage for the sake of its financial side and conservational importance in terms of affordable fodder, aesthetic value, soil productiveness, air, water quality, carbon dioxide intake, and general biodiversity. Henceforth, grasslands can be of value for the advancement of innovation in metabolic and ecosystemic perspectives. Factually, the reduction of manmade chemicals is only possible if plants can treat recurrent illness and then trigger their immunity for development (Jian et al., 2020, p3). Subsequently, against the background of antibiotic resistance and antibiotic advance agent ban in agriculture schemes among European Union members was due to the fact that 30% of the animal yields are currently lost because of illness, infectious diseases, and other causal factors. Therefore, value-added grassland valorization helps in the cultivation of secondary metabolites. It is vital to take note of the fact that customary sources of curative vegetation, grasslands offered the richest source of secondary metabolites. Indeed, numerous existing medicines came from grasslands. For instance drugs such as aspirin were sourced from Filipendula Amara. These medicinal chemicals can also take part in the production of quality goods. This goes to show that the diversity of grasslands ought to be protected. Thus, researchers tried to cover these issues by looking at the various pathologies and different livestock strains such as hotness or coldness surroundings and tangible, enduring, or nutritive illnesses, intensely affect animal wellbeing by prompting oxidative stress which in turn causes a disparity between oversensitive oxygen species and antioxidants. Nevertheless, extreme oversensitive oxygen species collection causes cellular injuries and even DNA destruction which gives way for incoming diseases. Additionally, husbandry circumstances trigger oxidative strains implying that reactive oxygen species increase in number hence offset through anti-oxidants consumption (Raedts and Langworthy, 2020, p115). This way, reliant on anti-oxidant features, grasslands secondary metabolites could stop severe pathologies. Thus according to this research review, the findings focus on livestock diet as an approach to sustaining and preventing illnesses. The development of grassland quality for the sake of improving cattle production based on nutritional standards i.e. primary metabolites, the studies focused on exploring non-nutritional norms hence the exploration of feed mechanisms such general secondary metabolites that affect animal wellbeing and the subsequent product quality. Grasslands generate a variety of natural chemicals that protect and safeguard.

Impact of Species Diversity on Sward Productivity and Quality

 Grassland dependent dairy production is the main element of dairy agribusiness within the temperate nations such as New Zealand. This gives competitors an added advantage over some of the producers. Most of the time, ecological effects within dairy production organizations become an emerging issue with the loss of nitrogen from the dairy farms as one of the primary concerns among conservationists. Consequently, experts had to find effective ways of curbing nitrogen while at the same time retaining favorable milk production. Dairy animals utilize nitrogen poorly hence giving room for evaporation into the atmosphere. Grazing animals ingest most of the nitrogen. However, the animals excrete it back into the earth through urine and manure hence the large surplus goes unaccounted for. According to findings funded and conducted by (McCarthy et al., 2020 p1416), browsed fodder is a key dairy cow’s dietary component especially within pasture-based schemes. The scholars had to investigate the possible role of a substitute plant species able to take in surplus nitrogen hence minimizing nitrogen losses from the dairy lands. Nitrogen consumption has a positive linear association with urea, fecal matter, and milk nitrogen defecation among browsing dairy cows. The involvement of herby species in grazing sward, henceforth known as multiple-species swards led to the urinary nitrogen reduction during defecation. Correspondingly, the multiple-species yields from grazing swards comprising recurrent ryegrass and herb species proved to be effective in terms of recovery and protecting grazing swards from extreme weather conditions. The effective incorporation of innovative mechanisms on farms came from the comparative finance advantage these technologies offer. Absence of a distinctive multiple-species economics advancement swards over customary species swards can impede the adoption of farms to the new technologies (Poutaraud et al, 2018, p6553). These discrepancies forced the researchers to carry out a logical appraisal and meta-analysis in order to approximate the impact herb species had on milk generation and urinary nitrogen excreted from dairy cows while grazing on the fields. The grazing swards are made up of herb species developed together with grass varieties or multiple species. More so, this research centered its findings on comparing non-herb on monoculture and herbs on a diversified sward. Thus, the objective of the research was to prevent the excessive release of nitrogen into the air. Leguminous plants absorb nitrogen from the air hence the scientist included them in the multiple-species field. Hence, according to the findings of this research, a multiple-species sward effectively increases the nitrogen intake and decreases the intake. Even though this research is one of a kind, it closes down loopholes and ensured that nitrogen levels remain at n acceptable level.

Impacts of Species Diversity on Yield Stability to Climate Change

 Based on recent research initiated and supervised by Jing et al., 2017 p15) plant species diversity can be of benefit to natural grassland production, however, its impact on intensively supervised grassland schemes is not yet defined. The researchers relied on a field experiment to extract findings that would help them to prove their facts right. The experiment took place in Denmark and was carried out on loamy soil over a four year period. The field on which the experiment took place was highly managed based on biological farming norms from 1987. The various grasslands ages were then initiated via increasingly under sowing during the four years. Over the four years, had only one objective which was to find out the outcome species diversity i.e. leguminous plant and non-legumes has on efficiency, tenacity and sward value weakening or grazing management and in the presence or absence of slurry usage. According to the findings, three mixtures were confirmed during the experiment- grass, red, and white clover. This established that species variety improved sward production and yielded tenacity denting the system. Based on the results, the 12-mix had one of the highest harvests after the 24 months headlong. This proved that plan diversity strengthened productivity and helped in the recovery of plant health after an illness or an extreme weather occurrence.

            Another research that explored a similar issue like the one mentioned above looked at how grasslands play an integral role in ensuring food security. This is because grasslands make up most of the vast agricultural lands hence manage fodder creation and an extensive range of supplementary ecology services. The ever- increasing population, variation in consumer demand, and climatic problems exerted pressure on grasslands areas. Since 70% of the world's agricultural lands are under grasslands, plant diversity within the grasslands is said to improve and even out biomass yields. Hence, according to the research conducted by (Schaub et al., 2020 p7) sought to prove that plant diversity in grasslands areas is important economically and in the management of the grasslands themselves. The study collected and analyzed 16 datasets from closely managed grasslands areas across European nations. The ability of the research to rely on plant species diversity brought to light both quality and quantity yields. Moreover, the research was able to come to the conclusion that plant diversity affected milk production in terms of amounts per acreage. Plant diversity not only increased milk production but also reduced other associated processes involved in milk production. Hence, an increased plant diversity assured farmers of bountiful harvests. This research made use of past information hence effectively was able to cover and unveil both basic and complex issues on the subject matter which in turn help in the evaluation of subsequent information and directed the utilization of the datasets in coming up with solid workable evidence. Accordingly, plant diversity is a production aspect in terms of extensively managed grasslands and it is advantageous for milk generation per land acreage due to the increment of plant species diversity and steadied quality-adjusted harvests.

Impact of Species Diversity in Animal Intake and Performance

 Weed invasion can affect production and in the process bring about economic losses. There is a need to not only deal with weeds but reduce its impact on food production. (Roca et al., 2016 p11) relied on the perspective that increment in plant species diversity is a method for advancing yearly pasture output and reducing periodic inconsistency of pasture production encountered during recurrent drought situations because of climatic change. Previous studies only evaluated the underlying botanical difficulties about disseminated swards and its impact on cow performance. The two-year practical experiment was carried out with the goal of determining the difference between monocultures and grasslands. At the end of the experiment, the findings made comparisons between recurrent ryegrass reared within monocultures, grass-leguminous varied swards, and other grasslands fields. The management of grazing fields tends to increased botanical diversity had a positive result on animal performance. All the seeded species were beneficial in terms of nutritional value (Mangwe et al., 2020, p108). The presence of clovers and chicory advanced pasture's biochemical confirmation and thus enhanced milk production and other farm products. Again, the benefits of grazing multiple- species over mixed pastures on milk generation and other milk-related products are due to the advanced sward quality and increment in pasture consumption. In the end, plant species diversity is a simple way of protecting the grasslands and at the same time increase plant production which would help in reducing the climatic change impacts.  

 On the matters of protecting grasslands and agriculture, the frequency with which experts take into perspective the ecosystem functionalities advancing plant species diversity. A well-integrated inland gauge field research carried out across 31 different spots in order to make comparisons on monocultures biomass harvests and four species combination connected with extensively managed agrarian grasslands schemes. Increasing complementary resources can enable the utilization of various plant species and thus create an opportunity for optimum functionality. According to (Finn et al., 2013p365), plant species diversity yields better results than monocultures. The maintenance of mixtures or a variety of vegetation types helps in building up resistance to weed invasion compared to monocultures. Diversity effects are stronger and better than resistant monocultures.  This is because plant species diversity is better at converting accessible resources into useful biomass hence increased productivity. Based on some solid evidence from scholars, milk production is only sustainable if farmers embrace proper husbandry mechanisms that would preserve the health of animals and cater to the health of both the animals and plants alike. For instance, feeding forage herbs results in higher milk production and due to proper dieting. As evidenced by cows feeding on chicory, the concentration of omega-3 fats is an indicator of a cow that is rich in proper dieting. 

Animal Health and Environmental Footprint/ Weed Invasion

            A diversified farming system is suggested as a pivotal method to address the numerous sustainability matters of the present agrarian status. Multiple-species cattle husbandry such as rearing two or more animal species at the same time within the same land. Most of the time, past studies revealed that livestock farming can only center on certain sustainability elements due to the release of nitrogen into the atmosphere thus accelerating the effects of climatic changes. The comprehensive evaluation of plant species diversity in animal husbandry tends to give direction depending on the objectives and underlying intention of the people involved (Martin, 2020, p7). Moreover, farmers need to balance between the vegetation and the diet of the animals they are keeping. Any imbalance might lead to the destruction of soil moisture content or the recycling patterns of the soil hence impede the growth and development of the vegetation.  The water retention abilities of soil make it suitable for the sustenance of plants and the regeneration process incase an illness attacks the plant. The timing and exposure to agents of climatic change have gradually taken a negative toll on weather patterns and the ability of the farmers to accurately combat the effects of climatic change and eventually bring about a lasting solution to the predicament. Sometimes farmers find it hard to accurately minimize the usage of chemical fertilizers hence try to find a commendable balance that would enable them to reduce food toxins. However, on the downward side, the ability to consistently utilize environmentally friendly chemicals and means sometimes reduce production rates but yield more positive results in terms of the reduction economical costs and they even plant health. As time goes by, the key indicators of a successful framing process are not only a bountiful harvest but the health of both the plants and the animals. For instance, most grasslands produce their inhibitory chemicals to protect the entire ecosystem from the negative effects of climatic change. Carbon sequestration is one of the ways through which plants in retaining productivity and solving one of the main climatic changes impacts (Finn et al. (2013p365). The environment under which plants thrive depends on who well the air composition is hence the need to retain conducive surroundings. In the end environmental sustainability can be determined by good farming practices.

References

Finn, J.A., Kirwan, L., Connolly, J., Sebastià, M.T., Helgadottir, A., Baadshaug, O.H., Bélanger, G., Black, A., Brophy, C., Collins, R.P. and Čop, J., 2013. Ecosystem function enhanced by combining four functional types of plant species in intensively managed grassland mixtures: a 3‐year continental‐scale field experiment. Journal of Applied Ecology, 50(2), pp.365-375.

Finn, J.A., Suter, M., Haughey, E., Hofer, D. and Lüscher, A., 2018. Greater gains in annual yields from increased plant diversity than losses from experimental drought in two temperate grasslands. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 258, pp.149-153.

Grace, C., Lynch, M.B., Sheridan, H., Lott, S., Fritch, R. and Boland, T.M., 2019. Grazing multispecies swards improves ewe and lamb performance. animal, 13(8), pp.1721-1729.

Jian, J., Du, X., Reiter, M.S. and Stewart, R.D., 2020. A meta-analysis of global cropland soil carbon changes due to cover cropping. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 143, p.107735.

Jing, J., Søegaard, K., Cong, W.F. and Eriksen, J., 2017. Species diversity effects on productivity, persistence and quality of multispecies swards in a four-year experiment. Plos one, 12(1), p.e0169208.

Mangwe, M.C., Bryant, R.H., Beck, M.R., Fleming, A.E. and Gregorini, P., 2020. Grazed chicory, plantain or ryegrass–white clover alters milk yield and fatty acid composition of late-lactating dairy cows. Animal Production Science, 60(1), pp.107-113.

Martin, G., Barth, K., Benoit, M., Brock, C., Destruel, M., Dumont, B., Grillot, M., Hübner, S., Magne, M.A., Moerman, M. and Mosnier, C., 2020. Potential of multi-species livestock farming to improve the sustainability of livestock farms: A review. Agricultural Systems, 181, p.102821.

McCarthy, K.M., McAloon, C.G., Lynch, M.B., Pierce, K.M. and Mulligan, F.J., 2020. Herb species inclusion in grazing swards for dairy cows—A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(2), pp.1416-1430.

Poutaraud, A., Michelot-Antalik, A. and Plantureux, S., 2017. Grasslands: a source of secondary metabolites for livestock health. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65(31), pp.6535-6553.

Raedts, P. and Langworthy, A., 2020. Establishing plantain in spring in existing perennial ryegrass pastures in northern Tasmania. Animal Production Science, 60(1), pp.114-117.

Roca-Fernández, A.I., Peyraud, J.L., Delaby, L. and Delagarde, R., 2016. Pasture intake and milk production of dairy cows rotationally grazing on multi-species swards. animal, 10(9), pp.1448-1456.

Schaub, S., Buchmann, N., Lüscher, A. and Finger, R., 2020. Economic benefits from plant species diversity in intensively managed grasslands. Ecological Economics, 168, p.106488.

Cause and effect of global warming

Education plays a major role in society especially because it is used as a measure of intelligence that dictates what position one holds in the societal hierarchy. As such, schools are held in high regards as they are the institutions responsible for ensuring that every individual has access to good quality education. Through learning, people develop a better understanding of the environment around them, how to peacefully coexist as well as the impact that human activities have. On a topic like global warming for instance, understanding the cause, effect and prevention can greatly help to encourage people to develop lifestyles that cause the least harm to the environment. Although the topic on global warming has been a topic for public debate, there still exists a significant amount of people who fail to understand the importance of reducing human impact on global warming. This could be as a result of misinformation or misinterpretation of the information shared regarding global warming. although there exists a lot of information about global warming, the existence of elements and human activities that destroy the environment leading to global warming is as a result of the approach taken to share and interpret the information shared or taught to the public.

According to Suzanne Goldenberg (1) there exists a short shift that occurs when teaching the topic on global warming to students in public middle and high school and private middle and high school. The varying information has caused confusion when discussing the topic on climate change as students have varying opinions depending on what school they attend. In addition, students only spend about one or two hours of their academic year learning about global warming and how to prevent or control it. The information shared is however misleading or wrong and this has made it rather difficult to develop an actual image of what global warming is. Goldenberg (1) further revealed that 7% of teachers taught that global warming is as a result of natural causes; 4% of teachers opted not to teach about global warming; and 22% talked about the confusion that exist when trying to denote the cause and effects of global warming. although lessons focus on helping to create awareness on what global warming is, lack of consistency makes it difficult to understand the root of the problem.

Since students rely on schools to inform them of how to approach the actual world, varying arguments on a topic as important as global warming has greatly contributed to the confusion around how to control the amount of damage human beings cause to the environment. The lack of consistency has created an environment where efforts are focused on understanding global warming rather than seeking out ways to manage it (Meyer 1). On the one hand, there are those who believe that the changes that occur to the environment are naturally occurring and would take place even without human involvement. While human activities do contribute to the destruction of the environment, some of the changes are naturally occurring. Since the destruction of the environment is attributed to natural phenomenon, there are also those who believe that there is no need for human intervention because the natural occurrences will also repair the damages caused. in a case like the destruction of the ozone layer, the damage caused is as a result of impact from the sun as well as human activities (Meyer 1). The argument then holds that the earth is capable of repairing itself and while global warming is likely to have a big impact on our way of life, the harmful effects are likely to go away over time.

On the other hand, however, there are those who argue that the harmful effects of global warming are greatly as a result of human activities that destroy the environments sustainability. Human beings engage in activities that harm the environment such as the use of natural occurring materials and pollution in the form of emissions. The pollutants reach the atmosphere and cause destruction that attributes to global warming. although some occurrences occur naturally, human activities speed up the process and are therefore responsible for the destruction to the environment (Preston 1). The argument also holds that since human beings are responsible for a significant amount of destruction to the environment, reducing harmful human activities could help reduce global warming. the approach has led to the introduction of policies that seek to control the contribution that people make towards the climatic changes that are being experienced.

The lack of adequate information and also the occurrences where people are misinformed on the contribution that human activities play on the climatic changes being experienced is therefore the reason behind the confusion that revolves around global warming. since education is used to mirror society, varying information creates a scenario where people have varying opinions about society and how to go about enhancing sustainability (Baucom & Omelsky 1). Those that are of the opinion that the climatic changes being experienced is as a result of natural occurring phenomena are therefore less likely to engage in ways to reduce global warming resulting from human activities. This is especially because they also believe that the damage caused will repair itself over time through natural occurring processes (Goldenberg 1). Although some of the changes in the environment are attributed to human activities, those who have been taught to view climatic changes as a naturally occurring phenomena tend to consider human implications as insignificant to global warming. even if human activities that causes global warming were to be done away with, people would still experience changes from natural occurrences.

Other than the varying information that revolves around the topic of global warming, the content is also responsible for the attitude that people have towards global warming. despite the serious consequences that occur due to global warming, most of the research conducted only seeks to identify its cause and effect. A lot of research has been conducted to help identify how human activities and natural occurrences contribute to global warming. there is however little research on how to tackle the issues and come up with a way to reduce the damage that has already been caused. various recommendations have been made to try and come up with ways to reduce destruction of the environment (Meyer 1). Organizations have taken up initiatives to go green by reducing reliance on non-renewable sources of energy and raw materials. Governments have also implemented policies to regulate the amount of emissions released to the environment. Although such policies play a major role in reducing emission of pollutants, there is need for research that focuses on how people can help reduce destruction of the environment on an individual level (Meyer 1). Other than restricting factories and car emission, there lacks sufficient information on how to go about remedying the effect that has already been felt.

Information is an important factor in determining what measures to take in order to reduce global warming. the varying arguments on the topic is therefore as a result of the information that exists regarding global warming and also how people access the data. There is however a downside in that most of the information focuses on how human beings contribute to global warming. this is especially because the negative impacts are better understood by human beings. There is therefore the need for schools to focus on educating people on the changes that are attributed to natural occurring phenomena. Rather than having varying arguments, researchers should focus on creating information that is factual and reliable as this will ensure that people understand global warming. there is a cause and effect on access to information and how people approach the topic of climate change. If people have varying information, they are likely to disagree on how to go about resolving the problems faced. Exposing the relationship that exists between natural and man-made effects could therefore make it easier to understand global warming, its effects, and unite people together towards a common cause.

References

Baucom I and Omelsky M, “Knowledge in the age of climate change” 2017, South Atlantic          Quarterly

Goldenberg S, “Two thirds of US students are taught climate change badly, study finds” The             Guardian,2016, retrieved from,          https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/feb/11/two-thirds-of-us-students-are-       taught-climate-change-badly-study-finds

Meyer, Warren “Understanding the global warming debate” Forbes, 2012, retrieved from,             https://www.forbes.com/sites/warrenmeyer/2012/02/09/understanding-the-global-  warming-debate/#46f576cd3956

Preston C, “Teaching global warming in a charged political climate” 2019, retrieved from,             https://hechingerreport.org/teaching-global-warming-in-a-charged-political-climate/

 Air pollution in Riverside County

Introduction  

A report by the American Lung Association reached the conclusion that over 40% of American citizens live in areas where air pollution is rampant. One of the most affected regions with the highest levels of air pollution is Riverside County and the region has ranked second in most ozone polluted counties in the United States. The air pollution tends to vary depending on climate and time of day as it affects the ozone levels that result in the poor quality of air that is present in the region. The air is constantly polluted by predominant summertime pollutants that affect different parts of the county. The levels of ground level ozone in the region constantly changes and at times reaches high air quality index levels that makes the environment dangerous for the inhabitants. Some of the regions most affected by the air pollution include the San Fernando Valley, the Inland Empire, the Coachella Valley and San Bernardino Mountains to mention a few.

Background

            The hazardous condition that intensify air pollution in Riverside County occur when the ozone formation rate is intensified by the elevated temperatures that exist in the county. the hot temperature combined with the atmospheric inversions that hold pollution near the surface result in high and continuous pollution of the ozone layer which pollutes the air to levels that exceed the 200-air quality index (ALA 1). at such levels, most, if not all residents in riverside county experience mild to adverse effects due to the pollution. Some of the side effects include respiratory problems such as asthma attacks, laboured breathing, and lung damage to mention a few. High levels of air pollution also attribute to premature death with children, older adults and people diagnosed with asthma being the most at risk.

            The air pollution in riverside county has resulted to the region being referred to as the smog belt. The smog formed is as a result of the chemical process that occurs when nitrous oxide is released as a by product of the combustion that occurs in motor vehicles or factory emissions (ALA 1). The nitrous oxide reacts with other chemicals that are present in the air and the sun acts as the catalyst resulting in the production of ozone. Riverside county is renowned for the high temperature as well as vehicles as people commute from one part of the county to another. The region further has a growing trucking and warehousing industry that greatly contribute in the amount of harmful substances released to the air (ALA 1). Pollution is however not limited to the activities carried out at riverside county as harmful pollutants such as nitrous oxide come from other regions and cross geographical boundaries into riverside county. The geography of riverside county makes it possible for air currents to make their way from regions such as the Los Angeles Basin through the mountain passes and into riverside county. The pollution from such regions comes from different pollutants such as motor vehicles and economic activities in Los Angeles basin.

            Long beach and the Los Angeles ports are ranked as the busiest ports in the country and deal with a container volume that exceeds 15 million containers yearly (ALA 1). The ports are therefore a contributing factor on the levels of air pollution that exist in riverside county. The movement of ships in and out of the ports for instance releases emissions that pollute the air. The pollution is intensified by other activities such as trucking activities, unloading, drayage and other port related activities (SMC 1). Although measures have been taken to reduce emissions at the port, the movement of air pollutants from ports like the case in Los Angeles makes it difficult to regulate air pollution in riverside county. While the restrictions implemented within the county help to control air pollution from the region, emissions from other parts of the country make it difficult as it is hard to anticipate the level of pollution that will be brought into the region by air currents.

            Pollution in riverside county is attributed to other factors such as particulate matter that comes from dust particles when they are scattered to the wind as well as pesticides used in the region. Since smog occurs faster when exposed to hot dry weather, pollution is rampant in riverside especially because of the warm weather experienced in the region (USC 76). Since a significant level of pollution in riverside county is also as a result of activities that people engage in from different regions, it is important to understand the impact that this has on riverside county and help come up with a more practical solution.

The Setting

            The high level of air pollution in riverside county is as a result of pollution that occurs as a result of activities engaged in within the county and also pollutants that originate in other regions and make their way to riverside county. Riverside County is greatly affected by pollutants from other regions as it is located within three air basins namely the South Coast Air Basin, Mojave Desert Air Basin, and the Salton Sea Air Basin (RCIP 1). The air pollution in each basin is affected by factors that exist in other basins especially in relation to atmospheric conditions. Factors related to rainfall, temperature, wind direction and wind speed greatly determine how air moves from one region to the other, carrying pollutants that result in the air pollution in riverside county. 

• South Coast Air Basin

The western region of riverside county is located within the South Coast Air Basin and it encompasses the entire orange county. The region also includes parts of Los Angeles that are not covered by a desert as well as riverside and the san Bernardino counties. The region is regulated by the south coast air quality management district whose responsibilities include setting up conditions to help achieve cleaner air (RCIP 1). The region is said to have the highest levels of air pollution and this is greatly as a result of the light average wind speeds experienced in the region. The low wind speed makes it difficult for air contaminants to disperse horizontally. Since the region is exposed to a sea breeze during the day and a land breeze at night, the pattern occurs throughout the year and only changes during winter or when strong Santa Ana winds blow from the desert and the Great Basin.

During spring and early summer, most, if not all of the pollution that occurs in the region is pushed through the mountain passes and out of the basin. The pollution is also carried by warm vertical currents that occur when the mountain slopes heat up allowing pollutants to be flushed out of the basin when the ocean air rises in the afternoons. In cases where stagnant wind flows are experienced, the drainage winds start closer to the mountain where pollutants get trapped and start accumulating throughout the night (Molina & Molina 26). The vertical dispersion of pollutants that pollute the air in the region is however lower depending on the presence of temperature inversion that occurs in the layers of atmosphere that is found near the earth’s surface. In a normal setting, the altitude would trigger a decrease in temperature which allows air to continue rising because it is warmer than the air surrounding it (ALA 1). With an inversion layer however, air stops expanding upwards as it gets trapped by the warmer air that is above.

As the day progresses however, the ground is heated by the temperature from the sun causing the surface layer of air to heat up and reach temperatures that are the same to those from the inversion layer of air. The equal temperatures weaken the inversion layer making it to erode at the lower edge. More temperatures cause the inversion layer to weaken even further to a point where it breaks and allows the surface air to mix upward with little to no restrictions (Schiavone 1).  The occurrence often takes place in the afternoon as the temperature is adequate and a smog can be seen to clear up suddenly. When combined with low wind speeds, the greatest concentration of pollutants is produced and transported from one region to another (Molina & Molina 27). On days when the wind speed is high, particulate matter such as soil, dust and other pollutants are carried by the wind and this greatly contributes to the pollution in Riverside County.

• Salton Sea Air Basin

The Salton Sea Air Basin encompasses the middle region of Riverside County and covers regions such as Joshua Tree National Monument, the San Gorgonio Pass and also imperial county. The South County Air Quality Management District bears the responsibility of ensuring that pollution is regulated and that various sources that contribute to air pollution in the region are regulated (ALA 1). The Salton Sea Area Basin is separated from the South County Air Quality Management District by the Jacinto mountains and also by the Little San Bernardino mountains on the side of the Mojave Desert Air Basin. During summer, the Salton Sea Air Basin is affected by the pacific subtropical high cell that is located off the coast as in encourages solar heating during the day by preventing clouds from forming. The Salton Sea Area Basin rarely gets influenced by the cold air masses that make their way from Canada and Alaska as the systems are relatively weak and get diffused by the time, they make their way south to the region (RCIP 1). Majority of the desert moisture that makes its way to the Salton Sea area basin is as a result of the infrequent moist and warm air masses that are relatively unstable and manage to arrive from the south.

• Mojave Desert Air Basin

The eastern side of Riverside county includes the Mojave Desert Air Basin which stretches up to 21000 square miles, it includes areas such as the Palo Verde Valley and some sections of San Bernardino and Los Angeles county (RCIP 1). The South County Air Quality Management District and the Mojave Desert Air Quality Management District are responsible for ensuring that air pollution remains relatively low. The geography of Mojave Desert Air Basin comprises of low mountain ranges that raise the terrain to about 4000 feet, long broad valleys, dry lakes and prevailing winds that blow from the west and south west (RCIP 1). The winds are as a result of the regions close proximity to the central and coastal region as well as the existence of the Sierra Nevada mountains that enclose the region from the north. When differential heating forces air masses onshore in Southern California, the air is pushed through the Mojave Desert Air Basin (ALA 1). This is especially because the region is separated from the southern California coastal and central California valley regions by mountains that provide passes for the main channels for these air masses. During summer, the pacific sub-tropical high cell that exists off the coast of Mojave Desert Air Basin discourages formation of clouds and further promotes solar heating that occurs during the day (McAllister 1). The region is hardly ever impacted by the cold masses of air that make their way from Canada and Alaska. Most of the desert moisture that makes its way to the region is as a result of the infrequent, unstable and moist air masses that originate from the south causing an average precipitation in the region every year.

Regulatory Restrictions

            The rate of air pollution in riverside county have led to the region being identified as a non-attainment area by the Environmental Protection Agency. The definition is reserved for regions that experience high levels of pollution and are not expected to meet any quality standards set by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The region has therefore enacted various laws and policies to try and reduce air pollution in the region. This is in accordance with the provisions by the Federal Clean Air Act (1977) which advocates for cleaner air by pushing designated agencies in regions that fail to meet clean air standards set by the government to come up with a plan aimed at ensuring that the region meets the requirements set in the near future. In response to Federal Clean Air Act, riverside county relies on the policies enacted by the South Coast Air Quality Management District and the Southern California of Governors to try and reduce pollution in the South Coast Air Basin (RCIP 1). A good example is the Air Quality Management Plan that was adopted in 1979 and has been revised several times to include requirements that come about as a result of changes in society.

Solution

            Any approach that seeks to reduce air pollution in Riverside county should focus on multi-jurisdictional cooperation as air pollutants are not restricted by the jurisdictional boundaries that separate one region from the next. The nature of activities and pollutants emitted in riverside county’s immediate environment like southern California contribute to the pollution that is present in Riverside county (Stern 620). Although most of these regions have policies that limit the release of harmful emissions within their boundaries, most of the policies used to determine the acceptable emissions for companies and other organizations fails to take into account the emissions that originate from other regions and make their way into riverside county (ALA 1). It is therefore important for policy makers to come up with a policy that controls emissions on a global scale rather than focusing on a singe location.

            A significant amount of pollution in Riverside county originates from car emissions which are a common mode of transportation in California. The motor vehicles are used for various purposes such as transporting goods, commuting to work and other personal errands. Despite their usefulness, the vehicles cause a lot of pollution and congestion. Other than noise pollution. The emissions that emanate from the vehicles especially during rush hour when the cars are stuck in traffic (Bytnerowicz 126). The hot environment especially on sunny days converts the emissions noxious compounds that contribute to air pollution. The issue is further made worse by the occurrence in riverside where most cars only have one inhabitant. People prefer personal modes of transport over public means. The added number of vehicles for personal use and also to transport goods adds on to the harmful emissions released on a daily basis. furthermore, since air pollution is not restricted to geographical barriers, pollution from other neighbouring regions is blown into riverside county adding on to the harmful effects it has in the region.

            The most practical solution to reduce pollution at Riverside county would be to establish homes for employees closer to their places of work to reduce the need for commute.  If employees worked to their place of work, there would be lesser cars on the road as fewer people would have to commute to work. one positive outcome will be reduced cars on the roads and therefore fewer emissions (ALA 1). Reducing the number of people travelling to work and back from every day will also reduce the amount of emissions as there would be fewer cars. This would also ease up congestion on the roads and make commutes faster. Other than a reduced number of cars, the emissions would also be lesser as cars would spend lesser time on the road. Those who still have to drive to work commute in roads that are less clouded and therefore allows for faster drives (RCIP 1). The emissions released would therefore be fewer because the car will only travel a shorter distance. Lesser time on the roads will also reduce the quantity that is reduced on a day. Since a lot of emissions form up when cars are stuck in traffic, a clear road would reduce the quantity of emissions.

Another advantage is that housing employees closer to their places of work would ease congestion and give way for policies used to control pollution to take hold. A good example is the use of public transport to reduce the number of motor vehicles on the road and therefore cut down on the levels of emissions produced daily (Andersen et al 7). Transportation through busses and trains that carry more than one passenger are some of the approaches suggested by policy makers and the government to reduce air pollution. The substitutes however fail to be fully utilised because people prefer private means of transport. Since commutes in riverside county encounter a lot of traffic jams, people prefer to use private means of transport as they are more convenient (ALA 1). If employees were housed closer to their places of work however, there would be lesser need to commute and therefore reduce the number of cars on the road and in so doing, ease road congestions. Public means of transport will therefore be able to operate more efficiently and this will in turn encourage people to use public means of transport.

            An argument can be made that housing employees closer to their place of work will not have any significant impact on reduce air pollution in Riverside county. The argument is based on the fact that air pollution in riverside county is also as a result of activities that occur outside its borders. Since pollutants are carried from other regions and pushed by air currents into riverside county, there will still be air pollution present even if people commute less. Furthermore, emissions reduced as a result of lesser motor vehicle use will only be substituted by emissions at home and at work. Since people will be closer to their places of work, they will be able to put in more working hours and even add overtime. The activities involved in facilitating homes used to house employees will also mean that emissions are clustered in one region. The pollutants will however move to other parts of the county similar to how smog accumulates as a result of pollutants from regions neighbouring riverside county.

            While it is true that pollution in riverside county is as a result of activities from its neighbouring regions, activities within the county greatly contribute to the high levels of air pollution experienced. One of the major contributors of air pollution is the emissions from motor vehicles as people commute to and from work and also due to transportation activities engaged in by the companies that operate in the county (Bates et al 13). Reducing the frequency in which people use their cars will reduce the amount of emissions in the region. Although some of the pollution that exists is as a result of activities that occur elsewhere, controlling pollution within riverside will lower the levels of air pollution to a point where most of the pollution originates from outside. This will in turn reduce air pollution levels in the county.

The approach to house employees closer to the place of work can also coordinate with the Transport demand management to come up with driving patterns that seek to reduce the number of motor vehicles on the road at any given time. Commuters that reside in the same neighbourhood and work in the same location can be encouraged to carpool on their way to and from work (Comtois et al 112). Employees should be encouraged to travel in groups or use public means to help reduce car emissions that cause air pollution. Other than carpools, the Transportation Demand Management could enact guidelines that advocate for organizations to make deliveries and commutes during off peak hours (Banister et al 16). Companies can be encouraged to transport products and raw materials during off peak hours when roads are not congested. This will ensure that most operations are carried out during off peak hours when employees are at work. Off peak hours can be reserved for personal commutes to allow for less congestion on the roads when employees go to work and make their way home.

Conclusion

            The high levels of air pollution existing in Riverside county are as a result of the activities engaged in by people in the country and its neighbouring environment. The pollutant substances that are produced in riverside county combine with those brought in from areas like Los Angeles. When the pollutants react due to the high temperatures in the region, the resulting air pollution accumulates and poses hazardous risks to people residing in the region. Although it is difficult to regulate activities in other regions, riverside county could focus on reducing emissions that are attributed to activities it can control. Reducing emissions will ensure that the rate of pollution is low and thus reduce the impact attributed to pollution originating from activities outside Riverside. There is however need for cooperation between regions to create a system that takes into account how pollution affects other regions and come up with measures to prevent occurrences of air pollution and this would greatly help reduce air pollution in Riverside County.

Work cited

American Lung Association, “California: Riverside” 2020, retrieved from,             http://www.stateoftheair.org/city-rankings/states/california/riverside.html

Bytnerowicz, Andrzej. Wild Land Fires and Air Pollution. Oxford: Elsevier Science, 2008.          Print.

Comtois, Claude., Rodrigue, Paul, and Slack, Brian, “The geography of transport systems”           Routledge, 2013 print.

Künzli, Nino et al. “Breathless in Los Angeles: the exhausting search for clean      air.” American journal of public health vol. 93,9 (2003): 1494-9.          doi:10.2105/ajph.93.9.1494

McAllister, Toni. “Heatwave causing poor air quality across riverside county” Patch; Lake          Elsinore-Wildomar, CA, 2020

Molina, Luisa T, and Mario J. Molina. Air Quality in the Mexico Megacity: An Integrated            Assessment. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002. Print.

Paoletti, Elena et al. “Impacts of air pollution and climate change on forest ecosystems--   emerging research needs.” The Scientific World Journal vol. 7 Suppl 1 1-8. 21 Mar.    2007, doi:10.1100/tsw.2007.52

Riverside County Integrated Project, “Air quality element” 2016, retrieved from,             https://rctlma.org/Portals/0/genplan/content/gp/chapter09.html

Schiavone, Renee, “Here’s how dirty Riverside County’s air really is” Patch; Banning-    Beaumont, CA, 2019

Smart Cities Dive, “Is Riverside to blame for its smog belt and failing air quality?” 2017, retrieved from,             https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/riverside-county-    blame-its-smog-belt-failing-air-quality/1021866/

Stern, Arthur C. Air Pollution. New York: Academic Press, 2016. Print.

United States Congress, “Air pollution control progress” U.S Government Printing Office,           2012, print

Wee, Bert , Jan A. Annema, and David Banister. The Transport System and Transport      Policy: An Introduction. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2013. Print.

 Global warming

            Schools play a major role in educating students about the environment around them. It nor only prepares them for careers, but also educates them on the impact that human activities have on the environment they live in. There is however a need for better approaches when it comes to teaching about global warming in schools.  Almost two-thirds of the students enrolled in schools in the United States are subjected to lessons about changes in the environment and climate that fail to reach the level of sound science education they ought to be learning. The misleading information could be one of the major factors promoting the existing confusion regarding the cause and effect of global warming amongst the public.

            A report by Suzanne Goldenberg (2016) revealed that there was short shrift when it came to teaching climate change to students in public middle schools and high schools in 50 states in the United States. The confusion regarding climate change and the role human beings play is intensified by the fact that students only spend about one hour or two during their academic year being taught about climate change. The situation is made worse by the fact that most of the information they learn is either misleading or wrong. Goldenberg (2016) further revealed that 7% of teachers taught that global warming is a result of natural causes; 4% of teachers opted not to teach about global warming, and 22% talked about the contradictions that exist regarding the cause and effects of global warming.

            There is, therefore, the need to create awareness on the importance of understanding what global warming is, the role human beings play and what can be done to overcome its harmful effects. This is especially because the earth’s climate has been changing and the impact of these changes are being felt on different aspects of human life (Baucom & Omelsky, 2017). Instead of relying on the misleading information however, research should focus on past historic event and changes in the environment to better understand the changes in the environment as well as human being’s contributions.

            A glance at the earth’s climate records over the last 20,00 years can help to explain how global warming occurred before human beings and also the different effects that human contribution has played towards global warming. Although climate change is also a result of human activities, natural factors play a significant role in the changes in the environment. Take the earth’s temperature as an example. The research argues that the earth’s surface temperature averaged 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit in the 21st century, which was warmer than the 2oth century (Baucom & Omelsky, 2017). While most of the global warming that has taken place over the last decades has been as a result of activities carried out by human beings, history indicates that global warming is also as a result of natural occurrences in the environment around us (Preston, 2019). An increase in how frequent intense rainfall or a drop in the snow covering the northern hemisphere results in ocean acidification, rise in the sea levels, higher temperatures during the day and other occurrences attributed to global warming.

FIGURE 2.2 Global surface temperature change from 1880 to 2009 in degrees Celsius. Hansel et al, (2006)

Black curve = Annual average temperatures

Red curve = 5-year running average

Green bars = Estimated uncertainty in the data during different periods of the record.

Evidence of the changes that have occurred to the planet throughout history can be seen in the boulders seen perched out of place and rock beds scraped down which could have been caused by alpine glaciers. The evidence suggests that northern regions were covered with continental sheets of ice that ran kilometers deep. The period of the ice age was especially full of exceptional climate change (Baucom & Omelsky, 2017). History further reveals that there was more than one ice age. Often times, ice sheets would make their way south ad retreat again over time. This could have been caused by the series of glacial periods that alternated with warmer climates that would last thousands of years.

During the Medieval Warm Period, for instance, the North Atlantic Region experienced a warm climate ranging from 950 to 1250 degrees (Preston, 2019). The changes in climate may have been a result of an increase in solar activity during that period, a fall in volcanic activity and changes occurring to the ocean circulation. The evidence of global warming during these periods adds on to current information regarding the cause of global warming. Since human beings could not impact the environment in any way significant to cause global warming, its existence in such times proves that global warming is just as much a result of natural causes as it is human activities.

The Medieval Warm Period was followed by the Little Ice Age which was a much cooler time in the North Atlantic. Temperatures were seen to drop to as low as 2 degrees Celsius. It was also the time during which the Middle Ages ended and the modern world came to be (Easterbrook, 2016). Using tree rings and the study of ice cores, researches have been able to prove that the earth became cooler during the Little Ice Age period. Records from winegrowers that existed during this time and written accounts on the cold can be found in letters and sermons composed during the same period. The changes, however, occurred in phases, with the initial drop in temperature taking place around 1300 which was later followed by a sharper and more abrupt cold period which started in the 1570s (Easterbrook, 2016). despite having taken place a long time ago, the events that took place throughout history can help to create a better understanding of what global warming is.

A lot of emphases have been placed on the role that human beings play towards global warming. This is mainly because human beings are not only responsible but stand to lose the most from the effects of global warming. Instead of focusing too much on human’s role however, schools need to educate on the changes that have occurred throughout history as well as changes that are occurring today that are not caused by human activities. Doing so will shift the blame from humans and focus more attention on the various factors that cause global warming. Similar to how temperatures rose and fell due to natural causes in the past, the same is taking place alongside human activities. Exposing the correlation between natural and man-made effects could, therefore, make it easier to understand global warming, its effects, and the role that people play in ensuring that the planet remains sustainable.

References

Baucom I and Omelsky M, (2017) “Knowledge in the age of climate change”, South         Atlantic Quarterly

Esterbrook J,  (2016) “Temperature fluctuations in Greenland and the Arctic” Science Direct,      retrieved from, https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-     sciences/medieval-warm-period

Goldenberg S, (2016) “Two thirds of US students are taught climate change badly, study finds” The Guardian,2016, retrieved from,          https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/feb/11/two-thirds-of-us-students-are-           taught-climate-change-badly-study-finds

Preston C, (2019) “Teaching global warming in a charged political climate” retrieved from,             https://hechingerreport.org/teaching-global-warming-in-a-charged-political-climate/

 Volunteer Reflection

Introduction

            The focus of community projects is to provide a long-term impact to people and community. This is usually achieved by creation of an environment that is beneficial and an economical society that meets the economical and social needs of the people. A community that is sustainable has availability of resources enough job opportunities, high quality lives, well improved infrastructure and a well improved natural resources management. It is important for one to attend volunteer groups as they impact adequate knowledge concerning the environment and importance of proper waste management. The aim of this paper is to bring out discussion of researched environmental issue during the project in the community, sustainability area, the available challenges and the stakeholders who are supposed to address the issue. Proper waste management enables the community to live healthy.

Environmental Issue

             The environmental issue that has been leading to negative implication to the community and people is disposal of waste. This issue has been affecting the businesses, the health of human beings as well as the environment. I had participated in Zero Waste Networks New Zealand, a movement that had been involved in enhancing proper waste disposal. This took place between second and eighth of the month of April. My volunteerism had averagely taken a period of one week where I got an opportunity to engage in various activities that the group participates in. The activities mostly performed by this particular movement include; offering support to organizations in the community businesses, councils, individual and schools involved in minimization of waste management and recycling (Anna, 2016). Additional to the activities of this group is that it has been in the position to enhance participation of authorities of South Island to adopt the policies of the group.

            It is clear that technology has been improving at a high rate but the issue of waste disposal has always remained unsolved. This issue needs immediate actions in order to lower the possibility of negative implications that might turn out to being threats to the future generations. Basing the focus on setting, the area has a high population with abundant industries, large scale and small scale businesses (Harrison, 2013). There are also governmental as well as non-governmental organizations. It should be noted that the population growth as well as that of the businesses has been facilitating towards this issue of waste disposal. The community and the business are involved in environmental waste disposal of solid items. This has lead to contamination of ground and surface water contamination, release of gases known to be harmful like methane and bad odor. There is also release of toxins that usually affects sol and water thereby harming the human health (Kolb, 2008). From research carried out by Zero Waste Network New Zealand, it has been found that solid waste disposal has been facilitated by lack of disposal and waste collection systems, uncontrolled sites of damping and the activities of recycling the wastes. There is also lack of modernized facilities of modern waste treatment and poor management of wastes by the local authorities.

Tasks Addressed by Zero Waste Networks New Zealand

            There are various tasks that were being addressed by the group. These include corporate reporting which is mandatory, packaging levy, linking of the campaign of national Zero Waste communication, minimum standards of recycled content, job investments through reusing, recycling and reprocessing items locally and plastic bag levies (Anna, 2016). There is also public sector Green procurement guidelines, measurement, monitoring and national reporting on Zero Waste journey.

Area of Sustainability

            Waste management is the practice of collection, transportation, processing and disposal of waste. It is also involves management and monitoring of waste materials. It is essential to observe this step so that waste can be well managed efficiently instead of being disposed on the land. Waste can be minimized by recycling and reusing of items. Waste generation reduction can also assist in minimizing the waste by protection of dwelling resources, reduction of contamination and pollution and reducing the community targets of waste minimization. In order to get this achievement, there is the need to change views on waste management and its importance in life. Different communities have assumed different routes which are being directed to achievement of Zero Waste (Gillespie, 2015). This is good as there are different variables to be put in consideration in each district and region. The issue of waste has become a community thing. This gives implies that all community members are supposed to take part in the available links established to manage the environmental waste. Participation of people involved in manufacturing activities is expected to take part in the waste management strategy.

            There are various ways of creating an efficient plan of waste management. To begin with, there is consideration of management of sustainable materials. It is advisable not to assume that managing waste is the last step one can do but rather sustainable waste management approach should be considered (Chang & Pires, 2015). The step of waste management requires one to bring into sense the aspect of recycling as well, as reusing the waste. The later step allows one to carry out informed and deliberate decisions concerning the right ways in which the flow of waste materials should assume at different stages of manufacture. The aim of this step is to minimize the amount of wastes that is generated at last. The other way is planning of the waste at every stage and helps one to achieve their objectives as far as waste disposal is concerned. One should follow the plan at all stages. When the significant strategic steps have been put in place, deliverance of improvement considered to be sustainable is achieved

            The issue of collaboration with different companies and organizations is very essential as far as waste disposal is concerned. The companies should be sharing similar goals in waste management. One approach in self-supporting and sustainable partnership between local governments and various businesses is Private-Public Partnership for Service Delivery (Robinson, 2010). Such collaboration helps in establishment of improved relationship public, private and citizen stakeholders. The cooperation also helps in limiting adverse effects of wastes materials in the poor communities. It also facilitates to improved waste management and recycling methods as well as improvement of businesses and the lives people. The last way is paying focus on avoidance of landfills. It is important to avoid activities that facilitate to landfills as much as one can. It is necessary for the civil bodies to carry operations under legislative requirements that aim to achieve given diversion goals

Business Involvement in Waste Management and Challenges Likely to be faced in Future

            There is the knowledge for the need to carefully dispose waste by the business. The small and medium entrepreneurship faces much pressure when dealing with waste materials. This is because they have a challenge of insufficiency of the necessary expertise or resources. There is also a challenge of destruction of many reusable and recyclable items by scavengers as they seek components and high value metals. Involvement of business can be achieved through empowerment of people in order to notify them that they can bring defense by making the correct choices when buying products and services in New Zealand and other areas. This can happen when people decide to purchase products which recycled content, purchase second hand items, select goods with minimal packaging, implement their power of purchase in order to give support to the economy (De & Perry, 2012). People can also repair items instead of throwing them away, purchase products with quality that can be repaired and demand deduction on unnecessary stuffs. Adoption of Green procurement guidelines by business sectors is important. This would enable the council departments adopt policies in purchases that favor materials and products that contain recyclable contents. There is the probability of businesses being unable to offer supplies to the local council with superior products regardless the presence of environmental policies.

             The online business could give opportunities for small and medium entrepreneurships that are in need to dispose waste or come up with waste management services. They could also provide opportunities for small and medium entrepreneurships who dispose the waste themselves (Cruz-Cunha & Varajao, 2011). This could be achieved by proposing an approach for location of actors who are to be involved in transporting, disposing, recycling and reusing the wastes. There is incorporation of the author’s approach of Request Based Virtual Organizations by use of Service Oriented Architecture. There is also incorporation of ontology for defining the requirements of waste management. There is utilization of the Multi-Agent System involved in negotiations and formation of Request Based Virtual Organizations. It is this approach that enables the small and medium entrepreneurships to get partners who are appropriate handle the issue of waste management and achieve advantageous competition in the market.

                                                        Volunteering is Important

            There is also generation of new jobs resulting from implementation of new policies of Zero Waste. This is because resource recovery and recycling create jobs than land filling activities. According to the report given by Grass Roots Recycling Networks, wasting and recycling puts United States of America in a position to create many jobs more than incineration or land filling (White & Duram, 2013). This has been increasing with time. Volunteering in special events like being a team member of a group that is promoting importance of responsible waste management for Green Fest or Mindful Metropolis would enable one to get rewards on their activities. It would also play an important role in eating the best delicious food and attending various music events (Information Resources Management Association, 2017). One would also be in a position to see documentaries. Other organizations can enable the learners to know about climatic issues thereby expanding their environmental knowledge. These organizations educate the public on the importance of participating in environmental issues and being participants of in the same. This shows that one should participate in volunteer movements as they create opportunities to get knowledge concerning the environment.

Conclusion

            Waste disposal has been a major environmental issue calling for attention. Many negative implications have been associated with associated with poor waste disposal. This has been caused by both private and public activities. Harmful impacts on health as well as environment are associated with poor waste disposal as seen in the discussion above. Area of sustainability involves the management of waste products without necessarily compromising the future. Reusing and waste generation reduction can are some of the ways to assist in minimizing the waste by protection of dwelling resources, reduction of contamination and pollution and reducing the community targets of waste minimization. Use of recyclable items should be encouraged as this would play an important role in reducing environmental pollution. Participation in volunteer groups creates ways to job opportunities as seen in the paper above. There are various tasks addressed by the Zero Waste Networks New Zealand and the there has been the view of waste disposal as a community issue. There is also proposal of an approach for location of actors who are to be involved in transporting, disposing, recycling and reusing the wastes. As the business gets involved, it faces pressure in disposal of waste. Inability to offer to oiffer supplies to the local council with superior products regardless the presence of environmental policies is one among other challenges that business would face in future as aresult of participation in Zero Waste Network. Proper waste management enables the community to live healthy.

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Reference

Anna R. Davies. (2016).The Geographies of Garbage Governance: Interventions, Interactions and Outcomes. Routledge.

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Top of FormDe, F. C. R., & Perry, M. (2012). New environmentalism: Challenges and responses in managing New Zealand's environmental diversity. Dordrecht: Springer.

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Chang, N.-B., & Pires, A. (2015). Sustainable solid waste management: A systems engineering             approach.Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons Inc., [Piscataqay, New Jersey]

Cruz-Cunha, M. M., & Varajao, J. (2011). E-business issues, challenges and opportunities for

            SMEs: Driving competitiveness. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference.

Gillespie, A. (2015). Waste policy: International regulation, comparative and contextual perspectives. Cheltenham : Edward Elgar Pub. Ltd.,

Harrison, A. L. (2013). Business environment in a global context. o xford : Oxford University      Press

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Information Resources Management Association, (2017). Natural resources management:           Concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications.

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Kolb, R. W. (2008). Encyclopedia of business ethics and society. Thousand Oaks: Sage    Publications.

Robinson, H. (2010). Governance & knowledge management for public-private partnerships.      Chichester, U.K: Wiley-Blackwell.

White, K. K., & Duram, L. A. (2013). America goes green: An encyclopedia of eco-friendly culture in the United States.

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Abstract

From a scientific perspective, the underlying reasons for global warming depends on the extensive body of laborious, peer revised studies. Nevertheless, there is minimal methodical experimental proof about the costs it has on human beings (Kelley, 2017). Utilizing straight queries on gratification with winter and summer seasons, this paper reveals the global warming impacts on the wellbeing of humans as it also covers the global warming issues as experienced presently. Cross sectional surveys information unveil information on temperature fluctuations and even better, the impacts it brought on the natural surroundings.

Introduction

The utter shock of grasping that the earth’s high unsustainable consumer routine is the underlying cause for global warming is a wakeup call for all humans. As scientists sound the alarm over global warming issues, some fundamental ideologies are gradually gaining momentum. Overlook greenhouse emissions reductions, some experts in this environmental area of expertise claim that they are still attempting to investigate the implication of global warming and tailoring a technical fix (Landau et.al, 2015). For instance bouncing sunbeams back into interstellar space via nanoparticles placed into the upper troposphere. Initiating mirrors into the earth’s orbit. Producing an environmental thermostat. All of these mitigation measures sound like unrealistic mechanisms and ancient stories. For more than two centuries, researchers, armed forces, and cons devised structures to influence weather and climate. Similarly, the current crop of climatic engineers enthusiastically overstate issues that may be possible while ignoring political, army and moral effects of trying to handle earth’s climatic challenges.

Global warming issues

Scientists anticipated opposition from European representatives while they were in Netherlands, holding talks holding talks on key restricting global warming treaties. Serving as the secretary for global affairs, Loy was trying to persuade Europeans that Americans were not attempting to take advantage of the treaties’ loopholes, which would cause Americans from making significant cutbacks (Mary, 1999). Nevertheless, the tension-filled meeting was a failure. According to Loy, all he achieved in exchange for his time was an embarrassment launched at his face.

Global warming controversies are not unusual neither are they new (Mary, 1999). The issue faced numerous disbelief and confrontation ever since environmentalist scientists in the early 1970s instigated cautions that fuel usage in factories and automobiles was discharging dangerous amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. After that, the warning swarmed in from various quarters of the society.

Previously, critics suspected the existence of global warming and green house emission impacts in which the gases would trap heat from the sun and prevent it from escaping into the atmosphere hence raising temperature on the surface of the earth. Experts cautioned that the confined heat would ultimately generally cause an unprecedented increase in temperature in various places on the earth. Consequently, the trapped heat would melt icecaps and then raise sea levels hence flooding coastal areas (Landau et.al, 2015). Scientists also claimed that enormous losses of flora and fauna species would take place as organisms fail to cope with the changes.

As successive researches validated the existence of gases building up and then increasing global temperatures on the surface of the earth, critics adjusted their concern to questions of whether man was responsible for the global warming or it was a natural phenomenon. Therefore, once again critics began a controversial debate on the role man played in global warming. Even though over the years, the role of man in global warming gradually faded away as most governments all over the world decided to take a cause of action and reduce the greenhouse emissions (Kelley, 2017). By doing so, the governments averted an impending danger that had the potential of killing the world. In summary, humans played a major role in commencing the global warming and have a role to play to minimize its impacts.

Consequently, 1997, more than 150 nations met at Kyoto Japan and sign up a treaty to fight off global warming (Crutzen et.al, 2016). As part of the contract, three thirds of industrialized nations decided to minimize their respective carbon dioxide emissions and other gases with a 5% cut. As one of the world’s largest emitter of carbon dioxide, America approved to reduce its carbon dioxide discharge by an extra 2% that is 7%.

             Years after the Kyoto protocol, the aim of the treaty is proving to be an unrealistic feat for the member nations, who signed the treaty (Crutzen et.al, 2016). Even though the mounting data reveals that human tasks are the main reason for global warming, not a single developed nation has fully taken significant steps recommended by the Kyoto protocol. Thus, greenhouse emissions persistently increase as time goes by.

Meanwhile, approval amongst the contract’s signatories collapsed. As Loy learnt, while he was in Hague, the discussions ended in disagreement with European delegates and environmental scientists groups accusing the United States of attempting to cut carbon dioxide emissions without reducing oil consumptions. More over, most of the European nations have ministers as representatives. The European ministers come from green parties hence their perspective on global warming issues are sometimes unpragmatic according to Loy, who chaired the United sated delegations and disallowed the accusations placed on Americans. Loy went to imply the Kyoto protocol was not an agreement but rather an impasse. Loy went further to explain how the situation was a serious matter that needed an intervention.

The present disagreement on the Kyoto protocol pertains to language included in the treaty at United States persistence on allowing nations to meet the Kyoto objectives and also play a part in purchasing carbon credits produced in other nations that surpass their discharge decrease objectives. More so, ‘pollutant trading’ first commenced in the America through initial efforts to restraint discharge of sulfur dioxide responsible for causing acid rainfall.

Climate accountability

Fossil fuel organizations are experiencing pressure from both legal and political sides over the spreading climatic deception. For this particular reason, fossil fuel companies have to integrate their business plans with environmental goals (McGlade, & Ekins, 2015). While some corporations are retorting to this pressure, generally, their efforts fall short and are not effective enough to prevent the effects of climatic change.

 In 2016, when researchers assessed the actionable measures eight key oil and coal corporations took to reduce impacts of global warming, they realized that none of the corporations separated facts from fictions (Crutzen et.al, 2016). Acknowledging global warming facts would assist the firms make sound and precise decisions for the sake of saving the community consuming their products and services, which would in turn effectively, reduce the carbon footprint.

In 2018, some of the business corporations openly declared their backing for Paris climate contract whose aim was restraining destructive global warming (Kelley, 2017). Yet, none of the coal and oil corporations achieved their carbon dioxide reduction goals, which aligns with Paris Climate contract. Most of the coal and oil companies assume and continuously downplay climatic information hence endangering human beings and other efforts made toward reducing green gases emissions (McGlade, & Ekins, 2015). In fact, most oil and coal corporations continue to collaborate with institutions that spread misinformation on climatic change and other activities. However, all hope is not lost, as most of the companies that produce most carbon dioxide must eventually take accountability for their actions. Presently technology makes it possible for experts to calculate the amount each corporation emits hence able to factor in their contribution to climatic change.

Key coal and oil corporations need to amend their business models and minimize global warming for the sake of preserving earth. Similarly, most of the corporations intentionally cause civic misunderstanding on matters relating to climatic change (The Climate Accountability Scorecard, 2018). These businesses should mend their ways, release accurate information to the public, and even set a date for a carbon emission free day.

 How to reduce global warming

Countries all over the world, are improving their fight against climatic change, in spite of the misinformation presented in front of them. Some nations such as America withdrew from Paris agreement (The Climate Accountability Scorecard, 2018). Nevertheless, American administrators, mayors, county leaders and the common citizens are still adhering to the Paris agreement. Even better is the fact that formers American leaders are rising to the occasion to educate the public on the importance of reducing global warming whenever the need arises.

 In summary global warming, is a global issue in need of everyone’s attention. Leaders took the necessary steps to initiate actionable decisions needed to mitigate the issue. Even though some critics try to lay a blame to natural factors, humans too have a role to play in the acceleration of global warming. Therefore, the world should take the bold step of cutting back carbondioxde emissions.

References

The Climate Accountability Scorecard (2018) https://www.ucsusa.org/climate-accountability-scorecard-2018

Kelley, J. (2017). Human gains and losses from global warming: Satisfaction with the climate in the USA, winter and summer, north and south. Social Indicators Research, 131(1), 345-366.

Landau, M. J., Kay, A. C., & Whitson, J. A. (2015). Compensatory control and the appeal of a structured world. Psychological Bulletin, 141(3), 694.

Mary H. Cooper (1999) .Global Warming Treaty file:///C:/Users/u/Downloads/global%20warming.pdf

Crutzen, P. J., Mosier, A. R., Smith, K. A., & Winiwarter, W. (2016). N 2 O release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels. In Paul J. Crutzen: A pioneer on atmospheric chemistry and climate change in the anthropocene (pp. 227-238). Springer, Cham.

McGlade, C., & Ekins, P. (2015). The geographical distribution of fossil fuels unused when limiting global warming to 2 C. Nature, 517(7533), 187.

Environmental Racism

Introduction

            Environmental racism has been described as lack of justice in the environment regarding practice and policy making within racialized context (Holifield, 2018).  The problem relating to racial profiling in the United States is not only related to police profiling and the act of violence but also issues to do with the environment.  The race plays a significant role in determining environmental policies involving the land use, regulations, and zoning. Therefore, the Latin American, African American, indigenous and also individuals from the low-income communities are likely to live in areas which are highly polluted than those from the other races.

            The communities of color face a disproportionate burden for environmental contamination due to the pollution that occurs either in their neighborhood or around there neighborhood. Environmental pollution affects each and every human being, and therefore, there is a need for environmental justice or all.

Concept

            Benjamin Chavis introduced the concept in 1982.  During this time, he was among the management of a church named United Church of Christ (Zimring, 2017).  Chavis introduced the term in response to poor disposal of waste which carries high health risk in a particular town in Warren County (Holifield, 2018).  His report together with the one from the US general accounting office resulted in the public attention which found a close association between the poor minority and the people of color with location/sites of hazardous waste.

            The term environmental racism has been defined to include discrimination of individual race in the policy-making and in implementations of laws and regulations which in some way target the individuals from communities of color. Lack of good political representation mainly in the leadership of ecological movements is also thought to facilitate the situation.

             There are mainly existence of patterns that are key in determining presence of environmental injustice.  This are hazardous waste exposure, the accessibility of water, the vulnerability of the community to flooding and the discriminatory waste management processes (Collins, Grineski & Chakraborty, 2018).  Social scientist has viewed the sitting of the hazardous waste in the minority communities as intentional racism while to others it is structural and institutional.

 Individuals from the communities of color find themselves in environmental racism due to factors such as the presence of cheap land resulting from the lack of that capability to resist the corporation.  The other is the low political representation which thus makes them have little power thus allowing businesses to operate with little resistance to their operations (Holifield, 2018).  People from the color communities are also paid the minimum wages which makes them unable to move out of the polluted environment to better areas with little or no pollution.

Environmental racism has drawn public attention, and it is therefore clear that individuals of all races are affected by ecological changes.  The dumping of hazardous waste to the neighborhood of individuals of color makes them more exposed to various dangers to their health (Checker, 2016).  Some of the conditions that the people living in the highly polluted areas are an asthma attack, lung diseases and also the presence of cancers especially lung cancer.

Major environmental decisions have to involve the people of all races because the class is linked with race.  The race also touches almost all the institutions including the employment, housing, land use decisions, and even facility sitting.  The decisions cannot be made by only those individuals who are in power yet the distribution of power itself is not equal.

The people from the communities of color need to be empowered such that they are able to organize themselves and get involved in the decision making processes.  It is essential that justice is integrated into almost all the areas because it involves the places people work, live, plays, attend school and also both the physical and cultural environment.  Access to water free from contamination is also part of environmental justice, and it is an essential basic need of human (Checker, 2016).  Individuals from communities of color know the challenges that they face in accessing the clean water, and therefore, approaches to address the issue requires their involvement in decision making because it is an important part of their daily living.

The issue of flooding is also key while addressing environmental racism.  Numerous changes have occurred in the natural environment due to the human activities which disrupt the normal flow of water.  With the rise in population in the communities of color and also the general environmental issues involving dump sites in the neighborhood, there is a higher risk of flooding (Checker, 2016).  To address the issues, there is a need to make important decisions also involve people from the communities in decision and policy-making which can require better methods to resolve the problem such as developing better drainage systems.

Conclusion

            Environmental racism is an issue that has really affected the individuals from the communities of color and also those from low social, economic class.  This is facilitated by the issue of poor representation in politics and little control over the operations of the business. The issues of environmental racism involve exposures to hazardous waste, access to clean water, vulnerability to flooding and management of waste.  There is need therefore to come up with better ways to address the issue facing these communities which involves empowering and involving them in the development of policies.

References

Collins, T. W., Grineski, S. E., & Chakraborty, J. (2018). Environmental injustice and flood risk: a conceptual model and case comparison of metropolitan Miami and Houston, USA. Regional environmental change, 18(2), 311-323.

Checker, M. (2016). chapter 5 environmental racism and community health. A Companion to the Anthropology of Environmental Health, 101.

Holifield, R. (2018). Environmental Racism. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, 1-4.

Zimring, C. A. (2017). Clean and white: A history of environmental racism in the United States. NYU Press.

Statutory Nuisance and Environmental Law

Environmental regulations improved over the years, but the objective remains the protection of the public from activities that might threaten the health, peace, and even goodnight sleep of the residents living nearby. In this particular case, Mr. Brown purchased an unused pub and plans on renovating it into a student accommodation center. More so, Mr. Brown runs a building company hence has his own workers at his disposal. The workers attend to the unused pub whenever they are free from other projects (Brunel, and Levinson, 2016, 57). Their working hours range from early morning to 9pm. As it is common with renovating buildings, the workers generated noise, dust, and health of the resident leaving nearby. This essay will take a look at some of vital aspects of the case study and whether Mr. Brown was right to issues a complaint to the Local council after the residents complained about the project. Secondly, examine how the local council would establish the existence of a statutory nuisance and other recommendations if there were any.

Health Stressors

 Mr. Brown followed the due procedure before commencing the renovations on the dilapidated pub. This is because the locals were against the developments. Thus, he sought guidance on the suitable working hours and the finest workable mechanisms through which he could minimizing the effects of the renovations and by doing so, reduce the environmental impact on the neighboring  people (Glicksman et.al, 2019, 451). Therefore, there is need to investigate complains launched against Mr. Brown and ensure that he adheres to the rules and regulations provided by the local council.

 The Environmental Protection Act 1990 creates a provision for the enhanced regulation of pollution by handling waste and controlling industrial emissions, essential policies within the Act enforce an obligation of upkeep on all the businesses or any individual who generates, transmits, retains, disposes off or introduces wastes to the natural surroundings (Heras‐Saizarbitoria et.al, 2016, 456). Hence, a person has the full responsibility of protecting the natural surrounding whenever he or she initiates a project, which directly affects the natural surroundings.

Since legislatures implemented the Act, numerous changes took place and various clauses either appealed or removed from the act completely. The act is applicable to various nations such as England and wales (Ma, and Ho, 2016, 228). Therefore, after looking at the making of the Act, either Mr. Brown needs to take the initiative and look for a more precise way of conducting the project.

The provisions of the environmental act 1990 permit the neighbors to launch a complaint against MR. Brown hence he should pay close attention to all the provisions of the regulations of the act, which directly affects his actions in terms of practice (Percival et.al, 2017, 156). On the other side, the council should ensure that Brown does not pollute the environment in any given way. The council has to see to it that the workers do not pollute the surrounding and regulate their tasks based on the tenets found within various clauses.

 How to council would establish if a statutory nuisance was utilized

 First of all a statutory nuisance occurs when anything falls under the category of a nuisance or a posing as a potential danger to the people living near the areas (Brunel, and Levinson, 2016, 55). Whereas a nuisance is anything which is irrational and results into considerable intrusion in the usage and delight of an individual’s property. Hence, it is more than just simply irritating or recognizing that something is disrupting the peace of other people.

 Coupled with information above, the council needs to develop a framework for the context of the nuisance (Ma, and Ho, 2016, 229). For instance in a case of Bamfords v Turnley, the lawyers defined nuisance as persistent activities or a situation of undertakings causing a considerable and illogical interference with a plaintiff land or his or her utilization of that particular space of land. Exceptions occur only when the originator of the annoyance has the right to private nuisance. Mostly, the property-owner is not accountable for the stopping the nuisance one makes; let us say on a Saturday night. In this case, Mr. Brown got permission from the council before he began working on the unused space. In addition he sort after the advice of the council who gave him all the rules and regulations he was to adhere to. Hence, as long as he is keeping the noise as per the instructions and has measures at hand to regulate the dust produced, he has some leeway and private nuisance. Nevertheless, the council can only establish a statutory nuisance only if MR Brown goes against the proposed rules and regulations proposed and forwarded by the council itself.

Another way the council can establish a statutory nuisance is if the people living near the area make a complaint. Most workers may fails to realize that they are a nuisance to the neighboring people. Therefore, before establishing a complaint, the council should indorse people to try to converse with the people working politely and tell them about the challenge they are causing. In this case, the residents need to talk to Mr. Brown before launching the complaints against him. Mr. Brown genuinely believes that he is doing the right thing and even reports the residents’ complaints back to the health department after some of the neighbors became abusive and threatening his operations.

Most of the times statutory nuisances incline toward property based matters. Therefore, any issues arising from disturbing other people especially during building activities could sometimes not be subject to statutory nuisance laws. Some of the issues not covered under nuisance statutory regulations are aircraft noise, noise produced during traffic. The information above serves as a positive indicator or grounds for establishing a statutory nuisance act against the Mr. Brown.

Steps taken in case a statutory nuisance exists

 In this particular context, a statutory nuisance takes effect under the Environmental Protection Act 1990, because an individual’s health is under threat or an activity interrupts their peace. According to lawmakers, nuisance is anything which affects someone else peace of mind at their household or property (Percival et.al, 2017, 159). Noise is most common type of nuisance issue throughout history even though there are some other aspects considered a nuisance. For instance, smoke, dust particles, stench, and debris remain.

 In case of any of nuisances mentioned above, one can take action against Mr. Brown and protect their health on time. In order to take necessary action against Mr. Brown, the council must confirm and observe the allegations mentioned against Mr. Brown. Furthermore, the council must confirm the relevance of the allegations if they fall under required statutory nuisance standards. After confirming that the disturbance fall under the statutory nuisance laws, then they can go ahead and prove the case in a court of law.

 The council must take necessary practical steps to examine a complaint beforehand and carry out their mandate according to the evidence gathered. While most of their efforts depend on the legislations, it is prudent for the council to initiate deep-seated or thorough investigations prior to the actual case in court. Therefore, it is up to the council to gather evidence and proof that a case exists beyond any reasonable doubt. For instance, officers must observe and witness the validity of the complaints.

A person does not need a solicitor to take action. Any member of the community can access the court systems at any time of the day and solve the statutory nuisance. It is not an expensive venture and one does not need any solicitor for that matter. However, one may wish to consult one if necessary.

Other remedies available

In the context of a private action, one needs to prove beyond a shadow of doubt in front of a court of law that he or she tried to resolve the issue at a personal level before bringing it to court. On the other hand, one can write a letter to the court systems narrating the ordeal he or she went through in the hands of a person generating nuisance (Heras‐Saizarbitoria et.al, 2016, 459). Under the section 82 of Environmental protection act 1990, one should give underlying reasons for launching a complaint for instance, in this case, the nuisance comes from Mr. Brown’s workers drilling and working beyond the recommended hours. In The letter, one needs to detail all the relevant evidence required in the courts of law, which will in turn persuade the courts to act and move into action. More so, one can write on the letter specific time he or she experiences the statutory disturbances. For the sake of clarity and partnership with the goals of delivering justice for both parties.

 In case the predicament persists, and the individual responsible for the actions ignores the complains or letters sent to them, one should write to them again and then apply to the magistrate court for the case to commence (Glicksman et.al, 2019, 109). One should give them a minimum of three days’ notice before the actual day (Brunel, and Levinson, 2016, 66).

References

Brunel, C. and Levinson, A., 2016. Measuring the stringency of environmental regulations. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 10(1), pp.47-67.

Glicksman, R.L., Markell, D.L., Buzbee, W.W., Mandelker, D.R., Bodansky, D. and Hammond, E., 2019. Environmental Protection: Law and Policy. Aspen Publishers.

Heras‐Saizarbitoria, I., Arana, G. and Boiral, O., 2016. Outcomes of environmental management systems: The role of motivations and firms’ characteristics. Business Strategy and the Environment, 25(8), pp.545-559.

Ma, R. and Ho, Y.S., 2016. Comparison of environmental laws publications in Science Citation Index Expanded and Social Science Index: a bibliometric analysis. Scientometrics, 109(1), pp.227-239.

Percival, R.V., Schroeder, C.H., Miller, A.S. and Leape, J.P., 2017. Environmental regulation: Law, science, and policy. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business.

Abstract

            There are different forms of fuel that have been in use globally. These fuels have several effects as far as the environment is concerned. There are the conventional fuels which have been contributing towards the many cases that are associated with climate change. They include climate change, a lot of expenses pollution, inaccessibility and effects on agricultural practices. This shows that using other forms of fuel that are environmental friendly would be much better than relying on these conventional fuels. The alternative fuels are preferable or that matter. These are usually other substances or materials that can be used in fueling apart from conventional fuels. There is increased use of motor vehicles for transportation and the fact that they use unleaded fuels leads to release of harmful gases into the atmosphere. The moment fossil fuels are burnt to release the needed powder, they do release carbon dioxide unlike in the cases where alternative oils are used. The alternative fuels do not leave the gases in the atmosphere as they are usually at their end product state. There would also be reduced cases of conflicts that have been caused by over dependence of the world on the Middle East for the supply of fuel.. The alternative fuels are usually environment al friendly. A lot of money would be saved There is also the ability to produce the fuels domestically since the products of production are readily available, the alternative fuels are accessible and favor the agricultural practices. Use of alternative fuels enables to conserve the environment in that they do release small quantities of carbon dioxide and several other gases which are harmful and cause climate change.

Introduction

            There have been debates concerning the reliability of different forms of fuels in globally. Many have been arguing that the conservation fuels are cheap energy sources, less money is required for transport, economical, abundant and reliable. However, there are many negative implications associated with them and this makes it reliable to depend on alternative fuels. Alternative fuels are usually other substances or materials that can be used in fueling apart from conventional fuels such as fossil fuels and nuclear materials like thorium and uranium. There is increased use of motor vehicles for transportation in this century and the fact that they use unleaded fuels leads to release of harmful gases into the atmosphere. The moment fossil fuels are burnt to release the needed powder, they release carbon dioxide unlike in the cases where alternative oils are used. The alternative fuels do not leave the gases in the atmosphere as they are usually at their end product state. There would also be reduced cases of conflicts that have been caused by over dependence of the world on the Middle East for the supply of fuel. The alternative fuels are usually environment al friendly. A lot of money would be saved There is also the ability to produce the fuels domestically since the products of production are readily available, the alternative fuels are accessible and favor the agricultural practices. The usage alternative fuels to drive machines enables to conserve the environment in that they do release small quantities of carbon dioxide and several other gases which are harmful and cause climate change.

There Is Reduction of Environmental Pollution

            The conventional fuels have been major source of environmental pollution. These fuels have been generating high quantities of toxic carbon dioxide gas. These gases have been affecting the climate change (Perera, 2). This has been a major threat to the children who are readily exposed to air pollution. They cause great threats in the lives of living organisms. There have been many cases of hospitalization related to cardiovascular illnesses. This causes great threat towards human beings. There are also effects in climate change whereby the normal seasons are being interfered with. There have been prolonged rainy and drought seasons. This has been causing major problems globally. The climate changes associated with increased pollution from the high practices that facilitate consumption of conventional have been contributing to the many cases of food shortage. The high temperatures usually interfere with the normal growth of the plants. The presence of carbon dioxide in the soil reduces the nitrogen as well as protein levels thus reducing the rate of nitrogen fixation. The non-conventional fuels do not pollute the environment. This is because the products produced are already at their end product state hence no emission of harmful carbon dioxide in to the atmosphere. This gives people confidence that there would be no harmful effects on the body systems if these alternative fuels are well utilized.

            The alternative fuels do not emit the toxic products like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and particulate matter. This implies that there will be reduced cases of illnesses and hospitalization related to climate changes because the atmosphere would be clean unlike for the cases of conventional fuels. The availability of the alternative fuels in abundant levels would facilitate maintenance of a clean environment as compared to conventional fuels. This is because there might be leakage of the transportation pipes and since they are not transported as they would be domestically produced gives the assurance of a clean and safe environment. The other fact is that because they are environmental friendly, even if they leak no pollution would be counted. They still do not interfere with the ozone layer as well as climate change. For example, the hydrogen fuel cars do not emit oxygen but rather they do produce other products like heat and water. It is true that water and hydrogen do react chemically but they later produce electricity which is would be used for other purposes. Adopting the alternative fuels use would be a major step to help fight with air pollution.   

There Protection from Climate Change

            The increase use of conventional fuel has been a major cause of climate change. This is where the atmospheric temperatures have been rising at very high rate globally. The gases that are being released from the conventional fuels like carbon dioxide have been the major cause of climate change (Covert, et al. 118). The gases end up collecting at the atmosphere whereby they absorb solar radiation and sunlight causing the temperature of the planet to go high. This has been happening with practice of burning fossil fuels with an aim of producing powder. The burning of coal has also been a contributing factor towards emission of carbon dioxide thereby causing climate change.  The alternative fuels emit no toxic gases. This is evident by the fact that the products produced are not toxic. They are usually environmental friendly as they pose no threats on the environment. There is no gas that would be produced by these fuels to later interfere with the atmosphere thus causing global warming. For example, biodiesel would alone be used for driving the vehicles when diesel additives have been added. This is purposely to reduce the emissions of toxic gases like hydrogen carbon, carbon monoxide and particulates in to the atmosphere. The atmospheric temperatures will usually remain at normal states not unless affected by other factors but not the alternative fuels. Discovery and utilization of these environmental friendly fuels would play an important role in ensuring that the there is safe and quality environment suitable for existence of the living things.

Alternative Fuels Saves Money

            The conventional fuels are expensive in various ways. First, it might appear difficult to explore as well as extract the fuels. People who depend on environment as source of food are highly affected (Chambers, 6). There is usually high amount of money spent during mitigation of the effects that have been caused by fossil fuels. . The people affected need to be taken care of in the hospitals where high amount of money would be spent. The carbon produced affects the climate causing damage of the plants. This leads to low or no food production in the affected areas thereby causing the occupants to buy food from other areas. There is usually much money that could have been spent in the process s of planting the food and this comes to be a waste. The use of alternative fuels would play an important role in saving money as there are less damage associated with the same. For example, the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by biomass, wind and hydropower is relatively low compared to that of conventional fuels like coal. the money that would have been spent in managing the damages that have been posed by the conventional fuels would rather be used to cater for other important activities that might promote development if the alternative fuels would be used as sources of energy. There would be no money spent to taking the people who have been affected by the atmospheric effects caused by the use of conventional fuels. The adoption of alternative form of energy use would also play an important role in saving money that is on use to facilitate the transportation of the imported conventional fuels. It is therefore clear that using alternative fuels would be much cheaper and not pose burdens to the people.

There is a Positive Impact on Agriculture

            The carbon dioxide produced by the conventional fuels readily interferes with farming activities. There have been increased temperatures which are brought about by climate change thus causing shortage of food and water (Agnew, 23). There is usually lowered suitability of the lands which have been in use for agricultural purposes, low quantities of food crops from the gardens and the duration of the seasons also reduced. This has been a major issue interfering with the farming activities. The farmers have been experiencing low yields from the harvests. Sometimes they have been staying for long without planting the crops due to prolonged periods of dry seasons. The climate change associated with the emission of carbon dioxide has also been interfering with fishing practices due to the raised temperatures. Still the presence of carbon dioxide have been causing the deaths of livestock since their respiratory systems area as well affected like it happens to human beings. On the other hand, it is clear that use alternative fuels would positively affect the farming activities. The fuels like the bio fuels are made from the crops and end up being manufactured by local means. This greatly benefits he farmers as it serves as support to their hard and dedicated work. There have been emergences of ethanol and bio diesel cooperatives which result from the cooperatives that have been made by the hardworking farmers. This benefits the farmers in that they feel appreciated when enabling the establishment if such services to other people.

Alternative Fuels Are Easily Accessible

            The conventional sources of fuels are usually not abundant as very few areas produce them. The fossil fuels are being utilized at a very faster rate as there has been increasing use of electricity to running the high technological machinery. They are therefore becoming inaccessible. It is also becoming hard to find the reserves (Hadian, 11).  This shows that with the absence of fossil fuels, there would be no operation of machines due to absence of electricity production. This increased rate of consumption of fossil fuel has been indicating that in later years, there would not be sources of conventional fuels since they are finite and cannot be naturally replenished. After depletion of fossil fuels, it usually takes several years before they form again. This shows that they are not very much reliable fuel sources as compared to alternative sources. Hydrogen is very much abundant in the atmosphere. It is also renewable just like solar energy is. Hydrogen fuel is used to power the electrical systems and in the process there is production of pure products like water which would be used by the crew. The sources of hydrogen like wind and solar are also renewable. For instance a case where solar would be used as a reliable source of energy to produce hydrogen, the energy is to pulled from the sun by use of solar cells put on the roof. Solar films would also be used where they are to be kept on the windows to enable greater capture of radiation. Abundant of the power generated would be put in to use during the hours of the day. The rest of the energy would be used in production of renewable hydrogen through the process of electrolysis. The energy would then be utilized later when there is no sun for generation of electrical power. This makes the alternative fuels to be more reliable sources of energy.

Can Frequently Be Produced Domestically

            In most cases, the conventional fuels need to be imported from the Middle East to be used for production of energy required to driving the machinery. Many of the occupants of the United States depend on oil from the Middle East (IAsmar, 54).  This is because the sources are limited hence there is the need to depend on the imported fuels if at all the electric machines would operate. The sources are limited and this is one of the disadvantage of the conventional sources basing the increase demand of energy needed to drive the machines especially vehicles as their use has been increasing at a very high rate. Use of alternative fuels would be advantageous as they can be domestically produced in a frequent manner. This is because they are readily available; for example the hydrogen source of energy. There is high supply of hydrogen in the atmosphere considering that it’s the simplest element among others. Some time might be taken while breaking the compounds down and separating them from each other but the fact that it is abundant and its accessibility is easy compensates for the time that has been taken in the process of its preparation. Additionally, the product produced at the end is environmental friendly and very powerful energy source. The ability to produce the alternative fuels domestically would enable the utilization of the resources of the country and this in turn might strengthen the economy.

Conclusion

            Alternative fuels are other substances that can be used in fueling apart from conventional fuels such as fossil fuels. There has been increase in use of motor vehicles for transportation in this twenty first decade and the fact that they use unleaded fuels leading to release of harmful gases into the atmosphere. The burning of fossils has been releasing toxic gases, carbon dioxide to be precise, which have been a major threat to the atmosphere. The alternative fuels do not leave the gases in the atmosphere as they are usually at their end product state. As seen in the discussion in the paper above, the alternative fuels are greater conservers of the environment. This is because the products produced are already at their end product state hence no emission of the harmful carbon dioxide in to the atmosphere. This implies that there would be reduced cases of illnesses and hospitalization related to climate changes because the atmosphere would b clean unlike for the cases of conventional fuels. The availability of the alternative fuels in abundant levels would facilitate maintenance of a clean environment as compared to conventional fuels. Adopting the non-conventional fuels would be encouraged to establish new forms of fuels would not run out as for the conventional ones. This is because they can be produced easily by the particular nations thus reducing the high dependency rate on the fuels that are being imported from other nations. There would also be reduced cases of conflicts that have been caused by over dependence of the world on the Middle East for the supply of fuel. There would be contribution in protecting the atmosphere from global warming as seen with the conventional fuels. Since no toxic gases would be produced to the atmosphere, the climate change is not interfered with. The alternative fuels are usually environment al friendly. For example, biodiesel would alone be used for driving the vehicles when diesel additives have been added. This is mainly to reduce the emissions of toxic gases like hydrogen carbon, carbon monoxide and particulates in to the atmosphere. A lot of money would be saved since no damages are caused by the alternative fuels as for the case of conventional ones. There is also the ability to produce the fuels domestically since the products of production are readily available, for instance as seen in the case of hydrogen. Finally, the alternative fuels are renewable in terms of the products as well as the sources.

Work cited

Agnew, Robert. "Dire forecast: A theoretical model of the impact of climate change on crime."

Transnational Environmental Crime. Routledge, 2017. 97-118.

Asmar, Basel N. Fossil Fuels in the Arab World. , 2050 Consulting, 2017. Print.

Chambers, Catherine. How Harmful Are Fossil Fuels London : Raintree, 2015. Print.

Covert, Thomas, Michael Greenstone, and Christopher R. Knittel. "Will we ever stop        using   fossil fuels?." Journal of Economic Perspectives 30.1 (2016): 117-38.

Hadian, Saeed, and Kaveh Madani. "A system of systems approach to energy         sustainability   assessment: Are all renewables really green?." Ecological          Indicators 52 (2015): 194-      206.

Perera, Frederica. "Pollution from fossil-fuel combustion is the leading environmental threat to    global pediatric health and equity: Solutions exist." International journal of          environmental research and public health 15.1 (2017): 16.

                                                             Climate change

            Climate change is one of the natural phenomenon that has been noted to have the potential of changing the climatic system of earth. They ultimately results from the establishment of new weather patterns that persists for a period of years. Climate change is always characterized by various changes which occurs within the atmosphere and other associated parts. The reason for that is because climate system is the one that has the ability of receiving a large percentage of solar energy that sustains all living things on the earth (Quaschning, 2010). Such a balance mainly results from some of the weather changing forces which can either be internal or external.

            On the other hand it has been realized that there exist no path for protecting the environment without the need of understanding some of the mechanisms that are used in enhancing the generation of electricity.  The reason for that is because environmental pollution resulting from power generating plants largely accounts for the number of fossil fuels that are burned to create such energy. As a result of that, green energy has been perceived to be ultimate means of minimizing carbon pollution as well as inducing little impact to the environment (Shrader, 2011).  As much as the generation of energy is something that has been noted to be rapidly changing, the general shift to green energy ought to happen faster as compared to other means that are used to generate non-renewable sources of energy.

            According to the data collected regarding climate change, the truth is that renewable or green energy has the potential of a large percentage of the energy to be consumed which in return will minimize the emission of carbon as well as assisting in mitigating climate change. Integrating these sources of energy implies that it is possible to enhance the generation of renewable energy which in return aid in protecting the natural environment from pollution. Therefore, all this will have the potential of speeding up business innovation activities in the modern technological world (Leal & Surroop, 2018). This is to imply that there is the need of ensuring that various means have been taken so as to aid in promoting the continued use of green energy.           

                                                Green energy

            Unlike non-renewable sources of energy, renewable or green sources of energy are basically the type of energy which is obtained from resources that are naturally replenished on human timescale, for example wind, waves, sunlight, tides and geothermal heat. Most of the renewable energy is obtained directly or indirectly from the sun. For example, the sun’s heat drives the winds whose energy is mainly trapped with wind turbines. Then the water is caused to evaporate because of the sun’s heat and the winds. When this water vapor is converted into snow or rain and made to flow downhill into streams and rivers, that energy is captured using hydroelectric power (Fouquet, 2013). Biomass, as the organic matter which makes up those plants, is then used for production of bio-energy. These sources of energy are the ones which have been approved to have the ability of increasing the utilization of green or renewable sources of energy.

            On the other hand, geothermal energy, as another source of green energy, is also perceived by the majority of individuals interviewed to be another source of green energy that has the ability of improving the wellbeing of the economy. The reason for that is because it depends on the capacity of tapping internal heat of the earth from that can in return to use to facilitate various uses. Ideally, it means that as much as the green energy is concerned, it should be noted that the waves that are generated by the ocean is the ones that have the potential of driving turbines that in return generates electrical energy. As a result of that, the general warming of the surface of the ocean, as another source of green energy, is the one that also has the ability of creating temperature differences which is in return used to generate energy (Şen, 2008).  These sources of green energy are the ones that the majority of the individuals approve to have the capacity of improving the economy as much as environmental protection is concerned.

            Regardless of the above considerations, it should be realized that the feasibility study conducted suggests that hydroelectric that is harnessed from water is also one of the ultimate means of scaling the utilization of green energy. On the other hand, the general development of tidal power is one of the alternative sources of energy that has the potential of improving the utilization of green energy by the majority of individuals. From the interview conducted, it was found out that despite the fact that all these sources of green energy are perceived to be environmentally friendly, it is difficult to underestimate the significance it has to the environment of the economy of people utilizing them (Şen, 2008).

            Conversely, regardless of the fact that these sources of energy are of more preference, they have the likelihood of impacting sea life. This is because it is linked with other environmental concerns, for instance, emission of greenhouse gases as well as other air pollutants when fuel is burned, thermal pollution and generation of hazardous solid wastes which affects animals, plants and the natural ecosystem as a result of waste, water, air and land impacts (Ansuategi et al., 2014).

            Green sources of energy are easily regenerated, they do not pollute the environment and they are readily available everywhere hence there is no possibility of them becoming depleted in future unlike non-renewable energy which is perishable once use. Equally, renewable or green sources of energy increases job opportunities as well as boosting economic growth.  Nevertheless, Green energy facilities usually require little maintenance as compared to conventional generators.  The fuel which is being obtained from natural and readily available resources assists in reducing the costs of operation. Because of this reason, maintenance costs incurred in installing as well as using green energy is relatively cheap.  This makes them to be cost effective and easier to produce and use (Fräss, 2009).

            Carbon is an element which abundant on the earth and is necessary for supporting life. Carbon cycle is typically the exchange of carbon between all the components of the earth i.e. rocks and sediments, atmosphere, oceans and rivers, and living things. It is noted that this cycle involves the flow, or flow, of carbon between different earth systems.  The process or object which absorbs and stores carbon is termed as a sink although the one which releases it faster than the rate of its absorption is called a source. With respect to that, fossil fuels, containing carbon, usually represent the carbon storage areas. The carbon which is locked in them does not cycle through the earth. During the process of burning fossil by humans, the stored one is released into the atmosphere in form of carbon IV oxide. This carbon then becomes free to cycle through the earth and in return it has the ability of upsetting the natural balance of the carbon that is available in the atmosphere. This then changes the way the carbon process occurs on the earth or the extent to which climate change alters the natural ecosystem (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2014).

            As much as green energy is concerned, it was realized that green energy will remain to be the ultimate source of renewable source. The prime reason for this is because other forms of energy precisely fossil fuels are becoming extremely utilized hence resulting to energy crisis. Consequently, green energy, especially in the United States, has for so many days remained to be rising mightily due to the increasing rise demand even if other renewable sources of energy in the industry remains to be steadily growing down (Fräss, 2009).

                                                Green energy purchasing    

            Regardless of the fact that that various strategies have been advanced aimed at increasing the utilization of energy, what it means is that it still requires the establishment of more project which is to be run in the parts by researchers. The reason for that is because offshore carries an impressive electivity generating potential as well as various projects which at times poison to get underway.  Despite that, the energy the industry will still face daunting hurdles, most probably the rising expenses which will be incurred in building offshore wind firms, costs of connecting them into other onshore green system and the absence of comprehensive incentives. Moreover this is to say that green source of energy will be targeting all that which has been crucial in fostering or enhancing the growth renewable sources of energy (Ebinger et al., 2011).

Research indicates that green energy facilities can in return be installed so much close to huge costal population centers. This in the end will result in the reduction of the need of installing long transmission cables hence avoiding congestion on the already existing ones. Thus the installation of green energy will have the possibility of preventing electivity from the need of being transmitted on long distances. As the data indicates from the individuals interviewed, land-based green energy currently is the one which is much depended as the source of renewable energy as compared to offshore wind although it is expected to be in the position of producing a lot of megawatts for the years to come. The reason for that comes from the fact that green energy is not only much stronger and more consistent but also abundant or sufficient unlike onshore wind. The main reason for this is due to the fact that it has remained to be an outsized impact on the generation on electricity (Boeker & Grondelle, 2011). It should be noted that the potential energy production will remain to be equal to the cube of green energy. Wind usually has few miles per hour which much faster to be generated hence the resulting of more electricity.

Despite the fact that it is stronger and abundant as stated above, green energy will in other words remain to be better off in terms of corresponding peak of electricity demand. As a result of that, the extensive utilization of all the energy generating means is the one that has the ability of creating other means that will enhance quality energy generation (Scholten, 2018).  Conversely, the establishment of green sources of energy is perceived to have the potential of increasing the development of electricity industry in water. All will be required is the development of projects which will foster innovation, lower electricity prices, realize scale of development and achieve experience. Through obtaining the first round of projects regarding the provision of green energy, it is the one that is perceived to have the ability of accelerating of the development of the water electricity industry (Boeker & Grondelle, 2011).

Considering the above assumptions, the kind of policy incentives which is to be demanded in order to be in the position of promoting green energy should be in line with the purpose of its establishment. It is realized that green sources of energy are currently plagued with diverse sitting issues like uncontrollable environmental resulting from things like noise from the turbines. This is because it results in the payment of producers on the general amount of electricity which is to be generated.

                                                Climate change policy

            Some of the policies that have been recently advanced are aimed at ensuring that the available strategies have the ability of improving the utilization of green sources of energy.  The existence of offshore wind energy will result in the creation of newer employment opportunities which will result into economic investment. Usually, this type of energy in the United States generates more job opportunities per megawatts unlike the onshore wind energy as well as other fossil fuels (Scholten, 2018). 

Despite that one, the main sources of error in this source of energy is that the majority of the regions have few renewable sources of energy. Moreover, there will be the need of keeping an open mind as to whether any serious damages is likely to be made in the environment due to construction of facilities that generates green sources. For instance, careful consideration will have to be undertaken lest marine life habitats as well as other forms of life are to be disturbed in some fashion (Quaschning, 2010).

The main reason for this is because human labor is largely associated with the extensive operating, manufacturing, and servicing of the wind firms.  Although the creation of jobs will be perceived as the positive outcome of this project, the best result of this is that it will not only be benefiting individuals from those areas where it is particularly needed to other neighboring area. This means that the location of such sites will remain to be serving as the staging and fabrication areas for both installation and manufacture (Boeker & Grondelle, 2011).

According to the above investigation, it has been realized that there exist no path for protecting the environment without the need of understanding some of the mechanisms that are used in enhancing the generation of electricity.   As much as the generation of green energy is something that has been noted to be rapidly changing, the general shift to green energy ought to happen faster as compared to other means that are used to generate non-renewable sources of energy.  Green energy has the potential of a large percentage of the energy to be consumed which in return will minimize the emission of carbon as well as assisting in mitigating climate change (Scholten, 2018). 

            The installation of green sources of energy will have the possibility of preventing electivity from the need of being transmitted on long distances. . This is to imply that there is the need of ensuring that various means have been taken so as to aid in promoting the continued use of green energy.  Considering the above assumptions, the kind of policy incentives which is to be demanded in order to be in the position of promoting offshore wind should be in line with the purpose of its establishment. It is realized that onshore wind is currently is often plagued with diverse sitting issues like uncontrollable noise from the turbines. Conversely, the establishment of green sources of energy is perceived to have the potential of increasing the development of electricity industry in water. All will be required is the development of projects which will foster innovation, lower electricity prices, realize scale of development and achieve experience. Through obtaining the first round of projects will result in the acceleration of the development of green sources of energy which has the ability of minimizing climate change (Fräss, 2009).

The majority of the energy obtained from ocean tides mainly emanates from the navigational pull. Ideally, it means that as much as the green energy is concerned, it should be noted that the waves that are generated by the ocean is the ones that have the potential of driving turbines that in return generates electrical energy. Furthermore, the establishment of green sources of energy is perceived to have the potential of increasing the development of better sources of energy in the modern world which in return will have the capacity of minimizing the negative effect5s associated with climate change. All will be required is the development of projects which will foster green energy innovation, lower electricity prices, realize scale of development and achieve experience (Ansuategi et al., 2014). Through obtaining the first round of projects regarding the provision of green energy, it is the one that is perceived to have the ability of accelerating of the development of green sources of energy that minimizes some of the negative effects of climate change.

From the data collected, it was found out that the majority of the green energy obtained from such sources is the one that has the ability of improving the economy in a positive way. Ideally, it means that as much as the green energy and climate change are concerned, it should be noted that such sources of energy are the ones that have the potential of establishing economic development. This is to imply that these sources of green energy are the ones that the majority of the individuals approve to have the capacity of improving the economy as much as environmental protection is concerned.

                                                Conclusion

The existing energy policies suggest that human labor is the one that has the potential of increasing the general utilization of green sources of energy. In the process of enhancing the protection of the environment in connection with climate change, some of means that are currently used to generate energy ought to be scrutinized so as to determine effectiveness. Although the creation of jobs, in association with green energy will be perceived as the positive outcome, the best result of this is that it will be benefiting individuals from those areas where it is particularly needed to other neighboring area. This means that the location of green energy sites will remain to be serving as the staging and fabrication areas for both installation and manufacture.

Consequently, the installation of green will have the possibility of preventing electivity from the need of being transmitted to various consumers. As the data indicates from the individuals interviewed, green energy currently is the one which is much depended as the source of renewable energy as compared to other sources of energy although it is expected to be in the position of producing a lot of megawatts for the years to come. The reason for that comes from the fact that offshore wind is not only much stronger and more consistent but also abundant or sufficient unlike onshore sources of energy. The main reason for this is due to the fact that it has remained to be an outsized impact on the generation on electricity. It should be noted that the potential green energy production will remain to be equal to the cube of renewable source of energy.

References

Boeker, E., & Grondelle, R. . (2011). Environmental physics: Sustainable energy and climate change. Chichester [England: Wiley.

Ebinger, J. O., Vergara, W., & World Bank. (2011). Climate impacts on energy systems: Key issues for energy sector adaptation. Washington, D.C: World Bank.

Fräss-Ehrfeld, C. (2009). Renewable energy sources: A chance to combat climate change. Austin: Wolters Kluwer, Law & Business. Aspen Publisher

In Ansuategi, A., In Delgado, J., & In Galarraga, I. (2014). Green energy and efficiency: An economic perspective. Springer Press

In Fouquet, R. (2013). Handbook on energy and climate change. Cheltenham ; Northampton, Massachusetts : Edward Elgar Publishing

In Gopalakrishnan, K., In Steyn, W. J. M., & In Harvey, J. (2014). Climate change, energy, sustainability and pavements. Springer Press

In Leal, F. W., & In Surroop, D. (2018). The nexus: Energy, environment and climate change. Springer Press

In Scholten, D. (2018). The geopolitics of renewables. Springer Press

Quaschning, V. (2010). Renewable energy and climate change. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K: Wiley.

Şen, Z. (2008). Solar Energy Fundamentals and Modeling Techniques: Atmosphere, Environment, Climate Change and Renewable Energy. Springer Press

Shrader-Frechette, K. S. (2011). What will work: Fighting climate change with renewable energy, not nuclear power. New York: Oxford University Press.

Climate Change and Control Measures

Introduction

            Climate change is influenced by both natural factors which include volcanic eruptions, changes in climatic systems and changes in the rotation of the earth on its orbit and the output of the sun. Changes in the temperatures in the world have been measured using the climate models basing the fact that the changes in the climate have been caused by natural factors. This issue has been alarming in this century and therefore calls for steps to handle it. The investigations carried on causes of climatic changes have shown that there is very little influence of natural factors. It has been considered that the climatic change is highly being contributed by the human activities. These activities have been causing the global warming. It is possible to reduce the high level of climate and this can easily happen through government involvement in prevention of more cases of negative impacts in the climate. People who are working in the industries also have the duty to ensure to ensure they understand clearly on the effects and possible solutions of climate change

                                                    The Effects of Climate Change                  

           The climate changes have been leading major effects on the environment, economy, the social life and health. Income generating sectors should be very attentive on the effects discussed on this paper.

Change in Habit.

          There is emergence of grasslands in the areas where there had been forests and deserts from locations where there had been grasslands. This is mainly caused by the high temperatures which increase the period taken by the trees to grow and also causes the trees to change geographically. Some tree habitats might move to higher attitude areas while others completely fail to grow. Increase in temperatures has been leading to droughts and there is a probability that there might be extreme droughts in future. There is also loss of mangroves and coastal lands (Agnew, 2017). This has been caused by filling and dredging activities of people. The roots which are meant for breathing end up being covered preventing the specialized and the underground roots from accessing enough oxygen supply. There will also be change in oceans habits where there will be discovery of loss of coral reefs extremely. This is as a result of acidification and rising of the temperature in the oceans. There is also extinction risk of animals and plants due to the habit change.  There is also extension of forest and grasslands in to areas where they had not been present; like Arctic tundra.

Negative Health Effects   

              Climate change imposes greater threats towards the lives of many people as observed from A Lancet Commission. Particularly, climate change influences the massive spread of diseases which are highly infectious; for example malaria, malnutrition conditions and water-contamination related diseases (Agnew, 2017). Some cases like floods and drought causes poor yielding in the farms. Lack of enough food nutritional imbalances as there is no enough crops to feed the people. This in turn leads to malnutrition. There is emergence and spread of water related illnesses which are transmitted easily due to lack of sufficient water. The examples of such conditions are typhoid, cholera and trachoma. Malaria spread is also facilitated by flooding. The moment there is stagnant water in the environment, the plasmodium parasites get conducive environments for multiplication. This causes high rates of malaria in the affected areas. There is also spread of cardio-pulmonary infections caused by increased rates of air pollution and the injuries caused by the extreme weather changes. These illnesses include stroke, coronary artery disease, changes in blood pressure and heart attack.there have been many cases of hospital admissions as aresult of these conditions which are being facilitated by extreme high or low temperatures. The most affected individuals are the young and the advanced in years.

              Pulmonary system and the heart are highly affected by increased formation of ozone layer in the atmosphere. Blood vessel dysfunction, pulmonary embolism, clotting of the deep veins, and where the functions of the heart have been affected are some of the conditions that are highly facilitated by drought (Agnew, 2017). Over 300,000 deaths are likely to be facilitated by climate changes as reported by The Global Humanitarian Forum (2009). The climate change has been leading to prolonged periods of rainy seasons in some areas, these extreme climate change have been enabling vector sustainability. They end up multiplying in large numbers. They are also significant contributors of cardio-vascular diseases. There is also emergence and spread of new vectors. There are vectors which yield in great quantities in dry seasons like West Nile virus nad others thrive well in wet seasons like the ones that carry yellow and dengue fever. These vector-borne diseases causes spread of a type of tick that facilitates in spread of Lyme illness. The tick multiplication is highly supported by wet seasons. There had also been increase in weeds yielding in the farm as the prolonged seasons of rain.

 Shortage of Food and Water

            Higher temperatures, presence of snow cover, glacier melting and drought have been significantly contributing towards these shortages. There has also been presence of saline in the water sources in coastal regions (Agnew, 2017). There is decline of suitability of agricultural lands, minimization of growing seasons and low amounts of food from the land harvest. The elevating temperatures have also been threatening the fish in the water bodies. Increase in presence of carbon dioxide and many deaths of organisms have also been caused by climate changes. It also causes reduction of nitrogen and protein and these leads to poor quality. The presence of drought due to high temperatures lowers the crop yield. The warm temperatures facilitate thriving of pests and fungi thus increasing the levels of carbon dioxide. Animal products have also been affected by climate change. The fact that there is an effect on the pasture causes the animals to become unhealthy and lowers their products. Some might even die due to lack of pasture and water. Climate change also increases the multiplication rate in which the parasites that attack the livestock thrive.

The Livelihood Has Been Lost and Threatened.

           The climate changes highly threaten the lives of fishers, snow-related tourism, herders and small scale farmers. There are many people who get their daily bread in these occupations hence the change of climate affects a large population (Agnew, 2017). The herders are affected when there is no enough pasture to feed the animals. They might end up dying of hunger and this impacts negatively on the owners especially if herding had been the main source of food. The fishers are affected in cases where there are floods. It becomes impossible for the fishing practice to take place and this leads decline in economy of the fishers. It also leads to increased cases of food shortage for those who depend on fish for survival. Increased salinity of the water is also another factor that affects the life of the fish. The fish might end up dying or migrating to other water bodies leading to decline in their availability because the environment is not fit for survival. There will also be rise in the level of economy related with the threats of tourism, agriculture, fishing and the urge to try living in the changed climate. As a result, the life becomes expensive for the lower class to adapt. This affects the development of the nations especially those that are trying to develop.

Migration of People in the Developing Countries

            People will be caused to migrate in search for better environments in order to satisfy their needs. Herders and farmers will migrate to look for fertile land for cultivation and pasture for the herds respectively (Agnew, 2017). The people in the coastal regions will be forced to migrate due to the rising of the sea level and in search for safer places. The homes are destroyed by extreme weathers and this also will force people to move to other better places. Mostly, people migrate within the countries although a few move out of the borders. In most cases, the migrants end up moving towards the cities where there is poor infrastructure, overcrowding and all forms of pollution. The migration can also facilitate towards spread of communicable diseases as well time wastage.

Increased Social Conflict

            Climate change will make the states weak forcing them to put more efforts in order to meet the needs that have been posed by extreme changes in climate and this will lead to increased social conflicts (Agnew, 2017). Another cause of social conflict is increase in the level of competition. This will be based on the limited resources like water, food, land and fuel. The people migrating will cause conflicts in the areas they are moving into because they will go to compete for the limited resources in the regions. This will amuse the receiving area people causing conflicts. The conflicts might in turn lead to time wastage, human harm and rivalry.

Solutions

          There are several ways of controlling the climate change conditions from worsening. They have been discussed below

Change in the use of artificial to natural methods      

            This is one of the measures that can greatly reduce air pollution. It is clear that the machines used to travel emit poisonous exhaust fumes (Grazi & van den Bergh, 2008). Practice of ways that reduce pollution will greatly assist in controlling pollution that has been greatly causing climate change. It is therefore advisable for people to adapt more natural ways of travelling. These include; use of bicycles, public transit, sharing of cars instead of everyone using theirs and transportation using hybrid vehicles. From the findings of several interviews that had been carried out, there is the evidence that human activities greatly influence the climate change. This usually happens through the use of chemical substances in cultivation. These chemicals are later released in to the environment. Therefore there can be establishment of measures to curb this issue like use of electric cars as they are environmental friendly. The government also has a role in educating the people who are interested in the usage of the cars. These forms of transportation do not lead to emission of exhaust fumes hence there is interfering with the atmosphere. There is also change in the methods of farming can also enable control of climate. Majority of the farmers have been using many chemicals in the farms. It is very rare to find farmers farming without the use of fertilizers. They believe that the yields from the farms will be less if they happen to avoid fertilizers. In other situations where the farmers tend to grow crops in the green house, they end up using a lot of chemicals which are later released in to the atmosphere in gaseous state. As a result, there is imbalance in the energy of the earth due to effect of their toxicity on the radiation. There is therefore the need to change these human behavioral activities in order to lower the level at which the climate is being affected.

 Divesting From Fossil Fuels

             This involves emission of gases resulting from extraction and burning of fossil fuels. The gases are released in to the atmosphere which later affects the environment. An interview carried out on the same gives the findings on how the fossil fuels influence climate change. The fuels originate from the process of burning the fossils in order to come up with powder. In the process, harmful gases are emitted into the atmosphere. These gases readily affect the environment. The land also undergoes degradation during extraction of the fossils. This can be achieved by ensuring less inclusion of fossil fuels in institutions as well as industries. This can be done in the universities as well as the industries that are active and at a risk of emitting the gases (Grady-Benson & Sarathy, 2016). Campaigns on the same can greatly bring positive feedbacks. These fuels are life threatening hence it is important to keep away from them as far as climate change is concerned. The participants of the interview had given the idea of strictly avoiding fossil fuel use. This can be achieved through use of green energy is a better way of lowering the rates of emission of the toxins during the use and production process of the fossil fuels. For instance, it is easy to use solar panels because they are environmental friendly and are as well economical. It is also possible to use wind power. This method is easy to use and environmental friendly.

Less Consumption

            Overconsumption has been one of the major causes of climate change. Reducing the consumption of greenhouses will enable to lower the rates of emissions (Dunlap & Brulle, 2015). When buying the buying items, it is advisable to buy those that serve a wide purpose to avoid doing the buying several times. For instance while buying a new vehicle; it is good to buy a long-lasting one that impact less on the environment. This has been a major challenge because people have been buying several vehicles in an year just to meet pleasures of the society. In other cases, there is the tendency of people buying bseveral vehicles for the family members and everyone uses their own car. This would be better if one vehicle is used in transpoting the rest of family members thus reducing the rates of emission of gases into the atmosphere which in turn leads to climate change. This also applies when buying items on bulk to reduce use of many bags to package them. This idea of buying more facilitates on less consumption. This had been outlined by the participants in the interview who claimed that majority of the people are having the urge to drive personal vehicles which has been influenced by the society needs as people feel much comfortable while driving their own machines. This leads to high amounts of gases emitted to the atmosphere. The participants also claimed that the industries had been contributing much in the climate change through the over exploitation of natural resources.

Putting Prices in Air Pollution

            This is another strategy that can help in controlling the climate change from worsening. Implementing the policies of payments on the industries that release high amounts of carbon will enable to prevent the release in the biosphere (Al-Amin, Rasiah & Chenayah, 2015).  The industries will try to avoid activities that release carbon as they will have fear of paying the high costs for the same. This will enable to reduce emission of gases from the industries in future.

The use of electric cars

            The government has the ability to control emissions in the countries. They can enable to establish and maintain a natural environment (Liu et al, 2016).  The government has the powers to implement laws that will fight the extreme air pollution which greatly contribute towards changes of the climate. The laws will bring about adherence in actions that reduce pollution. The government can also offer education to people who are willing to use the environmental friendly methods like use of electric cars. These cars do not use fuels hence do not produce toxic exhaust fumes as for the case of the majority of the cars that use petrol and diesel. This is one of the solutions that had been given by the participants of the interview. There should be initiation of construction of car parks and change the fueling stations to encourage the method. This will greatly enable the people to use the cars without much constrains. Another way is by reducing the parking fees for these vehicles as it will encourage many people to buy them. The amount of taxes levied on these types of cars on the buying price should be lowered. This will enable to control the climate change.

Education of the Public by the Government

            The government still has the duty of educating people about the causes, effects and the needs to avoid environmental practices that will yield in to environmental pollution. It should convince the people on the ways of promoting the measures that will help to solve the problem of climate change (Wilson & Stevenson, 2016). This can be done using the social media channels like television and holding public meetings and campaigns in order to notify people on what should be done. The use of televisions or meetings in the public is a solution that had been given in the interview. There is the need for the government to encourage people to use the renewable energy in order to control climate and provide a secured future for the upcoming generation. The government and the companies have the duty to implement the policies that have been established by United Nations and other bodies with aim of addressing the trending case of climate change. It is the duty of the government to ensure that the policies implemented by those bodies have been adhered to; for instance the observation of the emission of gases to prevent the industries from going beyond the set limits. In case any of them fails to comply with the regulations, they should be closed.

Use of Biodegradable Products

            The idea of using the reusable items is good as they will decompose unlike the non-biodegradable. This idea is good in addressing both climate change and the overflowing landfills (Tolinski, 2012). Biodegradable materials are being produced in various forms like electronics, packaging, tissues and food. This is another solution that had been given in the interview by the participants. They outlined on the importance of reduced practice in the usage of plastic products and if possible, they should be banned. These items do not decompose hence end up staying on the environment for many years. People should buy items that are not potential environmental polluters. For example, it is advisable to practice on the usage of reusable carrying bags instead of polythene papers. These biodegradable items are environmental friendly. There is the need for the government to encourage people to use the renewable energy in order to control climate and provide a secured future for the upcoming generation. There is also the need of everyone to adopt this strategy to enable fighting the environmental pollution that has been highly leading to climate change.

Conclusion

            Climate change is influenced by both natural and human factors. It causes change in habit, migration of people in the developing countries and increased social conflict. The livelihood has been lost and threatened and there is shortage of food and water. The solutions to this situation include, change in the means of transportation where people are advised to use electric vehicles, use of re-usable items that are environmental friendly like reusable carrying bags and long-lasting vehicle and change in the use of artificial to natural methods like reduction of the high usage of chemicals in cultivation purposes there is also divesting from fossil fuels whereby the extraction is banned to prevent the excessive emission of gases during the process of burning and extraction. Reduction in the rate of consumption where there should few cases of activities that contribute to environmental pollution is another solution towards climate change. This can be achieved through ensuring less inclusion of fossil fuels in institutions as well as industries. Campaigns on the same can greatly bring positive impacts. These fuels are life threatening hence it is important to keep away from them as far as climate change is concerned. The government has a role of ensuring that the policies established by the United Nations as well as other concerned bodies have been adhered to. It should encourage and educate people on the importance of using the environmental friendly products like the biodegradable items like the reusable products.

Reference

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               & Policy, 50, 24-33.                                                            

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Grady-Benson, J., & Sarathy, B. (2016). Fossil fuel divestment in US higher education: student-      

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               New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Water Use and Conservation

Introduction

              Water is a natural resource which is essential to human beings and all the living creatures on earth. It is in two categories which are the fresh water and the salty water, and it covers around 71% of the earth surface (Thompson, 2017). The large percentage of this water is found in the oceans and the rest in the air, in rivers, lakes, in icecaps, in the soil and even the aquifers (Loucks & Van Beek, 2017). Water determines the quality of life for those who assess it and thus, availability of high quality and enough quantity of water is essential.

             The amount of fresh water on the earth is enough, but it is limited to some areas and also the quality it has. Freshwater is the one commonly used by the living organism and thus the balance of demand and supply is something delicate to the life of living things. It is therefore clear that the availability of the usable water significantly affect matters of development because it is a need, which cannot be omitted in daily life.

             Furthermore, water must meet the demand of the individuals that need it, in order for usual daily activities to go on, and it is thus clear that an area with high demand and low supply of water cannot develop effectively. The supply of water in both the source and in other areas needs to be met clearly. Water management thus focuses on expanding the supply of enough fresh water to meet the needs of all the people who need them.

             Water demand by the people made it necessary to build a number of large dams to make the water available at the time of need for the user. Currently, the finite water supply and the available infrastructure require that the demand for water should be managed effectively with the supply which is accessible and sustainable. Information on the use of water is useful in the evaluation of the impacts of growth in population and how effective are the alternative water management regulations and policies and even the conservation activities are.

The water use cycle

            The water which is constantly consumed is also in constant motion which is also known as the hydrologic cycle. Water in the ocean, lakes, and rivers and even the earth surface evaporates as vapor into the atmosphere, those in plants undergo transpiration (Loucks & Van Beek, 2017). In the air, the water vapor then condenses and falls back into the earth surface as rainfall which then they move on the surface of the earth or as groundwater into the water bodies where the cycle repeats itself.

            The water-use cycle is made up of the hydrological cycle together with the influence of human activity. The canals, dams, reservoirs, withdrawal pipes in the rivers and even the groundwater wells clearly show that human beings have a significant influence on the water cycle. The water moving from the source to the area of use such as homes, industries, farms, and other areas of application. The source of this water can be the surface water or ground water, and after use, the water may be re-used or disposed of keeping in mind that water for reuse must undergo treatment first.

Uses of water

            The amount of water use has been increasing especially on the water withdrawals from the source, and this can be linked to the growth in the population of the world. Water can be used in various sectors in doing different activities. Water can be used commercially especially the fresh water on large restaurants, hotels, motels, and also in institutions to run its daily activities depending on the needs it has.

            Water also can be used in homes to perform daily activities such as the bathing, cleaning of dishes and flushing of toilets. It can also be used in the preparation of food and drinking as well as watering of gardens (Rathnayaka et al., 2015). This is the daily activities of the human beings which they cannot live without; thus water is essential in this. Water can also be used in industries to cool engines and to facilitate all the processing, transportation, cleaning of the raw materials and equipment and dilution. Most of the industries re-use the same water depending on the use as long as it does not bring harm.

             In addition, water can also be used for the purposes of irrigation, and this water is artificially pumped into the farm, pastures or even the horticultural crops. In dry areas water is mostly used for irrigation to help in promoting food security. Water for irrigation can also be used to protect from frost, for crop cooling, harvesting and even for chemical application (Giri & Qiu, 2016). Other uses can be irrigation of golf courses. Water for irrigation is the most practiced category of water use worldwide.

            Water can also be used in livestock keeping, and it can be used in the fish farms, diaries and for stock animals. It also involves the fresh water, and it is used in the production of red meat and milk (Rathnayaka et al., 2015). Animals, just like human beings, require water in their system to aid in hydration of their bodies and other body activities.

            Mining also requires water and thus water is used in these areas to extract naturally occurring minerals which are in solid, liquid and gases form. This includes coal and iron ore crude petroleum and gases. Use of water in the mining consists of the milling, quarrying and all the operations in the mining area. Most of the water used is salty water.

            Water can also be used in the generation of the hydro-electricity; this is where water is used to rotate turbines which then results in the generation of power (Rathnayaka et al., 2015).it can also be used in the production of thermoelectric power. The heat may be from fossil fuels, geothermal or even nuclear fission.

Water conservation

            Water conservation is the practice where individual, governments and even companies trying to reduce the amount of water they use, to minimize wastage. There is a need for water conservation although a large portion of the earth is covered by water. A small portion of the water that includes the earth is fresh water, and a small portion of this is only available for drinking. The population growth rate of the world is growing, and thus there is a need to conserve the small percentage of the water available for consumption (Dalin et al., 2015). This will involve the use of the water wisely and appropriately and keeping the sources pure and safe from destruction.

Benefits of water conservation

            Water conservation helps in reducing the effects of drought and incidences of water shortage. With the increase in the population of the world, the water sources are still the same and thus conservation of this areas and reduction of water wastage will ensure that there is enough water to use in the daily activities where necessary (Perry, Steduto & Karajeh, 2017). Reduction of wasteful use of water thus makes water available.

             Furthermore, it helps in the protection of people from political conflicts and also reduces the cost of supply. Inadequate supply of water results to severe consequences such as conflicts from other people this is because water is valuable and it is required in almost all the sectors that individuals involve themselves with. Thus everyone would want to have the water, leading to conflicts which might cause serious problems. It also results in food shortage which can lead to high cost of living (Dalin et al., 2015). Water conservation ensures that water is available and of good quality and thus will reduce incidences of health hazards and reduce political conflicts.

            Water conservation also helps in the preservation of the environment, reduction of water usage reduces the number of activities done for the water to reach the homes and other areas where they are needed. The actions engaged result in environmental pollution, and thus conservation minimizes the energy required and reduce pollution together with conserving fuels.

            Conservation of water also ensures that there is enough water in the areas where it is much needed like the hospitals and for firefighters services. Other critical areas are gas stations, restaurants, and gyms. This ensures that services provided in these areas are not affected and thus promoting continuity of services.

             Conservation of water also ensures that there is enough water to be used for recreational services such as in the swimming pools and golf courses (Llop & Ponce-Alifonso, 2015). The fresh water is also in the watering of lawns and gardens as well as using in the washing of cars. Inadequate water supply due to poor conservation will make it unavailable for other needs that we require in our lives

Methods of water conservation

             Harvesting of rainwater is one way of conserving water that can be practiced. The rainwater is collected and then stored for later use. This recharges the, and it also raises the water table and thus increases water supply. It is, therefore, necessary for buildings to have structures required to collect the rainwater (Qian & Eslamian, 2016). This will improve the amount of water available, prevention of soil erosion and also it is environmentally friendly.

            Water used for irrigation accounts for the most significant percentage on use of water worldwide and thus it necessary to use methods which are efficient and minimize wastage (Dalin et al., 2015). Use of drip irrigation can be used since it decreases the loss of water by evaporation (Malano & van Hofwegen, 2018). Conservation is also possible when the efficiency of water utilization by the plants is also considered; this ensures water is delivered to the plant when it needs it.

            Another method of water conservation is reusing, use of a system that promotes reuse of water are practiced in areas in which water can be reused such as golf course. In other areas, the water is treated and then diverted from their initial areas of disposal into irrigation (Moglia, Cook & Tapsuwan, 2018). The gray water system captures used water from the kitchen, tub, and even dishwashers but does not collect water from the toilet due to the threat to health. The water from this is used for irrigation.

Summary

            The most considerable portion of the earth is covered by water with a high percentage being the salty water and the other being the fresh water. Most of the water consumed in the household and other areas are fresh water, and thus its conservation is necessary. Water is used in various sectors such as in agriculture, mining, homes and other institutions such as hotels and hospitals. All of the sectors have a different variety of uses. People cannot live without water, and this clearly shows that there will be little development in areas where the supply of water does not meet demand from the community.

            Conservation of the water is necessary to ensure the availability of the water when it is required and of the right quality. Therefore, there is a need for conservation to reduce the effects that may result from drought and also minimize the incidences of shortages that may occur. Conservation will safe a large amount of water which might have been considered as waste water when they are used without really taking care or having any aim of conservation.

Conclusion

            Water is an essential resource in the lives of both human beings and all the living creatures on earth. It must has a constant supply to foster development and improve the lives of people and thus people cannot live without water, water is life. It is therefore of significance to conserve the water to make the scarce and valuable commodity is available. Conservation makes enough water available to be used in other critical areas where they are needed more.

References

Dalin, C., Qiu, H., Hanasaki, N., Mauzerall, D. L., & Rodriguez-Iturbe, I. (2015). Balancing water resource conservation and food security in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(15), 4588-4593.

Giri, S., & Qiu, Z. (2016). Understanding the relationship of land uses and water quality in Twenty First Century: A review. Journal of environmental management, 173, 41-48.

Llop, M., & Ponce-Alifonso, X. (2015). Identifying the role of final consumption in structural path analysis: an application to water uses. Ecological Economics, 109, 203-210.

Loucks, D. P., & Van Beek, E. (2017). Water resource systems planning and management: An introduction to methods, models, and applications. Springer.

Malano, H. M., & van Hofwegen, P. (2018). Management of irrigation and drainage systems. CRC Press.

Perry, C., Steduto, P., & Karajeh, F. (2017). DOES IMPROVED IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY SAVE WATER?.

Moglia, M., Cook, S., & Tapsuwan, S. (2018). Promoting Water Conservation: Where to from here?. Water, 10(11), 1510.

Rathnayaka, K., Malano, H., Maheepala, S., George, B., Nawarathna, B., Arora, M., & Roberts, P. (2015). Seasonal demand dynamics of residential water end-uses. Water, 7(1), 202-216.

Thompson, S. A. (2017). Hydrology for water management. CRC Press.

Qian, Q., & Eslamian, S. (2016). Groundwater Recharge and Unconventional Water: Design and

Management Criteria. In Urban Water Reuse Handbook (pp. 807-814). CRC Press.