Public Relation Campaign

Section 1

Purpose for the topic

Increasing access to higher education in U.S is considered to be an economy campaign. First, America has the best-based colleges and university in the world. However despite the credible achievement higher education attainment has not been friendly to the economy competitiveness due to the skyrocketing tuition fees. This has made it difficult for the American parents as well as the Great Britain to invest in higher education (Brewer & McEwan, 2010). Due to the high rates many families are forced to borrow exceeding the credit card debt for the first time. This has really strained the middle class who have a great impact on the economy. When the tuition fees are made affordable most people will be able to access higher education institutions developing high skills to the students resulting in a skilled workforce that will attract more business efficiency which in return has a positive impact on education. Moreover thriving business create more job opportunities that lowering the rate of unemployment that strains the economy (Brewer & McEwan, 2010)

Objective 1: Increase college access for Students

In the U.S the campaign aims at increasing access to college because of affordability. He tuition fees is way high that what most people would afford (Pasque & Palgrave Connect, 2010). This results too many being locked out of joining the institution of higher learning. In Saudi Arabia, there is a limitation with accessibility (Smith & Abū, 2013). The tuition fees are not high compared to that of the U.S but they have limited facilities that can accommodate the students. In this case, the campaign goal will have to collaborate with the government to build up more institutions as well as expand the current capacity in the institution through expansion to both the colleges and universities.

Objective 2: Increase public awareness and support

In the U.S public awareness will place an important role due to the high abortion rates and the issue of women rights. The campaign goal will ensure that all women know their rights so that they will be able to tackle discrimination (Pasque & Palgrave Connect, 2010). The campaign will ensure that professionals are involved in order to help the women know their place in society and they have great potential within them. In Saudi Arabia, my campaign will aim at networking and create awareness especially for women to going the institution of higher learning (Smith & Abū, 2013). This is because cultural the Saudi Arabia has not fully acknowledged the importance of having educated women.

Section 2

Economic Scenario

Saudi Arabia economy is significantly influenced by it large oil reserves that form around 16% of the worlds reserve (Ramady, 2010). The excellent trends of the economy is an indication that with great policing of the education sector Saudi Arabia can overcome the accessibility problem of higher learning institution. Similarly U.S economy is one of the strongest economies in the world (Brewer & McEwan, 2010). This means that the economy can be able to subsidize the tuition fees that can be affordance to the large population of the U.S citizens and non-citizens who have a desire to join the best learning institutions in the world without necessarily straining the economy.

Political Scenario

America is headed by a president. It is more politically stable when compared to the Saudi Arabia that is headed by a king who is the head of the state as well as head of the government. The U.S political government structure is wide that enables it to tackle many issues pertaining America (Fukuyama, 2011). This is a sign that the implementation of policies towards the affordability of higher education can be made swiftly to ensure that many access it. However, the absolute monarchy in the Saudi Arabia, possess some complexity in implementation of higher education policies as the head of the Monarchy has to be in agreement with it (Zuhur & ARMY WAR, 2005). Despite that access can be attained if the message of the public campaign is well understood.

Reference

Brewer, D. J., & McEwan, P. J. (2010). ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION. Burlington: Elsevier Science.

Fukuyama, F. (2011). The origins of political order: From prehuman times to the French Revolution. London: Profile Books.

Pasque, P. A., & Palgrave Connect. (2010). American higher education, leadership, and policy: Critical issues and the public good. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Ramady, M. A. (2010). The Saudi Arabian economy. New York: Springer.

Smith, L., & Abū, A. A.-R. M. (2013). Higher education in Saudi Arabia: Achievements, challenges and opportunities. Dordrecht: Springer.

Zuhur, S., & ARMY WAR COLL STRATEGIC STUDIES INST CARLISLE BARRACKS PA. (2005). Saudi Arabia: Islamic Threat, Political Reform, and the Global War on Terror. Ft. Belvoir: Defense Technical Information Center.

PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC RELATIONS: Creativity

Peter Ferdinand Drucker

Introduction

Peter Ferdinand Drucker born 1909 and died in 2005, was an Australian-American author, educator and management consultant whose writing inspired and contributed to practical and philosophical foundation of the contemporary business corporation. Similarly, other than contributing a lot to the development of managerial education, he came up with the self control and management by practice concept (John & Michael, 2005). It is these concepts which made him the founder of modern business management.

Out of the two elements, the one I find much interesting is management by objectives (MBO). The reason for this consideration is because management by objectives is regarded as being the process of defining certain objectives within an organization which its management can convey to the members of the organization, then deciding on how to realize each objective in sequence. Therefore, this process enables managers to be able to take work which requires to be done step by step to allow for calm, yet productive working environment. This assists members of business organizations to see their accomplishments as they realize each set objective that reinforces a positive working environment as well as a sense of achievement (Aquinas, 2010).

Moreover, the significant section of the management by objectives is often the comparison and measurements of the actual employees’ performance with regard to the set standards. Preferably, whenever employees by themselves have been involved with the organization’s objective-setting and then choosing the path of action which they will follow, they will have a higher chance of fulfilling their possibilities. Furthermore, considering the MBO model, creativity is any idea, product, or act which will modify the existing domain or transforming it into new one (Aquinas, 2010). Thus, all that counts in this is whether ones novelty will be accepted in the domain.

Therefore, the concept of creativity is commonly used in individuals like Peter Ferdinand Drucker who came up with the theory of management by objectives (MBO). The creativity in the MBO concept can be well explained from the perspective or the applicability in business environments. Thus, although its outcome maybe a difficult part of the equation, it is clear that each organization have got its own outcomes based on the kind of business it is in. to some extent it can be challenging to match outcomes accurately because the creativity in it may be only one component of the complex product or service (John & Andy, 2009). The impact of the creativity that lies in this model cannot be run in isolation from other components. Although this lies in the specifics of the organization, monitoring its application is the one which results into work efficiency. Creativity measures the efficiency of MBO through comparing the resources which are required for producing a product or offering a certain service.

Because of these considerations, the concept of creativity is regarded as the tendency of generating or recognizing new ideas, possibilities, or alternatives which can be useful in solving various problems, entertaining ourselves, communicating with others and so on. In particular, this act is the process of turning inventive and new ideas into reality (Robinson, 2011). This is also coupled with the ability of perceiving the whole world in new ways in order to find out the hidden patterns, making a connection between apparently unrelated phenomena an then developing a solution for them in return.

This act involves two processes i.e. thinking and then producing. For instance, in case a person has an idea but doesn’t act on it, he or she is imaginative and not creative. Conversely, the process of creativity usually needs commitments and passion. It brings out certain awareness which was once hidden and then pointing it into new life. These experiences are majorly one of the heightened consciousnesses.

Regardless of the above considerations, my view is that the concept of creativity has nothing to do with any particular activity. Since anything can be creative, it means that one can bring that quality to the creativity. Activity on its own is neither creative nor uncreative. It is the quality that a person brings to the activity he or she is doing. Moreover, since it is an attitude or an inner approach of looking at things, it can also be said as being the mental characteristics which enables an individual to reason outside the box. This then leads into innovative approaches to a particular task (Robinson, 2011).

The concept of creativity is sometimes regarded as being the life blood of public relations (PR). The reason for this is because it is the one which guides PR leaders through a wide range of techniques as well as tips which are essential in generating creative ideas. These creative ideas can be described in five I’s of the creative process i.e. idea/information, illumination, Incubation, integration and illustration. Therefore, it should be noted that public relations has no exceptions from the rules that a business organizational leaders requires so as to be creative. The department of public relations requires its leaders to have creative leadership style considering the needs of the customers (Green & C.I.P.R, 2010). Such creative concepts have the possibility of solving communication problems in an imaginative way as well as be interesting enough to the extent of capturing the minds of the targeted audience.

With respect to the creative element, it then means that public relations practitioners should be in the position of finding new ways of presenting an idea so as to be able to communicate a persuasive message which in its strategic words can sound as being a dull piece of business. Conversely, finding some brilliant creative concept will enable public relations practitioners to move beyond the safety of strategy statements or the conventional way of doing things and in return leap into the world of the unknown and untried (Green & C.I.P.R, 2010).

Bibliography

Aquinas, P. G. (2010). Organization structure and design: Applications and challenges. New Delhi: Excel Books.

John C.W & Michael C.W, (2005). Peter F. Drucker: Critical Evaluations in Business and Management. Taylor & Francis Press

John L & Andy B, (2009). Social Work Management and Leadership: Managing Complexity with Creativity. Routledge Press

Robinson, K. (2011). Out of our minds: Learning to be creative. Hoboken N.J: Capstone

Green, A., & Chartered Institute of Public Relations. (2010). Creativity in public relations. London: Kogan Page.

THE ROLE OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION FOR PUBLIC RELATIONS AND ITS ROLE IN INCREASING TOURISM MARKETING....

CASE OF MINISTRY OF TOURISM AND ANTIQUITIES IN JORDAN

Introduction

Public relations refer to the communication with a unique application in the tourist industry. It is widely used in the tourist industry because it creates a recognizable positive public image for the country as a whole and as a tourist destination. Due to global competition, the marketing approach by the ministry of tourism has to be offered special attention. Marketing by the ministry involves promotion partly as a marketing mix and public relation as a major part of the promotional mix (Ruler & Verčič, 2004).

Effective communication is more than just words as it entails an understanding of emotions and intentions behind the information. Communication skills are fundamental to the success of any business (Seth & Bhat, 2008). Effective communication plays an important role in the tourism industry as it enhances the growth of tourism market (Tsiotsou & Goldsmith, 2012). This happens when a message is conveyed and is received by someone who understands the message. It also contains nonverbal communication, engaged listening and ability to recognize what the other person is communicating (Cabe, 2010).

Problem of Study

In order to understand what effective communications are first the problems relating to effective communication with the tourists shall be identified (Ruler & Verčič, 2004). Barriers that mostly occur will be identified through questionnaires which will be given to all staffs in hotels and restaurant that tourist are fond of living in. the study will be aimed at collecting all the first-hand information that employees have about their experiences with the tourist and what they think makes them not communicate with them in an effective manner (Tsiotsou & Goldsmith, 2012). Once the problems have been identified the ministry of tourism will implement policies and strategies as well as programs that will teach all the staff to communicate with the tourist in a more effective manner (Cabe, 2010).

Significance of the Study

The findings of the problem will redound to benefit the tourism sector as it plays an important role in effective communication. The communication inefficiency with tourists justifies the need for better communication channels (Seth & Bhat, 2008). Thus, the ministry of tourism will, therefore, apply the recommended approaches that are derived from the results of the study will offer better training to the involved stakeholders. The ministry will be guided on what ought to be emphasized in public relation domain in order to improve tourism communication (Tsiotsou & Goldsmith, 2012). For the researchers, the study will be of help as it will facilitate them unearth the significant areas in their learning process that various researchers were not capable of exploring in relation to effective communication in the tourism sector. Therefore a new method of communication with the tourists will be arrived at.

Objective of Study

The overall objective of the study is to formulate a teaching framework setting out various programs that for more comprehensive and effective communication with the tourists at different levels (Wang & Pizam, 2011). The conceptual plans will be prepared for assessment and application in order to identify the impacts it will have on the tourists (Cabe, 2010). The research will also promote better experiences with the tourists in making and developing the programs which will help achieve the feasibility of the study proposal that will facilitate proper communication between the tourists and the involves employees and stakeholders (Wang & Pizam, 2011).

Hypotheses

Effective communication for public relations results to better tourist’s communication. Tourists are able to enquire with an expectation of the right information and feedback. Public relation teams are able to identify various mechanisms that can be applied in order to markets the right content such as the antiquities in Jordan that will attract a large number of tourists (Cabe, 2010). Tourism marketing results to showcasing holiday destinations in the country that influence to the tourism sector. This portrays the country as a tourist hub as the tourists can be able to identify themselves with the country with what it can offer. Effective communication increases revenue in the tourism sector through proper public relations and marketing increasing foreign revenue in the country (Cabe, 2010).

Reference

McCabe, S. (2010). Marketing Communication in Tourism And Hospitality. Routledge

Ruler, B. ., & Verčič, D. (2004). Public relations and communication management in Europe: A nation-by-nation introduction to public relations theory and practice. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Seth, P. N., & Bhat, S. S. (2008). Successful tourism management. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers.

Tsiotsou, R. H., & Goldsmith, R. E. (2012). Strategic marketing in tourism services. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Wang, Y., & Pizam, A. (2011). Destination marketing and management: Theories and applications. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CABI.

Immigrants arriving in Germany

Introduction

Many of the refugees that arrived in Europe by the way of traitorous land and sea and crossing from the Middle East and Africa faced shocking stress and other mental trauma.  According to research, Germany is aware that almost 16 out of 23 people who had their physical evaluation had experienced war, torture and other shocking events (Bade & Weiner, 2001).  17 of them faced post-traumatic disorder and mental disorder.  This calls for the need to give mental health to the immigrants.  Many of the Asylum seekers have arrived in Germany being the largest part of the Europe migration since the Second World War.  The Syrian conflict was the main cause of the immigration increase though some of them had arrived from Eritrea and Afghanistan.  

There are several strategies that enabled those fleeing Syria to become resilient. Many of the Syrian refugees live in Lebanon and Jordan.  A large number of the Syrian immigrants are fleeing across the Turkey border as they overpower the urban host communities and making up new cultural tensions.  The Mercy forces in these regions are putting more efforts to make these people meet their family needs and create more peaceful communities.  There have been resilience based growth concepts that is helping deal with the Syrian refugee crisis by discovering how shareholders can understand the current challenges and solutions based on the matter that will help in getting back the prioritization of the resilience based development targets (Frost, 2002). 

            Due to the fact that the Syrian Crisis has been the largest political, humanitarian and developmental challenge of the present time, it caused a huge destruction and massive displacement and threatened generations cross Syrian and its neighboring countries (Frost, 2002).  The UNDP is a non-governmental organization that is putting more efforts in helping the Syrians to get back their psychological resilience.  The NGO is working together with the federal and the global partners across the UN system so as to bring a change in building the resilience by addressing the charitable and the development features of the crisis through supportable global led reactions (Frost, 2002). 

            The community based programs are other concepts that are developed for the immigrants as they show their promise in addressing the Syrian refugee children’s mental disorder needs. The organization known as the Syrian Bright Future gives education and the mental support services for the Syrian refugee children in Jordan as it also employs mental health professionals and community staff.  Their targets include that of giving the children the coping plans for the PTSD symptoms that will help them built the school based aptitudes through games and the recreation activities.  This program will also provide counseling and support services to their families (Frost, 2002).

Germany is the second largest most known migration destination in the world and follows the United States (Bade & Weiner, 2001).  The concept of the political law of the country is that it is recognized to be an immigration country.  The growth of the German immigration law shows that immigration of the skilled employees and scholars has been easier while the labor market remain closed for the unskilled workers.   The Syrians are the largest group of the German immigrants.  In 2014, more than 276, 000 illegally entered the European Union (Bade & Weiner, 2001).   This led to an increase in the German and the Europe population, making the refugee camps more overcrowded.  According to the data done in 2015, the Asylums were likely to be 800,000 people (Zincone, Penninx & Borkert, 2011).  This number is seen to increase from the Western Balkans which could be caused by the increased time of the application process (Zincone, Penninx & Borkert, 2011).    

The Asylum immigrants must have been driven out of their countries by persecution in their homes that make them flee.  Some run from the war, political harassment and other violence.  Currently the Syrian civil war is terrible though it is not the only cause of the global refugee crisis.  The second thing is the trauma that is faced by those people once they are forced out of their homes (Zincone, Penninx & Borkert, 2011).  They often end up in camps.  Life in the camps creates much of the trauma where it is unsafe with little forecasts of work and education.  This is because the refuge host countries are struggling much to manage the camps and also to handle the millions of people that live in the camps.  The other trauma can be what happens to the refugee families after they see the little offer that the camps give them and protection (Zincone, Penninx & Borkert, 2011). 

The journey towards the host countries are also terrible and causing them trauma (Zincone, Penninx & Borkert, 2011). Many families drown in the Mediterranean in their rickety boats.  These immigrant families know about the risk thus paying thousands of dollars for each person fleeing which they find to be the only option. The trip becomes dangerous as the western government wants to discourage all the modes of the illegal immigration making it a thoughtful policy. When the refuges show up in large numbers, they face overcrowding in the camps making them live in fear of being deported.  Funding of the refugees is another problem which is caused by some political matters in Europe.  This is until Europe figure out the financial matters than many of the refugees will continue to suffer (Zincone, Penninx & Borkert, 2011).    

The recommendation that an NGO such as The People for a Change Foundation  to consider in expanding their limits in covering the whole range on the issues based under the migration (Samaddar, 2016).   The NGO recommends the promotion of a complete and migration policies based on human rights. This is the need of the policy consistency among the various concepts of policy and the acknowledgment of the standards in the human rights.  It also recommends the promotion of positive values and principles based on the immigration debate and the policy development such as the careful use of positive language.  They also recommend the development of the proof based policy which is the need to underpin the policy and practicing the engagement of the stakeholders in the concerted exertions.   

Other organizations are focusing on this debate, arguing that a change toward the immigrants’ interventions is important in strengthening the stabilization of the refugee families in the host countries.  This will create a shift towards the developmental investments in addressing the present and their future shocks and adjust to their new country (Samaddar, 2016).   

Conclusion

While many of the immigrant conditions have expanded over time, the more the immigrants continue getting displaced, the greater burden they cause to the host countries.  The countries are facing huge political and economic efforts such as that the host countries spends billions hosting the refugees.  The geopolitical and the economic revolutions have changed over the last few years which have increased the migration pressures in the region.  Having the huge number of refugees in the host country is likely to change the nation’s culture.  While that revolution is economically and culturally productive, it needs the people to change their vision of what their residence look like.   

Reference

Bade, K. J., & Weiner, M. (2001). Migration past, migration future: Germany and the United Sates. New York: Berghahn.

Frost, H. (2002). German immigrants, 1820-1920: 1820-1920. Mankato, Minn: Blue Earth Books.

Samaddar, R. (2016). A Post-Colonial Enquiry into Europe's Debt and Migration Crisis. Singapore: Springer Singapore.        

Zincone, G., Penninx, R., & Borkert, M. (2011). Migration policymaking in Europe: The dynamics of actors and contexts in past and present. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

The Future of Extension Leadership is Soft Leadership

In order for a leader to be able to lead his subjects very well and in the right way, he or she must be able to understand their needs thus taking care of them. A good leader makes sure that the employees in a company are satisfied thus making it for them to be able to conduct their activities freely. Future leaders must be able to create a good relationship with the employees, thus interacting with them and giving them support when they are in need. Moreover, they should also be able to motivate the employees and to encourage them to work hard and provide the best services to the company.

Millennials, are more into the technology, and thus they cannot only be motivated by money, but by providing other things that they like. This will make sure that they are motivated and encouraged to provide the best services through extension. More 70% of the employees in the world, do not enjoy whatever they are doing, and this has been majorly influenced by the traditional types of ways that leaders use to motivate their employees. Therefore extension leaders need to look for new ways of making sure that they are motivating the employers in the right ways. This move will not only see the most employees enjoying doing their work, but it will also increase productivity in the companies. Furthermore, extension leaders must be able to provide ways through which the employees can be able to reach their goals. This will really help in making it easy for the employees to working hard in order to achieve those goals.

Public Policy Analysis

My initial thoughts for the subject are the necessity of analyst in recognizing social, political and ideological influences which operates in the procedure of policy. The environment in which the policy analysis operates should be defined clearly to ensure that flexibility is attained in a more simplified nature (Bardach & Patashnik, 2016). The impact of developing analyst’s flexibility will be a growth of ideas as well as a reduction of challenges that are subjected by technological and scientific transformations.  This will thus help in developing better social issues solutions.

The policy making environment is impacted greatly by the globalization changing pressures, cultural assumption as well as public values changes. In addition I thought that the policy analyzing environment should be changed to match with the changing social environment. This will help in developing the efficiency of the policies which will mainly be based on the social issues as well as the general interests of the public. For instance Bardach & Patashnik, (2016), states that public policies analysts should star with comprehensive and focused strategies to draw solutions to the existing issues. On the other hand Heinemann, et al., (2001), states that a shortsighted and interest based framework should be developed. Pal, (2013), supports this by supporting that the aim of public evaluation in to develop policies as well as programs accountability in generating more accountability.  This will therefore help to generate better public relations in the society.

Questions that came in my mind

In what ways can the public policies analysis environment be developed?

Are the public analysts dedicated to their roles?

            A question to clarify the readings

Does the public policy environment offers adequate opportunities for the analysts to develop solutions to social issues?

            References
Bardach, E. & Patashnik, E.M. (2016). A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis, 5th ed. Thousand   Oaks: CQ Press FROM PAGE  12-112 & 125-140

Heineman, R.A., Bluhm, W.T., Peterson, S.A., & Kearny, E.N. (2001). The World of the Policy   Analyst. 3rd             ed. New York: Chatham House Publishers, Seven Bridges Press, LLC.       FROM PAGE 105-131
Pal, L.A. (2013). Beyond Policy Analysis: Public Issue Management in Turbulent Times. 5th        ed.  Toronto,             Ontario, Canada: Nelson. FROM PAGE 271-310

Minimum Wage Increase

According to my research the federal government should raise the minimum wage because it would highly weaken the workforce as well as the economy. Low wages are expensive specifically for the managers will be enforced to create rough pronouncements in order to absorb the mandated upsurge to the production cost. The practice will normally take the custom of reduced acquisition hours which has got undesirable employment sway especially in the tough frugality. In my research it was to my attention that raising minimum wage will only favour those individuals who already have jobs, at the expenses of the unemployed. The workers in this case will tend to receive marginal additional wages, for the unskilled as well as the less educated they will be left out to jobless hence; unable to find a job.

 Increasing minimum wage rates negatively affects the society since it fails to alleviate the poverty levels as well as addressing the unemployment state. In my research I found that there is no connection amid an increased minimum wage and annihilation of paucity although there is a believe that the low-skilled workers especially those in the poor families experience an income raise when the wage rate is raised, many will lose their jobs thus;  have their hours extensively cut.

Increasing minimum wage tends to have a ripple effect on the employee’s salary wages. The impact of the legal minimum wage on revenues remunerated at the low end of the salary distribution is well recognized in the law which involves the U.S policy makers which continues to engage in an active debate over the minimum incomes. The law suggest that with increase of minimum wage rate there will be a ripple effect on the workers thereby; focus only on those workers on minimal salary (Durham & Baurer, 2015).

References

Durham, C. D., & Baurer, E. (2015). U.S. Department of Labor Final Rule Raises Minimum Wage for Federal Contract Workers. Employee Relations Law Journal, 40(4), 47-49.

The impact of privatization on wages

Introduction

Privatization can be defined as the process of shifting ownership of an agency, public service or a business from the public sector to the private sector or those businesses that operate on making profits. In addition it includes shifting most of the governments function to the private sector inclusive of governments function like law enforcement and collection of government revenue. Privatization also includes sale of the public property or service to private companies with the aim of ensuring the services reach the public at lower costs compared to the earlier prices. In the US most of the services earlier provided by the government such as provision of social security have been privatized and are now provided by the private sector. Privatization has had its cons and pros and thus has been a challenge in the US since people feel that the services are provided at higher prices than they should have. Privatization in the US has extended such that economic and political changes have taken place in that responsibilities and assets of the government have been transferred to the private sectors and thus private companies provide such services. Socioeconomic trends and public strategies and policies are factors that affect privatization. Since privatization is a political process, regardless of the economic benefits people criticize it especially if the workers are displaced. People are affected especially if they lose their jobs since it will affect their incomes and in turn lower their standards of living. Therefore this paper will focus on the social, economic and political impacts of privatization on peoples’ wages.

Social impact of privatization on wages

There are a number of social consequences of privatization and the negative ones often ensure privatization is criticized. For instance the service provision is worse since private companies have the aim of ensuring they gain profits rather than ensuring social services reach the public. Private companies may end up investing in projects that ensure they earn profits compared to useful projects which are non profit in nature but of beneficial to the society. Water companies have been reluctant in ensuring proper sanitation and installing the necessary infrastructure (Correa, 2015). Thus without provision of better social amenities to the people, peoples’ lives are affected negatively which indicate poor living conditions in the people. Private companies ensure they come up with profitable contracts unlike partnering with other companies like the government does in ensuring social amenities and services reach the public (International, 2009). It is the responsibility of the government to ensure it provides its people with social services and thus privatizing the services reduces the chances of people enjoying the best services. People have publicly demonstrated against the government privatizing all the services since the government is responsible in ensuring that its people get quality services at affordable prices. Government jobs have ensured that all employees are treated equally and get equal benefits thus employees are able to afford quality social lives. Privatization on the other hand ensures that employees remain being subjected to poor living and working conditions since they lack benefits and good salaries (Chong, 2005). Most of the employees are not able to provide education and other basic services to their families

In addition privatization causes loss of employment to some people since private companies cannot employ lots of people because their main aim is ensuring they make reasonable profits. Private companies replace existing employees with other new employees and the existing ones are usually undermined and leveled to casual laborers. Former employees are subjected to poor working conditions and are paid less wages which impact negatively not on their performance but their income as well. Poor income indicates poor living conditions and in turn such families fail to provide services such as education and health which they always did in the absence of privatization. Privatization has ensured that health facilities are expensive to the people such that people fail to afford them (Chong, 2005). The public suffers since employees lose their jobs or rather paid less wages compared to what they earned before. Employees become dependent on the government aid since they fail to afford quality of services they used to afford before. Thus the public is against privatization since it has too many negative consequences compared to positive impacts and thus is disadvantageous to the public. With privatization employees suffer reduced benefits than they did and live poor lives instead of becoming better both financially and socially. Privatization is thus non beneficial to the people and instead causes harm to the social lives of individuals thus they are left without enough to cater for their present and future needs (Chong, 2005). Thus privatization hurt the American people more instead of benefitting them which show that it only contributes negatively to the lives of people who depend on the government for provision of affordable services. The government should instead look for more opportunities and ensure it partners with other partners in ensuring its people get quality and affordable services. 

Economic impact of privatization on wages

The government earns more money from privatization since it collects revenue in form of taxes from the private companies. This shows that the government is benefiting compared to its people who suffer under the hands of the private companies since their wages and benefits are reduced. The government believes the private companies manage companies more efficiently thus assumes that the companies will provide better and excellent services to its people which is not true (Keithly, 2013). The government assumes that privatization will save money and generate more money to both the government and its people which is far from the truth. It assumes that private companies handle jobs in an easy and cheap manner thus managing the public property more efficiently. Privatization benefits the economy since the governments collects huge revenues from the private companies but on the other hand deprives people off their freedom of enjoying government jobs and benefits. Privatization has made the cost to go up since people have to pay more for them to get services which they would have enjoyed freely (Keithly, 2013). People pay more taxes and directly to get services which they would have enjoyed at affordable prices such as education, health, security and water if they would be provided by the government. The value for the money obviously goes down since private companies ensured they make enough profits to meet their demands which include paying its employees and paying taxes to the government. Thus people end up paying more money to private companies for them to enjoy the services provided by those companies. This shows that people who cannot afford those services will end up depending on the government for aid which indicates the people are living in poor conditions such that they cannot sustain themselves.

Private companies provide services at very high prices such that travel expenses on private buses, trains, airplanes and other services in America are high. Energy, water and issuing bills are high too thus indicating that people with low paying jobs cannot afford quality and standard lives (Keithly, 2013). Thus people are against privatization since they need the costs cut for them to afford those services since most of them are basic therefore necessary. Privatization leads to high fees and wages decrease while the government benefits as private companies employ low paid workers therefore they get enough money to pay the taxes. Private companies ensure they generate huge profits at the expense of low production cost since their main aim is generating profits rather than providing services to the public (Keithly, 2013). Privatization ensures that public services and goods are the responsibility of the individual rather than the responsibility of the government which should ensure it provides its citizens with affordable quality services. The government becomes reluctant since it leaves its responsibilities under the hands of the private companies which in turn charge consumers high prices for them to afford the services. The US government further explains that it sort alternatives ways of generating revenues through privatization since politics overtook government chances of getting revenues (Keithly, 2013). Thus government officulas sort out privatization as its main source of revenue to the government. This is however not a long lasting solution since it will make consumers suffer and end up becoming poor and unable to afford the costly services. Most Americans believe the government has relied too much on privatization and that this cannot be changed since there are no better alternatives of the government earning revenue. Americans suffer economic problems since they have to strain in order to get services which the government would have provided at better costs thus ensuring all the citizens enjoy those services.

Political impact of privatization on wages

The legislature came up with the idea of ensuring privatization is made possible since the government lacked other alternatives sources of revenue. The government has failed on it part in ensuring it meets its responsibility to the citizens since it fails to provide public services which are provided by the private sector at higher prices (Coudouel, 2006). The government makes its citizens suffer and thus people lose jobs and remain subjected to poor living conditions and in turn crime rates increase since people look for alternatives sources of income. The government however much it has benefited from privatization the common people suffer since they are forced to pay more in order to get public services. The government is not concerned about this problem since it is focused on collecting revenues useful in ensuring the activities of the government run smoothly. Privatization cannot be reversed and thus once the government decided to privatize, the process cannot be reversed and thus people will continue paying in order to get access to public services (Coudouel, 2006). Those people who lost their jobs in the process of privatization continue leading poor lives since the government is not able to provide jobs and services to its people. The government benefits while those people that elected the legislature are suffering which indicates that the government does little in order to curb privatization in America as it has bright more harm than good to the people. People often demonstrates in order for the government to reduce depending much in privatization but often the government fails to listen since privatization ensure that revenues are collected faster and more efficiently.

Private companies are often associated with providing quality and excellent service within the shortest time possible and thus some prefer getting services at private companies since they will not waste much time (Correa, 2015). Health and education services in the private sector are excellently provided compared to the public sectors and thus the government privatizes its public sectors in order to ensure that people get quality and excellent services. People get excellent services but not all can afford the services offered by private companies since the costs are high than same services offered in the public offices (Shi & Sun, 2016). People who afford private services are lucky since private companies ensure they provide excellent services within the shortest periods of time. Services offered by private companies are better compared to those offered in the public companies thus the government privatizes the services in order to ensure they are quality. As much as the government wants the best for its people it should ensure that its people afford the services since the people should not suffer while the government can still look for other alternatives of collecting revenue (Avid et al, 2010). The government should ensure that the lives of its people are not interfered with and that people live comfortably without failing to afford basic services simply because the government has transferred ownership of all the services to the private sector.

Conclusion

From the above discussion there are some lessons learnt in that privatization is important but favors the government more compared to it does to the public. Privatization in the US has extended such that economic and political changes have taken place in that responsibilities and assets of the government have been transferred to the private sectors and thus private companies provide such services. The American citizens however are not comfortable with this issue of privatization since it denies them chances of affording some services since they are expensive and unaffordable when provided by the private companies. It is the responsibility of the government to ensure it provides its people with social services and thus privatizing the services reduces the chances of people enjoying the best services. People have publicly demonstrated against the government privatizing all the services since the government is responsible in ensuring that its people get quality services at affordable prices. However, privatization benefits the economy since the government collects huge revenues from the private companies but on the other hand deprives people off their freedom of enjoying government jobs and benefits. . Private companies ensure they generate huge profits at the expense of low production cost since their main aim is generating profits rather than providing services to the public. This is unlike the government whose main responsibility is providing its people with the social services and amenities and ensuring the people can afford. The government however much it has benefited from privatization the common people suffer since they are forced to pay more in order to get public services and therefore the government needs to come up with better ways of getting revenue without interfering with the people.

References

Avid Brown, J., Earle, J. S., & Telegdy, Á. (2010). Employment and Wage Effects of      Privatisation: Evidence from Hungary, Romania, Russia and Ukraine. Economic Journal,           120(545), 683-708. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2009.02300.x

Chong, A. (2005). Privatization in Latin America: Myths and Reality. Washington: World Bank.

Correa, E. (2015). Budgetary Impact of Social Security Privatization: Women Doubly      Unprotected. International Journal Of Political Economy, 44(4), 260-276.           doi:10.1080/08911916.2015.1129839

Coudouel, A. (2006). Poverty and social impact analysis of reforms: Lessons and examples from             implementation. Washington, DC: World Bank.

International, B. P. U. (2009). Global privatization laws and regulations handbook. Place of        publication not identified: Intl Business Pubns Usa

Keithly, D. M. (2013). The USA & the world 2013. Lanham, MD: Stryker-Post Publications.

Shi, W., & Sun, J. (2016). The impact of privatization on efficiency and profitability. Economics Of Transition, 24(3), 393-420. doi:10.1111/ecot.12094

Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility

Introduction

            It is not ethical for origin energy or any organization in obtaining CSG against the will of landowners. Coal seam gas operations in Queensland’s have developed scenes of conflict, confusion as well as the occurrence of chaos (MacKinnon, 2012). The center of this issue is based on land conflict as the land owners are entitled to their individual rights. The owners of land are entitled to restraining those that access their land based on the right of property protection.  The land conflict has thus led to the development of community associations that are purposed at restraining accompanies accessing lands without   obtaining consents from the land owners. In queen land, CSG operations are rapidly growing and this has led to the rise of communal concern as more companies are accessing and damaging land thus increasing anxiety on the owners (MacKinnon, 2012).  Landowners are ethically allowed to restrain corporations from accessing and damaging lands in the quest of exploiting CSG. This paper will thus present an analysis of the unethical conduct of Origin energy in accessing CSG without the consent of land owners using theories of ethics, corporate social responsibility, stakeholder management and ASX principles and recommendations.

It is unethical for a corporation to access CSG without the permission of the land owner. This is mainly because individuals in Australian perceive land as a form of a palace and they hold lands as desired assets (MacKinnon, 2012).  The view is, therefore, essential in capturing the mutual Australian right perception in regard to land ownership.  This view is therefore accepted generally in the common land law in which the landowner’s holds absolute rights of determining those that accesses the land and those that should remain in their particular land property.  In doing this the owner of the land   in a significant manner enjoys the ability of his right of excluding any individual from accessing their land (MacKinnon, 2012).

The common law, therefore, places the owners of land the control right, reserve entitlement and control the access of exploiting   petroleum or other minerals. Origin energy behavior was unethical because ethics offers a set of conduct standards that assists individuals in developing decisions of the suitable thing to in a range of options (Aristotle, & Reeve, 2014).  In the general sense, ethics can be described as the way of developing decisions and providing a suitable rationale on why the decision was settled upon.  Incorporate operations developing decisions about the right or the wrong thing to do in a common thing as it is involved in all levels of operation.  Acting in a proper way as an organization is essential in developing a socially responsible organization and governance thus developing an ethical society.  Ethics helps a corporation in deciding on the right and the wrong things to do as a corporation (Aristotle, & Reeve, 2014). Ethics is a philosophy branch that primarily seeks to understand and determine how the actions of human beings can be judged in the context of either right or wrong.  These decisions are made based on ethics theories which include virtue, natural law, and consequentialism and Kantian deontologist (Aristotle, & Reeve, 2014).

Based on consequentialism theory the act of origin energy of accessing CSG without the permission of the landowner is unethical.  This is because of the concepts of consequentialism theory hold that the rightness or the un-wellness of any decision or action can only be judged by the consequences that it leads to (Aristotle, & Reeve, 2014).   The major form of this theory is  utilitarianism concept which is often referred as  social  consequentialism theory which suggests that  all the actions number conducted in a form that  generates the greatest  form of good for the  greatest  statistical number. The thing that makes an activity to be termed as either positive or negative or right or wrong is based on what the act produces.  In order for the corporation to have acted  ethically based  on this concept,  the action of  accessing CSG should have generated  the greatest  pleasure amount  which should not have caused  any pain to the society or the land owners thus generating more good to more individuals.  This is a principle that is based on the greatest happiness which implies that the action of the origin energy corporation was unethical.   According to the theory, the corporation should aim at maximizing the good effects for the greatest individual’s number thus reducing the occurrence of negative outcomes.  This means that the corporation should have opted for a decision that would benefit most individuals.   For this reason, the action of the corporation was based on attaining personal pleasure thus ignoring the interest of the landowners a society in general (Aristotle, & Reeve, 2014).

Based on egoism theory of ethics the corporate acted in an ethical way. This is mainly because the theory holds that an individual should pursue only those actions that a result to increase self-desires (Duignan, 2011). The concept is mainly based on self in that the needs or the effects of other parties are not considered much as compared to others. On the other hand based on the theory of deontologist the corporation acting was unethical. The theory claims that any operation to conduct should be accomplished base on the fact that the action is characterized by appropriateness. This means that the action must be good with the interests of everyone or the actions are in a match with the moral laws of the particular society that a corporation opts in.  Based on this theoretical perceptive the right and the wrong side of an action are independent of all the impacts generated because the action itself can be judged as either good or evil. It is thus clear from this concept that the corporation acted unethically because    the action was meant to generate damage to the land and the operation was unethical because the company failed to access permission from the owners (Duignan, 2011).

From the theory of natural law, the corporation act of accessing CSG without the consent of the landowner was not ethical. The theory states that through a rational observation of nature an individual or corporation is bound to discover bad and the bad principles that direct their actions in a model that fulfills human needs. The theory, therefore, makes a suggestion that individuals hold the capacity within selves for paternal actualization. This theory, therefore, suggests that the actions of the origin energy corporation are not ethical (Duignan, 2011). In practical wisdom, the conduct of the corporation is unethical because it failed in incorporating the right decision. The acting in wisdom is a terminology that best describes the ability or an individual or a corporation in selecting actions patterns which can be termed as desirable. The actions patterns are informed through developing critical and moral thoughts which are driven by virtual experience.  This can be achieved through the utilization of decisions as well duties in accomplishing particular things in the society.  Based on ethical theories nature it is clear that the action of Origin Energy Corporation can be criticized (Duignan, 2011).

Corporate social responsibility refers to the practices of business that involves those particular initiatives that are aimed at benefitting the general society (De, 2015).  Corporation is therefore expected to utilize and incorporate wider   ranges of strategies which may involve   giving charity or ensuring that the business conducts those activities that are sustainable. This, therefore, implies to   incorporating programs that are aimed at ensuring that the future of other generations is secure through maintaining and developing the environment (De, 2015).  Wastes materials or activities that promote environmental pollution are not encouraged in corporate responsibility because of their failure in considering the well-being and the interests of the public in general.  From the definition, it is clear that Origin Energy Corporation acted in an unethical way because it failed in considering the wellbeing of the society.  This was not a way of helping but destroying the environment.

            Social responsibility can be depicted in various forms.  One form that helps in explaining that the corporation was not socially responsible in this action is the environmental efforts that are incorporated (De, 2015).   The major focus of corporate responsibility is the surrounding.  In regard to corporate performance, any business regardless of its size is responsible for maintaining the environment based on the emissions that it generates (De, 2015). This, therefore, implies that the actions taken by origin energy were not socially responsible. The drilling of   coal seam gas results in land damage as well as the environment.  The corporation did not account for this as it additionally ignored the interest of the owner by failing to obtain consent.

Social responsibility in the modern business world is no longer measured by the general contribution of charity by an organization to the society (De, 2015).  This is because it is measured by the general activities involvement that develops the quality of individual’s lives in the society.  This was therefore not the case for origin energy.  A corporation ethics and responsibility generally involves considering and undertaking those actions that are right morally.  This involves performing activates that   can be considered as appropriate in regard to moral standards.  The corporation, therefore, focused on the expected profit that was to be generated from the action that forgetting to incorporate other things (De, 2015).

Social responsibility is the thought of being concerned within development human kind. Corporate responsibility is a significant subject in business operation as it helps in enveloping a good reputation for the corporation (Rajak, 2011).   Through  social responsibility concepts, it is clear  that the organization should  contribute to the  society  not b provision but by considering  the  effects of their  decisions  to the society as well as the  economic world.  It can be noted that the action that was undertaken by Origin Energy Corporation in obtaining CSG without the permission of the owner of the land does   not meet the ethical   standards that are required in the corporate responsibility surrounding (Rajak, 2011).  The action of the   organization can be seen as a devastating thing because of the devastating impacts on the large societal population.  This action can thus be described as unethical because of the company gains from the practice while the society including the land owners loses their interests because of the negative effects that the particular action generates (Rajak, 2011).  This means that through this particular practice most individuals in the society are bound to be subjected to suffering and especially those that owns the lands.

Businesses are considered as essential areas of the society from which their practices are conducted. Extended success of a corporation is highly dependent on the well-being of the society (Rajak, 2011).  Therefore intelligent and well-governed organization clearly understands that they can never achieve prosperity if the society is not well.  The failure of any society can be viewed through governance, social as well as environmental difficulties (Rajak, 2011).  The society holds a high expectation of the corporation industry in the context of responsibility, development as well as ethical conduct.  This is in that the services, as well as the brands that are offered by an organization, are expected to be a clear reflection of environmental and social responsibility.  On the other hand, the shareholders largely expect the maximization of revenue to be based on social responsibility which helps in developing additional opportunities. Corporate responsibility growing interested is clearly visible. For the case of origin energy, the concern in regard to environmental degradation is an essential factor that helps in establishing the unethical performance of the corporation (Rajak, 2011).   Environmental conservation is now an increasing significant for every individual in the society. The corporation, therefore, failed in accomplishing the concern of the public   because it did not consider the effects of its actions on the environment.   Social responsibility in the environmental context basically refers to protection all the aspects of the environment.  The social responsibility of the  corporation   is that  it was expected to  ensure that   fairness was  ensured in  running all  its activities which generally  involved obtaining  CSG  with the general consent of the corporation (Rajak, 2011).

In social responsibility of a corporation,   environmental protection is the central aspect of running effective organizations (Mullerat, & Brennan, 2011).  This is therefore argued to be the major concern of corporations as it helps in ensuring the well-being of the society. From the context of social responsibility, it is unethical for origin Energy Corporation to be generating profits at the expense of human beings interests as well as the destruction of the environment.  It is, therefore, clear that   the corporation should   establish better forms of handling activities that may destroy the environment. Before obtaining CSG   consent and tests should have to be conducted first.  This is to ensure that the safety of both the environment and that of the individuals is ensured.  This is to ensure that the lives of individuals and the wellness of the environment are not harmed in any means (Mullerat, & Brennan, 2011).   The organization failed in utilizing corporate responsibility as a mechanism of control in maintains reasonability for their practices.

It is clear that social responsibility for any corporation is an essential element in the business world (Mullerat, & Brennan, 2011). This is because it assists in developing a better reputation for the corporation. Social responsibility does necessarily imply to the act of providing an only financial contribution.  It is thus unethical for Origin energy to participate in activities which result in environmental degradation. This is because increasing profit gain at the expense of   individuals in the society is not an ethical practice.  This, therefore, implies that  maintaining a  corporation that  is socially responsible  and that  observes  high  standards of ethics is not a choice that corporations are  to make because they are obliged  to  doing so in all operations of the business.  Investing s social responsibility is essential in contributing to both investment and obligation objectives of a corporation.  This helps in  ensuring that  the corporation is obliged and  responsible for its actions  thus ensuring the societal wellbeing via   societal justice,  economic growth  and   surrounding friendly practices these elements cannot only be defined  as social  corporate responsibility features because they help in demonstrating  the  corporations  ability  to  practice  ethics (Mullerat, & Brennan, 2011).

In the context of Stakeholder management concept, the organization should have considered both moral and managing values (Phillips, 2007).  The theory of stakeholder management can be described as a conceptual framework and corporation management which addresses both ethical and moral values in an organization’s management.  The actions of the stakeholders in a business are essential in determining the business decisions   impact. It is clear that the Origin   energy organization considered their shareholder's value. This is because the corporation was more targeted at ensuring that it maximized its profit at the expense of the societal interest through exploiting their needs.  However, the shareholders are made up of community groups whose interests and consents were ignored (Phillips, 2007).  These are particularly the individuals who own the lands.  The operations of corporations are determined by consent given by the community. Therefore accessing   the consent of the individual simply implies that the corporation had obtained a license to operating freely u a community. Shareholders are basically the employees, consumers, suppliers, and investors. Origin Energy Corporation failed to obtain consent from the landowners who are the general suppliers of CSG. Being attentive to all the shareholders including the government is morally right because this is a social responsibility. This helps in establishing enhances as well as threats in the market (Phillips, 2007). The reputation of an organization is fully determined by having quality relationships with the shareholders. This is a core function of business success.  Effective communication should, therefore, be maintained. From this perspective, it is clear that Origin Corporation failed to act in a responsible and ethical manner.

In conclusions, ethics  and  social responsibility corporate can be  referred as self-regulated  activities  which are additional to  large corporations  models  of business. This can thus be termed as an extended marker which helps in securing the prosperity of each business. Despite the fact that  ethical and social responsibilities conducts help  in  generating  more income for the corporation this aspect are  helpful as they  strengthen  the  image of a brand  thus ensuring that the market consumer base  is established.  From this perspective, the action of Origin Energy Corporation to obtaining CSG without the permission of the landowners can be criticized as being unethical. This is mainly because the general role of any business is not mainly to generate revenue, employment, brands, and services or even being obedient to the law because they should additionally take respective responsibility for their actions. This should, therefore, be accomplished through encouraging and offering support to the general requirements of the community that are of relevance to the particular business.  The corporation, therefore, failed in   attaining the required ethical and social responsibility standards in their quest of obtaining CSG without human interests, rights and environmental concerns consideration. This practice can, therefore, be termed as unethical.

            References

Aristotle,. & Reeve, C. D. C. (2014). Nicomachean ethics. Hackett Publishing.

            De, Z. F. (2015). Enhancing firm sustainability through governance: The relational corporate governance approach.

Duignan, B. (2011). Thinkers and theories in ethics. New York: Britannica Educational Pub. in association with Rosen Education Services.

MacKinnon, B. (2012). Ethics: Theory and contemporary issues, concise edition. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning.

Mullerat, R., & Brennan, D. (2011). Corporate social responsibility: The corporate governance of the 21st century. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International.

Phillips, R. A. (2007). Stakeholder Theory: Impacts and Prospects. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub.

Rajak, D. (2011). In Good Company: An Anatomy of Corporate Social Responsibility. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.

INTL 5860: Issues in International Politics: International Humanitarian Law

Question 3

The rules that make up the international humanitarian law (IHL) are all centered at regulating conflict with an aim of minimizing the human suffering. It therefore tries to balance the military necessities that often arise with the needs for humanitarian protection. IHL is founded upon six basic principles that govern the conflict regulation at both the state and international level. Each principle is bounded within specific rules and norms whereby they help in the interpretation of the law when controversial matters arise within the governments. This section will discuss exhaustively the principles on which IHL is founded (ICRC, 2016).

The first principle is that of distinction between civilians and the combatants. This is a principle that tends to differentiate between the civilians and the combatant. The military force is only allowed to attack combatants such as criminals, terrorists or any other form of enemies. Any direct attacks that are done by the military forces upon the civilians is considered as a crime attack as penned down in Article 48 and 52 of Additional Protocol 1 to the Geneva Conventions (ICRC, 2016).

The next principle prohibits attacks against those hors de combat. These are people who are either sick, wounded or prisoners of war. It is actually a fundamental rule which protects the harmless from being attacked. Closely related to this is the principle that prohibits infliction of unnecessary suffering. The IHL provides a protection even to those who are lawfully attacked such that superfluous injury should not be crowned by an attack. One of the rules that fall under this principle is the prohibition of using blinding laser weapons (ICRC, 2016).

Next is the principle of proportionality. Under Article 51(5) (b) of API, the civilians have been protected against excessive hostilities from the military bodies. It rather demands that the least possible harm should be caused to the civilians with respect to the proportionality of the military advantage.

The notion of necessity is the other IHL principle that is often clashes with the humanitarian protection. It allows the military bodies to fully take a destructive move regardless of the consequences that may arise as a result. This is however required when necessity demands such that full exertion is the only option. The military is required to interpret and understand the other principles of humanitarian protection hence implying that they are not supposed to ignore any of the principles (ICRC, 2016).

Lastly is the principle of humanity. This is a principle that basically stipulates the fact that all human beings have the capacity to respect and care for others even the adjacent enemies. The notion argues that humans and animals are made difference by this principle such that respecting life is a mandatory obligation for everyone around the globe.

Asymmetric warfare is conflicts where the warring parties significantly differ in strength. In most cases such warfare is not prone to breaking the IHL principles because the decision to follow is in the hands of the stronger party. In this case, the stronger military force is directly held accountable of any irresponsible attack and therefore a clear expectation is outlined. In addition to this, the asymmetrical warfare is friendly enough to remind the stronger army that regulation is part of its requirement. Failure to comply with the IHL rules and principles would hold the militant responsible of any irresponsible attack.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 2249

Question 4

Terrorists have become the greatest threat to the international security in the recent past and the current age. The Islamic state and the Levant (ISIL) are particularly screened by the United Nations Security Council Resolution as the main terrorist that destructs security among the United Nations. Combating ISIL sounds as a sophisticated move since the international humanitarian protection still protects the terrorists based on the IHL principles (Security Council, 2015). The terrorists have actually taken advantage of this privilege to continue taking people captive, committing crimes and destruction. In response, the security council of the United Nations has recently adopted a resolution that could help in combating the ISIL among other terrorist’s organizations. Based on the various declarations that have been voted and agreed upon by the Security Council, it is vivid that the United Nations haven raised an alarm to attack ISIL as a way of denying them a safe haven in both Syria and Iraq (U.N, n.d). The resolution however does not give a direct authority to the states’ militaries to apply direct force on the terrorists from their places of residences. This section will in this regard elaborate more concerning the authority of force application against ISIL as written down in the resolution (Security Council, 2015).

In the first place, a careful reading and interpretation of the Security Council resolution shows that it does not provide any legal basis for massive destruction such as airstrikes either in Syria or in Iraq. It does not mention Article 42 of the UN charter which gives authority to the states to use massive force against terrorism. It also doesn’t also mention Chapter VII either which also puts emphasis on the same (U.N, n.d). Contrary to the claims that were recently made by the Prime minister, David Cameroon, airstrikes have not been permitted by the security council of the United Nations. From this perspective, the council took caution when delegating the powers and authority to combat terrorism through the use of force. The resolution clearly points out that the members of the state must work in compliance to the humanitarian law, the UN charter and the human rights. This confirms that authority to take a force action is not based on this resolution (Security Council, 2015).

The structure of the resolution however condemns acts of terrorism with the strongest terms. It places the authority of combating terrorism under the office of the Security Council such that whenever necessity measures shall be required, it shall give directions on what shall be done. Basically, in order to provide legal authority to apply military force against the ISIL, the Security Council shall be required to constitute decision based on Chapter VII of the UN charter. It states that all necessary measures must be taken against Islamic state (ISIS) (Security Council, 2015). This therefore limits the action of the individual states against the ISIL hence the becoming the decision of the council.

Lastly, the fight against ISIL has been fully supported by the Security Council with great assurance that every support that shall be need by any nation under UN shall be provided. In this regard, the council has promised to tem all the threats and bringing the perpetuators into justice. The resolution has been presented in weighted words that confirm that the Security Council is purely against ISIL among other terrorist organization. It however urges the states to comply with the humanitarian law, human rights, the UN charter as well as the international law in their operations.

Assessment of the High Court's conclusions with respect to jus in bello as applied to United States drone attacks in Pakistan.

Question 6

The assessment of the High court’s conclusion with respect to jus in bello is key in identifying the credibility of the high court when it comes to dealing with international security matters. Jus in bello is basically a doctrine that justifies a war between two parties (Khan, 2013). In particular, it focuses on the morality of conduct while at war such that moral standards, the observance of humanitarian law and every principle that is applied at the battle. From this perspective, the case has of United States attacks in Pakistan has raised a concern because the attackers, U.S. forces broken the jus in bello doctrine. The court rulings have been carried out on facts and substantial evidences that the United States crossed the boundaries that altered the security of Pakistan. This section will therefore assess how valid the conclusions made by the high court were concerning the drone strikes with respect to jus in bello.

First, the fact that the U.S. militants damaged properties, killed livestock and killing of wildlife among other evils is enough evidence to hold the state accountable. The U.S. military invaded in a very crude manner. They went forth to damage the heritage of Pakistan such as the wildlife, killing of infants, babies, women and children whom are considered harmless by the humanitarian principles. The court made the right judgment because the conduct of the military while at the battle was unethical, unlawful based on the numerous laws that prohibit the killing of the innocent and destruction of property (Khan, 2013). The term uncondonable perfectly fits that kind of war crime if one takes the perspective of sound reasoning and conscious.

The conclusion that U.S. government is bound to compensate the civilians of Pakistan the losses that were undergone is also a wise ruling. Many civilians lost their loved ones, their property and even peace in their own country and therefore the United States was responsible in compensating back the loss. If the military could not have carelessly destroyed the property, there could be no complaining as such (Khan, 2013).

Lastly, the court conclusions indeed proved CIA and the United States guilty. It is after all the evidence has been gather that the court condemns drone strikes. The court further shows how much harm the drone caused to the sovereignty of Pakistan’s territory which is an independent state. The acts committed during the attacks were indeed not adorable since rationale is not substantial enough to justify the drone attacks. The action of condemning the attacks was also a wise step for the court so as to warn against any other state from repeating the same tragedy (Khan, 2013).

References

ICRC, 2016). Practice Relating to Rule 1. The Principle of Distinction between Civilians and Combatants. Retrieved from: https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v2_cha_chapter1_rule1

Public Policy Analysis

Biography

            Barr, D. A. (2011). Introduction to U.S. health policy: The organization, financing, and delivery of health care in America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

The source is scholarly. It is a book that focuses on health care issues and the developed policies in relation.  This information will help in developing a more justified analysis of the healthcare issue.  Its credibility was attained through domain and sources examination which included an evaluation of the author.

            Budrys, G. (2012). Our Unsystematic Health Care System. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

The credibility of this source was done through examining its sources and domain.  This source is scholarly as it is a book that is designed to help students and professions in understanding the issue of health care affordability.

Dubnick, M. (1984). Health Care Policy in America . Policy Studies Review, 3(3/4), 509.

The credibility of the source was determined through an evaluation of its domain, style of writing and site design.  The source is a scholarly article whose information audience is mainly for the scholars. The information is essential in illustrating the effectiveness and the principles of the affordability act that was developed in 2010.

Henderson, J. W. (2014). Health economics and policy. Cengage Learning. Copyright.

The source provides an analysis of the healthcare system and the related policies.  Its credibility was attained through an examination of the author, domain, sources and design.  It is a scholarly book whose audience is scholars, healthcare sector, health professions and the general public. The information provided by this source is important in illustrating the health care affordability issue effects degree.

Jost, T. (2016). Affordability: The Most Urgent Health Reform Issue For Ordinary Americans. Retrieved from http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2016/02/29/affordability-the-most-urgent-health-reform-issue-for-ordinary-americans/

The credibility of this source was conducted through examining whether it is scholarly or commercial through domain examination.  The source is a scholarly article that focuses on healthcare affordability as an issue in the American society.  The information is for the general public, the health sector and for health care professions.

Mizrahi, T., & Davis, L. E. (2008). The Encyclopedia of Social Work. Washington, DC: NASW Press.

This is a book which makes the source credible. The audience of the information is scholars and health professions.  The information is useful in showing how the health affordability act works in delivering affordable care in America.  The credibility of this source was done through examining the domain, design as well as its style in writing.

Mukherjee, K. (2016). The Impact of Affordability on the Accessibility of Medical Care Post Affordable Care Act in the USA. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research.

 This is an article by a government organization. The credibility of the source was determined through an evaluation of its domain, style of writing and site design.  The source is a scholarly article whose information audience is mainly for the scholars. The information audience is mainly scholars and it is important in providing awareness of the affordability issue.

The commonwealth fund. (2015). How high is America’s healthcare cost burden? Retrieved from http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2015/nov/how-high-health-care-burden

The source is scholarly because it is based on conducted studies and scenarios evaluation. The information of this source is for the policy developers and the healthcare industry in general. The credibility was established through examining whether the organization is commercial or nonprofit.  The information is useful in viewing the actual situation of healthcare.

Stange, K. C. (2011). In This Issue: Health Care Policy Affects the Lives of Real People. Annals of Family Medicine, 9(6), 482-483. doi:10.1370/afm.1330

            This is a peered and scholarly article. The audience of the information is students, the public, and the health sector.  The credibility was established through examining its domain and source which is a peered article.

Waker, T. (2016). Health Care Affordability Remains An Issue Despite ACA. Retrieved from http://managedhealthcareexecutive.modernmedicine.com/managed-healthcare-executive/news/healthcare-affordability-remains-issue-despite-aca

The above source is considered as scholarly because it is a health organization that bases its research, particularly to the American health sector.  The information is relevance in establishing the issue’s source and the strategies to solve the issue.  The information audience is the health care professions, students, and the health care body. I examined the credibility via its ability to present issues that have been thoroughly researched.

Public policy analysis

In Policy analysis, the initial important point is identifying the problem in order to set the objectives. The Analysts and stakeholders must be involved in defining the problem so that they can express their views on the problem and offer possible solutions (Bardach & Patashnik, 2016). Before providing solutions, it is important to specify the issues in terms of the effects of the problem in order to create the path of offering solutions and involving the government. In policy analysis, it is important to put culture into concern and evaluate the shared valued, attitude and behaviors of people in the society (Heineman et al, 2001). In a society, problems may arise from education, healthcare and communication and these problems require policy formulation   in order to provide solutions. Thus, in policy analysis, it is important to include the cultural issues and measure values in order to have a clear understanding of the problem. For example, Heineman et al (2001) asserts that “Equality does not support liberty”. This means that there is a conflict which exists between equality and liberty because many policy makers fail to involve the cultural issues in policy design.  Thus, culture has an impact in policy analysis and it important to value culture in order to reinforce liberty and equality. In policy analysis, government brings some challenges which hinder the implementation of effective policy. The political and civil servant fails to coordinate with governmental officials thereby creating obstacles in policy analysis.  Lack of coordination creates the politics of difference which leads to lack of social justice (Pal, 2013).

            On the topic of public policy analysis, there are additional question which I would like to look at as they will help us to understand the policy analysis in a deeper manner. Should political theories be applied in policy analysis? Do they play role in policy analysis? Can analytical techniques assist in policy analysis? With respect to the book chapters, there is a question which needs a further clarification. In chapter three pages 62, Heineman et al (2001) asserts that “Equality does not support liberty”. I understand that when people get equal rights, then it means that every person has the freedom to enjoying the right as there is not coercion. Then, why are there equality and no liberty?

Reference

Heineman, R.A., Bluhm, W.T., Peterson, S.A., & Kearny, E.N. (2001). The World of the Policy Analyst. 3rd

1. New York: Chatham House Publishers, Seven Bridges Press, LLC. FROM PAGE 56-83

Pal, L.A. (2013). Beyond Policy Analysis: Public Issue Management in Turbulent Times. 5th ed.  Toronto,

Ontario, Canada: Nelson. FROM PAGE 43-128

Bardach, E. & Patashnik, E.M. (2016). A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis, 5th ed. Thousand Oaks: CQ

Press FROM PAGE  1-12 & 113-124