Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy is one of the administrative tools used to make rules in order for the controls to be put in place like rationalize and professionalize. This tool is mostly effective in the government and big organization. The biggest question is whether bureaucracy is inevitable, bureaucracy help organization to do division of labor and specialization in order to do more roles. Bureaucracy should be tried to be improved other than eliminating it. Bureaucracy is progress in government management activities. It can also be said to be a concept in political science and sociology which refers to the way the execution administration and legal rules enforcement are organized socially (Blau, 1956). 

Judicial system

 The judicial system can be said to be a process where in some countries actions are passed to review by the court system.  Judiciary with some judicial power of review may invalidate both laws and some decisions ma power due that are incompatible with a higher authority. A well understood   a huge decision may act valid  for not following the unlawful or a statute, where the statute may fail to wrong load visiting  court  review one of the strong (Posner, 1985).  

Common law verses code law

Common law is English law that is derived based o societal customs and recognized by the judgment and court decrees while code law covers a complete system of law existing at the time the code was enacted. The common law exists independently of the legislature. Common law is also uncodified and it relies on scattered statutes. The legal code is adopted to a state or nation.   Common law is less restrictive as compared to the code law. Previous evidence has as well proved that common law is more efficient and more desirable in comparison with the code law (Holmes, 2009).

Entitlement versus “welfare” system.

There has been a lot controversy and argument regarding some entitlement policies and practices which have developed some piecemeal, without overhaul or examination of fundamental principles. An entitlement is one government program which guaranteeing benefit to members by the specific group and based on established few rights.  The welfare system is where a government plays a key role in protection the social and economic to citizens (Clayton, 67-98).

The greatest strength of the American system of government

The greatest strength of government is to deal with economy and development of its policies and using policies to curb economy. Fairly we can be able to identify strength and weakness like Negro race capacity or incapacities and the way national government is doing its political weather are fair or unfair. There is a number learned expert in the American government (Grodzins, 1966). We have like an incredibly un-mature thing to say at some time. We have the huge rate of unemployment, the foreclosures always remain a pressing of one of the concerns for many communities, and the real wages will continue to push economy backward for most Americans. The conservatives are less worried towards the deficit budget and the long-term goals effect it will affect our economy. Some liberals are said to be less concerned with increasing income of inequality the influence of corporate things like money on politics. That means everyone will be worried about this long-term issues and whether security is viable, good medical care, and not to keep mention the potential push back from the ongoing crisis.

Regional Integration

Understanding regional growth dynamics in Japan

In this article regional integration in Japan has created a new path. The United States has led globalization through market fundamentalism which pursues capital in the economy. Integration has led to a force of modernization as it can be best described through the principle that aims in accommodating the local market economies and the globalization of different brands fostering economic growth in various regions (Shibamoto, Tsutsui & Yamane, 2016). This has created a channel for Japan to global due to the social safety network of trade and efforts that has been sphere headed by its prime minister (Shibamoto, Tsutsui & Yamane, 2016). For over many years economic order of Japan has been building on traditions, national lifestyle, and habits but through regional integration, there have been changes in the Japan market. Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan and ASEAN have integrated to form a strong economic power in the region that has led to wider growth with numerous advantages (Shibamoto, Tsutsui & Yamane, 2016). The integration has been considered important as it has been able to put the countries together but not with its fair challenges such as an increase in militarization and territorial dispute.

Regional integration is considered important as it leads to better natural resources management within the countries that translate to a meaningful contribution to the growth of the country economy that further links to border economy. This integration has led to diversification in Africa exploring the full potential of the countries that has led to better infrastructure and giving the countries the opportunities to strengthen their economies. The integration of the countries is a relevant platform that creates pathway especially for the landlocked countries which further translate to a global experience to the all the countries involved leading to equitable and strong markets (Shibamoto, Tsutsui & Yamane, 2016).

Reference

Shibamoto, M., Tsutsui, Y., & Yamane, C. (2016). Understanding regional growth dynamics in Japan: Panel co-integration approach utilizing the PANIC method. Journal Of The Japanese And International Economies, 4017-30. doi:10.1016/j.jjie.2016.03.004

            Public Policy Analysis

            Public policies affect almost each feature of individual’s daily lives from the economic, cultural and political environment. Individual’s economic well-being is thus determined by monetary and fiscal policies that are developed by the government while the public policies affect individuals socially.  Therefore since public policy evaluation explores issues of the public it should consider cultural and social forces in the formulation of policies. The policy analysis world should consider social, political and ideological factors while developing policies as these forces play a huge part in policy development (Heineman, Bluhm, Peterson, & Kearny, 2001).  What are the social forces that policy analysis should consider? Every day’s operations should additionally be included in the analysis environment as cultural norms and practices are essential. Policy analysis normally defines its aims and limitations as narrowly as it fails in considering social justice like values and norms in its formulation.  The role of policy analysts, for instance, is ‘’ to implement programs that are less focused technically and that are narrow’’ (Heineman, Bluhm, Peterson, & Kearny, 2001). The above quotation, therefore, shows that the policy is less detailed.

The public policy consists of the actions that are developed by the government in the quest to address particular issues that affect the public members (Pal, 2013).  Policy developing has reacted to the increasing transformations of public values, information technology, globalization decentralization as well as cultural assumptions.  Citizen’s holds numerous expectations from the governments but the expectation that they hold is decision making that is based on intelligence.  The government can generate most of its decisions without the use of intelligence as being decisive requires intelligent planning.  Public policies should, therefore, be developed with consideration of all aspects. This is because policies rarely handle a single issue as they are faced with entangled issues clusters which have solutions that are contradictory (Pal, 2013). Should the public policies be simplified? Public policies are complex based on their breadth and content which makes the policies boundaries difficult to identify.

            Question: should the policy analysis define the purpose and limitations in details?

            References

            Heineman, R.A., Bluhm, W.T., Peterson, S.A., & Kearny, E.N. (2001). The World of the Policy Analyst. 3rd ed. New York: Chatham House Publishers, Seven Bridges Press, LLC. FROM PAGE 1-55

            Pal, L.A. (2013). Beyond Policy Analysis: Public Issue Management in Turbulent Times. 5th ed.  Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Nelson. FROM PAGE 1-42

Development administration

 The article brings in the argument on development administration and the author asserts that development administration has been vague for several decades and it resulted to political decolonization.  Development administration has not been associated with the state of dependence to sovereignty and it was expected to eliminate unoriginality and implement indigenous conceptual but it failed (Dwivedi, 2002, p.235). The challenges resulted to inadequate governance and frustration incoherence and for this reason the author argues that   the political coloniamism is retained by applying administration practices since the practices are associated with neocolonial styles such as organization design, language, procedures and customs (Dwivedi, 2002, p.235). The author brings an example and shows that countries like British and French have been influenced by attitudes and values from Western modes.  These countries have legalistic control as they gain reinforcement in terms of financial aid, economic and political conditionalities from world bodies subjugated by Westerns norms (Dwivedi, 2002, p.235).  In addition, in 1990, the changes in international policy and in domestic policy improved the democracy as the Western governments imposed political aid programmers and security concern after the collapse of Soviet Union. The author also shows an evidence  of how  administration practices  retail democracy by asserting that  the development of free market  and reduction of economic affairs  promoted the economic development  and shaped world Bank policies  and  solved the governance problems which caused  development failure (Dwivedi, 2002, p.235).

 The author asserts that development theory and practices are required for democratic transition toward change in political and economic development.  Through modernization perspective, democratic transition will lead to democratization since there will be reduction in social inequalities, quality education and an improvement in the middle class (Dwivedi, 2002, p.261).  The author arguments tend to convince that it is important to focus on modernization theory and approach in order to improve the democratization.  Democratic transition  consist of  high-level bargaining decisions  and focuses on variables  within the authoritarian  government  and  identifies the precipitate  factors which may destabilize the authoritarian  government. Thus, the author asserts that administration practices will improve democratization which will then lead to good governance, economic growth and development prospects (Dwivedi, 2002, p.261). The important point of the author in this article is focused on democratic   transition to create democratic regime and sustain democracy. Thus, the author asserts that to crraete a survival democracy, a democratic consolidation is required.    There are fundamental factors for democratic consolidation such as moderation of ethnic, state legitimacy, widespread literacy among other prerequisites (Dwivedi, 2002, p.261).

The article has some limitation in that the evidences of the author in her argument are not related with the theory.  He asserts that strong democratic institution   leads to economic affluence but the argument is not clear as it does not apply to countries which are illiberal democracy such as Singapore (Dwivedi, 2002, p.262).  Other limitation is that the factors which determine democratic consolidation do not have an absolute effect and thus there is a complexity in analyzing the statistics of various countries. The author’s argument differ with present day scholars in that   they argue that democratic consolidation  is not a simple  process  and it have to  triumph over  various problems  and  after all  it will form a  system whereby the government will  hold all the power (Dwivedi, 2002, p.263).  For example, Leftwich argues that for democratic consolidation to be made there must be democratic institution legitimacy and State legitimacy and   the point is that   there is a problem on legitimacy for these two systems.  Gasiorowski also argues that there is no significant impact on economic growth despite the fact that Dwivedi asserts that democratic consolidation will improve the economic growth. Other recent studies show that   democratic countries have led to quality governance but the there are limitations on these improvement and also they are not sustained (Dwivedi, 2002, p.263).

 Focusing on theoretical and practical implications of the article, it is important to understand that democracy failed to meet the initial expectations of governance in various developing countries.  Therefore, the failure for a good democracy has contributed to lack of consolidation and for that reason, there is a need to focus on political culture and concentrate on democratic norms. Culture change is much needed in development of administration since the colonial culture in the developing world is inappropriate to bring socio-political changes (Dwivedi, 2002, p.265).  The goals of development should focus on adjusting to new changes and transformation of administration in qualitative and quantitative perspective.  On the same note, it is important to focus on civil society and act collectively to modify the government behaviors.  This will improve the government and speed up the development and place the democratic institution on the right place (Dwivedi, 2002, p.265).  It is important to include resources, plan formulation,   technological change, developed bureaucracy,   innovativeness, decentralized decision making and other fundamental issue to achieve administration development goals.  All these changes are set up for adaptability, self-government and rationality in administration.  Through reformation, it will be possible to apply new policy and ideologies and eliminate all the environmental obstacles and change the attitudes as well as the performance of individuals.  In addition,  bureaucrats behavior patterns are also important  in development of administration  as they will set up a structure  which will  eliminate the administrative lag  which acts as an obstacle to the government (Dwivedi, 2002, p.265).

Reference

Dwivedi, O.P. (2002). 'From development administration to development

management: an overview', in Kirckpatrick, C. and Clark, R. (eds). Handbook on Development Policy and Management, Edward Elgar: 235-284

Weapons of mass destruction

    There has been a heightened level of concern that has been created by the increased use of weapons of mass destruction and the less productive negotiations that have been put forward so as to strengthen the weapons of mass destruction nonproliferation management. The limited progress has also been attributed to the fact that materials and the technology used for the production of these weapons of mass destruction have at the same time been used for peaceful purposes. This article, therefore, considers some of the important points that make the process of negotiations of the use of weapons of mass destruction difficult. It goes ahead to discuss some of the essential incentives and disincentives that affect positions on the nonproliferation issue. It also focuses on the need and the way to pay attention to the needs and the interests of the proliferators that might enhance the chances of attaining a mutually beneficial agreement.

The main purpose of the article is to determine whether the negotiations have a place in the future to control weapons of mass destruction (Jensen 2006).

    The investigations on the weapons of mass destruction and the ways in which it can be controlled are important as it will enhance so many states to be able to control the use of these weapons and thus people’s lives would be saved. This would also help the nations to identify some of the negotiation skills that they need to adopt so as to be able to solve the issue of mass destruction with ease and a mutual benefit agreement to be reached by all parties involved for the sake of the public safety.

    The author, therefore, has carried out the research so as to prove the theory as detailed information is found in the article supporting the theory. The author has therefore reviewed some of the other authors work so as to support his theory and it is through analyzing their work that the author is able to make a good conclusion of his work (Jensen 2006).

According to the author, he has widely explained how the concern of the weapons of mass destruction has resulted to so many negotiations and so many treaties over the past years. This has therefore led to the determination of so many states to control the spread of these weapons. To support this he used examples from the history during the cold war and the fear that has risen since due to the use of these weapons. Therefore so many superpower states have thus integrated so as to take actions that would reduce the use of these weapons. Another example that the author has used in his evaluation is the negotiation that existed in the war against terrorism where he identifies that the negotiations produced little results. Time is taken to implement on the treaties after negotiations take so long before being put in practice and the acceptance of these treaties is as well so low and criticism is evident from the treaties that have been implemented. This therefore clearly outlines how negotiations produce only a little produce to controlling the weapons of mass destruction. The author, however, tries to look for solutions that would help in solving the issue at hand, for instance, he suggests that legitimate agreements ought to be made as it is useful in limiting the scope of the agreement with an intention of at least reaching an agreement or going for a better solution. Though the negotiations take a longer period before reaching an agreement, the author shows the importance of the negotiations after an agreement. In this case, he uses the missile technology control regime which was a treaty that was reached to an agreement in the 1987 (Jensen 2006). The subsequent negotiations that were used over the years before implementing this treaty offered strong supplier control, sanction as well as shipping controls. These negotiations led to the increment of the membership who also wanted to be part of the treaty. The author’s method is adequate to the task as it gives detailed information on the negotiations that has ever taken place in history regarding the weapons of mass destruction.

He has also given details on the fears that have been raised by the use of these weapons and the raised concerns and the need to control the use of these weapons. The author has also gone further to give on some of the obstacles that have hindered agreements on the weapons of mass destruction. This is thus important as it enables the reader to identify some of the areas that one needs to overcome so as to reach a mutual agreement. He thus explains each obstacle in detail thus allowing one to understand fully the content and consequences. He relates his information with that of the past giving examples and thus allowing one to analyze the situation of the weapons of mass destruction and what can be done to remedy the issue. One of the obstacles that the author identifies is the dual use of the materials and technologies used to produce the weapons of mass destruction. Thus the weapons can be used in dual purposes were on the positive side it can be used for peaceful measures thus the process of negotiation becomes complex. Lack of trust amongst the parties who are negotiating is another obstacle as they are affected by doubts on whether the other parties are acting in good faith (Jensen 2006). The author also states on the various techniques that can be implemented in the strengthening of the control of the weapons of mass destruction. He is not biased to showing only the positive side of the incentives that are to be implemented but he also shows the negative side of the incentives. He thus recommends on the aspect of the building of coalitions of the willing with an aim of strengthening the weapons of mass destruction nonproliferation regime that will address the proliferation threat rather than the use of existing multilateral negotiations as well as existing agreements. He also commands the nations to negotiate with the rogue states so as to control the spread of weapons of mass destruction to other states. The author, however, suggests that the negotiations should not only focus on the rogue states only but it should also go far vein to the sub-groups that possess weapons of mass destruction for their own purposes.

After a well-done research, considering all the findings and analyzing them, the author concludes his research by stating clearly that successful negotiation between nations and groups of people is hard and it takes time and thus patience is required (Jensen 2006). Hence, the concern should mainly lie on the control of the weapons from reaching the hands of the extremist people and groups and rather not on the geopolitics of the cold world war. Thus more attention ought to be given to the reduction of programs that are correlated to obtaining of these weapons of mass destruction (Jensen 2006).

    This article has thus been used widely by scholars as the author has been able to relay his information in an understandable manner. Throughout his article, he has used numerous examples which make his points to be clear and understood. The aspect of negotiation is quite a new topic when it comes to dealing with the weapons of mass destruction but the author has been able to relate the topic well. This is a good solution that enhances the reduction and control of the spread of the weapons of mass destruction. With such kind of research so many states can be able to adopt the idea and thus they can be able to solve the issues to do with weapons of mass destruction and the ultimate result will be a positive one. The purposes of the outline ad explanation of the obstacles are to sensitize people on the things that may hinder successful negotiations when it comes to the issue of the weapons of mass destruction. Thus the implementers of the treaties and the participants of the negotiations are able to avoid those obstacles and thus enabling them to be successful in their negotiations. The ultimate result is a reduced proliferation and spread of weapons of mass destruction.

Reference

    Jensen, L. (2006). Does Negotiation Have a Future in Controlling Weapons of Mass Destruction?. International Negotiation, 11(2), 353-369. doi:10.1163/157180606778968308