“GET ‘DON’T ASK, DON’T TELL’ DONE!”

 In 2007, Barack Obama detested the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policy which hindered homosexuals from expressing their “same-sex orientation”. Initially, the policy restricted homosexuals from talking or asking anything related with sexual status. The bad thing with this policy is that gays and lesbians in the military could not openly disclose their status and if they do so, they were discharged (Chapter 27). In other words, gays and lesbians were allowed to work if they agreed to hide their identity.  The issue has raised a debate where proponents argue that gays and lesbian should have their rights to expressing their status while opponents argue that they will harm the public acceptability, harm the military units, unit cohesion, mutual trust and confidence.  For this reason, Barack Obama asserted that Gays and lesbian have their rights and they should be treated with fairness and justice. Barack Obama had a putative passion to repeal the policy. The key point in this chapter is that the policy contributed to controversy and it became a public debate (Chapter 27).  The root cause of controversy was that even though the policy allowed gays and lesbian to participate in military, they are many cases of discrimination. During Obama administration, gays and lesbians faced a senseless discharge where the total number of women and men who were discharged was 169 and 259 respectively (Chapter 27). For this reason, Obama believed that the policy was wrong and there was a need for repeal to ensure justice and fairness to African Americans and sexual minorities. At this point, the members of the congress showed an interest in amending the policy and implementing a new policy which could end discrimination on sexual orientation. However, Obama was nicknamed as a coward president since he failed to fulfill his promise in repealing the policy. Despite the fact that Obama had said that he will unite with Congress and military to claim the rights of gay American, he failed to respond to this issue (Chapter 27).

 The relevant issue that is discussed in this chapter is the current status of gays and Lesbian in America. Gays and lesbians are facing a high level of discrimination when it comes to serving the public. Despite the fact that President Obama and his congress had the idea to repeal the policy, the number of discharges is high. The point is that homosexuals face challenges in military services and this has contributed to a debate   that holds different perceptions-persistent presence and persistent hostility (Chapter 27). The issue of gays in armed forced started many years ago where gays were being excluded.  The rate of the problem has increased since communities believe that gays and lesbians are a threat to the society and ineffective fighter in the armed force. To address this issue, Clinton administration enacted the policy which has worked to stop the consensual sodomy (Chapter 27).The relevant point in this chapter is that the policy is flawed as it allows the homosexual people to work in a certain condition. In other words, homosexuals’ status affects the morale and discipline in the armed force.  It is believed that homosexual people have deviant behaviors and disrupts the operations. In the armed force, homosexuals cannot participate since it is believed that they will harm the unit cohesion-task and social cohesion. Task cohesion means that employees should unite to achieve effectiveness while social cohesion means that employees should unite to build mutual trust. In the military environment, the unit cohesion is important and lack of unit and social cohesion will contribute to unit ineffectiveness. The relevant issue is that the exclusion and discrimination are rooted from the idea of social and task cohesion. In the military, task and unit cohesion are inseparable and there are needed for military operations. However, the military fail to understand that homosexual do not affect task cohesion but rather improves performance and increases social cohesion.

 This is the high time to change the military system and eliminate the culture wars. Since the policy was created, homosexual’s people have faced senseless discharges from military services (Chapter 27). People should eliminate the negative attitude and perceptions and focus for reappraisal. Note that homosexual people do not affect unit cohesion in any way but rather they should be allowed to openly serve in the military to increase the efficacy.  Homosexual are excluded in the military services for different rationales such as sexual misconduct, harm the unit cohesion and more (Chapter 27). However, it is important to note that the rationales are not credible and the point is homosexual people are good American who have the capability in improving performance and efficacy.  It is high time to avoid the incredible justification and consider the role of homosexuals in task completion and achieving common goals.  The military should value the rights of homosexual and create a policy which will address the heterosexuals’ conduct and a policy that will alter their negative attitudes toward homosexuality. There should be military programs designed to change the attitudes and beliefs, and eliminate racial conflict. The program will foster civil working relations, task and social cohesion.

Reference

Chapter 27. “GET ‘DON’T ASK, DON’T TELL’ DONE!”

International Law and the Use of Force in relation to Armenia Genocide

Introduction

Genocide is usually described as the methodical execution of a specific individuals group who share some kind of cohesion whether in regard to nationality, Ethnic relation, political orientation or even culture[1]. In other words, genocide can best be described as the mass killing of individuals of a specific group. For most individuals today, the basic concepts of the occurrence of genocide are impossible to justify in terms of thoughts, or even discuss with others. Armenia Genocide has raised numerous controversies and intensifying debates in regard to how people feel that the international community should have acted and the occurrence of the event. As saddening as it is, it should be understood that genocide is a violent event that creates horrifying results. Genocides have been in existence for decades and still occur today and this does not imply that the mass killings that occurred in the past are to be forgotten as the horrific results that they create can never fade[2]. The Armenia genocide was characterized by a crowd of terrors that were activated the similar typical human prejudice that hurls similar evils and is still the major cause of controversial debates in the country and globally.

The Armenia Genocide can best be categorized as a terrible event that resulted in numerous damages to the Armenian populace in relation to its socio-economic stability and population loss. The genocide took place particularly amid 1915 up to 1918 which was conducted by the Ottoman or the Turkish Administration[3]. In the strategic killing Armenian population was the target and despite responses from countries globally, there was no operative action that intervened in the event. This is because as most countries attempted to persuade the Turkish administration to end the killing the Ottoman insisted that they would subject them to war crimes where most administration opted to withdraw. Based on the past experiences of genocide globally it is apparent that no Genocide is better than the other because they all eradicate peace and destroy every effort and development that is in existence[4].

The Armenian Genocide

It is ill-fated that structured killings of certain individuals groups have been in existence since the commencement of evolution as part of human experience. The Armenian 1915 genocide is not formally recognized as systematic mass killing such as Rwandan and Holocaust genocides mainly because despite its occurrence significant part of the international community fails to accept its occurrence. However, it is accounted as one of the most terrific mass executions in the international account. Amid the year 1915 up to 1918 the Turkish administration was mainly involved in the deporting, enslaving, oppressing and killing between 1.5 and 2 million people in Armenia with the objective of religiously and culturally cleaning Armenia as part of the Turkish land[5]. Prior to the occurrence of the genocide Armenians and Turkey people existed in coordination within the Ottoman Empire for decades. Throughout the period despite the fact that Armenians were not accounted as equals, they were completely accepted and held not aggressive battle. However, the condition began to change for several reasons such as nationality, ethnicity, and religion. Nationality was a fresh dominating factor globally which resulted to ethnic classifications being accounted as severely crucial and it created issues for the ruling empires such as Ottoman. In addition, the Turkish administration was terrified by Christian campaigns and it only becomes worse given that Armenia progressively became secluded as the sole primary Christian minority thus being the major target[6].

In general, genocides are associated with the intentional physical execution of certain individuals group or communities in a nation. The Armenian genocide, in this case, was not distinct because it involved the rigorous exclusion of the intrinsic Armenians from their owns by the Ottoman Realm throughout the period of the First World War which was attached with mass executions of the Armenian residents[7]. The killing is classified as a genocide because it was thoroughly organized by the Turkish administration and the eradication of natives was conducted without any compassion and this resulted in horrifying fatalities amongst the Armenians. The arrangement not only incorporated the vigorous exile of the populace but also oppression, killings, destruction, mass raping, and famishment. In the Ottoman Realm, Armenians were only comprised of minorities and based on their inferiority they would not reject the aggression and oppression because they had no winning aspects. Their inferiority and domination by the Turkish realm resulted in horrific deaths and losses amongst the populace an event that can never fade based on its destruction and marks.

The primary responsibility for the occurrence of such criminalities which is against humankind existence which not only incorporated killings but also oppression in Armenia is directed to the leaders of the Ottoman realm. In that, the groups which were widely referred to as young Turks were particularly objected at creating religious and ethnic uniformity. This did not occur without the delegation by the leaders who were responsible for interior security and harmony. These leaders utilized their closet coworkers within the administrations to command and manage the general genocide procedure. Secret groups had also been created during that period which was being referred to special groups because they were not acquiring authority from the main administration but they were carrying out orders that sought to create individuals advantages. These group’s primary objective was to physically eliminate Armenians by mass slaughter[8]. In this context, the members of the special organizations were forced to exercise criminal assignments from the administration even if they did not perceive it as essential[9]. In spite of the horrific damages against human existence that occurred in Armenia the primary commanders that were involved in the organization, command, and control of the genocide procedure walked out free from the nation and avoided any related penalties because they had been found guilty of performing and organizing several capital criminalities. The 1915 to 1918 genocide led to the loss of over 1.5 up to 2 million people[10]. Prior to the occurrence of the first world war, more than two million individuals as the Christian minorities were existing in Armenia but during the execution hundred thousands of these people were exiled, killed, oppressed and others subjected to aggressive torture and starvation which led to the victim's number being millions.

Armenia and Turkey’s History

The Armenians are largely characterized by Christian based ethnic groups that exist in the Eastern Anatolia which is the contemporary Middle Eastern Turkey for more than three thousand years. In the past, Armenians were in several times independent but they were also controlled by different empires in different periods which implies that has not acquired complete independence. Armenia was conquered by the Ottoman Empire back in the 15th century which was an Islamic Empire with the Turkish Origin[11]. In addition, the empire additionally conquered other surrounding communities making the region one of its dominant ruling land. Despite the fact that the Ottoman Empire was particularly authoritative when it came in the region, it authority decreased by the late 19th century which made it vulnerable to the powerful rulers. In the moment of its power decrease, Ottoman Empire tried to conquer any existing non-Islamic community as well as those that had not be conquered by Turkey[12]. Armenia which was comprised of religious minorities particularly Christians become one of the targets for the consistent coercion. Back in the late 19th century Armenians consistently pressed for democratic changes and civil privileges assertions but on the other hand, the Ottomans asserted on their ruling which was dictatorship based which led to the killing of hundred thousands of populace amid 1894 and 1896[13]. As terrifying as the event became this was just the commencement of a strategic execution.

International Community Response to Armenian Genocide

The commencement of Armenia genocide in 1915 led to the urgent attention calls to the international community by the natives for assistance[14]. However, the response was particularly negative given that there was no actual intervention that took place. Actually, the entire international community convicted the event and rather than accounting it as genocide they consider it as criminality against humanity. However, some of the leading nations such as Britain, Russia and America have condemned the operation by the Turkish administration which was not only horrific but aimed at benefiting the country unethically[15]. Turkish administration attempted to conquer the inferior communities in the search of political superiority but instead, they focused on the creation of religious and cultural unity despite the fact that they understood that their practices were only resulting in harm[16].

However, despite the acknowledgment by the international countries and the existing evidence of the horrific executions, there lacked any specific actions against the Ottoman realm by the global community[17]. There are no specific sanctions or segregation interventions that were applied for the case. More so, the Turkish administration was not required to provide any sort of compensation for the Armenians populace based on the severe social and territorial losses. Based on this it is obvious that the negative response by the global community is shameful given that based on the caused damages that occurred due to political and individuals desires the country deserves compensation. It is the shameful act that has consistently raised controversial discussions in the society[18]. Armenian genocide disaster cannot be denied based on the existing facts and the acquired losses cannot be reversed.

Armenian Genocide Causes

The most direct source of the Armenian genocide was the inhuman prejudice of the oppressive government. However, there are other forces that offer justification to the occurrence of the terrible event. To begin with, most of the Turkish persons disliked the Armenians on the ground that they were highly literate and richer. In addition, the Ottoman Realm was ready being ruled by the Young Turks organization since 1908 and its main objective was to focus on enemies eradications[19]. The reforms for the executions were mainly made because the Turkish power was decreasing and therefore, these organizations sought to regain the superior glory. In this context, they were striving to create cultural and religious uniformity which would, in turn, offer the administration more authority. It was unfortunate that most of the modifications were mainly seeking to eliminate of non-Muslims as well as those that did not belong to the Turkish segments. The organizations developed prejudice, doubt, and hatred in contrast to Armenians because they were not Muslims and they were not fully controlled by Turkey. The resentment continued to rise and based on their Christian unity the groups attributed them to the persisting issues in the nation opting to eliminate them. As the resentment and the political prejudice began to spread consistently among the populace people started on killing the Armenians without the assistance from the administration prior to the commencement of the formal genocide in 1915[20].

In addition, the First World War triggered the occurrence of the killings which had started in 1914[21]. The war eroded and placed the Ottoman Ream and all the central authorities in contradiction of Russia and its Allies. At this period the Armenian were squeezed amid the Ottoman and Russian realm which created fear among the Turkish rulers. In that based on they were worried that the Armenians would lean to the Russian given that they possessed similar religious background which is Christianity and work against the Islamic realm thus making the Russian stronger and decreasing the authority of Turkish administration even more[22]. For the special organizations from Turkey, Armenians were accounted as enemies in regard to their social, political, religious and ethnic practices and they were to be executed. In other words, the Armenians were a primary target because despite the fact that they were situated within the Ottoman Realm they retained their Christianity beliefs solemnly[23]. During the period Ottoman realms were comprised of Muslims and to them, Christians were perceived as the wrongdoers and they were therefore subjected to inequality and undeserved treatments. For instance, Christians unlike the Muslims were necessitated to make tax payments and possessed minimal political and lawful privileges. Regardless of the oppression the Christian groups continued to excel and did not respond to the injustices which triggered the Turkish patients[24]. Based on the anger that this occurrence created the rulers settled on solving the issue completely which meant to execute each one of them.

The dominating source of the Armenian genocide revolves around religious and political authority struggles. Despite the fact that the Armenians and most of the communities within the Turkish realm were characterized by religious distinctions they existed in harmony but Christians were required to apply more efforts in supporting the country based on religious prejudice[25]. As Christian, the oppression was okay and thus based on their commitment their country experienced consisting growth. The consistency was not perceived positively because it was assumed that they might gang with other Christian administration and work against Turkey something that they would not agree because the administration was already struggling to gain more authority. In preventing such a betrayal Turkish rulers understood that they were required to act to prevent the Christian Armenians from breaking loose. For them, they would only align with individuals of the same nationality, religion and ethnic uniformity while Armenians lacked religious cooperation as they choose to be Christians[26].

The horrific event is accounted as genocide for several motives. In that during the Genocide period in 1915 and 1918, there are several things that occurred which categorizes the event as genocide[27]. In that to begin with, the incidence was mainly fueled by political and religious prejudice. This led to the mass death of millions of persons from Armenia who were Christians and held differing political motives. In addition, hundred thousands of the native people were arrested without any probable reason and evacuated from Armenia by the Turkish administration[28]. More so most of the natives were chased from their land and were instructed to participate in death marches for long distances and an oppressive desert environment without providing them with food or even water. This was an utmost oppression that sought to offer the administration political authority at the expense of million people who had not done anything wrong because lawfully they were entitled to political and religious choices. Consistently, the marching populace was stripped naked which subjected them to shame and forced to operate under extensive sunlight until they became weak and died from the torture. Those that were exhausted and needed rest in order to cooperate were shot immediately to death.

The event can also be accounted as genocide because special organizations were created which were comprised of assassins and other criminals involved in aggressive battles. These groups were well organized as they murdered people using different strategies such as sinking, burning and crucifying them. More so the groups were involved in the mass kidnapping of children and transforming them to Muslims after which they would be donated to the Turkish residents without any form of consent. Women were gang-raped and forceful demanded to join the regime while others were subjected to slavery[29]. The Armenians homes and land were occupied by the Islam Turkish community and after the event, most of those that played part returned to Turkey in order to escape the associated penalties for the committed crimes because the government offered protection.

Facts about Armenian Genocide

The genocide claimed close to 60 percent of the Armenian populace who were killed in exclusion of those that had been exiled[30]. The Armenians were not only subjected to unequal and undeserving treatments but they were forced to participate in death marches without the presence of food or even water. It was not demeaning enough that they had to exist without water and food but they were also required to participate while naked and work consistently without complaining until they would no longer function but die. This process was mainly seeking to convert the entire populace to Turkish while forming political and religious uniformity to give the administration more authority. The Campaign resulted in most individuals being converted to Islam particularly children. By the time the killing ended fully in 1922 only about 385,000 Armenians people had remained under the Turkish realm[31].

The execution did not end completely in 1918 when the First World War ended because it sustained up to 1923 when the Ottoman Realm ended and it was substituted by Turkey’s Republic[32]. Those that survived were left to suffer without any economic operations, homeless, ailing and as emigrants as a state was not present prior. Similar to the globally acknowledged Jewish Genocide, the Armenian populace was not only subjected to killings but also oppression and starvation. Most of them died from the unfavorable environment that they existed in without food or even water. The wrong that the population had committed was being from a different religious and political alignment because they valued nationality contrary to the Turkish and that is why they strived to develop socially and economically. The massacre began at that moment when the Armenian prominent individuals such as expertise, academics, and authors were acquired, exiled and killed. The Ottoman Realm had created the notion that Armenians were their primary threat and thus authorities took the responsibility of taking the hostages who were later murdered to end their contributions[33]. There is still minimal though significant photographic coverage relating to the genocide given that the special organizations that were implementing the killings had strictly ruled against reporting and photography coverage. However, the news of the massacre was mainly distributed by the Armenians ambassadorial and ministers who struggled to inform other individuals from different global parts. The Genocide is currently memorialized on the 24th of April every year which helps to acknowledge that their members were not just subjected to killings but they were also oppressed[34]. Based on reports it is apparent that the victims were not only executed via the utilization of guns alone because they were also poisoned, sunk, and burned. More so, rape was consistently reported among the victims of such cases.

The above factual analysis of the event is adequate proof that Armenia deserves compensation given that the treatment was against humankind because it was cruel and undeserving. The natives were not only subjected to torture but most were forced to exit the country and the largest populace killed and their belongings snatched and destroyed[35]. In other words, the incidence left Armenians with nothing since all that they had built including peace was destroyed and the terrible conditions led to the death of many. The crime should be compensated because it was fueled by political propaganda which worked against the Armenians and the event violated humanity in general[36].

History is complete with instances of wars that were fuelled by different political empires against certain communities based on ethical, social, economic, religious or even political differences[37]. Basically, the conquered groups are converted as focuses of triumphant ceremonies controlled by the masters. This was a similar case that occurred in Armenia because based on their religious differences their rulers the Ottoman made them subjects of oppression and ultimate genocide. It is highly supposed that the Armenian populace in the realm was in the area was close to 2 million persons before the realm began to demonstrate signs of dissolution[38]. Armenians were accounted as Christian minorities given that the region was comprised of more Muslims based on the Turkish ruling. Despite the fact that Armenians contributed more in regard to financial support to the administration they were denied basic privileges such as government participation. More so as Christians they operated without any form of security but this did not hinder them from succeeding. Despite the criticism in regard to them being middle-class individuals, they were entrepreneurs and dealers who were economically stable and disliked by Turks because they were mainly laborers and average workers based on their low literacy rate.

By the late 19th century there were increasing cases of Armenians exist in within the marginal regions of the territory[39]. Simultaneously, the arrangement of execution and deployment was already in place. Actually, there are several killing cases that occurred prior to 1915[40]. The occurrence of the first war led to the Turkish joining Germans in the battle against Christian Russians professed as a threat.

Armenia Genocide In Relation to the International Law

Armenian genocide is associated with several international lawful issues regarding Armenian Genocide. Specifically, Armenian genocide is considered to be criminality under international regulations because Turkey was primarily responsible for all the crimes that took place because the event occurred under the administration's command[41]. Genocide is considered to be a serious criminality under the international law basically because it violates human privileges and subjects force in its execution. Under the international regulations, any form of killing and force application is unlawful since the objective of such events leads to organized damages in regard to a certain ethnic, political or religious group. Genocide is an event that eliminates an essential natural privilege of a specific individuals group particularly the privilege of life, ownership and religious or political choice[42]. The united nations Agreement that seeks to hinder and penalize criminals regarding genocide which took effect in 1951[43]. The killings and forceful exile of the Armenian community that was performed by the Ottoman realm in the early 20th century are in actual obedience with genocide crime classification and identification by the UN convention because all the offenses regarding genocide are present[44].

It is argued by some individuals that law rather than historically the killing does not qualify as a genocide. In that, they state that there lack concepts regarding genocide in the implementation procedure and the international community does not fully acknowledge the occurrence. This is based on the principle that the international convention does not mainly cover past genocides that occurred prior to the agreement. However, it is worth noting that the role of the international community is to provide adequate protection to humankind which makes the massacre of much significance. The international community headed by the super nations that emerged victorious in the first world war acknowledged that the massacre actually occurred and forced the exile of Armenians which was planned by the Ottoman realm is an international misconduct which is relevant to the international law of that specific period. In this context, this forms the lawful grounds for the Ottoman Realm accountability as well as Turkey for the committed crime. More so the Turkish administration acknowledges the crime’s evidence and it arbitrated by sentencing and killing those that organized the crimes after they were found guilty of the destruction that fell on the Armenian populace.

It is worth noting that the UN genocide convention does not create any fresh misconduct but offers a specific description of global misconduct contrary to humanity as provided by the international law[45]. The argument that the genocide is not an international misconduct against humanity based on the fact that it took place prior to the convention implementation raises controversies based on the destruction that occurred. On establishing the fact that the Armenian genocide is categorized as a misconduct against humanity is rightfully based on the international law which increases the issue regarding accountability of the Turkey administration as the inheritor of Ottoman realm[46]. This can, therefore, be classified as global lawful accountability and criminal obligation. In this context, the criminal obligation can best be described as the unfavorable legal outcomes for the international commandment subject in relation to the violation of the international regulations and accountability[47].

Turkey is the Inheritor of Ottoman realm in relation to the national sequence laws regarding the international humanitarian law. Also, Turkey is acknowledged as the Ottoman heir which makes it subject to international accountability for the occurrence of the Armenian genocide[48]. The accountability of the Armenian killings should, therefore, result to the redevelopment of a legal ground to govern the supposed crimes that incorporates restraining authority of an accountable state. Despite the fact that the international law does not contain theories regarding territorial obligation, the genocide has raised territorial arguments which are supported legally. The privileges held by Turkey at that period acknowledged all the regions that were constituted of Turks and this, therefore, means that the administration had the obligation of protecting the Armenians. By diagnosing that the Ottoman realm conducted crimes against humankind Turkey as the Heir of the realm that commanded the executions is required to undertake accountability and re-develop legal grounds that exists prior to the misconduct which will eventually compensate the undeserving genocide outcomes[49].

The international law holds that it is the obligation of every country to compensate any undesirable action in the quest of the compensations that are derived from such misconducts. The damages that are referred in the case are either physical or moral based that occurred from unethical actions[50]. An additional alternative is that Armenia and Turkey should engage in discussions that are aimed at setting grounds where the caused destructions can be repaired. This discussion based on the international law is supposed to account for the legal privileges and the motives of all parties. In this context, it is apparent that Armenia should be compensated to recover from the socio-economic loss that it acquired from the genocide. Such agreements can create lawful grounds regarding accountability because any crime against humankind is subjected to punishment. In this case, the most suitable solution that will seek to guard humanity will be to focus on reconciliation given that both countries have maintained undesirable associations[51]. Denying the facts and compensation of such horrific crimes is not just particularly in the contemporary society and might lead to the development of further misconducts that have already been proved in the past.

What the International Law and International Community Should Have Done

During the massacre, Armenia’s attempted to acquire for assistance from the international community without success because there was no state that was able to assist[52]. The entire international community was covered in a shadow as the organized and systematic killing continued. The killing continued for more than 2 years and the time frame would have allowed the international community to respond. The population loss that occurred remain unspecific although it is projected that more than 1.5 million persons were lost[53]. The international community particularly the authoritative nations such as Russia and the United Kingdom proposed to Turkey rulers to end the killings because they would be held accountable for the occurrence of crime against mankind. Turkey was only trying to acquire political strength through conquering some of those communities that were regarded as inferior. However, its focus was on creating religious and cultural uniformity and thus to them the Armenians who were growing stronger each day were viewed as a threat based on their religious stand that would have influenced them to collaborate with the Russians and this would have affected Turkey politically. However, the response of these nations was particularly weak because there was no active intervention that took place. Public concerns, particularly in America, were increasing daily with the public urging for interventions stating that the treatment was not justified. When the war ended, however, the Allied nations that had won the First World War pressured the government to penalize them because they were found of crime[54]. In addition, the countries focused on saving those that had been subjected to starvation.

The German, UK and American administrations facilitated the development of reports on the slaughters and this led to the publishing of several reliable interpretations. It is believed that because the most authoritative administrations were particularly involved in the World war this shadowed their capability to intervene because all of them were mainly focused on winning. On the other hand, regardless of the ethical disgrace by the international community, there were no acts of beneficial interventions that were applied against the empire either to consent its terrifying laws or even to free the Armenians from the execution. Further, there were no reasonable steps that were utilized to authorize the administration of Turkey that existed during the war to create compensation for the Armenian populace for the huge human and property fatalities.

The genocide never occurred without the knowledge of the global community. It is apparent that the First World War provided necessary protection to the event but reports regarding the killings and exiles reached the broader world. Despite the fact that the populace voiced their need for assistance in the trying period it is the weak response by the international community that raises controversial debates today. The efforts by the global leaders might have assisted in saving thousands of people despite the fact that most of them were homeless, ailing and left to depend on relief aids but more should have been done. For the international community global way should have been applied not only to pressure the administration to acknowledge the damage but also to penalize and compensate Armenians. In that, the Turkish government should have been made to review its policies regarding the issue in order to determine the damage that it caused and create compensation platforms. The United States, for instance, has on consistent basis acknowledged the fact that the event involved mass killing of individuals and the application of force which is against the international law[55]. However, turkey despite acknowledging the damages that occurred has not recognized the issue legally and sanctions should, therefore, be applied to ensure that it complies with the law and that the Armenians are compensated for the damages because the losses can never be reversed.

Based on the complexity of proving the unique intentions by the Ottoman Empire to execute and subject the Armenian populace to damages the 1915 genocide cannot be analyzed easily[56]. Over a hundred years back millions of the Armenian natives were subjected to organized and methodical killings. It is actually, reliable to assert that the Ottoman realm was accountable for killing the Armenians simply because they differed in regard to religion and political ideologies. Based on the 1948 genocide convention, genocide is described as the event where several actions are performed against an ethnic, spiritual, national or social group with the motive of destruction[57]. The Armenian genocide definitely comprises of such violations which were fueled by religious and cultural differences and thus the Ottoman realm felt the necessity of elimination them because they view them as a threat[58].

What Can Be Done Under The International Law?

Based on the U.N convention Genocide refers the application of force that is performed on a certain group of persons with the motive of destroying partially or completely which is fueled by social, religious or political differences[59]. For its defenders, they would argue that most of such events in the past were justified but it is against the international law which asserts that life is an essential thing in the world and should at all times be guarded. Turkey administration as the heir government should have assumed responsibility for the committed crimes against human existence by acknowledging that the act was immoral because it was only triggered by political greed[60]. In addition, the international community should have ensured that sanctions regarding the case were applied to change the ruling guidelines as well as to ensure that compensation was commenced. Apparently, life is priceless and once lost unlike properties can never be reversed a thing that the Turkish government fails to acknowledge[61]. On the fact that the incurred losses can never be repaid it would be essential to compensate Armenians in order to ensure that the dispute is settled and encourage further growth. Negotiations can also be applied to ensure that positive relationship amid the two neighbors is created which would support developments and inspire togetherness regardless of the past experiences[62].

Conclusion

The Armenian genocide is one of the horrific events that was faced in the past and led to the loss of hundreds of thousands persons and property. The event is classified as a genocide because it incorporated the use of force to exile and kill the Armenian natives. The killing was mainly fueled by cultural and religious differences because the Ottoman realm was dominated by Islamic religion and in order to regain its political authority in the global region, it required cultural and religious uniformity. The event occurred prior and post the First World War when Armenia became a major target because it has consistently retained its minority Christian beliefs thus being viewed as a threat. Based on the analysis above it is clear that Armenians were not only subjected to death but they were tortured and subjected to starvation. The Armenia Genocide can best be categorized as a terrible event that resulted in numerous damages to the Armenian populace in relation to its socio-economic stability and population loss[63]. The international community should have acted to protect the victims based on the international law to either place sanctions or ensure that they are fully compensated for the loss that was incurred[64]. The best option would have been to encourage negotiations which would have in turn improved the relationship amid the two countries and encourage socio-economic growth.

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[1] Bilali, Rezarta. "National narrative and social psychological influences in Turks’ denial of the mass killings of Armenians as genocide." Journal of Social Issues 69, no. 1 (2013): 16-33.

[2] Bilewicz, Michał, and Johanna Ray Vollhardt. "Evil Transformations: Social-Psychological Processes Underlying Genocide and Mass Killing." Social psychology of social problems: The intergroup context (2012): 280.

[3] Cronin, Bruce. 2007. "The Tension between Sovereignty and Intervention in the Prevention of Genocide." Human Rights Review 8, no. 4: 293-305.

[4] Cronin, Bruce. 2007. "The Tension between Sovereignty and Intervention in the Prevention of Genocide." Human Rights Review 8, no. 4: 293-305. 

[5] Cronin, Bruce. 2007. "The Tension between Sovereignty and Intervention in the Prevention of Genocide." Human Rights Review 8, no. 4: 293-305.

[6] Bilewicz, Michał, and Johanna Ray Vollhardt. "Evil Transformations: Social-Psychological Processes Underlying Genocide and Mass Killing." Social psychology of social problems: The intergroup context (2012): 280.

[7] Dugan, Laura, Julie Y. Huang, Gary LaFree, and Clark McCauley. "Sudden desistance from terrorism: the Armenian secret army for the liberation of Armenia and the Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide." Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict 1, no. 3 (2008): 231-249.

[8] Cronin, Bruce. 2007. "The Tension between Sovereignty and Intervention in the Prevention of Genocide." Human Rights Review 8, no. 4: 293-305.

[9] General International and U.S. Foreign Relations Law. (2011). American Journal of International Law, 105(2), 334-336.

[10] Dugan, Laura, Julie Y. Huang, Gary LaFree, and Clark McCauley. "Sudden desistance from terrorism: the Armenian secret army for the liberation of Armenia and the Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide." Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict 1, no. 3 (2008): 231-249.

[11] Ekmekcioglu, Lerna. "A climate for abduction, a climate for redemption: The politics of inclusion during and after the Armenian genocide." Comparative Studies in Society and History 55, no. 3 (2013): 522-553.

[12] General International and U.S. Foreign Relations Law. (2011). American Journal of International Law, 105(2), 334-336.

[13] Ekmekcioglu, Lerna. "A climate for abduction, a climate for redemption: The politics of inclusion during and after the Armenian genocide." Comparative Studies in Society and History 55, no. 3 (2013): 522-553.

[14] General International and U.S. Foreign Relations Law. (2011). American Journal of International Law, 105(2), 334-336.

[15] General International and U.S. Foreign Relations Law. (2011). American Journal of International Law, 105(2), 334-336.

[16] Tachjian, Vahé. "Gender, nationalism, exclusion: the reintegration process of female survivors of the Armenian genocide." Nations and Nationalism 15, no. 1 (2009): 60-80.

[17] Tachjian, Vahé. "Gender, nationalism, exclusion: the reintegration process of female survivors of the Armenian genocide." Nations and Nationalism 15, no. 1 (2009): 60-80.

[18] Theriault, Henry C. 2014. "Legal Avenues for Armenian Genocide Reparations." International Criminal Law Review 14, no. 2: 219-231.

[19] Tachjian, Vahé. "Gender, nationalism, exclusion: the reintegration process of female survivors of the Armenian genocide." Nations and Nationalism 15, no. 1 (2009): 60-80.

[20] Theriault, Henry C. 2014. "Legal Avenues for Armenian Genocide Reparations." International Criminal Law Review 14, no. 2: 219-231.

[21] Theriault, Henry C. 2014. "Legal Avenues for Armenian Genocide Reparations." International Criminal Law Review 14, no. 2: 219-231.

[22] Tusan, Michelle. "The Armenian Genocide and Foreign Policy." Phi Kappa Phi Forum 94, no. 2 (Summer2014 2014): 13-15.

[23] Tusan, Michelle. "The Armenian Genocide and Foreign Policy." Phi Kappa Phi Forum 94, no. 2 (Summer2014 2014): 13-15.

[24] Zarakol, Ayşe. "Ontological (in) security and state denial of historical crimes: Turkey and Japan." International Relations 24, no. 1 (2010): 3-23.

[25] Zarakol, Ayşe. "Ontological (in) security and state denial of historical crimes: Turkey and Japan." International Relations 24, no. 1 (2010): 3-23.

[26] Zarakol, Ayşe. "Ontological (in) security and state denial of historical crimes: Turkey and Japan." International Relations 24, no. 1 (2010): 3-23.

[27] Tusan, Michelle. "The Armenian Genocide and Foreign Policy." Phi Kappa Phi Forum 94, no. 2 (Summer2014 2014): 13-15.

[28] Bilali, Rezarta. "National narrative and social psychological influences in Turks’ denial of the mass killings of Armenians as genocide." Journal of Social Issues 69, no. 1 (2013): 16-33.

[29] Bilali, Rezarta. "National narrative and social psychological influences in Turks’ denial of the mass killings of Armenians as genocide." Journal of Social Issues 69, no. 1 (2013): 16-33.

[30] Bilali, Rezarta. "National narrative and social psychological influences in Turks’ denial of the mass killings of Armenians as genocide." Journal of Social Issues 69, no. 1 (2013): 16-33.

[31] Bilewicz, Michał, and Johanna Ray Vollhardt. "Evil Transformations: Social-Psychological Processes Underlying Genocide and Mass Killing." Social psychology of social problems: The intergroup context (2012): 280.

[32] Tusan, Michelle. "The Armenian Genocide and Foreign Policy." Phi Kappa Phi Forum 94, no. 2 (Summer2014 2014): 13-15.

[33] Bilewicz, Michał, and Johanna Ray Vollhardt. "Evil Transformations: Social-Psychological Processes Underlying Genocide and Mass Killing." Social psychology of social problems: The intergroup context (2012): 280.

[34] Zarakol, Ayşe. "Ontological (in) security and state denial of historical crimes: Turkey and Japan." International Relations 24, no. 1 (2010): 3-23.

[35] Cronin, Bruce. 2007. "The Tension between Sovereignty and Intervention in the Prevention of Genocide." Human Rights Review 8, no. 4: 293-305.

[36] Cronin, Bruce. 2007. "The Tension between Sovereignty and Intervention in the Prevention of Genocide." Human Rights Review 8, no. 4: 293-305.

[37] Bilali, Rezarta. "National narrative and social psychological influences in Turks’ denial of the mass killings of Armenians as genocide." Journal of Social Issues 69, no. 1 (2013): 16-33.

[38] Bilali, Rezarta. "National narrative and social psychological influences in Turks’ denial of the mass killings of Armenians as genocide." Journal of Social Issues 69, no. 1 (2013): 16-33.

[39] Tusan, Michelle. "The Armenian Genocide and Foreign Policy." Phi Kappa Phi Forum 94, no. 2 (Summer2014 2014): 13-15.

[40] Bilali, Rezarta. "National narrative and social psychological influences in Turks’ denial of the mass killings of Armenians as genocide." Journal of Social Issues 69, no. 1 (2013): 16-33.

[41] Dugan, Laura, Julie Y. Huang, Gary LaFree, and Clark McCauley. "Sudden desistance from terrorism: the Armenian secret army for the liberation of Armenia and the Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide." Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict 1, no. 3 (2008): 231-249.

[42] Dugan, Laura, Julie Y. Huang, Gary LaFree, and Clark McCauley. "Sudden desistance from terrorism: the Armenian secret army for the liberation of Armenia and the Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide." Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict 1, no. 3 (2008): 231-249.

[43] Dugan, Laura, Julie Y. Huang, Gary LaFree, and Clark McCauley. "Sudden desistance from terrorism: the Armenian secret army for the liberation of Armenia and the Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide." Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict 1, no. 3 (2008): 231-249.

[44] Cronin, Bruce. 2007. "The Tension between Sovereignty and Intervention in the Prevention of Genocide." Human Rights Review 8, no. 4: 293-305.

[45] Ekmekcioglu, Lerna. "A climate for abduction, a climate for redemption: The politics of inclusion during and after the Armenian genocide." Comparative Studies in Society and History 55, no. 3 (2013): 522-553.

[46] Ekmekcioglu, Lerna. "A climate for abduction, a climate for redemption: The politics of inclusion during and after the Armenian genocide." Comparative Studies in Society and History 55, no. 3 (2013): 522-553.

[47] Ekmekcioglu, Lerna. "A climate for abduction, a climate for redemption: The politics of inclusion during and after the Armenian genocide." Comparative Studies in Society and History 55, no. 3 (2013): 522-553.

[48] Cronin, Bruce. 2007. "The Tension between Sovereignty and Intervention in the Prevention of Genocide." Human Rights Review 8, no. 4: 293-305.

[49] Tachjian, Vahé. "Gender, nationalism, exclusion: the reintegration process of female survivors of the Armenian genocide." Nations and Nationalism 15, no. 1 (2009): 60-80.

[50] Zarakol, Ayşe. "Ontological (in) security and state denial of historical crimes: Turkey and Japan." International Relations 24, no. 1 (2010): 3-23.

[51] Theriault, Henry C. 2014. "Legal Avenues for Armenian Genocide Reparations." International Criminal Law Review 14, no. 2: 219-231.

[52] Tachjian, Vahé. "Gender, nationalism, exclusion: the reintegration process of female survivors of the Armenian genocide." Nations and Nationalism 15, no. 1 (2009): 60-80.

[53] Zarakol, Ayşe. "Ontological (in) security and state denial of historical crimes: Turkey and Japan." International Relations 24, no. 1 (2010): 3-23.

[54] Theriault, Henry C. 2014. "Legal Avenues for Armenian Genocide Reparations." International Criminal Law Review 14, no. 2: 219-231.

[55] Theriault, Henry C. 2014. "Legal Avenues for Armenian Genocide Reparations." International Criminal Law Review 14, no. 2: 219-231.

[56] Zarakol, Ayşe. "Ontological (in) security and state denial of historical crimes: Turkey and Japan." International Relations 24, no. 1 (2010): 3-23.

[57] Tusan, Michelle. "The Armenian Genocide and Foreign Policy." Phi Kappa Phi Forum 94, no. 2 (Summer2014 2014): 13-15.

[58] Cronin, Bruce. 2007. "The Tension between Sovereignty and Intervention in the Prevention of Genocide." Human Rights Review 8, no. 4: 293-305.

[59] Cronin, Bruce. 2007. "The Tension between Sovereignty and Intervention in the Prevention of Genocide." Human Rights Review 8, no. 4: 293-305.

[60] General International and U.S. Foreign Relations Law. (2011). American Journal of International Law, 105(2), 334-336.

[61] General International and U.S. Foreign Relations Law. (2011). American Journal of International Law, 105(2), 334-336.

[62] General International and U.S. Foreign Relations Law. (2011). American Journal of International Law, 105(2), 334-336.

[63] General International and U.S. Foreign Relations Law. (2011). American Journal of International Law, 105(2), 334-336.

[64] General International and U.S. Foreign Relations Law. (2011). American Journal of International Law, 105(2), 334-336.

Political Unrest in Cameroon

It never hit to my conscious of how significant language is to a country such as Cameroon where language is the lingua franca of diplomacy and trade. Not until I figured out the perceived prolonged assault of the Francophone elites against English speakers that understood the direction to which my beloved country is headed. My mind is currently tuned to the ongoing civil war between the Anglophone and Francophone in my beloved country that started in 1984 at the Foumban Conference (Country Reports 24). The conference was first held to discuss unitary terms between the French and English, resulting in the change of the country’s name from “Republic of Cameroon” to “United Republic of Cameroon.” In 1984, Paul Biya changed it to “Republic of Cameroon” leading favoritism for the French speakers at the expense of the Anglophone.

In May 2015, English lawmakers objected the appointment of French judges who were not competent enough to  understand the English laws in the courts of law. However, the president ignored their demands which triggered off a strike by the English lawyers last October (Country Reports 27). The president has, since then been heavy-handed on the activists by a ruthless response characterized by hardened antagonisms, two-month internet shutdown and killing of protesters. The strike intensified as students, teachers, and residents joined in as they also felt discriminated by our French president. Police brutality further stoked the demonstrators’ anger and the whole matter turned into a political unrest. Currently, the internet, schools and other important amenities on the English side have been closed as the Anglophone’s lives become more endangered.

This matter bothers me a lot because I am an English speaker. It hurts to see my people suffer brutality from the government, discrimination and the overall political unrest. How can I go back to my country and face the unsociable French people? My life could also be rendered into the hands of our rivalries. I am therefore scared of going back to visit my family and friends or even settle there after my studies. However, my love for my country and my people cannot hold me back here despite how terrifying it may look.  I have to be patriotic and fight for equality because the repercussions of our failure will be suffered many generations to come. I therefore believe that the claims of our people concerning political reform are justified because Cameroon is an independent republic.

Apart from the exacerbating tensions and grievances, Cameroon is looking forward to 2018 presidential elections and the 84-year old president may choose to run again he has shown no signs of relinquishing the power. At personal level, the current state of favoritism will drain down all my career achievements because most of the good jobs are only given to the French speakers. To the Anglophone community, discrimination will continue to suppress its welfare hence attracting poverty, and unworthy living standards. English speakers have limited opportunities to excel as compared to the Francophone. This crisis is affecting me as an individual and Cameroon as a nation. It is also worth noting that any developments of the crisis either for the good or bad will impact the future of Cameroon.  

Work cited

"Country Reports - Cameroon." Cameroon Country Monitor, Mar. 2017, pp. 1-38. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=122157217&site=ehost-live.

            State secrets, the USA Patriot ACT & The war on Terrorism

In my opinion, the use of State Secrets Privilege (SSP) in the war against terror is justified. In that, SSP is a communal law of privilege that permits the executive department’s leaders to decline to the provision of court case proof on the basis that enlightening secret information would, in turn, detriment the national safety or international relation on discovery (CCR, 2017). It is apparent that the fight against terror is among the most persisting issues in the society today and all the information relating to this fights should remain secret to avoid exposing the nation’s strategies to the enemy and destroying global relations which contribute greatly in economic developments (CCR, 2017). National safety is an aspect that should never be risked at any given cost given that security forms the general basis for growth in general and thus SSP is suitable in hindering the progress of court cases that would result in national secrets disclosure.

The USA Patriot Act is mainly purposed for preserving individual’s lives and freedom which cannot be exercised without the presence of security an aspect that is well embraced by SSP (CCR, 2017). In reference to the Mohamed v. Jeppesen DataPlan, Inc. case, it is apparent that the victims deserved justice based on the torture that they had been subjected to (Quimbee, 2017). However, the proceeding of this case would have resulted in the revealing of nation’s secrets thus endangering associations with other states which would result in economic and social damages. SSP is justifiable given that it does not seek to prevent courts to exercise justice but is purposed to offer communal safety by preserving secrets while focusing on safety and national wellness. Despite its flaws, it results in the achievement of the greater good as it ensures that authority is never abused for the wellness of the state.

References

CCR. (2017). FAQs: What Are State Secrets? Retrieved from https://ccrjustice.org/home/get-involved/tools-resources/fact-sheets-and-faqs/faqs-what-are-state-secrets

Quimbee. (2017). Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc. Retrieved from Retrieved from https://www.quimbee.com/cases/mohamed-v-jeppesen-dataplan-inc

Koreans Immigration

Koreans have been immigrating in and out of the country mainly because of economic and political reasons. Koreans have been migrating into United States and this has been influenced by the military relations, political and the economic ties between United States and Korea specifically South Koreans. This comes after the travels from Asia into United States were allowed in the 1965 after being restricted from ever immigrating. In the recent years, there have been more than 1 million Koreans who have immigrated to United States and this represents at least 3 percent of the total close to 43 millions in the United States (Park et al., 1765). After the government allowed Koreans to immigrate into the United States, the number rose from 38 000 in the late 70s to above 200 000 in the 80s. In the year 2010, there are more than 1 million immigrants in the United States. Historically, the Korea immigrants were very unskilled but after the ban was lifted skilled Koreans moved into United States. The high socioeconomic positions of the Koreans increase the likelihood of the United States accepting their immigration.

Currently, the number of Korean immigrants has stagnated especially in United States. This has been attributed by the fact that the economic and the political conditions in the south part of Korea has been improving over the period. The number of students has also reduced drastically from about 63 000 in the year 2015 to about 60 000 in the year 2016 (Spring, 87). Historically, the United States and South Korea had signed a treaty after the end of the World War II where both countries had to join hands and ensure that they assisted each other in many areas. There has been tension in South Korea over the issue to do with North Korea threatening to attack and drop nuclear bombs into South Korea or the United States. This issue has created a lot of heated debate in the current times since this is a risky war which will only end up hurting the minors and not the leaders of the countries. Immigration from Korea to United States in the late 90s was very high with many Koreans feeling safe and free in United States (Park et al., 1765).

Korea has been facing challenges such as the lack of stability economically and politically. When a country is threatened to be attacked, many investors and other potential foreign investors will be forced to look elsewhere and invest there instead of risking an economy that might fall due to war. The United States politically is faced with the issue of going against the treaty it signed with South Korea after numerous threats have been made by North Korea. This might be one of the issue forcing Koreans out of the United States. In the case United States surrenders to not protecting South Korea, then the Koreans will be forced to migrate back home fearing for their lives (Kim, 67).  Currently, china has been the highest contributor to the economy of South Korea and this means that the Koreans who might have immigrated to the United States due to economic reasons, they might consider going to china more than they prefer to immigrate into United States.  The economic conditions in the northern part of Asia have been growing and this can force the immigrants to join their home countries in growing the economy.

Works cited

Kim, Illsoo. New urban immigrants: the Korean community in New York. Princeton University Press, 2014.

Park, Namkee, et al. "Factors influencing smartphone use and dependency in South Korea." Computers in Human Behavior 29.4 (2013): 1763-1770.

Spring, Joel. Deculturalization and the struggle for equality: A brief history of the education of dominated cultures in the United States. Routledge, 2016.

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago is a form of a unitary republic with a representative government and which has a degree of autonomy. During the 2001 elections where two major political parties tied to the elections, there was a repeat of the elections where the people national movement got the majority support making it the ruling party. In the year 2007, there were elections which were held and this was highly characterized by the increased level of economic status of the country (Reyes & Bronfman, 2013). Due to these actions, there was a proposal to have an executive president. Up to this date, there have been two main political parties which have been on the urge of ruling the country, the united national congress and the people’s national movement.

The kind of government is that of a representative with a degree of the regional autonomy. Head of states is not an executive elected president through the parliament. The executive is headed by a prime minister and who also heads the cabinet.

In terms of the index of the political stability of the country, there is a possibility of an absence of terrorism and or violence. This measures the likelihood of the government being destabilized or being overthrown by any means which are most likely very unconstitutional or the violent methodologies (Reyes & Bronfman, 2013). Such actions can be politically motivated and which might cause violence or can be influenced by terrorism. This means that the country is likely to experience a disadvantage in terms of violence and this might cause the economy of the country to drop significantly.

The country is very open for the foreign direct investment (FDI). In the year 2013, the foreign direct investment of Trinidad and Tobago was at the top with at least $1 billion. This means that the developing countries continue to grow in terms of the FDI with a global percentage increase of 54 percent (Krausmann et al., 2014). Trinidad and Tobago is one of the countries known as the small island developing states which captured at least 63 percent of the total developed regions transnational corporations. With this ideology, the increase was from 41 percent to about 63 percent in terms of the foreign direct investment of $6 billion.

The country has been recording an increase and an advance in terms of the economy and also enhancing the climate of entrepreneurship in the recent years. The overdependence on the oil and gas hold back the development of the private sector but there has been progressing in the diversification of the base of the economy. The job growth and nonoil productivity have been negatively affected by the inefficient investment which is very nontransparent. Trinidad and Tobago are basically one of the wealthiest countries in the Caribbean belt (Krausmann et al., 2014). Exports of hydrocarbons account for at least over 40 percent of the total growth domestic products and a total of 80 percent. In early 2016, the government was implicated for the lack of controlling the prices of the natural gas and oil production.

According to a census which was conducted in the year 2011, the total population of the country was at 1, 328,020 which is an increase of at least 5 percent from the year 2000. From the world population prospect, the population in 2010 was at 1,328,000 but this is an increase from 645 000 people in the late 1950s (Reyes & Bronfman, 2013). the proportion of the children who are below the age of 15 in the year 2010 was at 21 percent, those between the age of 15 to 65 years was at 70 percent and only 8 percent for those above 65 years. Due to the decrease in the fertility level, the composition of children who are at the age of 15 and below has been going down while that of the elderly people keeps increasing. Median age population has been increasing to 33 percent in the year 2011 from 22 percent in the year 1980.

The Indo-Trinidadians contribute to being the country’s ethnic group with the highest population of approximately above 37 percent. This group is originally from South Asia who was used to work in sugar plantations after the Africans resisted torture (Krausmann et al., 2014). Africans make up the second largest group with at least 36 percent, whites or their popular reference as Europeans who make up only a small percentage of close to 7 800 people, mixed ethnic group make up a population of at least 23 percent and the Chinese who make up a population of close to 4 000 people. Each ethnic group communicates according to the most known language which is specifically English.

The major urban centers are Laventille with a population of 157 260, Chaguanas with 67 430, Mon Repos with 56 381 and San Fernando which has a population of 55 420 (Prout & Nichols, 2017). The rate of employment is very low since there is a 4 percent increase in unemployment according to the 2016 report. The employment rate is low mainly because of the reduction in the amounts of exports which boost the economy to promote job opportunities. The labor force is at 11 percent for those participating in economic duties, 12 percent for the nonparticipating and 13 percent for the people who have secured formal employment.

The educational attainment level in this country is at 5 percent for those females above the age of 25 years at primary level, 36 percent for those who completed secondary and 31 percent for those who went to post secondary levels (Krausmann et al., 2014). For the males, there is a reduction compared to the females with a 3 percent in the primary, 3 percent for secondary and 37 percent for those in post secondary levels at above 25 years.

The energy sector in the country is almost stabilizing meaning there will be an end of recession at the end of the year 2017. The country depends mostly on oil and gas in its operations and it is the most income earning the type of business.

Gross domestic product to per capita income in the country was measured to be at $29 570 in the year 2016 after an adjustment through the purchasing power parity. GDP per capita income after adjustment by the parity of purchasing power is almost at 166 percent to that of the whole world (Prout & Nichols, 2017).

The rate of inflation in the country is at 1.8 percent in the first quarter of 2017. The exchange rate is at a buying level of $6.7 and a selling rate of $6.7 in USD, 7.8 buying and 8.2 selling in the Euros. Both of these are the main income generators and the exchange rate stands at that level as at July 27, 2017.

Due to the growth in the economy, there has been the development of infrastructure, transportation, electrical systems and communication (Reyes & Bronfman, 2013). There has been an improvement since the late 1980s from 4000 kilometers in the south to about 5000 and from 8000 in the north to about 10 000 in the year 2016. This has been an increase since the previous years the most used mode of transport was the private method. Major industries in the country are petrol and petroleum industries, liquefied gas, ammonia, steel industries and methanol industries which contribute to the greatest drivers of the economy.

Petroleum and its products are the major exports including ammonia, liquid gas, and urea. Major imports are from the United States and Japan. Trade barriers or restrictions on trade in the country include the requirement to have licenses to import commodities or any subject to import related charges, an additional twelve and half percent of value added tax on the dutiable goods (Krausmann et al., 2014). Major competitors in the shoe industry include the shoe industrial suppliers, Trinidad & Tobago holdings, and the Csa industrial suppliers. Dealing with these three main industries known in the Caribbean is very hard but quality strategies and implementation will make the tennis shoe industry very successful in the market. Using the latest technology and handling personal contracts for the minor players will be important. Competition can be used to the favor of the industry through depending on local contracts.

References

Krausmann, F., Richter, R., & Eisenmenger, N. (2014). Resource Use in Small Island States: Material Flows in Iceland and Trinidad and Tobago, 1961-2008. Journal of industrial ecology, 18(2), 294-305.

Prout, P., & Nichols, S. (2017). Quality-of-Life, Risk for Malnutrition, and Polypharmacy Among Persons on Haemodialysis in Trinidad and Tobago. The FASEB Journal, 31(1 Supplement), 791-8.

Reyes, G., & Bronfman, J. (2013). Trinidad and Tobago. Beyond Contributory Pensions: Fourteen Experiences with Coverage Expansion in Latin America.

Cultural change after the 9/11 attack

The 9/11 event is one of the most devastating events that has ever happened on the American soil since time in history. This is an attack that took place in the early mornings as people were busy with their daily lives only to be attacked by some merciless terrorist. The attack was carried out on the towers of the world trade center’s both the north and the south buildings. Both buildings were occupied with people when the planes crashed and sliced through the buildings that morning (LaFree & Dugan, 2015). More than 300 000 people were directly affected by the attack where more than 2999 people lost their lives inclusive of more than 350 firefighters and police officers. After the attack, an Islamic community by the name al-Qaeda claimed to be responsible for the attack and which was aimed at ensuring that America stays off the then ongoing war in Israel.

 Issues which face many organizational leaders and people in the society today both directly and indirectly are many. In the Islamic community, individuals have been called all sorts of names and their future cut short due to the attack that took place on September 11th.   One such case is the Muslim leader who went to save some of the people who were trapped but died in the attack. This heroic figure was termed as a terrorist publicly and his death there on was not honored in any way until his name was cleared from the list of terrorist. To the Muslim society, the attack took away their freedom as American citizens and deprived them of their pride to even pursue bigger dreams in life. Various leaders and Islamic followers were interrogated in a very harsh manner to define their involvement in the attack. School going students were forced to hide their faces from schools and also from the streets due to the discriminations subjected on them (Haddad & Harb, 2014). In many occasions, students were forced to change their religion as a result of the attack. Muslim leaders were almost in every state intensively interrogated to identify their connection to the terrorists. Such occasions affect the lives of people directly and indirectly since they all happen to fellow friends and neighbors without the concern of the authorities in many cases.

State and federal laws were developed in order to deal with the issue of terrorism in the United States, especially after the 9/11 attack. The government had to consider using alternative means to make sure that terrorism has been stopped with the best strategies ever (LaFree & Dugan, 2015). Some of these laws included having the federal department and the state department working together to ensure that no unauthorized person gets into the country without a thorough inspection. There was coordination between the homeland security agents and the white house in order to ensure that any activities that were done in the state were known by the president. The advantage of having an office next to the president is that it enables the quick and immediate response in case of an attack. Laws such as the full inspection of personnel before he or she enters a plane was developed and put into action. Currently, any suspicious activity in an aircraft is detected and a strong signal is sent to the anti-terrorism department immediately to take care of the issue. Today, every airport is manned by the federal officials who are present 24/7 making sure that every entry point and exit point in the airports are safe (LaFree & Dugan, 2015).

The air is always monitored by the navy seals and also the security experts to ensure that any aircraft that does not have the permission to enter or leave the United States atmosphere is dealt with on the spot.  Individuals who have already booked a flight are expected to be at the airport 3 hours prior to departure to make sure that they are clean and do not possess any dangerous materials or explosives which they might use to attack their colleagues (Gilbert & Ponder, 2014). Screening of every person who visits the airport both within the airport and inside the airport is mandatory. Video monitoring inside an aircraft is a new development which state departments are using to counter terrorism in the future. Sophisticated software’s which have the capability of analyzing and identifying a person’s background and any malicious activities have been developed by the states.

Many organizations both private and the public took initiative to clean up after the attack. Involved parties made sure that the recovery team had access to adequate personal protective equipment. The dust that was produced as a result of the collapsing building and the toxins which were all over the place made it difficult for the teams to coordinate a thorough clean up (Gilbert & Ponder, 2014). The environmental department took care of the air, water, and the dust through taking samples for the experiment to verify their content is not harmful to humanity especially those who took part in cleaning up. After an experiment, the department gave the result that the air, water and dust around the area affected were safe for the general public. However, this report was not taken in kindly since the public said that the air around the center was polluted and not safe for the general public in any way (LaFree & Dugan, 2015). A representative of the New York City individuals took the department to the court regarding this issue and wanted the department charged with deceiving the members of the public about the situation. Also, the department was accused of having the New York City handle the testing of the air in the indoors which was done without deep concerns. The department was accused of breaking the law through issuing these reports since they were inconclusive and less than 100 percent accurate.  Many of the workers and the firefighters who took part in clearing the mess today are suffering severe breathing issues as a result of cleaning up the ground zero area.

There is a shift in the attitude of Americans towards every foreign culture since the attack happened. People all over the United States who were affected directly and those affected indirectly changed their perception with regards to the outsiders. In the movie theaters, before the attack culture did not matter and therefore any quality cinema could be bought but after the attack, the sales went down if the cinema was done by the foreign cultures (Hegghammer & Nesser, 2015). Today most of the Muslim Americans in the United States live in fear since the attack especially due to the discrimination that takes place in almost every sector of the society. The Islam community has been affected most by being termed as the masterminds behind the attack and therefore any contact with them is considered as a dangerous move.

References

Hegghammer, T., & Nesser, P. (2015). Assessing the Islamic State’s commitment to attacking the West. Perspectives on Terrorism, 9(4).

LaFree, G., & Dugan, L. (2015). How has Criminology Contributed to the Study of Terrorism since 9/11?. In Terrorism and counterterrorism today (pp. 1-23). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Haddad, Y. Y., & Harb, N. N. (2014). Post-9/11: making Islam an American religion. Religions, 5(2), 477-501.

Gilbert, E., & Ponder, C. (2014). Between tragedy and farce: 9/11 compensation and the value of life and death. Antipode, 46(2), 404-425.

Governments and institutions

Institutions are systems of norms which are meant to reach and achieve some goals or certain activities which people consider important to their lives. The social institutions assist in developing and creating the common values that every person must follow and respect accordingly (Taylor, 2013). Institutions assist in ensuring that they curb any possible occurrence of conflicts for the case of the armed forces between communities living together through a system of laws developed to stabilize any issue. Business organizations, bureaucratic systems, and the commercial banks are given the credibility of institutionalizing the process. Financial institutions are responsible for the financial activities which are related to stocks, bonds, loans, insurance, investment, hedging, management, and retirement planning including many other functions (Taylor, 2013). The financial institutions are involved in the transfer of funds to the economy and this plays an important role in the growth of the economy to both the local and international levels.

Governments have created an enabling environment where trade services can take place such as investing in infrastructure. Developing countries have allowed the financial institutions in their countries to provide loans and financial assistance to other sectors of the economy for growth. Offering cheap exchange rates to the financial institutions has created a pool of resources for institutions to provide developers with funds to set up businesses and other economy-building ideologies. Developing countries have doubled the number of armed forces as a way of keeping peace and allowing a country to be free from external and internal conflicts (Johnson, 2015). The armed forces have been equipped with the best gears to fight the enemy and secure the country. Strengthening the armed forces through offering cover for their families and also themselves is a good way of making it a successful institution. Using the latest technology in the development of the armed forces is a good strategy for success.

References

Johnson, J. A. (2015). Role of the Military in Underdeveloped Countries. Princeton University Press.

Taylor, J. B. (2013). Getting off track: How government actions and interventions caused, prolonged, and worsened the financial crisis. Hoover Press.

United States vs WikiLeaks

White collar crimes are rampant in the United States. One can identify the crimes through the perpetrator using false statements to a certain material that is regarded as a fact to commit fraud. Assange committed fraud through his intentions of wanting to bring harm to the United States government (Wasserman, 2017). Retrogressive acts also signify some level of doubts in the victim. In this case, the institution will undergo some level of downfalls to the point of closure. Money is also a form of the white collar crime in the society. Sending and sharing such information with the general public was a way of making sure that he gets some financial gain from the act. An organized crime is also a form of white collar crime which is what Assange committed through dishing out information that is diplomatic in nature to further his financial situation (Andrejevic, 2014). In the case facing Assange, there is a kind of white collar crime done since he only gave out to the newspapers secret information about the government with the expectation of getting some financial gain. Assange committed fraud by exposing the United States government at WikiLeaks.

Assange distributed the materials on WikiLeaks which means that there is no basis to prosecute Assange on the matter relating to the United States government since he is not a United States citizen. But considering the Espionage Act, Assange will have to be prosecuted accordingly since the law forbids a person from distributing any materials which are perceived to have been stolen. Ruling that Assange committed the crime unknowingly then the case against him is invalid. Such action of just forwarding information is not a crime unless there were warnings against forwarding such information meaning that Assange should not be prosecuted.

Assange broke the law by distributing vital government details to the social media and this is a violation of the Espionage Act (Wasserman, 2017). According to this law, a person is not authorized to send any vital information regarding the government to any unauthorized person or group of individuals. Any information that is considered vital and classified is always classified even if some members of the public have already seen the information. Assange is not an American citizen and in this case, the laws of America protect him against any form of prosecution accordingly. In such a case Espionage Act cannot be applied since the person is not an American citizen and he only distributed information to the WikiLeaks account (Andrejevic, 2014). Assange committed the crime, according to the Espionage Act, knowingly and had the intentions of hurting the United States government. Government information is always stipulated in the Constitution and the vital and disclosed information is not supposed to be shared with any unauthorized person or party but Assange posted the information on a blog making it known to the public and also to the newspapers.  

Assange had a lot of support from people from his actions and which were as a result of his actions which involve the costless and victimless crimes. Assange wanted the United States government humiliated by his actions and also show the world how wrong the United States government was in regards to its diplomacy (Andrejevic, 2014). The information was shared intentionally and therefore his motives are more of very predictive. Even if he is not a United States citizen, laws can implicate his freedom in the country. The available protection by the government will not be used on his part and he ought to be brought to the United States soil for prosecution. Assange never wanted his company of WikiLeaks to be implicated with the release of vital data but this did not happen. WikiLeaks is not a newspaper but an organization that deals with the sharing of information only that the information shared, in this case, involves the classified data (O'Loughlin, 2016). Assange never got the outcome of the actions as a result of posting the diplomatic information on his site.

The justice department never stated as to whether the actions of Assange were just but a deviant behavior but according to their ruling and explanations, it was a deviant behavior. If the department of justice does not consider the actions of Assange as deviant, then there is a high probability that there will be cost spent in bringing justice through summoning Assange. Prosecuting such a case will amount to the public and the human rights activists moving to court to block the proceedings since that will be violating the freedom of expression of a person. Assange’s actions are deviant in a way that he gave out vital information with the sole intention of bringing harm to the United States government meaning it is only but a bad behavior of sharing what is already known to some people (Wasserman, 2017). Also, if the pursuit considers the actions of Assange not deviant then the law is not acted upon fully. This is so since Assange never used his own personal profile to share information but shared it using an organization that is used to share any kind of information especially the vital data and the Espionage Act do not apply in this case. 

References

Andrejevic, M. (2014). Wikileaks, surveillance and transparency. International Journal of Communication, 8, 2619-2630.

NBCNews. (2013).U.S v. WikiLeaks: espionage and the First Amendment. Retrieved from:

O'Loughlin, J. (2016). The Perils of Self-Censorship in Academic Research in a WikiLeaks World. Journal of Global Security Studies, 1(4), 337-345.

Wasserman, E. (2017). Safeguarding the News in the Era of Disruptive Sources. Journal of Media Ethics, 32(2), 72-85.

Peace and War

Peace and war in many developing countries, especially in the sub-Saharan African parts of the world, are rampant. The root cause of war is the scarce distribution of resources which cause civil conflicts in the countries and this affects the growth of the nation. Foreign aid is one of the contributions which bring in assistance to cater for the poor and the general affected society. Foreign aid is advantageous in the essence that it allows the economic growth and distribution of the available resources. In a country such as Madagascar, war implicated the death of thousands of people who were affected by the civil wars (Boyce, 2013). The positive impact of the distribution of foreign aid is the fact that the poor people get a clean and resourceful source of living from donors. The bringing together of the particular communities which were involved in the war is beneficial to the society and the government at large.

 Advancement of the economy has created a chance for the government to get support for their projects for the growth of the nation. The negative impact of peace and war to the distribution of foreign aid is the fact that donors and other interested parties give rules and regulations on the use of the resources submitted to these governments. For example, in Madagascar, the donors opted to reduce the expenditure the government spends on the military (Faust et al., 2015). Public administration was also thinned by the donors including the privatization of the companies owned by the government. This strategy was meant to reduce the effects of the larger community which controlled the government from oppressing the lesser community. From a political perspective, the donors suggested that the need to have economic reforms is urgent as a way of stabilizing the socio-political ideology.

Foreign aid has been an important part of the economy in a country like Madagascar where there are numerous cases of violence. Poverty levels have gone down with a high percentage and the bad state and condition of the country have changed to being a desirable and comfortable country to live. The aid has assisted in ensuring that the minority group of people in that country has taken the bigger portion of controlling the country economically and socially (Ishiyama, 2014). This is a way to ensure that the much bigger and violent community does not engage in the development of the nation fully since these will cause some level of misunderstandings. Madagascar is one of the countries in the sub-Saharan part of the world where the international aid and donors have injected too many resources for its rescue.

There have been improved campaigns to ensure that the poverty levels, especially in the rural areas, are reduced to least. Citizens have benefited from this program through the use of the available resources to create a pool of resources where many people can pull their help from. The government has ensured that there is total security in the country to allow for peace to thrive in the communities. Peace campaigns through electing leaders of all ages into the government have allowed the country to grow significantly (Faust et al., 2015). Economic growth through solely has been the focus of the Madagascar government in ensuring that there is equal growth and this has been a success since the locals have benefited from this program.

Foreign aid has been the key driver when it comes to the development of socioeconomic opportunities in Madagascar and this can be attributed to the fact that the international community had injected the country with resources. Poverty levels have dropped from 40 percent to at least 30 percent over the years. Politically Madagascar has improved and almost stabilized and the gender equality rule has allowed the women to occupy at least 64 percent of the total seats in the parliament (Scales, 2014). The country has grown from being an agricultural based economy of low income to be a knowledge, service, and economy oriented country. Projects such as the poverty reduction strategies have been implemented which aims at ensuring that the economy is accelerated to higher levels and therefore transforming the country economically.

Rural development, economic growth, youth empowerment and having a government that is accountable have all been as a result of the foreign aid. The growth domestic product has risen to over $1000 and the people living in poverty have reduced to below 30 percent over the years. Individuals living in the extreme poverty levels have also been reduced from above 20 percent to below 9 percent (Boyce, 2013). Construction of quality infrastructure and the increase in the lighting of the rural and urban centers has created peace and harmony and almost making the country a 24-hour economy kind of a country. The government is currently working on ensuring that there is less dependency on the foreign aids which has contributed to at least over 30 percent of the total budget. This is a strategy that will be done through the use of domestic resources to mobilize the growth of the economy domestically.

References

Boyce, J. K. (2013). Investing in peace: Aid and conditionality after civil wars(No. 351). Routledge.

Faust, J., Grävingholt, J., & Ziaja, S. (2015). Foreign aid and the fragile consensus on state fragility. Journal of International Relations and Development, 18(4), 407-427.

Ishiyama, J. (2014). Civil wars and party systems. Social Science Quarterly, 95(2), 425-447.

Narang, N. (2015). Assisting uncertainty: how humanitarian aid can inadvertently prolong civil war. International Studies Quarterly, 59(1), 184-195.

Scales, I. R. (2014). The future of conservation and development in Madagascar: time for a new paradigm?. Madagascar Conservation & Development, 9(1), 5-12.Sawyer, K., Cunningham, K. G., & Reed, W. (2017). The role of external support in civil war termination. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(6), 1174-1202.

US Foreign Policies

Foreign policies are the various ways in which a country will interact with other countries from foreign nations through the setting of standards for all organizations and citizens in the United States. The main reasons as to why there is a need for the foreign policy is to ensure that there is democracy, success, and security in the world for all Americans and the international community in general. Foreign policy is very important since it ensures that the relationship between the United States and the neighboring countries including other continents is right and good at all times (US Department of State, p1). Democratic relations are always meant at being maintained at a higher level and must at all times be positive and accordingly. For the United States to be progressive and successful the foreign policies must be formulated and focused.

 Domestic needs of the country can be identified through other nations and therefore the foreign policy should be encouraging enough for many members to feel safe doing business with the United States community. There are resources which are present in other countries but not present in the United States and vice verse and the foreign policy can be helpful in making sure that they are accessed in the right manner (US Department of State, p1). The United States is the country that utilizes most if the products in the world meaning it is the biggest consumer but China is the highest in terms of manufacturing and therefore the need to exchange the resources. For global development, the available resources have to be used in the correct way through having a precise policy for development. National goals cannot be achieved in case the foreign policies are not well and fairly formulated.

South Korea has been one of the most productive and growing countries in the world mainly due to their innovations and development in terms of technology. The history of the United States and South Korea dates back to the year 1945 after the world war when there was a division between the north and the south in Korea. The United States took the south part while the north was taken by the Soviet Union. Supporting South Korea triggered a distant relationship between the United States and North Korea but strengthened the relationship between South Korea and United States (Ministry of Foreign Affairs (R.O.K), p1). The United States and South Korea have had a series of a good relationship which is mainly attributed to the fact that the two countries had a diplomatic relationship agreement treaty which was signed in the year 1882. The two countries enjoyed their close relationship until 1905 when South Korea was taken over by Japan. During the World War II in 1945, Japan surrendered and this caused the breakdown of the south and the north and the United States took control of the Southern part of Korea (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, p1).

Historically, North Korea attempted to attack South Korea in the late 1950s but a coalition of at least 16 countries including the United States defended the invasion. China supported North Korea and this made the situation difficult since United States relations with China began to worsen. Both the United States and South Korea enjoy a long-term friendship which is a strategy to ensure that the mutual interest between the two countries is well taken care of (Ministry of Foreign Affairs (R.O.K), p1). The United States and South Korea peace and defend treaty might as well be blunt in the future especially if the aggression of North Korea entry into South Korea escalates. North Korea has for the past decades since the end of World War II has been developing new nuclear weapons which are dangerous for the relationship between South Korea and United States (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, p1). Foreign policies are meant to ensure that the United States is safe and in good relationship with the outside world but with new historical threats starting to develop then there needs to be a formulation of a new foreign policy.

The United States has been in agreement of supporting one another in case an enemy emerged but the situation between the two countries is riskier now since North Korea has just established their grounds are already testing their nuclear weapons which they might use in the United States. It is safe to rethink of the policy once more and make America safe from outside attack. First, if the American foreign policy agreement with South Korea continues, then there is a high chance that North Korea might test their strength with the United States before attacking their neighbors to the south. At this point then as the president of the United States, new foreign policies need to be drafted to immediately secure the citizens of United States. This move might also be very risky since if the relationship between the United States and the South Korea breaks, Japan in any case can also feel the impact since they neighbor South Korea to the south making them also prone to being attacked by the North Korea (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, p1).  North Korea has a ballistic missile ready for launch anytime and this increases the tension especially in Washington where it might be targeted. The current times are the times when the regimes are so ruthless due to the ability to develop and implement nuclear weapons which have the capability of killing millions in a second. With these facts in mind, then the foreign policy must now be implemented according to how well they will reduce the Americans from being attacked.

Such policies might include having the treaty agreement stated as null and void and therefore reduce the impact of the North Korea attack on the American soil. Calling back the over 20, 000 troops which are in South Korea might be the next move to making sure that America is out of the picture in case the war erupts to greater heights (Department of Defense, p1). Also, this is a risky move since if the Americans withdraw their help from South Korea; Japan will also lose its support from America and therefore left in the open for an attack. For this case, Japan and South Korea might gang up their support for each other and increase the likelihood of being independent in the war. When Japan and South Korea come together in support of each other, numerous weapons will be developed especially due to the fact that China will now have the advantage to take over South Korea (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, p1). South Korea might also be the main reason as to why the foreign policy might change in the United States. This is so because South Korea in the fear of being in a losing battle might launch attacks to the North even before any actions are taken by North Korea leaving North Korea with no option but to fight back South Korea and any other country that supports South Korea. With this kind of situation, United States must make the treaty void as fast as possible to deter the attack from North Korea.

North Korea has a significantly large number of military troops and also missiles which present a heavy threat to every nation on earth. But with the United States in support of the South Korea, North Korea might be deterred from their intentions if the treaty is firmly worked on as promised decades ago. The foreign policy of United States can also cause a destabilization of Asia if it decides to abandon South Korea. Coming together to South Korea and Japan will most definitely increase the probability of affecting China in the process which in the real sense can trigger a third world war which will be of dangerous nuclear weapons or crisis in the near future (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, p1). Changing the foreign policies in the United States might also increase the likelihood of China becoming the dominant superpower in northeast Asia especially if South Korea is abandoned by the United States. The United States has an alliance with many countries in Asia and therefore if South Koreas help is withdrawn, Philippines, Malaysia and others will be forced to join hands with China removing the United States out of the Asia world picture.

Cutting off South Korea can also cause the United States to be on the wrong side in the world relations. This can mean that the United States is a coward and in future any other country that feels to threaten the United States economy, they can always use nuclear blackmail to ensure the United States complies effectively. This situation leaves the United States in a state of Dilemma. If the foreign policy is formulated in a way that cuts off South Korean support, United States will be prone to future global challenges of missile blackmails from any nation with interest and if the policy supports South Korea, then Washington will be in trouble with North Korea (Department of Defense, p1). With this ideology in mind, the only way out of the situation is to have a one on one negotiation with North Korea in order to improve on the United States foreign policies. Having a foreign policy that is crippled with lack of an understanding among foreign nations is dangerous as this can lead to economic issues with the world making it difficult to trade.

Works cited

Asia Unbound [Council on Foreign Relations]

http://blogs.cfr.org/asia/

Assistant Secretary for Asian and Pacific Security Affairs, DOD

http://policy.defense.gov/OUSDPOffices/ASDforAsianandPacificSecurityAffairs.aspx

Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, U.S. State Department

http://www.state.gov/p/eap/index.htm

Diplomatic Blue Book, Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs

http://www.mofa.go.jp/fp/pp/page24e_000100.html

Ministry News – North America, ROK (South Korea) Ministry of Foreign Affairs

http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/policy/bilateral/northamerica/index.jsp

North America and Oceania Bureau, China Ministry of Foreign Affairs

http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/gjhdq_665435/3376_665447/

Public Opinion: 2016 Presidential Poll

In my opinion, I do feel that the 2016 Presidential Poll does not accurately capture the opinion of the public. This is because the 2016 presidential election was a vibrant event for public polling. The prior elections surveys powered prestigious projections that Hillary Clinton winning likelihood was nearly 90 out of a hundred while approximations fluctuated from 71 up to 99 percent. However, when President Donald Trump was on 9th November declared the winner it came as a foreseen shock even to the pollsters (Chen, et al 1). There was and there is still a universally accepted consensus that the political polls failed (Chen, et al 1). Accurate polls predict a small marginal difference which might either be a plus or minus which was not the case for the 2016 polls whose sampling error was rather unrealistic.

The polls failed to represent the opinions of the general public in a reliable and accurate way given that the sampling error rate was misleading because it was typically larger than standard. The United States public opinion polls appear to have become American perception norm. Generally, the polls are grounded on numerous set of interviews guided by written questions which are utilized to determine what the public believe, their feeling towards political candidates or their reactions. The polls failed to account for the larger public portion thus relying on opinions on a small portion and did not account for any kind of changes within the campaign period (NYT 1). The state’s absolute error was about 5.1 which is deemed to be the largest error since 2000 (Chen, et al 1). The overall error was the guard of the overstated Clinton’s support while underestimating Trump’s influence which might have been driven by nonresponse partiality.

Work Cited

Chen Junjie, Engelhardt Andrew, Lau Arnold, Trussler Marc, and Patricio Pena Ibarra. (n.d). an evaluation of 2016 Election Polls in the U.S. Retrieved from http://www.aapor.org/Education-Resources/Reports/An-Evaluation-of-2016-Election-Polls-in-the-U-S.aspx

NYT. Latest Election Polls, 2016. November 8, 2016. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/us/elections/polls.html