Forum VI (Duck and Cover)

After  the occurrence of cold  way  and the 9/11 terror  attack  the united government  reacted  in  distinct and similar  ways  which resulted  in the reshaping  of  many  Americans  life’s  phases.  Some  of the  adopted  reactions resulted in  temporary  changes  since they were  immediate  reactions based  on the  concern  for  individuals  safety  while others proved to have created  long-term  changes  of the citizens  lives (Villemez 1).  After  both the  9/11 and the  cold  war the  government  responded with the  implementation  of  sanctions  which were both social and  economic.

After  the 9/11 event  the  government  airport security was  federalized  by passing  of the aviation  and transportation  security  act to enhance  travelling security (Villemez 1).  Immigration, deportation  and  tourism  were major concerns  since  the number  of those that were deported  raised  by  approximately  104 percent (Villemez 1).   Most  of the  minority  groups  and especially  the Muslims  were considered as  threats  and had to  be treated different.  This  was  similar to the  response   offered by the government  after the cold war since  travelling  and the  immigration from  several  states  had  been restricted (Villemez 1).  In addition the  government implemented  heavy economic sanctions   against  those states  to  hinder  their  genera  ability  to trade  and  immigrate  into  America.  For both  events  transportation  security  was highly  honored  thus  introducing  heavy  administration  of  travels (NAN 1). The B&H labor  violation  article  relates  to one of the  large  issue  in the state  which is  immigration and discrimination (Fickenscher 1).  In my opinion, the reaction of the government towards both events can be considered as effective despite the fact that some minority groups were affected.  Something had to be done so that the social and the economic wellness of the state would be protected.

            Work Cited

New American Nation. Embargoes and Sanctions- Cold War Sanctions. 2017. Retrieved  from http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/E-N/Embargoes-and-Sanctions-Cold-war-sanctions.html

Fickenscher, Lisa. B&H Forced Hispanic Workers To Use Separate Bathroom: Feds. 2016. Retrieved from http://nypost.com/2016/02/25/bh-forced-hispanic-workers-to-use-separate-bathroom-feds/

Villemez, Jason. 9/11 to Now: Ways We Have Changed. 2011. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/911-to-now-ways-we-have-changed/

US Federal is Increasing Interests Rate since the Last Financial Crisis

Part A

According to the article  by  the  Sky news, the  developments  in the  global  largest  economy  which is America  has  influenced   the  fresh  rise in the borrowing rate  with  further anticipated  slow  rises. Since the occurrence of the financial  crisis  in the year 2008  it is the third occasion  that  the  interest rates  have been  increased  since the American  economic  market  has experienced  consistent  development and the  growth  of jobs (Reifschneider, & Tulip, P. (2017). 

This transformation was highly anticipated and it has increased the interest range by 0.25 percent from 0.75 up to 1 percent (Reifschneider, & Tulip, P. (2017).  Policymakers are currently  holding  on their prior outlook  with the  claim that  there  would be  two distinct  interest  hikes  in  the current year.  The United States economic development is helping the state in graduating from the low rates that were objected at assisting it in recovering from the recession.  It is anticipated that its economy will develop by at least 2.1 percent this year since the marketing is increasing is a moderate speed (Reifschneider, & Tulip, P. (2017).   Inflation  and growth  prospects  have  encouraged  the plans for  President Trump  to  taxes reduction  and  focus on infrastructural spending.  The next recession is anticipated by federal to occur before June this year to offer adequate time for assessment.  The rise has a global impact and especially on the developing nations which are exposed to higher costs of borrowing.

Part B

Summary of a Posted Article’s Discussion

Based on the United States economic analysis more than 24 million persons will be living with no medical insurance in ten years period. This is mainly because the implementation of universal care is faced with the challenge of financial provision which may result in the rise of premium cost.  This is affect older and vulnerable persons based on the associated high cost.  However,  the plan  may  not be  that  negative since it is  passing under evaluations process  which is  bound to establish its  effectiveness, the involved  barriers and how they can be addressed  effectively.  A reduction of the federal budget will result into the direct fall of health premiums.

            Reference

Reifschneider, D., & Tulip, P. (2017). Gauging the Uncertainty of the Economic Outlook Using Historical Forecasting Errors: The Federal Reserve's Approach. Working Papers -- U.S. Federal Reserve Board's Finance & Economic Discussion Series, 1-46. doi:10.17016/FEDS.2017.020

Attachment Retrieve From:  http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=14faa529-d6ea-458c-9e79-bc7a47440eb3%40sessionmgr4010&vid=1&hid=4114

Wounded Warrior Project Scandal

Introduction

Wounded warrior project is an organization that provides veterans and charity programs and services to wounded veterans especially following the September 11 terror attack in the US that wounded many veterans and caused death to many others. The organization is a nonprofit organization which aims at providing veteran services to the injured veterans since they need the services for them to recover. The organization has over 70,000 registered members and has partnered with several other charitable organizations such as Red Cross in order to help the people. The organization has over 500 staffs thus need enough funds to run the organization as well as provide wages to the staff members. The Wounded Warrior Project has been criticized my many since it spends on itself recently instead of focusing on helping the veterans. Employees in the organization suggest that meetings take place in lavish areas where they spend about $500 each on accommodation. The organization depends on donations and end up misusing the funds on less important issues such as attending meetings in lavish areas. The organization is said to have spent millions in lobbying campaigns in defense of how it manages its funds and in fighting legislative measures on how nonprofit organizations should spend their money. Employees complain that the organization has focused on raising money to protect itself rather than helping the veterans which was its main goal. Employees who try to question the organization are fired since they do not fit to the organization’s culture. Employees who raise issues about spending are fired which is not fair according to the labor laws and regulations. Therefore this paper will focus on discussing the Wounded Warrior Project, its history, challenges and recommendations after the scandal that almost lead to its closure.

History of Wounded Warrior Project and Scandal

Wounded Warrior Project is a nonprofit organization with its headquarters based in Florida at Jacksonville with the aim of providing veteran services (Rosenthal, 2011). The organization was founded by John Melia who had been seriously wounded in a helicopter crash while serving as marine veteran in Somalia during 1992 (Rosenthal, 2011). The mission of the organization is to put honor and empower wounded warriors. Mr. Melia after remembering whatever he had gone through started visiting wounded military personnel in the hospital and providing them with personal items. Examples of such personal items include toothpaste, socks among other items. A number of people were attracted by his actions and thus he managed to get some employees who would help him distribute these personal items. Among the interested parties included Mr. Nardizzi who was a lawyer but decided to join the team that provided veteran services (Rosenthal, 2011). Mr. Melia and his team reached out for donations which would help them get more items and benefits in order to help veterans cope up with traumas and stresses. By the year 2009 the team had established an organization which had over 50 employees and had generated more than 20 million in revenue (Rosenthal, 2011). This growth saw Mr. Melia and Mr. Nardizzi fight for power since they all wanted to be recognized. Mr. Nardizzi wanted the organization expanded while the founder, Mr. Melia was not for that idea. This led to resignation of Mr. Melia who left the organization under the leadership of Mr. Nardizzi who wanted to expand the organization. When Mr. Nardizzi took over the organization, it suffered some economic downturn since donations were not much as they used to be.

Mr. Nardizzi did fundraisings in order to get money to run the organization which now had many employees. He used much money during the fundraisings with the tax records showing that he used more than $30 million on fundraising in 2014 (Groden, 2016). In addition, the organization produced encouraging ads showing different veterans fighting to get back their health. As a result of these most people supported the organizations through donations. However, as the donations increased the organization became wasteful since it started misusing the funds. Employees started misusing money through spending it on ridiculous things yet nobody would question. Connie Chapman, who was in charge of the organization’s office at Seattle said that she would fly to New York to just report to the person supervising her (Watt, 2016). All other employees flying to carry out veteran services would travel through the business class and spend much money on the tickets. Tax records shows the organization was spending about $7 million on travel expenses alone showing how peoples’ donations were being misused (Ross, 2016). This shows that the organization spent more in its building than focusing on helping the veterans which was its main goal. Though the Wounded Warrior Project confirms that it uses 80% of the donations on carrying out veteran services, charity watchdogs suggest that the organization uses most funds on other services.  In 2011, Charity Watch gave the organization a D in its spending rate indicating that the organization was reported to misusing its funds (Groden, 2016). The spending of the organization attracted attention since even employees complained because the organization used the funds in wrong ways.

Mike Linnington who is wounded warrior project CEO announced that the organization had lost about $100 million which represented about 25% of the donations made by people (Groden, 2016). This happened since the scandal about the organization started happening in January 2016. Watchdogs suggested that the organization did not respect the donations made by people since it had an unhealthy organization culture. In addition the organization was said to be wasteful thus wasting peoples’ donations towards helping the veterans. The organization was caught up in the spending scandal where people did not understand how the organization would misuse funds whereas there are needy veterans (Groden, 2016). The organization has employed so many employees while it is a nonprofit organization that needs volunteers rather than employees who will require employment benefits and wages. WWP is said to be spending most of the donations on travel expenses and taking employees to expensive hotels. People suggested that taking employees to expensive places is not part of team building. The organization should instead focus on helping the wounded veterans and empowering them since it is the main goal and mission of the organization. The organization has neglected its mission thus raising concerns on how it spends donations from people. People want their money accounted for since they want to see wounded veterans brought back to good health. The organization was observed to hold parties and thus spend more on parties and staff rather than coming up with better strategies on how to assist the veterans (Groden, 2016). Employees in the organization are just common civil servants while former veterans are supposed to be the employees in the organization.

WWP fired its two top executives following the scandal where reports showed out that the organization spent on lavish things (Groden, 2016). The organization spent money on parties, travel expenses and other lavish expenses until the public complained since the veterans were not being helped. Financial audit carried out in the organization showed that some policies and procedures have not been in line with the organizations current pace. Therefore the organization needs to come with a more healthy organization culture that will ensure it does not face a spending scandal again. The organization fired the two top executives as one way of reducing spending on lavish things. First the organization needed to cut off the numerous meetings that took place at lavish hotels and the big parties that were catered for by the organization. Some donors withdrew their support for the organization after realizing it spent the money in carrying out lavish activities instead of helping the warriors. Major donors called for Nardizzi to be fired stating that the organization spent on unnecessary things since he took over in 2009 (Groden, 2016). The veterans were not the organizations major goal thus donors felt the organization was a disappointment and needed thorough scrutiny or rather change of management. The organization though insisted in 2016 that it had a good organization culture and was still healthy. The CEO, Linnington said his organization did not spend on lavish things bur rather on helping and reaching out to veterans (Erb, 2015). He instated that the organization would not change who they are since many veterans had been helped by the organization. He said that they are committed to helping veterans and investing in some other important programs.

The Outcome of WWP Scandal

The organization as a result of the scandal fired two of its major top executives. In addition it closed some offices as one way of cutting the expenses since some donors had started withdrawing their support for the organization. The organization incurred losses since donors withdrew their support and had no faith in the organization. The organization damaged its image to the public who now viewed it as money grabbing organization which was exploiting money to the public (Rosenthal, 2011). People had little faith in this nonprofit organization since the scandal was all over the media and even led to firing of two major executive officials. People failed tom understand how the organization would spend donations on lavish things while the veterans lead poor lives. The organization was put under scrutiny such that it was required to account for its funds to the shareholders and this meant that financial audits would be carried out in order to show how the organization spend the generated revenue.

The Law in Practice

Tax records showed that the organization spent most of its revenue in catering for lavish things rather than helping the veterans. The regulations of the organization indicated that organization was nonprofit in nature therefore needing more volunteers compared to employees. However, the organization employed many employees who need employment benefits and other services yet the organization depends on fundraising and donations from well wishers (Rosenthal, 2011). The donors wanted their money accounted for since most was spent on staff rather than helping the needy veterans. The wasted money would have been used in helping out the needy that need medical attention rather than giving staff bonuses. The organization is to be guided by the corporate law to which it failed to observe. The organization was formed as a nonprofit organization basically focusing its attention on wounded warriors but focused on empowering the staff. The organization was formed legally and should therefore comply with the corporate laws since it is answerable to the donors who fund it. Therefore the organization should account for funds to the donors since they are the main stakeholders in the organization (Rosenthal, 2011). In addition, the organization should serve the veterans; empower them until they gain back their health. The organization according to the corporate laws should have and follow its mission and vision (Weisfeld, et al, 2009). In addition it should have a healthy organization culture that will ensure it remains transparent to the donors and serve the veterans as well. Failing to follow the corporate law should see the top executives facing the consequences thus the management should respect the laws as well as state laws.

Ethical Issues

Looking at the WWP, people would judge that it does not meet or fulfill the virtue ethics since it fails to meet its goals. The main goal of forming WWP was reaching out to the wounded warriors therefore it is a nonprofit organization. Being a nonprofit organization, it is supposed to give back to the society rather than focusing on its expansion and empowering the staff (Net & Lazare, 2016). Organizations that are started on purposes of generating profit are however different from the nonprofits since they are allowed to give benefits to their employees. Nonprofit organizations such as WWP should focus on providing services to people and encourage volunteers instead of employing employees. WWP based on the virtue ethics failed to meet its purpose since it focused more on empowering its staff instead of focusing on the needy people (Minear, 2010). The organization should provide the best services and products to the veterans who have been wounded on official duties thus are warriors of the nation. The nonprofits are not subjected to much taxes compared to for-profit organizations that are subjected to high taxes. WWP have been accused of taking this advantage and failing to act like a nonprofit organization since it generates revenue and use it on empowering its staff (Net & Lazare, 2016). WWP takes advantage of generosity from the society and the people and end up misusing funds which it should use in reaching out to the veterans. The organization fails to meet the virtue ethics thus failing and disappointing the people it should be helping. Instead of coming up with lavish parties, the organization should focus on expanding its services to the veterans since the charity organization is supported by different donors. The management of the organization fails to follow ethical rules since they use donated money for their own good instead of helping the veterans.

Recommendations

• WWP should change its strategies and focus on its initial goal which was to ensure veterans are empowered and honored (Woodruff et al, 2014). The organization should ensure veterans do not live in poverty as they live currently whereas the employees are living lavish lives. The organization should focus on ensuring veterans live healthy lives instead of misusing the funds and subjecting veterans to poor lives whereas donors provide finances for the organization to reach out to the veterans.
• WWP should remain ethical at all times in order to prevent occurrence of spending scandals. The organization should be transparent and account for its funds. Currently the organization is viewed by people as a money grabbing organization in the name of nonprofit organization (Weng et al, 2015). This shows that people do not trust the organization since it has not been transparent to the people. WWP should therefore change and adopt strategies that will ensure the donors’ money is accounted for and that veterans benefit from the money.
• WWP should adopt a healthy organization culture therefore having transparent, qualified and skilled management team. The organization should have good and efficient leaders that will ensure it has a healthy organization culture. The current organization culture is not healthy thus consider as toxic since it focuses more on benefiting the organization rather than reaching out to the veterans. Having efficient and skilled leaders will see the organization adopt a healthy organization culture therefore changing the current view of people on the organization (Esswein, 2016).
• WWP should abide by the corporate laws since it a nonprofit organization by nature. It should strictly help the society and the people and therefore focus on coming up with more strategies on developing services and products to veterans. The organization should follow the corporate as well as state laws in order to remain successful (Weng et al, 2015). The organization should create a better image to the people since it has a bad reputation currently and people have no faith in it. The organization should prove to people it is worth the donations through helping the veterans and giving them better lives.
• WWP should focus on rebuilding its image to the people since it has damaged its image and people no longer view it as a help centre. Some donors stared withdrawing their support which means loss to the organization since it cannot remain successful without support from its major donors. People have little faith in the organization since they have witnessed the organization spend on lavish things while the veterans are suffering and leading poor lives.

Conclusion

The above discussion shows out that WWP is a nonprofit organization that was meant to provide services to veterans and honor them therefore giving them good lives. The organization however fails to provide the necessary support to the veterans and instead focus on its expansion and supporting its staff. The organization misuses the funds in coming up with lavish parties and holding meetings in lavish hotels. The donors of the organization fail to understand how come the organization spends too much on staff instead of focusing on giving the veterans better lives! People have no faith in the organization and view it as money grabbing organization since it gets money from donors and use it on other programs rather than helping the veterans. Tax records shows the organization was spending about $7 million on travel expenses alone showing how peoples’ donations were being misused. This shows that the organization spent more in its building than focusing on helping the veterans which was its main goal. The organization was formed legally and should therefore comply with the corporate laws since it is answerable to the donors who fund it. The organization should now focus on creating a better image to the public since it has damaged its image as a result of lavish spending on donations.

References

Erb, K. P. (2015). 12 Days Of Charitable Giving 2015: Wounded Warrior Project. Forbes.Com, 2.

Esswein, P. M. (2016). Flying Wounded Warriors Home. Kiplinger's Personal Finance, 70(11), 20.

Groden, C. (2016). Wounded Warrior Project Sacks Two Executives Over Spending Scandal.             Fortune.Com, 1.

Minear, L. (2010). Through veterans' eyes: The Iraq and Afghanistan experience. Washington,    D.C: Potomac Books.

Net. A, & Lazare. S (2016) Famous Charity For Veterans Accused Of Inappropriate And Lavish             Expenditures. Retrieved from http://www.alternet.org/famous-charity-veterans-accused-            inappropriate-and-lavish-expenditures

Rosenthal.L (2011) Good Counsel: meeting the legal needs of nonprofits. John Wiley&sons.

Ross, B. (2016). "Wounded Warrior' Scandal. World News With Diane Sawyer, 1.

Watt, A. (2016). Wounded Warrior Project bonds family support members through           candymaking. Candy Industry, 181(2), 39.

Weisfeld, N. E., Weisfeld, V. D., Liverman, C. T., & Institute of Medicine (U.S.). (2009).            Military medical ethics: Issues regarding dual loyalties : workshop summary.          Washington D.C: National Academies Press.

Weng, S. S., Rotabi, K. S., McIntosh, E. M., High, J. G., Pohl, A., & Herrmann, A. (2015). A       Virginia Wounded Warrior and School of Social Work Partnership: The “MISSION:          Healthy Relationships” Project and Student Engagement. Journal Of Social Work    Education, 51S44-S58.

Woodruff, S. I., Galarneau, M. R., Luu, B. N., Sack, D., & Han, P. (2014). A Study Protocol for Tracking Quality of Life Among U.S. Service Members Wounded in Iraq and           Afghanistan: The Wounded Warrior Recovery Project. Military Medicine, 179(3), 265-  272. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00444

U.S. Urged Ecuador to Act against WikiLeaks

The radical technological growth has created distinct ways of acquiring and delivering information in regard to the daily happening.  The  media especially  utilizes the  internet  sites  in growing  its  delivery  locations  as a way of  informing  the general public.  This swift has thus, brought a closer connections across all the states globally.  Governments are well known for withholding sensitive information from the general public which may cause insensitive or unwanted controversies.  Some  individuals   continuously establishes  distinct ways of  getting the information  and supplying it   which  to most  is considered  illegal  but it is their  civic rights.  However, when this practice violates the policies of the government it can be limited through constitutional authority.  The recent decision  of shutting down WikiLeaks is justified  since the  sites  have been  leaking  information  that  can be  classified  as  personal to Russians thus violating the united states  privacy.

Julian Assange is entitled to the freedom of gathering and delivering information but not the one that exposes the national security to threats. Like any other news media the sites makes informational decisions that are both sensitive and highly assessed (Dilanian, Arkin & Windrem, 2016). However,  its operation on  leaking  private  information  violates  media’s regulations greatly  and  better policies  on what  they  should deliver  should be  designed  critically.  This makes it clear  that Assange’s desire and  priority  is undermining the  US power  by  participating  in  informing Russians  in regard to intelligence  operations.

The national security is generally dependant of secret decisions and privacy which is being violated by the sites.  This undermines the freedom and rights of American as their election is being underrated which makes the conduct illegal.  Given that  Assange and the sites  do not support  any of the American presidential  candidates  the information  they  offer  should not be biased  and should not  be leaning on a single  side by  uncovering personal details (Dilanian, Arkin & Windrem, 2016). However, despite the fact that the Clinton’s personal emails information was acquired in illegal ways it the sites played a crucial role in creating public awareness.  The general public holds the right of understanding matters regarding their national welfare that may affect them.

The shutting decision was appropriate as a way to ensure US security.  This is because Russia as an outside state with the provided personal information is equipped to work against the united stated which is a violation. The public need to know of the  occurrence of events but that  does  not imply that personal  and sensitive decisions  are  supposed  to be exposed  without  making  some  considerations. Information that is released to the  general  public  at  times  requires to be filtered to  protect  them  as  well as the  nation in general (Dilanian, Arkin & Windrem, 2016).  Shutting down the sites and denying Assange the right to access the internet is a better strategy of exercising national authority and protection of privacy and security.

In conclusion, the growth of technology has increased the desire and the ability of media organizations to pursue thought triggering coverage’s.  Civilization has increased and the amount of information that is released to the public has also grown gradually.  WikiLeaks delivers some classified and sensitive information to the general public.  Such sites requires  higher  regulations  and  governing  policies  to protect individuals  privacy and  uphold  national  security. The public holds the right of  obtaining information  in regard to the happenings  but if the  information  violates the  rights of another  the freedom should never  be exercised.

            Reference

Dilanian, K., William M. Arkin & Windrem, R. (2016). U.S. Urged Ecuador to Act against WikiLeaks. Retrieved from http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/u-s-urged-ecuador-act-against-assange-n669271

International Management

Assignment 1

Vietnam

Q1

The political environment in Vietnam has both an opportunity and a threat for the American multinational corporation. In the recent years, the economy has been up and down due to the war in the country. However, Vietnam has been able to solve many of their problems making China a useful economic partner. The political environment has made intellectual property rights more persuasive in Vietnam despite legislative protection (Luthans & Doh, 2012). However, there are threats to America MNC due to the inadequacies in the code of law, insufficient enforcement of various regulations as well as a missed understanding of the private ownership concept of the IPR. There is also a huge and a strong price advantage of counterfeit products compared to that of genuine products. These problems are a threat to the MNC considering doing business in Vietnam.

Q2

The America multinationals are interested in going to Vietnam due to the growing economy. This is because they have a lot of potential that has not being exploited. Being an emerging market great profit can be made when resources are utilized. When comparing China and Vietnam the cost of production is very low in China. Companies tend to go for Vietnam due to the low income that people work for despite them being productive. China is well developed in terms of infrastructure while Vietnam is in the process of developing its own infrastructure. There is less competition in Vietnam creating a great environment for doing business (Luthans & Doh, 2012).

Q3

It is true to say that there are opportunities for high-tech American firms in Vietnam as the country has begun the high-tech time. This gives the firms a chance to produce at low prices with less competition in comparison to China. Vietnam creates a ground similar to the conditions of China hence a great new market. Being a socialist republic Vietnam can establish its social economy through the political arena which can be a significant reason for building a vast infrastructure and wholly improve the country (Luthans & Doh, 2012).

The Chinese Venture

Q1

China’s political environment is important for the Darby Company but to the extent of moderately conductive nature of doing business. The Darby Company has faced huge political challenges due to the agreement with the Chinese government due to the economic stand of China. The economy of china differs with that of most companies developing a great vary in countries that Darby operates in. the concerns of the political environment influence the management decision (Luthans & Doh, 2012).

Q2

Darby is well protected as it has the option of The Hague Court. However, the involved party is liable for their legal cost which makes the organization follow up the case it only when the fund to be awarded is more than the legal fees. This creates the ground for negotiation on small disagreements that end up in negotiations or abandon it with the Chinese. The world court can be made expensive by the Chinese making the process less attractive for the Darby resulting to non-legal methods of negotiation (Luthans & Doh, 2012).

Q3

It is true to say that the present technological and economic environment in China are favorable for Darby. However, if China duplicates Darby technology or competes with it then the position will change and will deteriorate at a high rate. If China decides to stay and support Darby despite the competitive offerings then the company will do better and the vice verse is true (Luthans & Doh, 2012).  It is important to note that despite the technological and the economic factors political and social relationships plays a significant role of great importance of Darby decision making.

Assignment 2

Q1

Pharmaceutical companies do not have a responsibility of distributing the drugs at zero or minimal cost to the emergent countries. The companies are not charity organization hence there is the need to consider the input cost.

Argument for

Many individuals mostly in developing countries are suffering and dying from diseases as they cannot afford proper treatment. This is devastating a reason that calls for various measures to be put in place in order to avoid loss of life as no price can be tagged on it.

Argument against

Pharmaceutical companies argue that there is huge cost that they bear as a result of research and when they give the drugs for free or at low cost they shall not make profit further limiting them to carry more research.

Giving of the drugs away for free can hurt the supplier at low prices as other people may start making business with the drugs. There is also a potential threat of drug misuse that may arise.

Q2

The major argument is that developing countries will make them lose a significant share of the market price as well as profit. The other principle of the NGOs and others organizations is that unfortunate people from developing nations are not able to purchase the original version of the drugs (Luthans & Doh, 2012). Therefore it is true to say that relaxing of the IPR laws will create room for generic drugs that will be affordable to them.

Q3

South Africa may choose to tax duties on the drugs obtained from Western countries the drug prices will increase as well as the importation costs. With an increase in price, demand will fall and many patients will suffer (Luthans & Doh, 2012).

Q4

I think it would be appropriate to change the policy. This is because the LDCs will get enough time to prepare for the exclusive rights protection as it will assist them in receiving relief. However, the policy change has some pessimistic impacts such as the developing nations will not be incapable of providing adequate drugs for themselves and the pharmaceuticals will face long-term threats in their business (Luthans & Doh, 2012).

Q5

Yes. It is necessary to relax some of the IPR rules. This is because it is harder for the people to us the inventor’s ideas without the approval of the IPRS as it protects innovation and creativity. However, it is important to protect the intellectual properties. With relaxing of this laws supplier of AIDS will be made available to the developing world (Luthans & Doh, 2012).

Q6

Through funding and donations MNCs have helped in support and development of drugs that have been used to enhance people’s lives. With continuous donations, a positive difference has been made. Education and awareness have also been enhanced in developing countries AIDS epidemic has been reduced (Luthans & Doh, 2012).

WTO Position

Q3

WTO is a major player in the world’s health. WTO has engaged in extensive collaborative with other world health organization in relation to health and trade matters. It tries to address the need for a policy of health and trade at both national and global level.  It has also facilitated in relaxing the intellectual properties rules in order to enhance the production as well as the distribution of affordable generic antiviral (Luthans & Doh, 2012).

Reference

Luthans, F., & Doh, J. P. (2012). International Management: Culture, Strategy and Behavior, Eight Editions. McGraw-Hill

American election in the 21st century

The increasing importance of news coverage of political campaigns in mass media, radio, cable TV and broadcast TV has made 21^st century American elections hard to stomach. A crucial issue is how much the coverage influences the choices of voters, and how such influences differ from one voter to the other.  The differences arise from the degree to which a person watches TV news and the other one is the strength of party identification by a voter. Stable preferences emerging from deeply held ideologies or attitudes like party identification forms the basis of voters’ choices, which means that a person with deeply held party identification is less likely to be influenced by the media on his or her vote choice.  Media influence is less than party identification influence.

                                                                                                 Party identification

America’s elections

                                          Voters Choice

                                               Media coverage

The various variables that could be used from the American National Election Study include those variables that consider voters attitudes and partisanship towards various parties. These variables includes the feelings they have about parties (whether a strong or not very strong Democrat or republican, party identification (whether independent, republican or democrat), closeness to one’s party (closer to the democratic or republican parties), party performance (differences in the manifestos of the involved parities. Another variable that could be to test this thesis includes the media, that is, how the respondents use the news media like internet, radio, television and newspapers. The use of party identification as a variable could be important in finding out the public opinion since it can use various measures such as strong , very strong , closer to the party or even independent.  The media variable can be used to check whether voter’s choice is related to their usage of media coverage.

The dependent variables includes the feeling of voters about parties, party identification, closeness to one’s party , party performance and parties’ roles , and voters choice.  Independent variables the frequency with which the voters used the news media – frequency of watching news in television, viewing internet news and listening to radio. The antecedent variable includes the kind of news media used; confounding variable includes the frequency of using the media while intervening variable includes lack of using news media coverage among the voters.

 Hypothesis:

Parties’ identification forms the bases on which voters choices are made, such that the voters that have strong party identification are less likely to be influenced by the news media

People who follow the news media coverage have very strong party identification than those who have no strong connection to their party.

Following the news media coverage has less impact on voters’ choices than parties’ voter identification in American elections.

The Pearson correlation tests can be used to test the first test in order to measure the strength of the relationship between the party identification of the voters to their choices in their American elections.

Simple regression can be used to test how the degree or frequency of following media coverage influences on the how voters strongly identify with their parties. The following of news media coverage becomes the predictor variable while strength in party identification become the outcome variable.

Paired T-test can be used to test the difference in following media coverage and party identification in voting outcome.

Korean American Experience

1. The Korean immigrants have a unique way of undertaking their business and this makes them successful in being the most entrepreneurship ethnicity. They uniquely organize their small entrepreneurship activities in a well manner that inspires the success of their businesses. They use their skills in entrepreneurship to enhance their growth and development as immigrants as they avoid low wages employment. They thus employ the capital formation skills through savings as they save some of their inheritance as well as their personal savings from Korea so as to increase the money circulation amongst the Korean immigrants. This increases their ability to lend to one another thus allowing them to start off a new business (Park 893). This has attracted more Korean immigrants and an increase in the money circulation within their community thus enhancing an increase in capital investments and ultimately entrepreneurship growth. The Korean immigrants have a culture that is strong and very resilient with an informal support that enhances them to cope in the hostile environs. In this case, the Korean immigrants are usually able to settle for entrepreneurial activities. It is this transformation in the Korean community that they have been able to become self independent and self employed with immigrants’ success in small businesses. This ultimately results to their upward economic as well as social achievement and mobility in the nation where they are hosted (Park 895).

2. (a) The Korean community has a culture where the parents put so much value on high status and financially well-paid professions. Thus they highly emphasizes these professions all for social and financial security as they believe that these careers would act as better shields which enhances them to fight against discrimination. Thus as most of these Korean immigrants face so much discrimination while in the American community, they tend to encourage their children to pursue technical careers where subjectivity is reduced. This emphasis has therefore promoted the second generation occupational mainstreaming following the high expectations of the Korean immigrant parents. This therefore creates more pressure on this second generation as they have to excel in their education so as to secure these professional fields as they compete with the New York job market (Kim 413). The Korean parents thus encourage and take their children in those prestigious universities.Parents are highly devoted towards their children’s education as it is illustrated in the naming of the Ivy League. Academic success to these parents seems to be central importance of one being a Korean as it brings about prestige just as money and wealth attributes to prestige. The parents thus use various forms of discipline as well as Confucius educational knowledge as this encourages the students to perform well in education (Lec notes iv). Caring relationships between the students and their educators and with their community is essential in transforming the lives of these youths as it is easier to connect with their academic performance and success. However, some of these students from the poor backgrounds studying in urban schools lack this good and caring relationships and this makes it difficult for them to connect with their teachers for academic excellence. This increases the gap between the immigrant youths as some has the access to caring relations and thus are able to attain academic success as compared to the disadvantaged immigrants’ youths who has no access to these relations and thus resulting to their poor inexperience in education.

(b) Variations in schooling aspirations and success amongst the Korean immigrants’ youths are greatly determined by the social as well as economic structure of their societies as well as their respective schools. The school and cultural capital are important in ensuring that the Korean youths achieve their educational goals at school. However with the disparities in the social class amongst the Korean immigrants those of poor backgrounds are not able to access and accumulate these social and cultural resources while those from middle social classes are able to acquire education  but not as quality as those from high class backgrounds. Thus in most cases those immigrants youths from poor backgrounds drop out of school as they only afford urban schools which has a challenge of shortage in educators, institutional resources and limited capacity to accommodate all the increasing number of children (Lew 307). This therefore shows the wide range of education expertise amongst the youths in the Korean immigrants.

3. Kim and Min uses an intensive literature review on some of the Christian groups so as to be able to understand the overemphasis in U.S participation in the congregations as a manner in which they preserve their ethnic culture and traditions. The authors explain well the attendance of the protestant adults who attend the church through the use of statistical methods. The authors widely use the survey method through the collection of data using samples of different churches. Evaluation and critical analysis has been carried out by the authors so as to come up with a final conclusion on the data collected. It is thus evident that the Korean Protestants immigrants are successful in their transmission of church related style to the 2^nd generation. The authors are also able to inform us of the difficulties that are faced in transferring Korean cultural traditions on to the Korean Protestants immigrants. This is due to the great dissociation between the Korean Protestants and the Korean secular society as some of these second generation Korean American immigrants and Protestants have adapted the white American culture and also due to the Confucianism elements (Kim & Min 279-280). This article however, is not well organized and the research is not done thoroughly. The authors report lacks some of the important sections such as a good introduction of the report. This leaves the reader without knowledge of what is being addressed in the entire report. The article also has an inadequate background of study that explains in details of what happened in the history; rather it gives a brief overview of the issue of the Korean immigrants and their religion. The article is however educative but an update should be carried out and ensure that the article is well structured so as to allow the reader to be able to connect the points well hence enhancing the readers understanding. The article should be captive so as to encourage the reader to be interested in reading the entire article. It is however important to note that the wide range of data sources used by the authors have enhanced the variation and analyzing of data with a better comparison of these data analysis so as to come up with a stronger claim and conclusion.

According to Kim, the article is an evidence based article that has so much of support from the intensive researches that the authors have undertaken. This article has different information from the 108 interviews that they have carried out and the participant observations that they have carried out in the 22 churches (Kim 103). This has thus enhanced the authors to determine an intensive analysis and outlooks of the second generation churches thus demonstrating to the readers the role that the religion and the religious institutions play in the immigrant’s adaptation as well as their identity establishment. The author has a captive introduction that allows the reader to understand the basis of the articles argument. The introduction explains the reinvention and the replanting process of the ethnic churches second generation Koreans American immigrants in the same time as that is used by the Korean Americans. A literature review on different subtopics that are related to the articles argument helps the reader of this article to understand what is already known and researched about the ethnic churches that existed earlier on in the Korean immigrants history and that which is known in the current reinvented and replanted second generation ethnic churches. The author explains the various methods of data collection methods that he has used thus making his data valid as there is evidence to support all his claims.

4. (a) The unrest resulted to physical impact on the Korean American immigrants who suffered a great loss on their finances as well as physical wounds as others suffered post traumatic stress disorders while others suffered a severe distress from this unrest. The unrest also aggravated the tension that was there between the Korean immigrants and the Latinos in terms of the merchant versus customer relations. This resulted to more hatred expressions amongst themselves and especially amongst the Latinos who worked for the Koreans immigrants under harsh conditions (Park 270). The increasing rift between the two immigrant societies that is between the inter ethnic increased the tension even at work places and also at the churches. The influence of this tension resulted to the encroachment of the Korean conception on issues of gender and sexuality. The unrest resulted to the superiority and minority complex development where each group asserted their own views and the discrimination that each one of them is facing against their counterparts. This brought about more war and differences between the Korean and the Latino immigrants. The unrest is believed to the plan of the US political system where the whites used this conflict so as to bring down the immigrants from rising in their businesses and economically as well as socially (Park 288). In this case, the immigrants had to stay at lower levels and this was as a result of their cultural differences. Destruction of properties occurred during these wars and this resulted to huge financial losses unto the investors. a strategic change was experiences after the unrest in South Central as the Korean immigrants changes the ethnic makeup in their work places having a higher number of employees being blacks that is fellow Korean immigrants with half of the other employees being divided into half Mexicans and half Latinos. This is because the unrest caused a change in attitude towards the whites and towards the Latinos and also to the African Americans as they illustrated to be victims of betrayal. However, this unrest to some extent informed the Korean immigrants of the institutional racism, social as well as economic discriminations and the misleading notion of the Americans dream on meritocracy as well as hard work. This unrest also acted as an eye opener to the Korean immigrant community as they recognized the essence of political and social involvement process. Thus political inspiration became one of the core goals of the Korean immigrants after this unrest so as to secure their future through the control of such unrest from happening again. The experience of the unrest by the Korean immigrants resulted to their change in the business structure as they started to treat their customers with a high level of kindness, respect and politeness (Park 304).

(b). Cross racial organization has improved the Korean American and Latino relations as this has broadened a range of understanding between Latinos with the Koreans as they have realized that through good relations with Korean labor and their society will help them in their solution for the Korean managers on behalf of the Latino employees. The Korean re-immigrants has played an important role in improving the Latino Korean relations through their learning of the Spanish language as well as the cultural know-how integrated with compassion towards the Latin American immigrant employees. Thus the Latin’s has been able to change their perceptions from the Koreans as being their employees but rather they view them as their advocates who delink ethnic relations from the Korean managers (Park 163). Also the Latinos are more open and they make efforts towards interacting with others. Both of these two ethnic groups are hard working and there are all ethnic minorities as they are immigrants. Since 1992, their perceptions on each other changed as they recognized that they all came to his nation for one purpose that is improving them and thus leading better lives and since they face the same discrimination, they started to view each other in a good way thus enhancing their relations. Some of the Korean managers have created close relations with their Latin employers and especially when they have worked for some time together. These employees have thus retained their jobs for longer time especially the Mexicans for the same Korean employers. This demonstrates that the racial relations have changes since the year 1992 with an increase in the multifaceted relations between the two groups of immigrants. Hence, they are not only able to share their cultural space through the time that they spent working together but rather they have developed these close interaction with each other through constant socializing and also through assisting one another. Culture concept has thus transformed from the negative role of the Latino and the Korean immigrants into a positive aspect that has helped in the improvement of their relations. The Latinos were open towards other cultures including that of the Korean immigrants’ culture and they are determined in evading any form of racial argument and instead they adopt the strategy of cultural argument. The Korean employers on the other hand have established a patron client relationships where they equally need each other hat is the Latinos, Mexicans and the Koreans. These groups have thus become independent and performance excellence in these businesses has been witnessed following these close relationships. Their relationships are founded under respect for one another as everyone and ever race is important as all of them have a common goal to achieve. Thus they are encouraged to socialize with extension of efforts towards minimizing the cultural and racial differences so as to e able to live in harmony and in peace. However, the racial relationships have improved more between the Latinos and the Korean immigrants as compared to that of the black as well as black Korean immigrant relations. The evolution of the relationships of the different races has reduced the gap and the rift in cultural and racial differences.

5. (A). KIWA is a community organization that deals with labor relation issues for domestic workers. KIWA is essential as it sign on the support of other Korean American institutions as to ensure that the laborers secure their jobs and that they have a corporate responsibility. It thus advocates for the Korean workers and deals with the common labor issues that face them. They thus are determined to spark the scholarly attention through their cross racial coalition thus inspiring the class solidarity across all the races and ethnics boarders as an issue of social justice. It has thus formed coalitions with other race and ethnic groups such as the Latino’s, international labor relations, the Mexican Americans and the educational funds. This does not mean that KIWA’s core goal is to improve on the racial relations between these groups. However, KIWA’s goal is to improve on labor issues but in the process it has also aided in improving the relations among the different races (Park 160). KIWA acts as a labor advocacy firm that ensures that the employees are protected from any form of exploitation by their employers.

References

Kim D.Y. second generation Korean American Professional Fields in New York.

Kim S. Shifting Boundaries within Second-Generation Korean American Churches. California State University, Fullerton, 2010.

Park Kyeyoung. Sources and Resources of Korean Immigrant Entrepreneurship. University of California, USA, 2010.

Park Kyeyoung. An Analysis of Latino-Korean Relations in the Workplace:Latino Perspectives in the Aftermath of the 1992 Los Angeles Civil Unrest. Cornell University Press.

Kim Y. & Min G.P. Intergenerational Transmission of Religion and Culture: Korean Protestants in the U.S. Oxford University press, 2014.

Lew James. The “Other” Story of Model Minorities: Korean

American High School Dropouts in an Urban Context. Rutgers university press. Vol.35, 2004.

Park Kyeyoung. Changing the Business Plan: Korean Merchants Try to Reintegrate into South Central Community, 1993.

Park Kyeyoung. The Racial Cartography of Blacks, Latinos, and Koreans.

Lec notes iv. Educational Practices: High Achievers P110.

Ronald Reagan, George W. Bush and Barrack Obama Comparative performance Evaluation

Part I: Introduction

The ability to deliver and overcome leadership challenges as a president determines a weak, medium as well as a strong president.  Each president is subjected to a specific period to serve that is characterized by different hurdles which hold tremendous effects on the success or the failure of the administration (Hart and Uhr 10).  This paper will be objected at presenting an analysis of the performance evaluation for three presidential administrations to establish their abilities to lead which will categorize each of them as either, weak, medium or a strong president.  The evaluation will be based on the congress, strong leadership and popularity.  This refers to the ability to influence individuals to follow him, the capability to persuade and convince the members of the congress and the capability in convincing others to accomplish his wishes.  The analysis will additionally be performed based on the methods as well as situations from which the decisions were made as well as their effectiveness based on the generated effects.

In the evaluation of the leadership performance for all the three administration will be conducted with the utilization legal and psychological approaches.  An approach, in this case, involves different perspectives or beliefs in regard to human behaviors.  The psychological approach will evaluate the president's individual functions based on the aspect of performance. This will basically utilize the concept of trait leadership in demonstration of the distinctiveness of leadership held by each. A legal approach generates light on the legal structure by which the administration of the public occurs (Hart and Uhr 17). However, this approach excludes other informal factors which may either be psychological or sociologically based (Hart and Uhr 17). This it is an incomplete approach by itself the psychological approach will offer the helping hand in developing a comprehensive and a reliable analysis on performance.

The three presidents that were selected for the comparative evaluation are Ronald Reagan, Barrack Obama, and George W. Bush.  The three presidents were chosen based on the diversity involved in their terms and their capability to focus on creating higher and increased economic as well as social developments.  The three presidents were particularly oriented social wellness which would, in turn, facilitate their objective to grow the nation’s economy.  They implemented different health, education and business regulatory policy as a way of increasing efficiency and facilitating growth with the primary focus on domestic as well as foreign policies development.  The three presidents who are Regan, Obama and George Bush are from the same modern era with all of them serving two consecutive terms of a total of 8 years.

The growing modernity public expectations on the president create a gap that lies amid the anticipations and the formal powers.  The presidency state in American has been involved in drastic changes since the 20th century (Maxwell, 14).  The three presidents ruled with limited formal presidential authority. Based on the second article of the American constitution it is clearly stated that the president is vested with executive power.  The power of the presidents lied on the appointing power executive heads, ambassadors and federal judges (Hart, 12). In addition, the presidents were also allowed to make treaties negotiations and make recognitions of ambassadors from foreign states (Hart, 12).  As the chief’s commander the presidents were the commanders of the American armed forces despite the fact that the formal power is retained by the congress in regard to war declaration (Hart, 12).  In addition, the presidents were exposed to the power to veto bills that are accepted by the congress despite the fact that the veto can be overridden by the congress house majority. The informal power was obtained from the prestige of the presidential office (Hart, 12).

Biographical Summary

George W.  Bush 

George W.  Bush  served  for  8 years from  20^th January  2001 up to  20^th  January 2009 as the 43^rd  president (U.S.A 1).  He was a republican (U.S.A 1). He solved handled the issue of the native  children  through the implementation of education  act to  incorporate  their learning  through  passing the  No child left behind,  the issue of racial discrimination, health and implemented  high cuts for  taxes.  The reinstatement of the abortion ban occurred and the creation of community and faith based programs.

Barrack Obama

On the 4^th of November in 2008, Barrack Obama Illinois senator was elected as the president over McCain John (U.S.A 1). He then becomes the 44th president and the first ever African American in the American president office. Subsequently he was also elected for an additional term in 2012 over Romney Mitt (U.S.A 1).  He was elected and also reelected under the Democratic Party.  He addressed the  issue of  health  care  affordability  by pushing for the implementation of  Affordable Care  Act, further  reduced  taxes,  ended the  recession that had occurred in 2008,  made agreements with  Iran on nuclear,  made the largest  global  trade agreement  and created  the  highest  rate of  employment  chances (Leanne and Leanne 21).

Ronald Reagan

Reagan, Ronald was the American president in the year 1981 for 8 years up to 1989 for two consecutive terms as a republican as the 40^th American president (U.S.A 1). Reagan concentrated more on economic and domestic affairs (U.S.A 1).  He ended the raging cold war, fueled economic development through cutting taxes and restraining domestic expenditure, upholding values as well as tax reform. He  was  highly  known for his economic  focus  and  development  that were based both  on  domestic as well as internal  polices  to  facilitate developments.

Part II: Approaches

The president’s analysis will utilize psychological and legal approaches. The legal approach deals with the utilization of both informal and formal authority as stipulated by the governing law.  The formal  powers refers  to  the  powers  which are  typically listed in demonstration of roles, functions as well as positions within  the  government  bodies (Daft, and Lane 22).  This  holds  comprehensive details in regard  to  president  and executive  responsibilities  and  authority  in a formally developed  structure.  The  president as the  government  head has  the  vested  power  in making  decisions in regard  to appointments for instance  federal judges,  executive  heads and  as well as the American ambassadors (Daft, and Lane 22).  An additional formal power held by the president is being the chief commander of the states forces, make treaties negotiations, make recognition of foreign ambassadors and veto policies that the congress passes.

Informal  legal powers  refers to the  ability  of influencing  others more in accomplishing  certain objectives  or tasks  based on their  position (Hart and Uhr 11).  This is the general capability to direct, guide or achieves greater things without necessarily relying on the working title. Informal  powers  of the president  are  mainly grounded  on  persuading  others in following  his  lead  which is derived  from  the utilization  of visibility  as well as prestige  of the president  office (Hart and Uhr 13). The president as the only person who is nationally elected is responsible for acting for the whole nation. Under the legal approach a strong president is required to be knowledgeable, highly experienced, risk taker, realistic and connectivity. These traits are crucial in the development of better relations with those being managed and the citizens.  On the other hand a weak president under the approach would be hesitant in taking risks, irresponsiveness and the abuse of office privileges.

Psychological  approach can be described  as the integration of  personal  traits  patterns  as the  reflection of individuality  distinctiveness  which fosters  leading  effectiveness.  Some of the  qualities that should be possessed by  leaders under  the psychological  approach  includes  emotional stability,  enthusiasm, dominance , mind and social  boldness , confidence, assertiveness, intelligence , the capability  to offer  motivation and high  capability in making decisions (Hart and Uhr 11).  However a limited  president under the psychological approach is has  poor  communication, misses in  actions,  fails to motivate,  poor  social  connectedness,  low  creativity,  inconsistency and low  responsiveness to  issues. For the three presidents Reagan, Obama and George Bush the analysis will focus on social boldness, communication and responsiveness.

Part III:  Analysis

Effective leadership should be highly experienced, posses high knowledge as well as skills.  Based on the psychological approach president Obama is a strong leader.  In that  as the  American president  and an effective leader  he invested  in  his personal strength  but  establishing  the  right  individuals  to  collaborate  with  in his delivery (Leanne and Leanne 6).  This ensured that the proposition of the bills as well as amendments acquired adequate support.  He held a strong   ability in understanding the general needs of the citizens. For  instance the  high  need of quality  as well as  low cost  healthcare  was recognized  by  his government  which  resulted  into the  implementation of the  Affordable  Healthcare  Act In 2010 (Leanne and Leanne 16).  His leadership was additionally  based on  integrity  as well as intelligence where  he demonstrated  the  high  act  of maintaining  his  individual  ethics and led  the  nation  with  courage.  As the  first  African American  president most  people held the anticipation that  his leadership  would  lean towards favoring the  black community  which was  never the case  he served  the  whole nation  as his responsibility.

His leadership was also one that was highly characterized by respect and fairness.  For  Obama even  prior to his presidential  win was supporting democracy  with  the  belief that  it is the  only  way that  the  American  persons would be  served better and  maintain good relations  internationally.  Specifically, Obama supported  the  re-commencement of diplomatic proceedings with  Iran in regard  to  nuclear  which  led  to  an agreement (Leanne and Leanne 17).  He was  involved  in the  opposition  of the Act  that  would term the revolutionary  guard as terrorists and thus permitting the American president  to  position military  troops  in  the state contrarily  to the  Iranians. This is a clear demonstration that his leadership was based on respect for all states and institutions regardless of their status and relationship.  He valued foreign relations and all the foreign states were approached in a diplomatic by him. Fairness was highly upheld which is a significant leadership trait.  He delivered tax relief to corporations, small businesses and middle class people through the restoration of fiscal responsibility and tax codes (Leanne and Leanne 17).  He was highly motivated which supported his social boldness and capability of supporting others. It is  always  challenging  for a public leader  to balance time as well as  responsibilities  since  the president  is obligated  to a large  population.  However , for  Obama caring was  part of his leadership  based on the  fact that  he  worked  in the  creation  of  affordable  healthcare in the united states demonstrating his  priority for the society’s wellness (Leanne and Leanne 18).

Moreover, he was a decisive person with high confidence.  After his inauguration he was subjected to the worst economic challenge of recession as well as a high debt.  In his leadership he forgot the economic disaster by instilling economic confidence in the nation (Leanne and Leanne 26).   People must be encouraged for good results to be achieved so that commonness can be obtained (Maxwell 16).

Based on both legal and psychological approaches Reagan was a strong president. President Reagan is  described to be a transformer who according  to  many achieved even the impossible  by  making  every accomplishment  to be  viewed  as  easy (Weiler 41).  The  leadership of  Reagan  transformed  the  American economy  into a development  speed that  assured  the  future generation of stability  and prosperity.  His strength can be demonstrated by consistency and being a creative decisive maker.  He reformed  the  American military  that  had  been neglected and  eventually  resulted in the Soviet empire  defeat  without  any firing  or even war which  restored the  Americans  spirit  through the  re-establishment  of hope  and  stronger  faith (Weiler 28).  He offered protection and  sustained responsibility  to the  citizens  by pursuing peace  by ensuring  that  America was  fully armed  strategically, as well as  conventionally.

He  did  not take any  praises  because  he  believed that  it  was  his obligations to  deliver  the  best.  His leadership was grounded on simplicity as well as greatness (Weiler 24).  His  primary  objectives was not to generally  offer  healing to the  economic  but to generally to ensure that  America is  defined  by  developments that offered  more jobs to raise  the existing  standards.  In accordance  he reduced  the  taxes  in a great and fair way  for every individual which  decreased the top  rate from  70 down to  28 percent (Weiler 29).  This  strategy  offered  business  with  increased  capability  to  engage  in competition thus strengthening  the  dollar value. Reagan fought  against the  expansion  of  bureaucracy,  decreased  the  non justifiable  expenditures  and eliminated  prices  control, subsidies  which was a way of promoting higher  investments, productivity as well as  economic  innovativeness (Weiler 30).  His  leadership  was  full  of  decisiveness, respect, care  creativity , the ability  to influence  people in  supporting his lead  and  appropriate  appointments  to  representing  the  people.

President George W. Bush can be described as a strong leader under the legal and psychological approach.  He is a man that demonstrated perseverance, risk taking, confidence, being a problem solver and a decisive person (Han 8).  He is the  type of  leader does  not engaged  in  trying to acquire  compliments  or  others  opinions  as he  acts  based on the  situational issue.  The 9/11  made  most  individuals to doubt  his  abilities  as  it was  said that  his decision  would be  termed  to be  more  of unrealistic but  he  proved critics wrong (Han 8).  This was  a very  risky decision  for   him  to  make  but  he  literally  believed  in  ambitiousness  and  was highly  dependent on  the transformative  style.  Everything that he wanted was to change the American status. However,  as a president  he  highly valued  control and command  style  which  is literally  against  modern leadership  as well as  good governance (Thompson and Ware 14).  He never  considered  reactions from the  public  with  him  he  was expected  to  take  care  of.  However, he held the highest ability in influencing loyal, intense and well as a large crowd (Thompson and Ware 14).  He demonstrated no fear and every decision was   made based on justification and authority.

Comparative Ranking

Legal Approach

Under the  legal  approach president Barrack  Obama  can be categorized as the  strongest  leader, President Reagan  is the middle  while  George  W.  Bush is the limited president.

Psychological Approach

Based on the psychological  approach  President Barrack  Obama is still the  strongest   based on  his leadership  qualities,  followed  by Reagan  in the Middle  position and the  limited president  is  George W. Bush  based on his inability  to be  fair  and the utilization  of control  and command  strategies.

Part IV: Conclusion

It is clear through  the  analysis leadership performance using psychological and legal  approaches that  the  efficiency  of  the president is  determined  by the  possession  of different  leadership  qualities  such as  risk taking, decisiveness,  confidence,  the ability to  influence followers, making the right  appointments,  high  responsiveness to  needs, integrity  intelligence and much more.  These qualities and powers utilization determines a strong, middle and a limited president.

Most Limited President

George W. Bush is the most limited president from the analysis.  Despite being a transformative and decisive  person he  portrayed  no  integrity,  care  as he  over utilized his  power  in making risky  decisions.  In addition  he  utilized the  command   as well as control  strategy  in ensuring  that  those  under  his  leadership accomplished  what  he thought  to be appropriate.  His ability to influence more and intense followers was grounded on his authority privileges. Unlike  president  Obama and  Reagan  who  were concerned  about  wellness  both socially and economically he invested  much control.

Middle President

President regard is portrayed to be a respectful, caring objective, confident, decisive and a socially bold person.  His  ability  to influence followers is based  on  his  economic  transformation  and the  ability  to  focus  on  individuals  wellness  rather than himself.  Unlike Bush he is not authoritative rather he emphasis democracy. He worked on creating economic opportunities that would enhance even the future prosperity. He is not  however  diversified  in  his  abilities  as  he  mainly focuses  of  development  of the domestic environment  as opposed  to  Barrack Obama.

Strongest President

Barrack  Obama  is the  strongest  among the three presidents, he  exercises democracy  through  fairness,  respect, care, intelligence, competence, social  boldness, and confidence.  Through  his serving  he  was  able  to  implement  the  Universal  Care  Act  that  would  enhance  the  public’s wellness.  Also he was  able  to  restore the country  from the  disastrous  economic  situation that  it was in. he stringed  every  aspect  of the  economy  as well as the  society  by  encouraging  togetherness as a form f motivation  to Americans.  Through his abilities and leadership transformation and good relations with foreign countries such as Iran were restored.

            Work Cited

Daft, Richard L, and Patricia G. Lane. The Leadership Experience. Australia: Cengage Learning, 2015. Print.

Han, Lori C. A Presidency Upstaged: The Public Leadership of George H.w. Bush. College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 2011. Print.

Hart, Paul , and John Uhr. Public Leadership Pespectives and Practices. Acton, A.C.T: ANU E Press, 2008. Internet resource.

Hart, Paul. Understanding Public Leadership. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Internet resource.

Leanne, Shelly, and Shelly Leanne. Say It Like Obama and Win!: The Power of Speaking with Purpose and Vision. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Internet resource.

Maxwell, John C. Leadership 101. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2002. Internet resource.

Thompson, Carolyn B, and Jim Ware. The Leadership Genius of George W. Bush: 10 Commonsense Lessons from the Commander in Chief. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2003. Print.

U.S. A, Senate. Obama, Barrack. 2017. Retrieved from http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=o000167

U.S.A, Government. George W. Bush. 2017. Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/georgewbush

U.S.A, Government. Ronald Regan. 2017. Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/ronaldreagan

Weiler, Michael. Reagan and Public Discourse in America. University of Alabama Press, 2006. Print.

Political Science: Canada versus Saudi Arabia- Democratic?

Introduction

The history of Saudi Arabian History is traced properly to the royal decree in 1932 that Najd and Hejaz Kingdoms be unified under one common name. The result was an increased unity across the Kingdom which reduced the likelihood of Hejaz Separatism and the name emphasized on the central role to be played by the royal family in this Kingdom (Bowen, 2015). The Saudi Arabian politics involve an absolute monarchy having a bit of Islamic lines and the King is both head of government and the state. The Basic Law of Saudi Arabia established in 1992 holds that the King must adhere to Quran and Sharia. The kingdom does not have a written and legally binding constitution but the Sunnah and Quran serve as the accepted constitution, whose interpretation is done by Ulema, a religious establishment. The country has great influence in the Middle East politics being a member of Arab League of Nations and globally its influence is enhanced by its large production and exportation of Oil (Bowen, 2015).

Canada’s History begins with the original occupants of the Land, the Aboriginal peoples whom the first European explorers called Indians thinking that they had arrived at East Indies. The natives’ way of life was changed by European Missionaries, traders and colonists after they formed strong, religious, economic and military bonds after coexisting for about 200 years lay the country’s foundation (Russell & Leuprecht, 2011). In 1867, the British North American colonies formed a union through Confederation hence leading to the creation of Canada a federal dominion made up of 4 provinces. The legal independence of the country was heralded by the 1982 Canada Act. Democratic institutions were created peacefully and gradually, with the election of the first representative assembly being done in 1758 in Halifax, Nova Scotia (Russell & Leuprecht, 2011). The 1791 constitution Act made it possible for legislative to be elected by people. After the establishment of the constitution, parliamentary democracy became the framework if Canadian politics, and a parliamentary democracy forming a federal system that informs traditions of strong democracy (Greiss, Milne & Boswell, 2016). The country is thus a constitutional monarchy where the head of state is the Monarch.

The above establishment distinguishes the political environment of both Saudi Arabia and Canada in terms of how the level of democracy is felt.  With an effective multi-party and parliamentary system of governance where the people are involved in election of the head of state, Canada is more democratic than Saudi Arabia which has an absolute Monarch system of governance.  

Saudi Arabia

The political system of Saudi Arabia is centered on the absolute Monarchy, where the people are not involved in the election of the head of government and state. A new King and Crown Prince is determined by the Allegiance Council and the royal family dominates the - Al Saud – dominates the government.  The current Saud House was established by Abd Al-Aziz ibn Saud in 1932 (Bowen, 2015). The main political actors involve the family members who are permitted by the government. This means that is limited political participation among the citizens who are not members of the royal family. The big number of these family members leads to the key important post in the kingdom being held by them, such that their presence and involvement can be felt across all government levels (Alshamsi, 2011). With such big number of family members seeking jobs that are well paying, there are little chances for non-royal Saudis even in the middle management jobs in the country, which limits incentive for common people to excel through upward mobility. The long-term government and political appointments lead to the establishment of senior princes’ power fiefdom (Alshamsi, 2011)s.   This can be connected to the lack of an elected political representative and political parties which mean that politics platform involve two different arenas, inside the royal family and between the Saudi Society and the royal family.

Religion is a very important aspect in legitimization of the Monarchy’s rule by the House of Saud.  The importance of Ulema is derived from the major role religion plays in this society where Islam is not only a religion but a way of life, which makes the influence of this body very pervasive. The Ulema religious body is granted a direct role in the government, since it approves the subject of royal succession and new royal decrees and laws (Mandeli, 2016). This religious body also has an influence on the education system and judicial system and also possesses power monopoly in religious and social morals aspects. The Islamic Sharia forms the basic legal system and refers the legislative authority of the kingdom as regulatory authority and is tasked with establishing statutory regulations and laws. The Council of ministers, the Consultative Council and the King shares the legislative authority. The regulations set by the state are lawful as long as they do not go against the principals of divine law. The courts in Saudi are obliged to apply rule of Sharia in determination of cases brought before them, according to what Quran and Sunnah indicates and the various decrees that the King  makes as long as they are in line with divine law (Mandeli,2016).

Saudi as a country is not a political or electoral democracy since the basic laws are based on Sunna and Quran as the country’s constitution. There are very limited elections which happen for the advisory councils at the municipal level and the monarchy normally consults with select Saudi society members. However, this process is not equally open for all Saudis. In addition, political parties are not allowed and any organized political oppositions can only be found outside the kingdom. The lack of such opposition to the loyal government can be attributed to the tight control the government exerts on the content of domestic media and its domination of the satellite- television coverage and regional print. The royal family members own major in various news outlets across many countries (Mandeli, 2016). The results of such controls include lack of basic freedom in the religious, political and education sectors of the country since people have no platform for airing their grievances. The relation of constitution to the Sharia law has seen the government and judicial systems fail to uphold the freedom of association and assembly. This means that non-Muslim citizens cannot exercise their religious rights in public, since this is not legally allowed in the country (Mandeli, 2016).  Substantial discrimination and prejudice against religious ethnic and national minorities is widespread. The limitation on media content has seen the Kingdom not experience any popular political protest like in other North African and Middle East Islamic nations which means that there is limited political space for citizen to air their grievances. There is also major gender discrimination against women in this country since the Sharia law does not provide for equality (Mtango, 2004).

Canada

Canada system of government holds the law as being the supreme authority, and its written constitution is based on 1867 Constitution Act. The constitution provides that a single Parliament shall be present having the House of Commons, Senate and the Crown as its distinct elements. The law making role is shared among 1 federal, 10 provincial and 3 territorial governments (Russell & Leuprecht, 2011). Law enactment power is held by a legislature which is made up of Canadian peoples’ representatives. Senate is composed of Governor General’s appointees and they represent the various territories and provinces. In addition, the country is also a constitutional monarchy since its executive authority is held by the Queen, and all government acts are carried in the Crown’s name and whose authority is driven from the people. The Prime minister, cabinet and the Governor General holds the executive function.  The countries parliamentary system is facilitated by political parties with common ideology, and seeks to implement their ideas or policies through political power (Russell & Leuprecht, 2011).  Elections are held   and form the basis of power competition in a democratic environment. Every citizen is granted a right to vote in the elections for representatives in territorial legislatures and provincial representatives (Greiss, Milne & Boswell, 2016). The citizens can also seek elective posts themselves and this is only subject to specific limited exceptions that are deemed justifiable or reasonable like minimum age.

The Canadian law applies to all citizens including the police, government and public officials and in these laws basic human rights and freedom are recognized and protected like equality and liberty. The Canadian Bill of Rights and Human Right Act guarantee various rights and freedoms while protecting such rights in private sectors and federal public sectors. The emphasis is mostly on right to non-discrimination and equality across all areas such as employment, access to services and housing. The law is based on such   rights and freedoms. The Justice system in Canada involves courts whose role is to solve disputes, establish and interpret the law in so doing on behalf of all citizens. The judicial system is the responsibility of territorial, provincial and federal governments while judges are appointed by federal governments.

Canada ‘s democracy is founded on constitution that promotes basic values  that include freedom ,human rights , democratic governance and the rule of law lying at the heart of its policies. The various democratic institutions insure beginning with court systems ensures that the rights and freedom of every citizen is guaranteed. The freedom of thought, expression and opinion upholds the freedom of press and communication through other media and this promotes platform for individuals to air their grievances without fear of being targeted for the same (Greiss, Milne & Boswell, 2016). The freedom of religion and conscience ensures that everyone can practice their religion freely without being discriminated. The political participation during election allowed in the law means that the citizens play a role in installing the ruling system or removing such systems if their performance does not address the desires of the majority. In addition, everyone is equal before the law which means that even the minority people in the country are offered their democratic rights and freedoms including women (Greiss, Milne & Boswell, 2016). The law prohibits discrimination on the basis of one’s religious, ethnic or political viewpoints allowing more democratic space that is inclusive.

Saudi Arabia – Canada democratic Comparison

Though Saudi Arabia introduced limited political liberalization in 2005, democracy is still wanting since political authority is still clerical and monarchical rule as the basic pillars in the Kingdom. Unlike in Canada where citizens are actively involved and granted the right in election of their representatives, there is lack of political involvement of citizens in Saudi Arabia. These kinds of reforms aimed at silencing the discontent among the Saudis brought little change in democratic arena since the issue of democracy is rooted in the laws governing any state or nation. In addition, the reforms only focused on male participation in elections while safeguarding against any attempt to erode the absolute power of the monarchy. The Canadian laws derive their power from the people and any public officials including the judiciary are expected to abide by the law, a factor that is enhanced by the aspect of equality (Greiss, Milne & Boswell, 2016). However, in Saudi Arabia, democracy cannot thrive since there are no constitutional prerogatives that may influence how the Kingdoms national politics are conducted.   The influence on politics is concentrated in the King’s hands, his government, officials and royal family. The laws in Canada grants everyone the right of expression which means that the government does not control the media content which enhances the democratic space for citizens to raise their views and grievances. The Saudi government has big control on the media content, which means that the public cannot access information that can help in checking the perfioamnce of this authority.

In addition, constitution is embedded within the Sharia law as the source of its principal which reduces the political space for minority religions in the country. There is also a prohibition on political parties making opposition to exist only outside the Kingdom. Lack of embedding equality in the constitution has led to many suffering especially for the women whose rights are very limited (Mtango, 2004). There is a great deal of discrimination against women where there exist policies that impose male guardian system on them. This means that they cannot perform basic tasks without the obtaining permission from their male relatives. This is a great violation of human freedom of conscious.  Women are not allowed to travel without such permission and cannot even drive and their access to court processes is through a male representation (Mtango, 2004). Such treatments add up to gender segregation and oppression limiting the democratic right of women.

Upholding democracy is very essential to the Canadian society since it ensures that people benefit as their basic human rights are guarded.  It also ensures that principal if equality is upheld and hence eliminates any discrimination based on gender, ethnic, racial or political background. Moreover, democracy allows citizens to influences policies or laws by participating in election of their representatives.   Freedom of expression provides an environment for free media so that people can access information and raise their grievances.  Such democracy, when adopted in Saudi Arabia can ensure that women are accorded their basic human rights and hence reducing cases of oppression and discrimination.

Conclusion

Saudi Arabia’s democratic space is very limited as compared to Canada, an aspect which is based fundamentally on the different laws and systems of governance.  The high democracy in Canada is upheld through the constitution whose power is derived from the people, who also participate in electing their representatives. Every person is equal according to the Canadian law which means that there is no discrimination of allowed in the society on the basis of one’s gender, religion or political views.

Reference

Bowen, W. H. (2015). The history of Saudi Arabia. ABC-CLIO.123-169.

Russell, P. H., & Leuprecht, C. (2011). Essential readings in Canadian constitutional politics. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Alshamsi, M. J. (2011). Islam and Political Reform in Saudi Arabia: The Quest for Political Change and Reform. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge

Mandeli, K. N. (2016). New public governance in Saudi cities: An empirical assessment of the quality of the municipal system in Jeddah. Habitat International, 51114-123. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.10.020

SaudiArabia. (2016).53645--‐649.

http://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=63

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Greiss, J., Milne, C., & Boswell, D. (2016). Symposium Summary: The State of Canada’s Constitutional Democracy. Constitutional Forum, 25(3), 1-14. Retrieved from: http://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=63

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Mtango, S. (2004). State of Oppression - Women's Rights in Saudi Arabia, A [article]. Asia-Pacific Journal On Human Rights And The Law, (1), 49. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost. Retrieved from: http://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=63

a98830--‐49ad--‐450c--‐a90d--‐59dabfdbdc9a%40sessionmgr103&vid=12&hid=124

Discussion

Question 1

 US should not stop economic cyber espionage against China regardless of whether China has promised to stop economic cyber espionage against (U.S Fidler, 1). First, it is important to understand that the primary purpose of economic cyber espionage between U.S and China is to share common interest and work together to strengthen cooperation.  Though China says that United State is ‘the biggest cyber bull’ U.S and China should look for defense strategies and countermeasures to solve the problem (U.S Fidler, 1). In this case, the two countries should to use deterrence. The two nations should have the power and willingness to react toward cyber intrusion by the help of military force. Other effective solution which the two countries can use is international cooperation treaties. The latter will put restrictions in cyber realm, it will ensure that private sectors have specific duties which will hinder them from engaging in bad cyber acts and finally it will ensure international organization where cooperation is maximized. Last but not least, rather that stopping economic espionage; both nations should implement international law.  All these problems arise due to the lack of international law (U.S Fidler, 1). Under the law, the nations will be able to govern behavior, there will be rules based on kinds of attacks and the law will provide means of seeking justice in cases of cyber attack.  In general, international law encompasses trade secret protection, formal cooperative agreements and trade policy tools (U.S Fidler, 1).

Question 2

U.S should not stop cyber espionage with allies. U.S and its allies should consider the intelligence activities and solve their issues in private secure channels (Rubenstein, 1). It is also important to note that long-standing allies depend on U.S and so they should continue with the cooperation for economic relations. In offering solution to the problems facing U.S and its allies, U.S should stop cyber deterrence and limit intelligence operations. Other point is that U.S should understand that allies such as Germany are finding effective measures for cyber war and protection of computer networks. It is possible for the allies to detect threat and put necessary measures against them (Rubenstein, 1). In general, allies have Cyber Security Strategy which will help in protecting data networks.

Work cited

Fidler P. David. Economic Cyber Espionage and International Law: Controversies Involving Government Acquisition of Trade Secrets through Cyber Technologies.Volume:17 Issues:10. 2013

https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/17/issue/10/economic-cyber-espionage-and-international-law-controversies-involving

Rubenstein Dana. Nation State Cyber Espionage and its Impacts. 2014

            Reflective Essay: In Defense of Politics

Personally, I agree with the definition of politics and the dangers that Crick views in regard to nationalism, technology, and democracy.  There are always limits to achieving anything.  Given that politics can adequately be able to maintain its firmness it can sustain its youthfulness and strong nature. However, the modern environment changes and varies highly and individuals have so much to accomplish based on their numerous ideas and therefore this pressures the anticipation of the future.  In an equal state, politics can never be an immediate and completely practical activity as politicians must act in regard to the future.  In most cases, politics is defined as a poor association, naturally needy and auxiliary.  In rare cases, politics is given the praises as an activity that is independent and in high existence. Crick, (1993), defines politics as the primary activity where the opposing interests within a certain rule unit are reconciled by offering them an authority share in the quantity of their significance towards survival and the general welfare of the community.

Politics is dissimilar to religion, science, morals, economy or even law. Politics does not have the ability to solve all the existing issues and its presence is not in every location. According to Crick, (1993), politics is not a single political policy like nationalism, liberalism, conservatism and socialism despite the fact that it may contain some of the elements.  In other words, politics has no other definition other than being just politics which should be accounted individually and not on the real basis of it being highly respectable. Politics normally permits different kinds of authority within a community to establish a justifiable state of support and tolerance.  The need to coerce rises when the interest of a particular group gets the sensation that it has no survival desires with the other.  Political rule is then generated from the diversity issue and politics does not attempt to ensure that all thins become a single unit because it is mainly objected on creating as well as permitting a certain level of freedom. Rather than the perception held that political liberation is the persuasion for the government to serve in a tolerant way political freedom is basically a response to the needs of the government.  The freedom of a particular group can best be achieved when its authority is undeniable.  the example for this which is given by  Crick, (1993), is that the American revolution did not occur because individuals had suddenly gain the sensitivity  of their right or because nationalism had occurred  but this was influenced by the break  of the existing  government.  The government failed in recognizing the group’s interests certainly because the representation was low.

It is true that politics requires the protection of democracy, nationalism as well as technology. Concisely, in the sense that all the accurate, clear, reliable and practical thoughts require a defense against unfocused and indistinct matters.  Democracy, nationalism, and technology are social movements in the whole modern society as their grounds are well formed in politics but if utilized as essential principle destruction will certainly be achieved in politics.  Democracy is highly known to be the state of having more choices and equality in place. According to Crick, (1993) politics in nature is complex, messy and not close to perfection since it has so much to achieve.  This is true since politics cannot be similar to nationalism, ideology, democracy as well as technology which hold different goals and perspectives. For instance, democracy was more meaningful in Britain prior to 1914 as it implied that individuals held more economic, educational social and political opportunities (Crick, 1993).  Despite the fact that it is a free society it failed to sustain its political democracy since this proved to be a hard task.

Nationalism is a more challenging assertion in comparison to democracy.  Currently, among all the persuading motives nationalism stands to be the best that can convince a person to abandon politics.  One cannot argue the belief of individuals on their nation and most individuals who prefer to get oppression from their individual state rather than from foreigners (Crick, 1993).  Nationalism and democracy motto are particularly utilized for the maximum benefits of the government.  Nationalism has risen to be a political structure necessity which has hindered the ability of politics in a great way (Crick, 1993).  Nationalism and democracy inclusion in politics posse’s danger to development as the subjects pretend to be supplying benefits while subjecting more power to fulfill the interests of the government.

Crick’s thoughts and concerns can directly be related to the actual actions and directions of President Trump’s administration. Trump is utilizing the slogans of nationalism as well as democracy in fulfilling his promises to the citizen which is somehow wrong.  For instance, through the nationalism motto, the President is working of limiting immigration which is among the interest of those that considers themselves as nationalists. Crick states that nationalism holds no special association to either political injustice or justice but its prejudiced authority cannot be denied (Crick, 1993). The administration of Trump is considered to be based on racism to many but Crick states that nationalism is dissimilar to race. For instance, Crick states that U.A, Britain, Sweden and Holland are among the states with patriotic and legal grounds that were developed prior to the rise of racism and nationalism which creates the difficult political climates in the states. For instance, according to Crick Canada present a more accurate case that nationalism cannot be considered to be a national unity precondition (Crick, 1993). The 1867 unifications motivation were economic and military based and its success was mainly influenced by the existing political establishments.

It is true that there is a higher danger that is posed to politics with the desire of being certain at any given cost. Technology is utilized as a form of developing critical thoughts which are not a necessity in politics. Technology use in politics is aimed at restructuring politics in all levels through the generation and application of scientific knowledge in running a society. Technology endangers politics as it attempts to reduce the political issues to science by assuming that all subjects are practical. Politics should be independent fully from all the existing influences as science can result in conflict thus resulting in drastic consequences (Crick, 1993).

In conclusion, I agree with Crick that politics is the procedure of reconciling the opposing thoughts by offering a portion of authority that is based on their significance towards societal growth.  In addition, politics should be free all development elements such as nationalism, technology, and democracy as it is an independent thing.  Nationalism, as well as democracy, is utilized in government administration as a way of persuasion but they are mainly objected at exercising the authority and interests of the government which is similar to the administration of President Trump. This poses danger as the opposing ideas are not well represented.  On the other hand, technology endangers politics by attempting to decrease its ability to science.

            Reference

Crick, B. (1993). In defence of politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

The unending rift between United States and Mexico

            It has always been the custom of the Mexican president to sit down with the US new president soon after they have carried out the election. Thus the US and Mexican president were scheduled to meet on 31^st January 2017 where they were to discuss on the issue of immigration, border security as well as NAFTA issues so as to re engineer their relations that is between the Mexicans and the Americans (News.com.au n.p). However, following the various talks from Trump about the Mexican immigrants, the Mexican president cancelled their meeting. This angered the US president and the rift between the two presidents has continued to increase as days pass by. As a result of this rift, both presidents have not been able to meet and have a dialog and a negotiation so as to be able to come up with the best possible solution. This paper therefore will present and discuss on the bad choices that President Enrique Peña Nieto of Mexico and President Donald Trump of the United States are making on behalf of their countries.

             The construction cost of the wall is likely to increase taxes in Mexico and ultimately increasing the price inevitably. According to president Trumps plan on the construction of the Mexican, US wall, the US government is targeting at imposing a 20% tax on all the Mexican products. This is aimed at contributing towards the payment of the construction cost of the wall on their border. This would thus be the start of an extensive tax reform process. In doing this, the construction of the wall would thus be easily carried out as the mechanism would provide for cash that would cater for all the cost (Evans et al n.p). Mexico is one of the countries that supplies agricultural products to the United States annually and they are in the third leading sources of the US product imports. However, it is evident that the Mexican state are not ready to collaborate with the United States in the construction of the wall as they believe that issue is not negotiable. This has greatly aggravated the rift between the two countries and between the two presidents as each one of them has a different view on the payment of the construction cost of the wall. As a result of their unending rift following their lack of meeting so as to sensibly modernize the NATFA trade agreement, this standoff might result to hindrances to their free trade. This will therefore result into a poor relation between the countries with economic regression due to the obstacles of trade and hence the two presidents are not doing the right thing by creating this rift.

            The postponement of the meetings by the two presidents has delayed the resolving process of the rift between the two states. The cancellation of the meeting by the Mexican president has been aggravated by the tone at which Trump is using in the issue of immigration. These comments made by Trump on issues regarding with the Mexican immigrants has angered the Mexican citizens and even the president himself. As a result, many of the citizens proposed for a cancellation of the meeting that was to be held between the Mexican president and US president so as to solve the rift that has been caused by the proposal of the construction of the boarder wall. Following this drift the two presidents are working against each other with each and one of them doing what they think is right for their country. President Nieto is thus on the opposing side of the construction of the wall while president Trump is so determined to do anything in his power so as to construct the wall. The Mexicans therefore strongly believe that in collaborating with the US state to construct the wall would not be a good idea and it would be a form of insult to their national independence following the reproachful comments by president Trump on the Mexican immigrants who are on the US soil (Evans et al n.p).. This has thus continued the development of the rift thus leaving the two stats in poor relations with each other and thus not benefiting any of the two nations.

            Respect is an essential quality that is highly appreciated by all; however, mutual respect is the key to reaching an understanding. According to the current rift between the two countries it is clear that there is a huge problem that is underlying. Mutual respect is not adhered by the two countries as they all believing being offered and given respect. However, both the Mexico and US presidents only believe that they are the ones that are offering respect while they are not on the receiving end. Thus this has resulted to each country withdraw from reaching into a consensus as they all believe that they are not accorded respect by the other state. Mexican president in one of his report, he states that they are willing to work in a friendly manner with the US only if they are accorded the respect that they deserve as an independent country (Evans et al n.p). President of the US, Donald Trump, has also refused to corporate with the Mexican government as he argues that they are not treated with respect and thus he dismisses any need for them to have any meeting as he thinks that they are fruitless. Their willingness is however is influenced by this fact and as a result both the countries have not been able to reach an agreement which are favorable to both the states.

            Even though the choices of these two presidents are viewed as a problem, there are others who strongly disagree with this fact. President Enrique Peña Nieto of Mexico states that, “Mexico and the United States are friends, partners and allies and we should keep collaborating for the competitiveness and development of North America” (The Guardian n.p). However, according to Donald Trump, the border between Mexico and US is a porous one that is soft as well as weak thus it allows for drug pouring into the US soil, crime and rapist people who are not good for US (prime minister’s office n.p). The reality is that the two countries have a mutual benefit as they both have an economic integration since they trade with each other. However, the unresolved issue on the construction of the wall has increased the rift between the two nations and it is predicted that it might influence their trade and relations negatively. The two presidents’ staunch stand to fight in any means possible for their countries is not helping at all but it is rather increasing their problems. This unending rift following the refusal to have a dialogue and negotiation by the two presidents is not a good choice for the two nations. If they all agree to have a seating and to negotiate as they all leave behind their differences, the countries will move forward as the right choices for each of the country will have been made through the meeting of the two presidents. However, as they continue to avoid facing the challenge, they will end up making more bad choices for their countries thus affecting all sectors of their country including the economy.

            It is thus important to realize that a good relation is important in any border. Leaders are therefore entrusted by their citizens to make right choices on the behalf of their country. Therefore the two leaders are supposed to put their countries priorities first and agree to meet up and be able to resolve the issue as early as possible before it becomes too late to correct the mistakes or rather the bad choices. Confrontations using the social media only expose the weaknesses of these leaders and thus they should refrain from approaching the issue on social media as it is raising an alarm to all the citizens and it may increase the drift between the citizens. Avoiding meeting is not the solution to the existing problem and it will not help the two nations thus the two presidents should ensure that they schedule a meeting and see the best way forward so as to enhance both states to develop. In doing so, a good example will not only be set on the citizens of Mexico and US but it will be good for the rest of the world.

References

Evans N, Bucktin C & Campbell S. Mexican president CANCELS meeting with Donald Trump in breakdown of relations between two countries, 2017. Retrieved from: http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/mexican-president-cancels-meeting-donald-9699668