Empowering women refugees in Australia

Introduction

Australia has been hosting migrants from different parts of the world since World War II. While some stay in the country while waiting to go back to their countries of origin, a significant number stay in Australia and greatly contribute to the country's development.  Although the social justice system and the human rights policies that govern the region advocate for fair treatment of all refugees regardless of place of origin, gender, race and other factors that can be used to define people, there is need to empower women refugees in Australia so as to ensure that they get the benefits and opportunities offered to their male counterparts.  Advocating for the rights and freedoms of women refugees also helps to ensure that they have the knowledge and understanding needed to help them overcome issues related to discrimination and also secure a living even after relocating from their home country.  It is therefore important to continue educating women as this is the best way to empower and create structures in society designed to offer equal opportunities without discriminating on the basis of gender.  Empowering women refugees in Australia should therefore focus on educating women as well as members of society so as to help in the development of policies that offer the best opportunities and observes equality in the treatment of refugees.

• Project plan

Background

            Refugees are considered to be among the most vulnerable people in the world and this has warranted special treatment and laws set in place to protect their rights and freedoms. Women and children for example are at a greater risk of being exploited, abused and even subjected to gender based violence (Jeffries, 2018). While women wait for an opportunity to be resettled in more secure and ideal homes, they are forced to wait in refugee camps where the conditions may not be favorable for women. Since as early as 1989, Australia has engaged in various practices aimed at helping women to resettle and also overcome the challenges that they are often forced to overcome (Jeffries, 2018). The Women at Risk initiative for instance was implemented by the Australian government to offer assistance to refugee women who were considered to be living in vulnerable situations. The initi9ative was prioritized by the United Nations High Commission for Refugees with the aim of helping the women not only acquire Visas but also start their new lives in Australia (Jeffries, 2018). Other than advocating for women rights, the initiative also strives to educate the refugee women on practices and ideas that have been implemented by other women who successfully managed to settle in the country, despite any challenges that they were forced to overcome.

Community need and benefit

             Most of the refugees that relocate to Australia seek to start permanent lives in the country and start new lives. As such, refugees greatly contribute to then growth and development of the country especially because 28% of the Australian population is made up of citizens that were originally born overseas but relocated into the country as refugees (DSS, 2013). Since the population comprises of women who are at a greater risk of being discriminated against, discussing ways in which women refugees can be empowered will help them become active members of society and this will give them a better opportunity to make an impact in the places they settle in. When women are forced to flee their homes, the first loss they experience is that of losing their home. Some experience further losses especially is they are unable to flee from their country with their families which makes the transition even more difficult (DSS, 2013). In such scenarios, the women have to fend for themselves, look for shelter and find a way to get help from the government when seeking to become Australian citizens. While such challenges are common for all refugees, women are at a greater disadvantage as they are likely to be taken advantage of if they do not have a male figure to protect them.

            In addition to losing their homes and all sense of security, women refugees further have to learn what rights and freedoms are offered to them as refugees in the countries they choose to settle in. often times, the discrimination against women refugees causes great challenges to the women because they are yet to understand their rights and freedoms and where to seek help if these rights are infringed upon (DSS, 2013). The trauma of leaving their home country to a foreign one brings about confusion that makes women refugees targets to those who may seek to exploit them. The goal of empowering women refugees should therefore focus on educating the refugees on what rights they have and where they can seek help if any of these rights are violated (DSS, 2013). By creating awareness, women refugees will possess the knowledge and means to not only fight for their rights but also benefit from the opportunities made available by the Australian government such as securing jobs, applying for visas and other avenues that can be pursued by the women refugees to help them start their new lives in Australia.

Literature review

            Unlike Canada of the United States of America, Australia has established itself as an immigrant society whose population is as a result of the government policies put in place to advocate for the rights and freedoms for refugees. The policies seek to improve living conditions for refugee while at the camps and also to help them start new lives in the country. When the country adopted the White Australia policy in 1901, it was able to formalize the attitude that others had regarding immigration and created favorable conditions for refugees in the country (Jupp, 2002). The policies placed a lot of emphasis on finding better settlement for the refugees in the camps and this contributed to majority of them applying for visas and becoming Australian citizens.

            The desire for a skilled labor force also advocated for better treatment of refugees especially because of the mining boom that occurred in the region in 1975 (Ahmed et al, 2008). In a bid to improve Australia’s competitiveness in the international market, the government sought to seek out migrants who would make up the skilled labor force. While the goal was to improve the workforce in Australia, it ended up discriminating against women especially because the selection criteria used gave men more opportunities as they were considered to be more efficient in performing duties and creating a better labor force compared to women (Ahmed et al, 2008). Despite having to overcome the same challenges as men, women ended up staying longer at refugee camps because men were considered to make better employees and therefore given more opportunities to be constructive members of the community.

            In 2013, there were over 11 million women refugees, 98,900 more than men in Australia (Ahmed et al, 2008). Out of these women, 55 percent had applied for visas seeking to be Australian citizens so as to benefit from the protections covered by the government (Ahmed et al, 2008). While a lot of measures have been taken up to promote equality and ensure that women’s rights are protected, there is still need for more awareness and empowerment as women are still being subjected to various forms of discrimination solely on the basis of their gender.

            According to Ahmed et al (20008), women refugees who make it in Australia are those that are resilient. Since resilience is defined as one’s ability to recover from traumas, deprivation or any experience that can cause stress, the belief that women refugee should be resilient creates room for oppression and infringement of the women’s rights. Advocating for resilience sends the message that challenges are a part of the refugee transition and that women should be prepared to overcome all sorts of challenges before they get visas. However, the government and other agencies tasked with protection of women’s rights, and human rights in general, should strive to do away with such notions and create better transition from the refugees leaving their countries of origin to the point where they settle in Australia as citizens (Indra, 2012). Instead of preparing women refugees to overcome challenges and be resilient, more emphasis should be placed on the teaching they women refugees about the laws and policies that protect their rights and freedoms.  Since the challenges will come whether the women are resilient or not, a more constructive approach would be to train the refugee women on what options they can utilize to either protect themselves from being exploited and also where to seek assistance when discriminated against.

• Research plan

The research will be based on a case study that will focus on the experience of 10 women who relocated from different parts of the world and settled in Australia as refugees. The qualitative approach of data collection will be used whereby the test subjects will be expected to fill in questionnaires and share information regarding the experience they went through after leaving their countries of origin and immigrated to Australia as refugees. The data collected will then be analyzed and the findings will be used to come up with an ideal approach to help women refugees overcome the challenges they are forced to endure when relocating to a foreign country.

            While conducting the research, some ethical considerations will be factored in to ensure that the rights and privacy of the participants is protected throughout the research. Participants will be selected using the random method and their names will be kept anonymous. The questionnaires will also be kept private and no participant will be required to give their names when handing back their response. The participants will also be informed of the nature of research that the information they give will be used to compile, its purpose and the impact it will have on society. Assistance will be offered to those that have a hard time or do not fully understand how to go about with the study so as to ensure that only factual and relevant information is retrieved for the study.

            Non-leading open ended questions will be used to help researchers get a deeper insight on the experiences that each refugee woman had when immigrating to Australia. The qualitative approach will assist in creating a better understanding and deeper exploration of what needs to be implemented in order to empower women refugees in Australia as it sources information rather than just facts. Once collected the information will be carefully analyzed to get rid or irrelevant or unwanted information so as to help maintain the focus of the research which is to empower refugee women in Australia through education and improved awareness.

Analysis

            Findings from the research reveal that women are forced to endure a lot of challenges because they are not well informed regarding the rights and freedoms offered to them as refugees in a foreign country. While there are various laws and policies passed by the government and relevant authorities to protect the rights and freedoms of refugees, these policies tend to differ in different countries., in the case of refugee women, the rights and freedoms enjoyed in their countries of origin are different from those observed in the country the immigrate to (Ahmed et al, 2008). When women refugees relocate to Australia, they are more vulnerable because they are not only unaware of the rights offered to them, but are also discriminated against on the basis of gender. As such, any attempt to empower women refugees in Australia should first start by educating the refugees on what laws and policies protect their rights. Since the women refugees often have to stay in refugee camps before being relocated elsewhere, an ideal way to educate the women on their rights would be to have mentors present at the refugee camps.

            Mentoring is the process in which an experienced person in a specific field guides a less experienced individual so as to help create a better understanding of how things work for the inexperienced individual. In the case of new women refugees, mentors can guide help educate them on the rights and freedoms offered to them under the human rights act as well as other policies and laws implemented by the government to protect women refugees (Jeffries, 2018). Since the mentors have stayed longer in Australia and get to benefit from the protection the laws provide, they are in a better position to reach the women refugees coming into the country and have a positive impact on their perceptions and expectations (Jeffries, 2018). They approach also helps to create a social network which women refugees can rely on not just for information sharing, but also to assist each other when one of the members is discriminated against.

• Timeline

            Since women refugees keep immigrating to Australia, the empowerment of women refugees shall not have a timeline but rather aim to create a sustainable system that empowers refugee women in future even after the research has been completed. The goal is to create an awareness campaign the constantly seeks to improve the living conditions of women refugees by creating a platform where they can seek information regarding the rights offered to them as refugees as well as what avenues to pursue when these rights are violated against. While the research will be conducted in the duration of one month, the goal is to create awareness and help refugee women become empowered even after the research has concluded.

• Budget

For the purpose of the study, a budget of 5,000 dollars will be ideal to cater for the research needs. The money will cater for expenses such as printing questionnaires, transport and upkeep as well as paying for equipment used. While participants will not be given monetary compensation for their contributions, the budget will also account for refreshments given to those engaged in the research. Reading materials will also be printed and made available to participants as well as those interested in gaining access to the research. Since the goal is to empower women, a website will be set up to ensure that the research and its findings is available online. Other than findings, the website will also host information about refugee rights, authorities tasked with protecting rights and what actions women refugees can take when their rights are infringed upon. 

Conclusion

            There is need to empower women so as to open up opportunities and help them lead good lives in the country they choose to settle in. since women outnumber male refugees in Australia, advocating for women refugee empowerment will ensure that that they get the same opportunities offered to men. Tis can be achieved through education and mentoring which will help the female refugees to adapt to life in Australia as well as identify where to seek help when their rights are violated.

References

DSS Humanitarian Settlement Services, (2013) “Getting settled: Women refugees in Australia”   Australian Government

Hajdukowski-Ahmed, M.,Khanlou, N., & Moussa, H. (2008). Not born a refugee woman:            Contesting identities, rethinking practices. New York: Berghahn Books.

Indra, D. (2008). Engendering forced migration: Theory and practice. New York: Berghahn.

Jeffries, J. (2018). Who Are Refugees?. Rosen Publishing group

Impact of regeneration on Poverty in East Manchester

Introduction

The United Kingdom has engaged in various regeneration practices in different regions one of which is East Manchester. The practice aims to regenerate the region starting from the administrative boundary in Manchester to the fringe of the city center.  With boosts from social activities as was the case with the commonwealth games and initiative from organizations, the government and well-wishers, the regeneration is likely to have a significant impact in reducing poverty in the region of East Manchester.

Background

            The growth and development of East Manchester was promoted by the industrial revolution that occurred in the region in the 19th and 20th century[1].  Coal, steel and textile industries created a lot of employment and attracted a lot off wealthy investors, not to mention the boost that the industries had on the economy. The region however suffered recession in the 1980s which resulted in a 60 percent decline of the economy and this greatly affected the employment sector[2].  Loss of employment further complicated the issue as people did not have enough money to spend on commodities and this negatively impacted the housing sector.  In an attempt to resolve the issues brought about by recession, the government sought to invest in different parts of the world with emphasis on policies aimed at improving the industrial sector.  The move was meant to create a better environment for the private sector and create jobs so as to increase people's income.  The move was however unsuccessful as the economy continued to decline and the job situation worsened, attributing to the poverty experienced in some regions. 

Problem statement

East Manchester is characterized by some of the socio economic conditions and challenges experienced in most inner cities not only in the United Kingdom, but also in different parts of the world.  Other than a poor economy and decline in job opportunities, the region also suffers from high levels of poverty that have greatly slowed down development and growth in Manchester.  The housing market for instance is yet to fully recover from the collapse that occurred in the 1990s[3].  This has created a sort of imbalance in the supply and demand for property forcing owners to cut down housing prices which does little to reduce the poverty level in the region.

            Even with the low levels of employment, the demand for skilled employees to meet the requirements of working in the high value service sector has made it difficult for people to secure good jobs.  Unlike in the past where semi-skilled workers could find work in the manufacturing industry, the shift from traditional manufacturing to the ones that exist today has made high skills and experience a necessity and this has locked out a lot of citizens from getting good jobs[4].  As a result, the crime rates have drastically gone up with cases of burglary and juvenile related crimes being rampant in East Manchester. 

            Poverty and unemployment have made residents overly dependent on grants and assistance from the government which puts even more strain on the economy.  About 52 percent of the households in Manchester rely on state benefits and the situation is likely to worsen especially because about 20 percent of unemployed people are not looking for work and survive solely on the assist they get from the government[5].  Although the challenges are not limited to East Manchester, the region has significance in that it also has various opportunities that could greatly assist in overcoming them.

Another example is the opportunities created by the common wealth games.  A lot of capital was invested to help build world class sports facilities to host various sporting events in the region.  If well managed, the sporting events could attract millions of visitors to Manchester and in so doing, create employment as well as creating a positive image for the region of Manchester[6]. The relevant authority should therefore focus on promoting sports in the region to encourage other countries or different parts of the United Kingdom to participate and utilize the sports facilities.  Another opportunity that could be exploited is the government's commitment towards boosting economic growth by improving the state of cities in Manchester[7].  Since the government has identified the role that cities play in boosting the economy through trade, housing and other activities that boost the economy, East Manchester can greatly benefit from government policies structured to improve the state of the major cities in the United Kingdom.

Regeneration of East Manchester

The regeneration framework could have huge implications in improving the economy and social environment as well as reducing poverty in the region. The regeneration will focus on resolving issues that contribute to the housing problems, create more employment opportunities, improve the quality of education and resolve environmental issues that make it difficult for residents to rise above the poverty line[8].  Resolving such issues will not only make the regeneration framework sustainable, it will also open up Manchester to new opportunities that will greatly reduce poverty.  The aim is to make East Manchester a place where people seek to live and work in as well as invest in businesses, housing development other projects that people refrain from engaging in due to the regions current state. 

A thriving economy will be crucial to the success of the regeneration projects as its sustainability hinges on the wealth and profits made from transactions such as trade and housing.  Creation of employment is therefore a priority if the regeneration is to be successful as people will need enough capital to engage in trade and positively impact the economy[9]. Since East Manchester is large enough to accommodate new businesses and attract potential customers, the regeneration should focus on attracting business owners to the region so that they can set up businesses that will not only attract investors, but also create employment opportunities for residents of Manchester[10].  Emphasis should however be placed on attracting businesses with the most potential for growth so as to create sustainable development and increase the chance of the positive changes made being permanent.

The regeneration framework should also strive to ensure that the locals directly benefit from the opportunities created through the major investments made with different organizations and businesses.  They should therefore be trained and equipped with the skills and knowledge needed to work and contribute to the development projects and employment opportunities created with the aim of boosting the economy[11].  Having a skilled labor force will not only result in the creation of demand for products and services,  it will also ensure that there is enough demand for goods manufactured and in so doing,  boost the economy and reduce poverty in the process. 

Emphasis will also be placed towards reducing people's tendency to relocate to different regions in search of better opportunities. Creation of new jobs and improving neighborhoods in East Manchester will attract more residents seeking an environment with sustainable growth and offers opportunities for personal development[12].  Residents will be less likely to relocate especially when there are enough job opportunities, a stable economy and a conducive environment. Encouraging people to stay and invest in East Manchester will further enhance the sustainability of the regeneration project and thus ensure that poverty levels continue to go down. 

Successful regeneration programs

East Manchester has engaged in various regeneration practices, some of which have already been completed while others are still being implemented. One example is the completion of sport city complex which was completed in 2003[13]. The regeneration involved converting the city of Manchester stadium to a football field for the Manchester City football team.  The stadium has created a lot of jobs and drawn people to the city of Manchester especially for the social activities and entertainment opportunities around and within the stadium[14].  Another positive regeneration project was the construction of the Asda Walmart store which has attracted various investors and shoppers to the area, not to mention the creation of more jobs for residents of Manchester. 

Other than attracting businesses and new residents to Manchester, the regeneration projects have also sought to add convenience when moving around the city.  The Ashton Canal Corridor for instance has made it safer and more convenient for pedestrians to move from the city to the sport city stadium.  The route has also led to the construction of various buildings, some of which are business premises as companies seek to sell their products and take advantage of the heavy foot traffic along the canal[15].  There is also the Metro link LRT system that stretches across Manchester that helps people to move around with greater convenience.  It has also led to the development of new businesses and increased the number of available jobs and thus increased the number of people who visit Manchester.

Regeneration has also helped to reduce the crime rate in Manchester as well as improving people's perception of safety within East Manchester.  Damage related to crime and burglary has reduced by 35 percent and this has resulted to a 51 percent reduction of residents who consider East Manchester unsafe[16].  With the positive impact that low crime rates have had on attracting new residents to Manchester, there has been various developments aimed at ensuring that those who choose to stay at Manchester enjoy the best amenities to sustain their livelihood.  Education systems have been improved to encourage residents to enroll in schools and achieve better academic performance[17].  Regeneration has also resulted in better access to medical care with more emphasis being placed on child care.  With better access to medical care and improved education systems, residents are optimistic and determined to create a better future for their families.  Teenage pregnancies for instance have reduced and more people are rising above the poverty line due to the opportunities available to them. 

The regeneration program seeks to not only bring positive change but also ensure that the new projects are well designed, are sustainable and have relevance to the city of Manchester and its residents. To begin with, the regeneration aims to double the population of East Manchester in a period of between 10 to 15 years so as to increase the demand for products and services that will be made available within Manchester after regeneration[18]. In order to cater for the needs of the growing population, the regeneration will also lead the construction of about 12,500 new homes and also improve and modernize those already present in the region[19]. The new homes will not only create a place for the growing population to live in, it will also boost the housing sector as more people will be in the market for new homes and business premises.

Other than attracting people to the region, the regeneration will also focus on creating more space for businesses. The regeneration will therefore help min the development of a new business park that will give room for existing businesses to expand as well as encourage new ones to develop. The business park will be of great help as it will create a central place where people go for business and leisure and this will greatly improve the social life in Manchester. It will also reduce unemployment through the new jobs that will be made available from business expansion and also the new businesses that are established. The regeneration will further improve on infrastructure such as roads and railway systems to improve transport ad offer convenience for residents and businesses. Good roads and railway systems will make it easier for businesses to transport raw materials for manufacturing products and also when making them available to customers[20]. Reduced congestion on roads will make it easier for residents of Manchester to go about their business and therefore find it easier to access shops and other business premises to make purchase. Improved infrastructure will greatly promote trade and therefore help in reducing poverty in the region.

Future regeneration projects

Although the regeneration of East Manchester has had significant impact in improving the state of the region, there is need for more efforts to restore Manchester into a thriving community.  This is especially because the long duration of time that the region was in a state of economic decline brought about serious consequences that will take time to resolve[21]. The regeneration of East Manchester will therefore require commitment and support from the government and relevant authority as this is the only way to ensure that the projects implemented and those suggested have a permanent impact and enhance the sustainability of the positive changes brought about by the regeneration programs. 

The regeneration should include residents of Manchester as they are the ones affected, and also the ones to benefit from the changes introduced.  They have great insight on what goes on in the region as well as what can be improved to create a better environment[22].  Including them in the development of neighborhood regeneration plans will therefore help increase their participation in the regeneration as well as enhance the sustainability of the changes after implementation.  Another area to focus on is the housing market through improving of old property as well as the construction of new ones[23].  Better infrastructure will help to improve living conditions within East Manchester.  It will also attract new residents seeking to secure good homes in the stable environment that the regeneration seeks to create.  More residents will promote the housing market as people seek new places to set up residence or start businesses[24].  The increase in population and boost in businesses will further improve the state of the economy and in so doing, reduce the poverty level in East Manchester. 

Conclusion

            East Manchester could greatly benefit from regeneration especially if it invests in making the programs sustainable as well as relevant to the needs of Manchester residents. At present, the current state of East Manchester has greatly contributed to the various obstacles that exist in the region, one of which is poverty. With the poor state of the housing market, there is little investments in improving the neighbourhoods sine there is little interest in houses in the region. Most people prefer to relocate to other regions that are more promising and they take all the talent and creative ideas that could be used to improve East Manchester.

The poor state of the economy further complicates things as there is little capital to fund the projects needed for the regeneration. However, since regeneration is a continuous process, the policies used could focus on improving areas that will help boost the economy and attract more people to East Manchester. Creating safer neighbourhoods for instance will help make people feel more comfortable to not only move in but start businesses in the region. The businesses will create more job opportunities and this will greatly help to reduce poverty as citizen will have a reliable source of income. More income will increase customers’ spending power and in so doing, help boost the economy though the various business transactions that are likely to occur. By tackling the challenges one at a time, the regeneration will help create an environment where sustainability is controlled by the systems that exit in society such as trade, the housing market and a working population rather than relying on regeneration programs.

References

BLAKELEY, G., & EVANS, B. (2013). Regeneration of East Manchester: a political      analysis.

MCGREGOR, A. (2003). Developing people - regenerating place: achieving greater       integration for local area regeneration. Bristol, Policy Press.

Paxton F, (2016) “The Manchester miracle: How did a city in decline become a poster      child for urban regeneration?” City Metric

SMITH, M. K. (2007). Tourism, culture and regeneration. Wallingford, UK, CABI          Pub

[1] Blakeley, G and Evans, B (2013). The Regeneration of East Manchester: A Political Analysis. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

[2] ibid

[3] Paxton F, (2016) “The Manchester miracle: How did a city in decline become aposter child for urban regeneration?” City Metric

[4] ibid

[5] SMITH, M. K. (2007). Tourism, culture and regeneration. Wallingford, UK, CABI Pub

[6] Paxton F, (2016) “The Manchester miracle: How did a city in decline become a poster child for urban regeneration?” City Metric

[7] SMITH, M. K. (2007). Tourism, culture and regeneration. Wallingford, UK, CABI Pub

[8] BLAKELEY, G., & EVANS, B. (2013). Regeneration of East Manchester: a political analysis.

[9] ibid

[10] Paxton F, (2016) “The Manchester miracle: How did a city in decline become a poster child for urban regeneration?” City Metric

[11] MCGREGOR, A. (2003). Developing people - regenerating place: achieving greater integration for local area regeneration. Bristol, Policy Press.

[12] ibid

[13] SMITH, M. K. (2007). Tourism, culture and regeneration. Wallingford, UK, CABI Pub

[14] MCGREGOR, A. (2003). Developing people - regenerating place: achieving greater integration for local area regeneration. Bristol, Policy Press.

[15] SMITH, M. K. (2007). Tourism, culture and regeneration. Wallingford, UK, CABI Pub

[16] Paxton F, (2016) “The Manchester miracle: How did a city in decline become a poster child for urban regeneration?” City Metric

[17] ibid

[18] Paxton F, (2016) “The Manchester miracle: How did a city in decline become a poster child for urban regeneration?” City Metric

[19] ibid

[20] Paxton F, (2016) “The Manchester miracle: How did a city in decline become a poster child for urban regeneration?” City Metric

[21] BLAKELEY, G., & EVANS, B. (2013). Regeneration of East Manchester: a political analysis.

[22] ibid

[23] BLAKELEY, G., & EVANS, B. (2013). Regeneration of East Manchester: a political analysis.

[24] MCGREGOR, A. (2003). Developing people - regenerating place: achieving greater integration for local area regeneration. Bristol, Policy Press.

Introduction

            Ardorno and Horkoheimer represented the Frunkfurt School where they came up with a theory explaining culture. They believed that culture is usually as result of high production of cultural objects that influence the society directly. Birmingham on the other hand, is a school where culture is studied and the representative was being called Stuart Hall. It has a greater outlook where consumers are considered as necessary partners in ideological messages decoding. Below are some similarities and differences between the two schools

Differences

1. Adorno and Horkheimer notion about culture is that the society is influenced by the level of production activities brought by cultural objects while Birmingham views the industry of culture as one that is not influenced by the activities done by people. Culture is defined by sharing connotative and denotative meanings through the actions of the people in the society.
2. According to Adorno and Horkheimer, culture is brought about by high production of cultural objects through consumer partnership that influence the society directly and make them junior to capitalist system. The presence of high production of the objects related to culture determines the situation of the society. On the other hand, Birmingham school gives a complex notion where the partnership of consumers and culture is further drawn into structures of culture which leads to ideological messages decoded which later creates a brand new battleground for representation control.
3. Presence of differences in production enables to classify, organize and identify customers. Everyone is usually protected not to escape by provision of something as viewed by Adorno while Birmingham notion is that, basing a linguistic structure and operating from a state of hegemony and dominance, it is possible to see the areas where cultural ideology are forced into world of discourse that is socially constructed. On the other hand, Birmingham school explains that culture is drawn into structures of language. There is a link between cultural values and language as it is the medium of communication where people express their feelings and ideas. Language is viewed as a system of representation as it is used to make reference to events, emotions, real objects or the imagination of the people. For people to be regarded as from common culture, they must be sharing similar language and not the things in the society.
4. Culture is viewed as by product of commodities. This is because the relationship between the customers and partnership is what determines the productivity that in turn influences the culture. On the other hand, Birmingham School views culture as a dynamic and social system of signifiers and codes.
5. Adorno and Horkheimer’s school mostly emphasizes that partnership of customers lead to high production through cultural objects while Birmingham School emphasizes on language structures where it views that there is a connection between culture and language as it is the medium of communication used by people.

Similarities

1. Both schools had been established to bring about clear understanding of culture from different aspects.
2. Both schools had been expounding on culture basing human beings. Adorno and Horkheimer’s notion had been that the partnerships of consumers; who are the human beings, determine the productivity of the culture. The same case applies where Birmingham School emphasizes on the link between culture and language which is used by human beings to communicate.

Conclusion

            The two schools have been in the position of describing culture according to their knowledge. The various ways in which they view culture has enabled them to come with different definitions which have enabled to come up with differences and similarities which have been discussed above.

 Genocides and modernity

Genocide is an intentional or deliberate act of destroying a whole group or a part of a national, ethical, racial or a religious group, this act involves causing bodily, mental harm or killing them. Genocide and ethnocide go hand in hand, ethnocide is the destruction of an ethnic group or culture. Both of these acts include physical destruction with the aim of suppressing or eliminating a certain group.  Acts of genocide are not something that the world is not familiar with, so many of them have occurred over time in different places in the world. Modernity put an end to the communism era that was defined by equality for all groups, and brought about changes. However, these changes were not received so well by many groups, therefore with modernity came a lot of implication such as the Rwandan genocide which is an example of destruction carried out with the aim of suppressing one group, in Kashmir Muslims were killed by people whose main aim was to suppress them, in Russia, non-Russian were persecuted, Hindus in Pakistan and Bangladesh were persecuted and suppressed when their temples were burnt down. The Bosnia genocide is another that left thousands of innocent people murdered as the Bosnia Serbs tried to ethically cleanse their territory. The Holocaust genocide left many European, Jews dead Modernity brought about changes that the society was not ready to make, thus bringing about dire implications. Modernity is responsible for demeaning, disempowering and marginalizing customs and beliefs.

The pillars of modernity which are, rationality, technology, industry and bureaucracy played an important part in the destruction of the Europeans Jewish community. The Holocaust, was a genocide during world war II in which the Nazi Germany killed six million European Jews between 1941 and 1945. This act is a genocide can also be termed as ethnic cleansing. The events of the Holocaust are something thing that defines the history of the Jews and something they have to live with every day of their life.  The gnawing suspicion that the Holocaust could be more than an aberration, and a deviation from the straight path of progress, or even the definition of antithesis of modern civilization and everything it stood for but another side of the of the modern society that was admired so much (Bauman, 2013). The holocaust genocide is not a product of modernity but a result of the failure of modernity. Many massacres, pogroms and mass murders that are not far removed from genocides have been committed without modern bureaucracy, and technological skills being used to perpetrate them. The Holocaust was unthinkable and perpetrated without any bureaucracy and modernity was behind its perpetration (Bauman, 2013).

 The need to suppress and destroy one group on the basis of ethnicity and race is ethnocide and may as well result in genocide. Ethnic difference is a cause of animosity and violence. Ethnic cleansing is something that the world is familiar with. An example of ethnic cleansing is the European cleansing that took place in Europe in a series of rape, torture, and destruction forcing over ten million people to cross over to India and Pakistan, this cleansing left around 1 million people dead. The Bosnia genocide is also one of the world’s most famous genocide that was related to ethnic cleansing carried out when Bosnia Serbs tried to ethnically cleanse their territory of Bosniaks. Currently, in the world people are facing similar prosecution on a reduced scale. An example is the persecution that Muslims faced in Kosovo and Palestine are facing (Ahmed, 2010).

Communism is at the verge of collapsing but then the society is not aware that modernity and its cluster of ideas are collapsing too. Modernity first started in Europe and spread to parts of the world. With modernity came racial and cultural superiority which brings out its ugly side Believers of modernity did not value cultures such as Hindu and Muslim. What followed after modernity was uncertain. What was certain was that the changes after communism would result to worldwide implication, in a metaphoric way it can be said that the cement that was holding the people together and uniting them had cracked (Ahmed, 2010).  After the rise of modernity, racism erupted in France and Germany. The racist wanted the foreigners expelled from their land.

Modernity is responsible for giving rise to many implications in many parts of the world. Muslims and non- Russians were facing similar persecution from those who were for modernity.  Globally no group is isolated from ethnic passion. For example, when Hindus in India terrorize the Muslims who are the minority group in the country their fellow Hindus will be terrorized in Pakistan and Bangladesh by the Muslims who are the majority in those countries.  In Kashmir thousands of Muslims were tortured and killed, which were acts of genocide. In order to understand ethnicity anthropologists, need to use an objective approach since understanding it is very crucial (Ahmed, 2010).

Globalization seeks to define ethnic cleansing. However, its idea should be explored with caution since it is a characteristic that defines modernity and ethnic cleansing is an implication brought about by modernity. Globalization has been made possible TV, VCR, newspaper and, satellite dishes that have the tendency to simplify complex issues, but them this media channels used for globalization allows both false and dangerous arguments to circulate. Arguments that have been mounted by the chauvinistic middle class who are the keeper of the ethnic flame which keeps a nation or prevents a race from becoming great and fulfilling its destiny (Ahmed, 2010).

To try and explain what ethnic cleansing is according to globalization a past incident that shapes Indian history need to be examined. The Hindu formed the majority of the population, but their identity was being submerged and they felt aggrieved. The countries first prime minister was responsible for influencing Indian with modernity. However, it was not well received by the orthodox. The prime minister responsible for influencing modernity was long gone from the political scene in the 1990s when the Hindu uprising was becoming more severe.  Indira Gandhi daughter to Mahatma Gandhi who was a man of great piety, and one of India’s founding fathers choose a more communal position.  Globalization especially the one that originated from America threatened to alienate Indians more. And as they approached the 1980s, the political atmosphere was charged and the mildest opposition from the Muslims would have led to swift and painful retribution. And due to the channels responsible for promoting globalization Hindus were persecuted in places such as Pakistan. In Britain, the tension between the Muslims and Hindus was quite heavy (Ahmed, 2010). One group trying to eliminate the other due to their culture is a direct definition of ethnic cleansing.

Genocides create wounds that last a lifetime. The Rwandan genocide of 1994 is something that no Rwandan will ever forget, they have seen and experienced the worst of humanity. The desire for power is the main cause of the Rwandan genocide. One political group with the aim of suppressing the other gave rise to the genocide. The genocide is said to have been arranged by Hutu political elites who held top position in the government. The brutality of which Hutus massacred their fellow citizen left the whole world shocked. The genocide had lasting and profound effects on Rwanda and its neighbors (Barnett,2002).

  The Rwandan genocide of 1994 has a contemporary relationship with the conflicts in Congo. The conflict seems to be a prelude to genocide as the United Nation is predicting. The main cause of the conflicts in politics, one political group is trying to suppress and eliminate the other. These conflicts are very dominant in some parts of the country such as the Kasai region (Carayannis, 2003). Gang rapes taking place in those regions is similar to the gang rapes that took place in Rwanda. Human mutilations and killing are very similar to those that took place in Rwanda a few years back. The Rwandan genocide left about 800,000 Rwandans dead and similarly, the conflicts in Kasia have left at least 5000 people dead so far. The United nation failed to halt the Rwandan genocide despite the ability and role it played, and this should not happen with the conflicts in Congo since it has been identified that the country is at the verge of genocide. It is high time that the world leaders gather and put their act together to prevent the next genocide that is rooming about the corner (Barnett, 2002). Another contemporary similarity between the Rwandan genocide and the conflicts in Congo is that the UN plays an important role in them. The conflicts happening in Congo will see the world history repeat itself if it is not stopped. There are current debates about whether the UN should increase its role in the conflicts and take action or just sit back.

The Rwandan genocide is one that almost everyone is familiar with. Michael Barnett examines the decision of the United Nations during this genocide. The United Nations like any other organization whose inhabitants use discourse and reason to get through rules that are molded by a common identity, it contains rules that guide what the employee’s thinking of what is ethical and appropriate in their own thinking. Barnett hoped to reconstruct the moral universe of 1994 and contribute to the interpretation and understanding of ethics and non-intervention. He does this to prove that the UN influenced how diplomats looked and acted upon the genocide that was taking place in Rwanda. The UN is a symbol of hope for the international community. The headquarters in New York restricted which member states qualified to offer relief and assistance to Rwanda. It went further to dictate how peacekeeping was to be carried out in the country.  The UN was also torn between trying to help and save the organization from undergoing losses by sending peacekeepers in parts where peace was not negotiable at that particular time (Barnett, 2002).

Those at the UN headquarters were misreading Rwanda’s politics and they had little time to master the political orientation and history of the country. The UN headquarters in New York mistook the genocide for civil war since they were aware of the civilian mass killing taking place in the country. This assumption reduced their option to one of trying to negotiate with the involved groups to cease fire. Their assumption made it impossible for them to overlook other contradictory factors. All the methods that they came up to try and solve this problem discouraged their intervention even further (Barnett, 2002).

Modernity and genocides come with their implications that leave a lasting wound in the lives of those they touch. Trauma and memory are a lifelong result of these two. Exposure to traumatic events such as ethnic cleansing and genocides have lasting effects on those who experience them first hand. After the Rwandan genocide a traumatic disease that was found in those who had witnesses the genocide was named Ihahamuka, this syndrome was accompanied by symptoms such as shortness of breath, falling to the ground, gasping for air, and pain and heat in the head. Triggers of Ihahamuka include; arguments, visiting the locations where ones loved ones were murdered, loud noise, strong emotions, and exertion (Casey,2015). People who have suffered first hand this sort of cruelty tend to avoid reminders that remind them of those occasions, intrusive thoughts, alteration of arousal and reactivity. It all comes down to how certain people respond to fear threat, and danger that they have sensed (Casey, 2015). Religious conflicts happening in Nigeria led to the kidnapping of girls by a terrorist group, Boko Haram. The country was torn between different religious groups trying to suppress each other. The Mallam da’wah movement also brought about conflicts trying to oppose the changes that came with modernity.

When carrying outs acts of ethnic cleansing rape is used as a weapon of destruction. Rape dishonors and disgraces a woman. In Bosnia rape was deliberately used as an instrument of war, men and dogs affected by HIV virus were used to rape women. Small innocent girls were raped in front of their mothers. Bosnia was not the only one to use rape as a weapon in the heat of war, it has been confirmed that Kashmir was using the same tactics (Ahmed, 2010). This is brutality that was brought about by modernity.

To put a successful end to the implications of ethnic cleansing and cruel acts of genocide actions need to be taken.  The first action to stop a genocide that is around the corner is the United Nations to address the conflicts in Congo.  When Rabin and Arafat Washington who were old standing ethnic rivals shock hands the barrier that divided their people was torn. This past historic example should serve as an example to the present and future. The parties involved in the conflicts should put their differences apart and find a common factor that will bind them together.  Actions need to be taken in order to end the implication of modernity and genocides. The first step might be to understand that the world is defined by plurality. Globally recognized organizations like the United Nations need not be weak and ineffective when they are needed the most. Lastly, education can be used to fight ethnic hatred and the disagreeing groups need to have an interface dialogue for them to see that they have a common ground (Ahmed, 2010). Conclusion

Previous acts of genocide are things that the world has not forgotten. Modernity has come with its implications. The Rwandan Genocide of 1994 was forced by the fight for power between the Hutus and Tutsis. This genocide has similarities with the contemporary conflicts taking place in Congo. The UN plays an important role in the two and it has already identified that the conflicts are a prelude to genocide. The UN failed at putting a halt to the Rwandan genocide but should not fail to stop the genocide waiting to happen. Ethnic cleansing is one of the implications brought about by modernity. Acts of ethnic cleansing have resulted in mass deaths and, horrible genocides such as the Bosnia genocide. Globalization which is a characteristic of modernity seeks to explore what ethnic cleansing is using a past incident of India. Rape was used as an instrument of war during genocides and ethnic cleansing. History repeating wit self will be a mistake, therefore, actions need to be taken. The first thing people should understand that the world is defined by plurality but everyone comes from the same species. Education is a key factor in preventing the mass destruction of people. Lastly, disagreeing parties should try and find common ground. In the name of modernity, the world has endured so many genocides.

References

Ahmed, S. A. (2010). “Ethnic cleansing”: A metaphor for our time? Retrieved from; https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1995.9993851

Barnett, M.  (2002). Eyewitness to a genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda. Ithaca: Cornnell University Press.

Bauman, Z. (2013). Modernity and the Holocaust. Hoboken: Wiley.

Carayannis, T. (2003). The complex war of the Congo: Towards a New Analytic Approach. Retrieved from; https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002190960303800206

Casey, C. (2015) Genocide and post-conflict Justice. Retrieved from; http://www.politicalsubjectivity.com/uploads/4/7/9/1/47917413/casey_syllabus_genocide _and_post-conflict_justice.pdf

Compare the Reason of Population Change for Milton Keynes and Birmingham

Introduction

 Between 2007 and 2012, inhabitants’ growth was at its peak in towns within the Greater South East. In England and Wales, this expansion was due to natural causes such as more births than death. While in neighboring nations like Scotland, the migration sparked the growth. Numerous evidence reveals that UK cities are expanding. Notwithstanding UK, cities only take up 9% of the landmass, yet accounted for 65% of the nationwide populace expansion between the years 2007 and 2012 (Kesten et.al, 2011). Nevertheless, not all UK towns are expanding at a similar pace. The reason behind this growth varies amid interior and internal relocation or natural expansion (birth minus death). This essay will examine the underlying reasons for population change between Milton Keynes and Birmingham.

Milton Keynes

 Milton Keynes is growing at a fast pace. Between the years 2011 and 2014, the populace increased by 3.7%, the 65+ inhabitants increased by 16%. The difference in percentage in the 65+ populace between the years 2011 and 2026 will potentially increase to 82.5%. On the other hand, for 5- 16 year olds, their numbers will rise to 35% (Kesten et.al, 2011). More so, as immigrants arrive in Milton Keynes, variety increases. By the year 2011, 26.1% of the people living in Milton Keynes were from various ethnicities hence mixing with white British as opposed to 2001 when the diversity was at 13.2%.

In 2013, Milton Keynes population was 255,700. Between 2003 and 2013, Milton Keynes rose by 38,100 inhabitants that is, +17.5%. The Population Bulletin report highlighted the great population expansion anticipated to endure into the future. Experts predict the population is likely continue increasing to 302,100 inhabitants by the year 2026. This is a rise of 49700 (19.7%) residents between the year 2012 and 2026.

            More so, the populace growth will assume an unevenly distributed population pattern across the nation. Statistics predict that Middleton ward may experience an upsurge in its population expansion before the year 2021. It is estimate to escalate by 9000 residents hence the leading region in Milton Keynes with an estimated 25,850 residents (Kesten et.al, 2011). Apart from the Middleton ward, other areas experiencing high population growth are Danesborough (+5400 residents) and Stratford (+4500). In addition, other stable and established urban wards known for vital progresses may have a slight decrease in size or persist as they are currently with no significant growth rate.

 In terms of age profile, Milton Keynes boosts of a youthful population than Birmingham’s entire region (Jones et.al, 2015). As per the statistics of 2004, Milton Keynes population is under the age of 16 years old. 64% of the residents fall under 16-64 compared to other parts of England. The highest populace percentage of Milton Keynes region in 2014 was in between 30-34 years of age whereas the in Birmingham the population lied between 45-49 years old. In 2014, the Milton Keynes utmost percentage in both sexes was 30-39 years old.

According to 2011 census reports, the highlighted number of Milton Keynes inhabitants born in other countries made up an estimated 46,100 in 2011. Consequently, the other people born from different regions, the residents born in Milton Keynes changed their lifestyles for the sake with the largest being the polish people.

 Birmingham

Birmingham situated in United Kingdom’s third most populated region. In terms population, the city has over 1.073 million of people residing in the area according to 2011 census (Jones et.al, 2015). Although Birmingham is populous, it contains only 1.69% of the total population of United Kingdom. Birmingham covers a total area of 103.4 square meters and ranked 151 I terms of quality assessment of the utilities and accommodativeness of the town.

Based on the information unveiled by United Kingdom census in 2011, the residents of Birmingham town were 1.073 million in number. Subsequently, Birmingham persistently increases annually (Jones et.al, 2015). The table below reveals the population growth per year for the last past five years.

            The population is gradually increasing annually. For the sake of altering Birmingham populace, some calculations are necessary. For instance, the regular rise in population is 2017-2013/5, which is equal to 0.0092 (Sá, 2014). In terms of projected population increase in Birmingham I the year 2018, the yearly progress was 1.137+0.0092= 1.1462. Therefore, the population of Birmingham will be 1.146 million in 2018 and even 2019.

 Moreover, the populace of     Birmingham covers 1,073,045 people and 5063 temporary residents based on the United Kingdom census report. In Birmingham, the cities have 420,736 homes, which display a growth tendency of 5.0% compared to 391,000 homes in 2001.

 Gender

In terms of gender, the information displayed above the figure indicates that Birmingham has 48.4% men people and 51.6% women people (Sá, 2014). This implies that gender ratio is at par in all the entire Birmingham places.

 In addition, as the population increases the diversity increases with the ever-increasing population as people from various places come into the United Kingdom and settle there (Sá, 2014). The table below displays data concerning race and ethnicities of Birmingham.

Even though Birmingham population consists of various races and communities, an estimated 80% of the population consists of white and Asians. Other races exists but in small numbers hence insignificant in making a significant effect on the population increase.

Religion wise, people of Birmingham practice various types of religions such as Christianity, Islam, and Hindu among many other religions (Jones et.al, 2015). As stated earlier, as the population rise so is the diversity, which in turn also influences the religions people practice as new, residents introduce their own beliefs in the system. Before the increase in population, Christians, dominated the region nevertheless, on the arrival of the residents brought with them their own practices. The Christians remain the most dominant group above other religions.

Comparisons

            Various factors may cause a shift in population change for Milton Keynes and Birmingham. One of the underlying reason for Milton Keynes increasing population in 2017 was the creation of jobs, which attracted many people to the regions (Kesten et.al, 2011). This extraordinary increase exceeded the nationwide average of 25% hence experts were at a loss proving its expansion. However, after much digging, the experts revealed that the startups, accessibility, and location were some of the reasons for the tremendous growth of the town. Unlike Birmingham Milton Keynes assists business firms connect with their client based. The dynamic that made Birmingham grow are the same one still operating. For instance, the town has good family housing and medical infrastructure thus attracting some of the nation’s populace.

 In summary Milton Keynes’s population, change was due to its accessibility and the creation and availability of jobs in the region. More so, business institution prefers locating their business in areas with an increasing population. Birmingham’s population growth was due to immigration and birth rate being higher than death among other natural causes.

References

Jones, H., Neal, S., Mohan, G., Connell, K., Cochrane, A. and Bennett, K., 2015. Urban multiculture and everyday encounters in semi-public, franchised cafe spaces. The Sociological Review, 63(3), pp.644-661.

Kesten, J., Cochrane, A., Mohan, G. and Neal, S., 2011. Multiculture and community in new city spaces. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 32(2), pp.133-150.

Martin, R.L., Tyler, P. and Gardiner, B., 2014. The Evolving Economic Performance of UK Cities (No. 5). Working Paper.

Sá, F., 2014. Immigration and House Prices in the UK. The Economic Journal, 125(587), pp.1393-1424.

             What are the potential source media frame rates we need to work with

            Frame rate or burst rate or update rate refers to the frequency or number of time successive series of images or frames appears on a display panel. Other than on computer graphics, the same also applies to all other motion capture systems, for example, video and film cameras. Furthermore, these frequencies are always measured in terms of fps (frames per second) (Lisa, 2009 p.130). For instance, at 30 frames per second, 30 different images could have been displayed in the display panel just within one second. In case the fps is found to be relatively low, the movement of those images will ultimately appear to be jerky and jagged. In case of the synchronization errors, the fps are likely to be too high, hence resulting to the overloading of the monitor which in return make it to malfunction (Jon, 2013 p.144).

                                    Why frame rates exists in our post industry

            Within our post industry, it means that cameras whether moving or immovable use the same principle to operate. When the lens of the camera is opened for a certain period of time, there is the exposure of light which in return enables the capturing of an image. This in return creates a frame. When it come moving images, the fill will be either be digitally captured or typically recorded before being converted to either 24-60 fps for the purpose of enhancing smooth transitions. In so doing, it is possible to do flipbook animations ranging between 12fps. Hertz (Hz) is used to refer to monitors, for example 1 fbs is equal to 1 hertz (Lopez, 2004 p.417). 

            When the speed of the frame is relatively low, it is possible to experience rough video quality or increasing lag time during the streaming process. In case the monitor a person will be using cannot have the ability of keeping up with the graphics of the video game, there is the likelihood of doubling or tripling certain frames. This in return will end up creating slow visual effect. Although this could not induce a huge impact to low-key video player, it is important to keep in mind that it is possible for him or her and their team to be easily defeated in the process of participating in big leagues (Lisa, 2009 p.130). For instance, during the early days, video game players used to take into account the significance of using high frame rate. The reason for that is because split seconds have been realized to induce a huge difference when the player tries to attack his or her opponent. Therefore, having the ability of processing more and more frames just within a short period of time provide the video player with a competitive edge. This becomes possible through making the reaction time high and keeping the images more and more sharp (Smith & AGI Training Team, 2012 p.14). 

                                    What determines the frame rate of our project?

            In case a person decides to compare the frame ranging between 60-120 hertz monitor, it is not easy to realize the difference that exist between the two. Regardless of that, there will be a significant noticeable gap in terms of their video quality just because of the latency in the delivery of the frame. A minimum of 24 frames per second is typically what a person will demand for ensuring that separate frames have appeared as single moving image (Jon, 2013 p.144). Despite that with the increase in the number of the frame rate, it means that its speed and the quality of the image will improve. For example, for serious video player, the optimization of the frame rate is important when it comes to the need of improving the quality of the game. In case that cannot be taken into consideration, it is possible for the opponent to win the game because of the speed and clarity of the game (Blackman, 2013 p. 15). 

            The targeted frame rate of the video gamers is something that is perceived to be more influential. The reason for that is because having a strong link between its graphics card is ultimately vital as compared to having a faster one. For example, the majority of the PC action games are always displayed at 60 frames per second but even using a frame rate of 30 frames per second or higher than that is fine. Ideally, using a frame rate that is relatively at slow points is not suitable to enhancing the speed and the quality of the game when the action peaks (LaMothe, 2002 P.806).  In case our project will depend on 30 frames per second only, it means that the game will be likely to decrease much low with time as it becomes hectic. This will in return impact our performance or the level of competition. Within our project, the larger the objects accompanied by the display of less action, it means that the game will be more tolerable with such low frame rate. This will give the gamer more time to explore both the quality and speed of the game (Bryant & Nardone, 2012 p.85). 

            With the games that covers more space and smaller objects; it means that it important to use 60fps or less than that. This then means that the mechanism here will entail balancing the graphics quality and the frame rate of the game to be played. With 60 frames per second, the gamer will have a smooth time for playing although relatively low frame rate per speed have the tendency of giving the gamer better graphics. Despite that, it is important to use 50 frames per second in case a person is seeking for stable balance (Snyder, 2017 p.20).

                        How do we resolve delivering different frame rates?

            From the foregoing, we have understood the manner in which frame rate affects one’s geam-play. Therefore, it is important for the gamer to ensure that he or she has determined the rate at which his or her system is running at. There exists several means of checking the system’s frame rate speed so as to determine the kind of performance he or she is getting in the process of playing the game. One of the means that can be used to resolve this problem it is important for the gamer to ensure that he or she has decreased his or her resolution system display setting to a relatively low contract (Snyder, 2017 p.20). Another mechanism entails changing the video playback settings. To increase the performance of the game, it is also recommended to ensure that a person have regularly updated the graphic card drivers using improved hardware. Other than over-clocking the hardware, it important utilizes the modern PC optimization software for the purpose of changing the fps to desirable level (Blackman, 2013 p. 15). 

                                                            References

BLACKMAN, S. (2013). Beginning 3D game development with Unity 4: all-in-one, multi-platform game development. http://www.books24x7.com/marc.asp?bookid=57518.

BRYANT, J., & NARDONE, M. (2012). Java 7 for absolute beginners. Berkeley, CA: Apress.

JON, K. (2013). Motion Graphic Design: Applied History and Aesthetics. Taylor & Francis, 2013

LAMOTHE, A. (2002). Tricks of the Windows game programming gurus. Indianapolis, Ind: Sams.

LISA, B. (2009). Final Cut Pro 7: Visual QuickPro Guide. Peachpit Press

LOPEZ, L. A. (2004). New perspectives on Macromedia Flash MX 2004: Comprehensive. Boston, Mass: Thomson/Course Technology.

SMITH, J., & AGI TRAINING TEAM. (2012). Adobe After Effects CS6 digital classroom. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley.

SNYDER, D. (2017). Speedrunning: interviews with the quickest gamers. Jefferson, North Carolina McFarland et Company, Inc., Publishers

Culture constructs and shapes issues that later affect perceptions aligned to personal identity. It is hard isolating culture from personal identity due to the extensive intertwining between the two aspects. Culture facilitates knowledge acquisition, opinion on natural phenomena, belief systems, character, and social relationships between various people in the community (Vic 5).Therefore, culture communicates ideas that later dictate the flow and influence identity of an individual and even the placed he or she lives and visits. The motives, behavior, reactions, and intentions of people most of the times manifest in cultural practices.

How culture constructs family values

Although the general perception is that culture automatically affects family values, Rodriguez’s argues that a specific group of people or person cannot have total control over another’s identity through imparting cultural values and practices. For example, a father cannot dictate the direction his son will take even after he teaches him to adhere to certain cultural norms. It is vital to note that societal observations suggests that people who emerge from Christian families but are homosexual in nature took their own path despite the cultural norms drilled from childhood to adulthood (Eric 6). On the other hand, Rodriguez asserts that weak cultural values can make a child stray from them when he or she grows up. In short, the extent to which culture influences identity and personal values relies on the manner in people apply information, which goes a long way in subjecting objects into conformity.

It is evident that family values embodies all basic principles which later influences identity and shapes the entire value system of a person. The family is the most basic unit encompassing culture practices across various demographics, education, and social aspects all along considering the economy’s overall influence. Families shape culture into an entity that can drive change and establish a new value system with outside systems. For example, when a child leaves home, he or she has to use cultural values taught within the family domain in the outside world. The assurance from family assists a person explores the world through the cultural norms practiced at home (Nadareishvili 23). Therefore, when a person meets an outside culture matching his or her own, he readily embraces the foreign culture. In short, a person cannot easily overturn their culture and even if they do, the traces remain rooted in various daily activities of the child. For further illustration American society  believes in independence from family members, each person needs to fend for themselves and cater to their basic needs and to achieve this culture, ac child leaves home at a certain age. In addition, Americans term dependence as a feebleness that might amount to failure in the society. Hence, leaving behind, a parent’s home signifies power and progress in life.

 Richard reshapes the boundaries associated with family value cultures. Holding a different perspective from what many families confirm and believe is a bold statement. For instance, the manner in which a family receives an announcement from their son when he confirms he is gay indicates a lot of things about the culture of that particular family and also the role of a mother in the family reveal the cultural norms of the family (Nadareishvili 118). Hence, culture affects roles and relationships formed by the family, which then can later interrupt homes and even architectural designs.

It is tempting to criticize classical architecture and site a mistake here and there but its outlay is rich in culture and specific. Over the years, architects modified classical architecture into subsections of styles (Eric 6). Hence, it would be unfair to claim that classical architecture in itself lost its spark, yet a lot of people and artists are at liberty to pick one concept from one contrast style and infuse it with another style at their own convenience. The rules completely changed, if not for the better, then, may be for personal reasons. It goes without saying that the current society is at a crisis. People no longer factor in emotions or pay close attention to detail while putting up a building. Simply put, an aspect an average architecture user ignores is that home depot and Walmart buildings needs fingers pointed at them for not promoting original classical architecture in their buildings rather than putting up with substandard housing.

            The manner in which people criticize and narrate culture based on architecture matters a lot. Criticism relies on the mechanism and not the building one talks about per se. Thus, one can decide to talk about the church building not meeting the recommended classical architecture standard and neglect the mall. But it does not matter the type of buildings one criticizes, the only element of concern is writing on classical architecture itself and not the buildings. Writing about classical architecture informs preserves and raises awareness on the dos and donts of the ancient yet vibrant style. To emphasize further, classical architecture is not a building but a tradition and a way of life that needs preservation and writing about it sheds more light on the art.

Works cited

Eric Schuldenfrei Cultivating Cultural Memory Observing Ethnic Transitions In Inner Mongolia file:///C:/Users/u/Downloads/WEEK%206-1.pdf

Nadareishvili, Irakli, et al. Microservice architecture: aligning principles, practices, and culture. " O'Reilly Media, Inc.", 2016.

Vic Liptak Vernacular Shifts Observing Dwelling Patterns In Anatolian Turkey file:///C:/Users/u/Downloads/WEEK%206-2%20(1).pdf

Immigration

Introduction

            Immigration is the movement of people from one country to another to permanently live there. The topic of immigration has always been a sore topic in almost all countries. In some instances, the process of immigration has been used to smuggle drugs into a country. Historically, debates on immigration policies have emerged due to factors such as large-scale migration.  The United States borders are constantly guarded due to the smuggling of drugs. Homeland Security is in charge of maintaining security at the borders. Currently, in the United States policies are being made and implemented at a local level, the sheriffs are playing a vital role when it comes to making policies on immigration at the federal and local levels. Despite the increased involvement of sheriffs in making policies on immigration at a local level, there are challenges that hinder enforcement of these policies. Many changes have been undergone at a federal and local level in order to make and enforce policies that concern immigration.

Many at times people have smuggled drugs into another country when crossing the borders. In El Indio there was a device that was rotating high above in the cloudless sky, the device was a satellite device being used by the Homeland security to monitor if there are drugs in cargos that are being flown over the border into the United States.  Border patrol officers are always alert and pursue the least alarming concern that might be a threat. Security of the borders has been on the increased in many countries and with each time it is increased it grows more complex.

            The El Indio and United States border is 1,954 miles long and 18-foot-tall, this border covers rivers, mountains, canyons and communities on both sides of the line. The security of the border is as vital as the security of the nation since the year 2003 the funds used to maintain this border were doubled, these funds were invested into the Homeland security that is in charge of patrolling the border. The Homeland Security in return has deployed increasingly advanced measures that not only scrutinize measures but also channel and save data such as the CCTV footages, saving the name of immigrants and date entries.  All the technologies of surveillance and control aim to achieve a perspective advantage, however, the large quantity of data produced by the new technologies threaten to overload the system that will jeopardize the whole goal of these technologies. The border that was defined by a geographical line on the map is increasingly defined by wars taking place in the countries and acts of Congress and the more the innovation at the border are continuing to increase.

In the United States, immigration policymaking and enforcement has continued to gain momentum at the local level.  The sheriffs have been presented with an opportunity to make decisions on immigration in the local context.  When it comes to dealing with issues of immigration at a county level sheriff are also confided by the federal and state authority to act as policymakers and enforcers. Sheriffs play an important role when it comes to making decisions that concern immigration. During summer in 2014, Sheriff Paul Babeu of Arizona, Pinal County is responsible for leading a series of immigration protests after revealing the locations of detained, unaccompanied minors who had entered the country without proper documentation. He stated that the local citizens have the right to a protest since the federal government had failed to enforce immigration laws. This act of raising concern on the absence of laws on migration helped call for the attention of the federal government.

Despite the involvement of bureaucrats in immigration policies at a local level, there have been challenges that hinder local law enforcement. These challenges include; enforcement of immigration violations that might undermine local law enforcement efforts when collaborating and communication with immigrant communities in the counties, this might also be profiled as racism. Due to the unique position of these sheriffs, they have emerged as a representation of the public face in local immigration debates. Some sheriffs such as Sheriff Joe Arpaio of Maricopa County in Arizona and Sheriff Terry Johnson of Alamance County in North Carolina have been the center of attention since they have been viewed as polarizing figures in their efforts on immigration.  Sheriff Arpaio engaged in immigration raids while sheriff Johnson illegally targeted the Latino community while enforcing laws. Despite the actions of these two sheriffs, many other sheriffs are vocal supporters of immigrant communities.

The implementation of the 287(g) programs permitted the state, county and city officers to play the role of federal immigration officers in Nashville-Davidson County. This program is an example of the devolution of immigration authority from federal bureaucracy to county and municipal agencies. This program is a representation of the efforts of the federal bureaucrats who have controlled immigration for a long time. The implementation of this program has led to an increase in policies that give the local authority more control over immigration. 1996, is the year when criminalization of immigration laws begun, that year the Illegal Migration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act was drafted. This act made immigrants who had committed Misdemeanor eligible for deportation. The changes that have been made recently giving rise to the 287(g) allow for greater cooperation between the federal government immigrant enforcement and the local state's enforcement. In the previous year’s local enforcement agencies enforced an only criminal violation of immigrant laws and the federal agencies enforced civil and criminal violation.

            When the 278(g) programs were implemented the local authorities were allowed to adopt; a jail model, a task force model and a hybrid model. The jail model allowed the officers at this level to check whether the foreign-born arrestees are in the United States legally or illegally.   The task force model allows these trained officers to check the legality of any foreigner they encounter when in the line of their duty.  The hybrid model allows these officers to do what is allowed by the jail model and the task force model. The 278(g)-program originated with the county’s effort to control the population of Latinos in the country.  The population of Latinos in the county had hiked immensely between 2000 and 2010, it rose from 4.5% to 9.8%. Their increase led to an increase in high-profile cases that were associated with unauthorized immigrants. One of these cases involves that of an undocumented driver who had been arrested 14 times in Nashville after crashing into vehicles. The 278(g) programs will only affect illegal immigrants who have a blunt disregard for the law in counties who are enforcing these policies.

Understanding how officials in Bureaucratic agencies such as immigration make decisions has been a topic of concern among scholars for decades. People tend to focus more on the government elites who create policies than the actual policymakers who are the low-level workers. How bureaucratic respond to immigration has been a major concern. In countries such as the Netherlands every sector has its national policies on immigration.  Police officers working in immigration are pragmatic and selective on who to detain in the country and who to deport back to their countries. In the health and education sector workers have found a loophole in the law and provided services to immigrants who have proper documentation.

Conclusion

 Immigration is a sore subject. Many debates surrounding immigration have been raised and scholars over the decades have tried to understand how bureaucrats working in agencies such as migration respond to concerns. The El Indio and United States border is heavily guarded in order to ensure no drugs are flown in the United States using this border. In the United States immigration, law enforcement at a local level is gaining momentum, sheriffs are playing a vital role in implementing policies on immigration at the federal and local levels. There are challenges that are arising when it comes to the implementation of these laws at a local level. While a minority of sheriffs are polarizing the efforts of implementing these policies by raiding immigrants, the majority support immigrant communities.  The 278(g) programs are being implemented in many counties in order to give the local authority a chance to be involved more in policymaking and enforcement of these policies in their counties. The implementation of these policies will allow local officers to check the legality of immigrant arrestees and question the legality of any immigrant when in the line of duty. The immigration agencies are slowly transforming as many changes are being made.

Rebuilding Haiti and its health care sector after The 2010 Earthquake

Part one

Haiti before the 2010 Earthquake

Haiti is the one of the top three largest nations in the Caribbean and it is the third most densely inhabited. It takes up a region of 27,750 square kilometres of principally hilly land in the western third of the Hispaniola Island where it is close to the Dominican Republic (Haiti Demographics, 2019). In the year 2009, its overall inhabitants reached the 10 million mark. Most of its populace is comparatively young where 60% is comprised of individuals below 24 years. 37% of the populace is located in in Port-au-Prince which is the capital city (Haiti Demographics, 2019). The nation’s annual populace progress rate as of the year 2009 was 2.5%. Though Haiti was one of the first black countries to attain independence in Latin America, it has endured political instability and this has significantly backed the severe poverty states that Haitians live in. It is deliberated to be one of the deprived nations in America and one of the states that deal with the problems of inadequate dispersal of revenue (Pollard at al., 2009). 66% of the nation’s affluence is resolute on just 4% of the inhabitants which means that more than half of the populace live in great deficiency line of US $2 (Pollard at al., 2009).

The certified language of the country is French and also Creole which is commonly used by all sections of civilization. Only 10% of the populace communicate in French and this are essentially the individuals that have finalized secondary schooling. A tally that was steered in the year 2003 directed that 40% of the populace that is aged 10 and older is uneducated (Haiti Demographics, 2019). There is an extensive gap in the gross secondary school employment proportion for children from wealthy homes (71%) as likened from those that come from underprivileged homes (23%) (Haiti Demographics, 2019) (Haiti Demographics, 2019).

Haiti persists being exceedingly susceptible to ecological deprivation because of its restricted monetary development and supply as well as severe infrastructure even before the earthquake (Pollard at al., 2009). Haiti depend upon inconsistent expanse of hillsides to aid meet its farming manufacture, thus most of the ecological difficulties comprise soil destruction. The nourishing standing of the populace was eroded by unreachability to vastly nourishing diets and privation of access to abundant diet (Bellos et al., 2010). Haiti persistently experienced substantial water and hygiene difficulties where by in the year 2006, 46% of the populace was deficient in access to sufficient hygiene which amounted to 8 million persons without access to water or even appropriate hygiene (Pollard at al., 2009).

Tedious notification of death in Haiti was virtually missing with death certificates getting registered for 1 in every 20 deaths. The core pointers of populace deaths in Haiti were upsetting with12 deaths per 1000 populace; 86 baby births per every 1000 live deliveries denoting that 1 in every 12 kids perish before their first birthdate (Bellos et al., 2010). Deaths owing to transmittable illnesses were most recurrent with respirational toxicities and acute diarrhoea being one of the principal reasons for demise for kids below the age of 5 years (Bellos et al., 2010). Virtually 50% of the populace did not have admittance to simple health attention and simple drugs which led majority of the populace to seek out care from traditional therapists (Bellos et al., 2010). Hospital and clinical amenities in Haiti have always been conceded by infrastructure shortages, water difficulties, electric shutdowns and general insufficiency.

Part two

Haiti Earthquake in 2010

The earthquake came at around 4.53 PM around twenty five kilometres southwest of Port-au-Prince, Haitian capital. The tremor of the earthquake recorded a scale of 7.0 and it was quickly trailed by two aftereffects that had a scale of 5.9 and 5.5 correspondingly (Edwards, 2010). More impacts were sensed in the days that followed and this comprised one that had a scale of around 5.9 that was sensed on 20^th January  at a township recognized as Petit Goave that is 55 kilometres West of Port-au-Prince (Lekkas & Carydis, 2011). It is significant to mention that Haiti had never experienced an earthquake that resilient since the 18^th century, the nearest it had ever gotten to such a might was the 1984 earthquake which had a scale of 6.9 (Lekkas and Carydis, 2011).

The earthquake was at the start attributed to the motion of the Caribbean tectonic plate eastward beside Enriquillo-Plantain Garden (EPG) strike slip liability structure. It was later recognized that no distortion was present on the surface and therefore the cracking of the key component of the liability structure was then established to be the source of the earthquake (Edwards, 2010). The EPG fault structure forms a transform borderline that split up the Gonave microplate the section of the North American Plate the section which Haiti is located from the Caribbean Plate. What triggered the earthquake was contractional alteration at the Léogâne fault, a trivial obscured drop error exposed underneath the city of Léogâne. The Léogâne error, that is undetectable at the exterior, inclines on the northern side at a slanting position away from the EPG error structure, and numerous geologists argued that the earthquake ensued from the sliding of rock rising transversely on its level of rupture (Edwards, 2010). Stirring at a depth of 13 kilometres, the temblor was impartially thin, which augmented the grade of trembling at the surface of the earth. The impact shocks were sensed all through Haiti, Dominican Republic and also in other countries that are close by ar such as Cuba, Jamaica and Puerto Rico (Lekkas and Carydis, 2011). The closely inhabited zone near Port-au-Prince that is positioned on the Gulf of Gonâve was amongst areas that were significantly affected. At a further distance, the city of Jacmel also sustained noteworthy destruction, the city of Léogâne which is much nearer to the epicentre than Port-au-Prince was essentially destroyed (Lekkas and Carydis, 2011).

The aftermaths of the earthquake

The distorted structures outlining the scenery of the tragedy zone happened as a result of Haiti’s privation of construction codes. Lacking suitable support, the constructions collapsed beneath the power of the earthquake, leading to deaths of people and also or ensnaring others (Garcia et al., 2010). In Port-au-Prince both the National Palace  and the cathedral and were seriously destroyed, and the same thing happened with United Nations centre of operations, national prison, and congress headquarters. The city, previously affected by strained and insufficient structures and still recuperating from the recent humid hurricanes of the year 2008, was not well equipped to handle such a catastrophe (Lekkas and Carydis, 2011). Other affected zones of the state that were encountered with equivalent faintness were correspondingly not set. In the aftereffects of the earthquake, determinations by populations and global donor groups to offer therapeutic aid, nourishment, and water to the people that survived were hindered by the disappointment of the power system which previously was undependable, damage of communication lines, and road and rail network obstructed with ruins (Garcia et al., 2010). Seven days following the earthquake, after the happening, little assistance had stretched further than Port-au-Prince; after an additional seven days, provisions were getting dispersed only periodically to other urban zones. Actions to salvage the people stuck beneath the wreck which had rescued more than one hundred persons had generally ended in just fourteen days since the beginning of the calamity, as expectation that someone might have lasted for that time period devoid of nourishment or water started to diminish (Lekkas and Carydis, 2011). Nevertheless, there were still random rescues of individuals who had succeeded to stay alive in such incarceration for weeks by restricting the insufficient provisions accessible to them.

About 3 million individuals were affected by the tragedy that was practically one-third of Haiti’s overall population. Of these, over one million were left displaced in the instant aftermath (Hough et al., 2010). In the overcome urban zones, the evacuated persons were mandated to squat in ersatz towns composed of institute constituents and contributed shelters. Burgling which was controlled in the initial days subsequent to the earthquake ended up becoming more predominant in the absenteeism of adequate provisions and was aggravated in the capital by the leakage of several thousand convicts from the demolished prison (Hough et al., 2010). In the subsequent week of the outcome, many townies began flowing into remote zones, either of their own wish or as a consequence of legislative transfer platforms planned to lessen congestion and unhygienic circumstances (Hough et al., 2010).

Since many health facilities had been reduced ineffectual, the people that survived were obligated to wait for days to get medical care and, with mortuaries rapidly filling up, bodies were amassed in the highways. The beginning of deterioration led to the burial of numerous bodies in mass burial chamber, and retrieval of the retrieval of the people concealed under the wreckage was obstructed by a scarcity of apparatus that can lift heavy objects, making decease tolls challenging to regulate (Garcia et al., 2010). Statistics given by Haitian administration administrators at the end of March 2010 registered the bereavement toll at 222,570 individuals, although noteworthy divergence was there over the precise number, and some projected that approximately 100,000 more people had perished. In the year 2011 the month of January, Haitian administrators publicized the reviewed total of 316,000 demises (Lekkas and Carydis, 2011). The sample of a register ordered by United States administration and publicised in the year 2011, the month of May, radically reviewed the approximation down to no more than 85,000. Representatives from the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) later recognized discrepancies in data attainment. Considering the struggle of detecting certification dealings in the hurry of burying the deceased, it was reflected improbable that a conclusive number of deaths would ever be recognized (Lekkas and Carydis, 2011).

Further bereavements happened as serious wounds went unmanaged the absenteeism of health personnel and provisions. The children without parents generated by these bulk deaths and those whose parents had passed away before the earthquake were left susceptible to manipulation and human being trading. Even though adoptions of the orphaned kids by overseas citizens most specifically those from the US were allowed, the procedure was slowed by the policies of Haitian and overseas establishments to safeguard that these orphans had no live families, as children's homes often housed the kids of the impoverished temporarily (Werner et al., 2011).

The fact that the structure of the nation’s computer system was fundamentally unaffected, electronic broadcasting developed as a valuable approach for linking the people disconnected by the earthquake and also to help in directing aid efforts. The people that survived and were capable of accessing the internet and communicate their associates and families overseas also took to social system sites such as Facebook and twitter hunting for data on those lost in the wake of the disaster (Werner et al., 2011). Data from these social sites correspondingly helped aid establishments in assembling charts of the zones that were impacted and in understanding where to send the funds (Werner et al., 2011). The numerous Haitians lacking Internet entrée were able to offer updates through the use of phone messages.

As the rainy season began, the renovation plans had made little advancement and people dealing with accommodation disbursements were stimulated by relief supports to build more considerable residences making use of canvases and, later, contributed wood and iron sheets (Lekkas and Carydis, 2011). Though some temporary accommodation was created before the beginning of intemperate weather, many people stayed in shelters and other housings that offered limited defence from the essentials. Adding to the difficulties in the progressively disordered camps in Port-au-Prince was the reoccurrence of many persons who before the earthquake had primarily withdrawn to the rural area only to find out that there was practically no chance for occupation (Lekkas and Carydis, 2011).

Many individuals who left the campgrounds simply moved to extensions of the prevailing shantytowns adjacent Port-au-Prince. Others jam-packed into unharmed households possessed by extended kinfolk or associates and others went back to impaired buildings, most of which were labelled for destruction or required key repairs (Werner et al., 2011). Willpower to level such structures, most which were considered insecure infuriated populations who declined to leave because they had no other place to live. The capital endured deprived of control for important expanses in given time because of delayed exertion on the power network (Werner et al., 2011).

In the month of October 2010, cholera cases started surfacing starting in Artibonite river. This is the longest river in the island which is the key source of drinking water had been polluted with faecal substances that had strains of South Asian cholera bacteria (Watson et al., 2012). Nepalese UN mediation forces posted close to the river were the first suspects as being the cause for the cholera outbreak. This was legitimized by a report that  quoted the that there was no signs of cholera in Haiti in the prior years. the report also illustrated that there was rise of an equivalent epidemic of cholera cases in Kathmandu, the settlement where the UN groups had left Nepal (Watson et al., 2012). The prevalence of the illness stretched to the shelter capitals of Port-au-Prince in the month of November 2010, and by the year 2016 it had affected almost 800,000 individuals and attested to be deadly to about 10,000 people (Conlin, 2018). Without Boarders later on in 2016 established that it is possible that  cases of cholera had probably been considerably gone unreported. In November 2011 several groups filed assertions counter to the UN requesting for it to take accountability for the epidemic, fix new water and waste controlling structures, and recompense those that got sick or lost families to cholera (Watson et al., 2012). At the end of the year 2012, the United Nations though not admitting that its groups were courses of the sickness publicized that it would account for a platform projected by the administrations of Haiti and the Dominican Republic to free the island of cholera by introducing new hygiene and immunization actions (Watson et al., 2012). Criticizers, nevertheless, noted that the projected monetary structure for the project relied fundamentally on formerly guaranteed levies that had not yet been received. United Nations proclaimed in the year 2013 that it would not obtain reimbursement entitlements linked to the epidemic, quoting its settlement on freedoms and protections (Conlin, 2018).

Charitable Aid

many organizations fronted by the United Nations and the International Red Cross and many countries all through the world promised to offer help and most of them sent their physicians, workforces, and foods to help in the course of this tragedy. Bill Clinton the United States’ president at the time who had in the year 2009 been titled the United Nations distinct ambassador to Haiti, was consigned the duty of directing the efforts of the different aid enterprises (WHO, 2011). In the months that followed, Jean-Max Bellerive the Haitian Prime Minister articulated worry that overseas nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that were abundant in the country even before the earthquake. Did not take any accountability for dissimilar features of the rescue and they were not adequately accounting for the usage of their assets. This made it difficult for the Haitian administration to evaluate where its own assets could be arrayed (Hough et al., 2010). The NGOs, on the other hand were delayed by their directorial meetings which were not easy to manage which made them establish that inter-organizational communication was not as easy. The U.S. martial though offering substantial support at the beginning in form of tools, logistics direction, and workers; had reserved all except some of its militaries by week two of March, thus leaving UN peace guardians and police from Haiti to uphold command.

Utilizing an archetypal that had demonstrated its fruitfulness in Europe after the tsunami that ensued in India in the year 2004, platforms were introduced overseas whereby mobile handset operators could make contributions over text mails (Hough et al., 2010). A considerable lot of the support collected in United States was directed over mobile phone corporations. A superstar fundraiser to help Haiti that was broadcasted internationally accommodated by Haitian American singer wyclef jones in the City of New york and George Clooney the American actor featuring many other artists generated over sixty million dollars in Los Angeles (Conlin, 2018). A noteworthy quota of Haiti’s debt had previously been lost in 2009 as part of the inventiveness named greatly indebted republics of the (IMF) International Monetary Fund and World Bank, but the nation still had more than one billion dollars in debit to a variety of organizations (Hough et al., 2010). With its frugality barely operating, the republic seemed implausible to meet those requirements. In the month of February the G7nations excused the residual lot of Haiti’s debit to them, and in the month of March the Inter-American development bank excused four hundred and forty seven million dollars and vowed over thirty million dollars in additional funding (Hough et al., 2010). The World Bank excused the nation’s thirty six million dollars balance in the month of May.

A UN supporter symposium in New York City in the month of March produced promises of almost ten billion dollars, with five billion dollars to be utilized in the first two years of rebuilding struggles (Conlin, 2018). The majority of the amount donated was stored by the United States and the European Union (EU). The supporter symposium also recognized the Interim Haiti Recovery Commission, an association between the Haitian administration and overseas patrons that, under the leadership of Clinton and Bellerive, managed the distribution of assistance resources to a variation of renovation efforts. The commission was sanctioned by the Haitian legislature in April (Hough et al., 2010). Its command was terminated the following October, with little of its schemes getting finished. Two years later following the earthquake, numerous million dollars’ worth of promised monies had been introverted by numerous supporters. Of the outstanding five billion sworn for the first two-year rescue period, slightly more than half was received by the rescue fund and expended (Conlin, 2018). Over 10% of the moneys distributed had gone into substructure asset and over three hundred million dollars had been expended on schemes begun before the earthquake where HIV/AIDs alleviation was amid them because their agendas were previously set (Conlin, 2018). An overall of roughly $6 billion had been distributed by the time the year 2012 was ending, but substantial shares of that amount was not utilized.

Part three

Disease surveillance system

Disease surveillance after tragedies is vital and it should at all times comprise warnings and reaction constituent (Caleo et al., 2011). This necessitates investment of assets in informal systems that progress sensitivity to warnings as well as on the more collective structures of data assembly, assembling and analysis (WHO, 2011). The data sharing between associates is vital to help fortify prompt caution structures. Communal based investigation of death and undernourishment is practicable and also significant and it necessitates cautious execution and authentication. To observe health position in the zones of interference and react to developing health pressures in Haiti, a potential surveillance will be created to help perceive and react to eruptions of endemic prone illnesses that are grounded on observations from health amenities and to help observe death and nourishing standing at the community level (Caleo et al., 2011).

 The unreceptive surveillance of supposed cases of the prevalent inclined to ailments will be established as per typical procedure to all outpatient departments (OPDs) that are allocated at the custodian sites. All the operative centres that will be tangled in this structure will be under the management of an epidemiologist. The topographical analysis of these OPDs will be substantial within Port-au-Prince and little outside of the centre. Some of the broadcasting locates will comprise; Dufort, Jacmel, Leogane, Carrefour Feuille, Grace, Delmas 24 and St. Louis among others. Each of the OPD will register the number of medical consultations amongst children who are underneath the age of five and also amongst older individuals owing to the occurrence of the reportable illnesses. The regularity of reporting will be anticipated to be everyday which is projected to lessen to weekly after some time. The data from each OPD will be merged into a fundamental catalogue, the direction and distribution of info will be steered over the use of consistent telephone interaction with health amenities and medical directors and weekly conferences. Systematic data and information on epidemics alert will be given every day to the Internally Displaced Persons Surveillance System (IDPSS) that will have been set up.

Some of the illnesses that will be under surveillance are showed in the table below.

Figure 1; showing the diseases that will be surveilled and their symptoms

Some of the illnesses that may necessitate instant warning once they are perceived and in this case the OPD staff will be educated on the manner in which to deal with this kind of instance. They will be required to inform some of the wellbeing organizations for example the Laboratoire National de la Sante Publique (LNSP), which will then gather the tasters for validation and the epidemiologists in custody. The collective case statistics will be scrutinized through the usage of Microsoft Excel whereby a notice will be generated for each reportage period which will aid in providing an over view of the condition. This will be steered with distinct locus to the supposed cases of disorders that entail instant warning and to shifting drifts in any disorders that is under surveillance.   While it is conceivable for a solitary case of any instantly reportable disorder is adequate to produce an alert, for others like the acute respirational contamination, there will be need for designed tendencies in occurrence cases and relative indisposition to aid in detecting significant variations.

Surveillance of decease rates and malnourishment occurrence will be public based particularly for a neighbourhood like Port-au-Prince that comprises of mixed housing designs. The surveillance will be conventioned by the twelfth week after the task begins.  In each of the locations, during week one of amassing records, the standard magnitude of the populace that is under surveillance will be projected. All homes will be calculated and a mean domestic size that is essential to calculate the total populace will be gotten over a stratified collection review which will also be utilized to evaluate basic requirements.

All the families that will be under surveillance will be evaluated on one occasion every week between Monday and Saturday and data on deliveries, deceases and engagements into and out of the homes will be acquired. Census statistics on the recently recognised homes and the homes that are no longer present will also be acquired. The statistics will be significant in assisting to appraise the standard populace dimension and also to aid calculate crude and demise proportions of persons that are underneath five years.

The home stopovers will also comprise valuations of acute undernourishment pervasiveness among kids that are aged between 6 and 10 years by means of the mid upper arms valuation and consensual oedema dimensions. For taster size deliberations, the dietary valuations will be completed in a methodical indiscriminate model of homes for example every 5^th home whereby all the kids that live in the designated homes and are between the age of 6 and 10 are evaluated. The data on the management account of the decedents and on the registration of undernourished kids with dietary databases will also be acquired for usage as substitution quota of reportage of the interference.

Part Four

Rebuilding Haiti

Political variability, food scarcities, insufficient accommodation, joblessness, insufficient public amenities and deficiency of basic substructure are some of the foremost difficulties that Haitians have been fronting and it is what has steered to the impenetrable cycle of deficiency for generations (Miller, 2010). The devastation of the earthquake led to the damage of infrastructure and this directed to most persons in Haiti being displaced. Port-au-Prince area for example needs up to 500,000 added housing elements to support make up for the pre-earthquake accommodation scarcity, substitute the stock that was misplaced during the tragedy and to aid in housing the noteworthy sum of the anticipated urban development. As revealed by the damage instigated by the earthquake, lots of of these households were not constructed to with stand natural tragedies. Support, especially through the use of steel strengthening slabs in concrete structures, was insufficient, concrete slabs, bricks, and cement were regularly of poor value (Diaz et al., 2012). The new accommodation structures should be built using constituents that are irrepressible to natural misfortunes like earthquakes and hurricanes among many others (Diaz et al., 2012). Vertical supports should be assimilated when constructing the houses since they safeguard that the vertical poles do not breakdown under any power impact. Steel is appropriate for beams and pillars as compared to timber for the reason that in case of a disaster, they enclose the zones between the beams thus decreasing injuries on the inhabitants (Diaz et al., 2012). To efficiently guarantee that the zones between the beams are resolutely held, U or L shape beams should be utilized which offers the choice of showcasing the steel as an architectural component (Diaz et al., 2012).

When re-constructing the healthcare sector, the paramount thing to reflect is the high number of amputees in Haiti after the earthquake. Many of the earthquake survivors have limb wounds which make an over-all totalling of 4,000 amputees and they agonize resource limitations which conciliations their optimum upkeep. Practical incapacities as a result of the limb damages have endangered their aptitude to get jobs and this has significantly contributed to their financial tussles (Anne Kramer-Urner, 2011). Amongst the many issues that add to poverty and social elimination is incapacity linked humiliation and this is why prosthetics should be considered when it comes to rebuilding and restructuring the healthcare sector. Prosthetic limbs help to reinstate as close as conceivable the practical capability that was previously apprehended which offers individuals another chance to live their previous lives (Anne Kramer-Urner, 2011). A prostheses production facility will need to be set up to help in the production of the massive artificial limbs that are required by Haitians. Roads and all forms of infrastructure will need to be altered during the rebuilding to accommodate the special needs of the increased number of the newly handicapped Haitians. Currently, Haiti is the least obliging place for the handicapped, there is no form of lodging for the use of wheelchairs and there are no sidewalks which makes it very difficult for the disabled to cope. As infrastructure is getting rebuild, consideration for the handicapped need to be made to ensure that their wellbeing is facilitated in every sector (Anne Kramer-Urner, 2011). Schools, hospitals and other economic organizations should ensure that they create facilities that allow the handicapped to live a normal life without any limitations. Sidewalks, elevators, crossing bridges, rehabilitation facilities for the handicapped are things that should be included in the rebuilding plan to ensure that the handicapped are effectively accommodated in the new Haiti (Anne Kramer-Urner, 2011).

To help deal with the issue of poverty, the issue of unemployment needs to be dealt with. Most of the people in Haiti are unemployed and this means that they do not have any form of income. The earthquake can be used as an employment creation element with the need for rebuilding the country. The many NGOs that have come to Haiti to offer help can create job opportunities for the local who will give them a chance to earn a living and hence reduce poverty problems that the country is currently facing. The reconstruction of roads, buildings, both water and sanitation systems will help employ thousands of Haitian workers and this will in the overall boost the regeneration of towns in Haiti (Lusk & Andre, 2017).. Allowing the people to be part of various rebuilding projects will also help act as a form of training most especially for the ones that do not have any form of skill. These are skills that they can adopt and utilize as income generating activities meaning that they will not lack revenues to purchase food and other basic needs. Agriculture is one of the important activities conducted by Haitians for provision of food (Lusk & Andre, 2017). Special efforts should be made to help improve agriculture which could include educating the farmers on best farming techniques that could lead to more productions. This will encourage more people in the urban areas to move to the rural areas to do farming which could double food production for the country for the next few years thus helping the country to build a new rural economy. In regard to employment, small scale manufacturing sector can also be established to help create jobs for Haitians, for instance production of clothes, food and light manufacturing item industries (Lusk & Andre, 2017).

Education is an important element in helping eradicate poverty in a country. Haiti is not a country that cares much about education and even before the earthquake; there were education deficiencies which affected socio-economic development. About half of the Haitians adults were illiterate, with the average adults having 2.8 years of education. 33% of the kids that attended school reached 5^th grade and thus only 4% were able to complete the 9 years of schools and go to secondary schools (Luxner, 2010). The definitive and unfortunately much extended objective of education improvement should be to offer a unrestricted, worldwide education of adequate eminence to prepare Haiti’s children with the abilities and awareness that interpret into enhanced material conditions and general well-being. In the diminutive run the Haitian administration and contributors’ first command of business is the swiftest possible recommencement of teaching and the establishment of impermanent school amenities which house all children including the newly handicapped children. In the extended run a steady educational structure that is truthfully widespread will necessitate a much greater administration role in learning, counting the direct establishment of free public-sector teaching (Lusk & Andre, 2017).Although temporary actions are essential to avert multiyear disruption of educational amenities to kids in the aftereffects of the earthquake, they should be implicit as suboptimal resolutions in facility of the longer-term universal reconfiguration of teaching in Haiti. Eventually, a crew of proficient specialists is essential to run an education scheme of adequate superiority to recover social and monetary circumstances in Haiti (Luxner, 2010).

Rebuilding Haitian health sector

Health care in Haiti has always been a problem even before the 2010 earthquake. It is projected that around 40% of the populace did not have admittance to healthcare most specially the individuals in the countryside areas (Miller, 2010). Lack of admittance has two proportions: lack of corporeal admittance, as 13 percent of the populace subsists more than 15 kilometres away from the nearby health hub. The other one is lack of monetary admittance, as price regaining dogmas in place in most organizations necessitate charges for amenities and these are excessive to a large percentage of the populace. In totalling, hospital, treatment centre, laboratory, and medical education amenities normally experienced electric-power shutdowns and scarcities of water. Many structures were in poor forms; most amenities were non-operational; and plentiful of the medical apparatus was ancient or wrecked (Miller, 2010). Ministry of Public Health and Population (MSPP) is accountable for the community health structure, counting the distribution of health amenities, policymaking and application, and controlling of the administration’s fitness budget. The MSPP does not have any set schemes to help trail health position and monitor value of health attention offered in the facilities. A case in point is the fact that only an predictable one in twenty bereavements results in a death credential that records reason for passing. Semi-annual childhood vaccination crusades do not comprise certification of vaccines offered either for the MSPP or for vaccinated persons (Luxner, 2010). This deficiency of rudimentary public health statistics pointers to a multitude of value concerns within the well-being structure. For instance, vaccination reporting is alleged to be low, and matching vaccinations not unusual. In addition, there is a diminutive dependable fact from which to regulate precedence health strategies and sequencers. The MSPP has petite human principal or directorial capability to carry out its purposes. A deficiency of not only physicians and nurses but also directorial specialists has been a key contest. While existing statistics for doctor concentration in Haiti are not largely accessible, in 2001, Haiti had only three doctors for every 10,000 populaces; and most of them were centred in the capital city meaning that the rural areas had much less physicians (Lusk & Andre, 2017).This relates poorly with proportions in the Dominican Republic, for instance, and is the lowermost percentage in Latin America and the Caribbean. Many well-being specialists have gone to the diaspora over the years to look for better jobs and better reimbursement not forgetting better living conditions. For those who have remained, there are few inducements to work in the countryside or underserved zones of the nation or solely in public establishments. The MSPP also privations sufficient methodical and managerial staff for dogma, planning and supervisory roles, mainly at the mid-level as well as outside of the main headquarters in Port-au-Prince.

Even though the MSPP has recognized accountability for amending and checking Haiti’s health care structure, it has never justly achieved this role. There are no reliable authorization actions for health-care amenities or training establishments, and no official documentation assessments for therapeutic specialists to practice in the republic (Luxner, 2010). When the MSPP has set rules or conventions, it has had no strategies and resources of imposing them. The deficiency of dependable well-being consequence statistics in Haiti has made checking of the eminence of health amenities approximately unbearable. Although there have been demands to advance superiority regulator structures for medications and ensure adjustment of prescriptions, little to no development had been made on this issue. The MSPP has played only a trivial part in funding health upkeep. Before the earthquake, the health segment was getting the largest amount of overseas assistance of all service segments in Haiti (Luxner, 2010).

Consequences of the Earthquake on the health sector

 Most of the individuals exiled by the earthquake now survive in jam-packed tent camps that are disposed to the spread of vector borne and infectious ailments. The earthquake wounded an estimated 300,000 persons, in totalling to traumatizing a huge portion of Haiti’s populace (Lusk & Andre, 2017). As a significance, there is a countless require to monitor and avoid vector borne and transmissible illnesses within the campgrounds, treat psychological infections curtailing from the earthquake, guarantee that intermittent cure routines are recommenced, offer prosthetics for people who have lost limbs, and provide occupational and rehabilitative medicine. The MSPP headquarters have been demolished and neighbouring medical and nursing institutes relentlessly impaired. The MSPP is presently functioning out of shelters and temporary settings. It is indistinct when a more perpetual construction will become accessible. Many hospitals and health centres have also been impaired or ruined which makes it very difficult of effective health care to be given to the many injured individuals. Projected damages, public and private, over-all estimates to almost $3 billion; 73 out of 373 hospitals, health consulting rooms, training institutions, and other amenities have experienced severe destruction or comprehensive devastation (Lusk & Andre, 2017).

Paper archives, files, accounting and procedures data that were kept in wrecked MSPP structures are now also damaged and hence lost (Chapman, 2010). This is also the situation for the hospitals and other amenities that were wrecked or impaired. In spite of poor record administration even before the earthquake, the damage of what was previously recorded in regards of patient, managerial, and operative archives harshly decreases the capability of MSPP to effort toward value and steadiness of care as well as to device earlier strategies and purposes for health segment processes and progresses (Chapman, 2010).

Human-capital fatalities were substantial; MSPP alone lost 200 employees when its office block in Port-au-Prince collapsed. Many health employees were exterminated or totally wounded (Lusk & Andre, 2017). The incursion of charitable support immediately following the earthquake has amended the deficiency of human assets temporally, but this source will disperse and Haiti’s deficiency of health-care specialists will be more severe than ever. Compounding the problem is the ruin of medical teaching institutions. Health-care workers in rural zones have been strained even more by the arrival of persons who have left the areas that were affected by the earthquake (Diaz et al., 2012). The health-care system’s deficiency of volume to react sufficiently means that many persons may return to the capitals to pursue care. The already restricted administration capability in the MSPP has been overstretched by the invasion of contributors after the earthquake. The requirement for supplementary management and checking of donor actions has overawed the MSPP; many benefactors are acting individualistically (Chapman, 2010). Donor management has also “crowded out” other indispensable actions from the MSPP’s outline, counting thorough scheduling for the standard to long term.

Best strategy to rebuild the healthcare sector after the earthquake

The MSPP has not functioned to create a true communal health structure in Haiti. It has had a tendency to to consent, without test, benevolent, but often duplicative, low urgency, or one off contributor resourcefulness rather than to establish a health procedure program and then request contributors to adapt to this program (Vernon, 2011). The MSPP ought to seek technical help from supporters to progress and device an actionable general health policy with detailed urgencies, actions, and timeline, along with connected plans, databases, and monitoring oversight appliances. Examples include locating the necessities for any health facility distribution treaties outlining the basic set of health facilities that must be delivered. Setting the price and imbursement assembly for amenities, inaugurating schemes and guidelines for the procurement and dispersal of medical provisions, apparatus, and treatments; designing and executing countrywide public wellbeing surveillance and data schemes; and establishing related observing and administration schemes (Wood et al., 2019). The MSPP’s attention on such actions to reinforce the health structure, including construction aptitude to carry out these actions over time, would augment the donor society’s faith in the MSPP. This would thus upsurge supporters’ inclination to unswervingly back the MSPP.

The MSPP’s preparation official papers for health segment alteration all call for world-wide admittance to upkeep and a circulated system of primary health centres, secondary municipal transfer hospitals, and tertiary subdivision transfer hospitals amenities ran by the MSPP (Vernon, 2011). Most of these organizations are presently run by NGOs, while others endure emptiness because they are unoccupied, short-staffed, or incoherently operated. In adding, supporters and NGOs are founding new processes to seal gaps and are reimbursing the majority of the functioning charges and funds expenditures for Haiti’s system of health amenities. The MSPP should gain regulation over the distribution of health amenities in Haiti to guarantee accomplishment of its objective of worldwide admittance to a dependable set of amenities (Wood et al., 2019). Given the deficiency of volume and financing within the MSPP at present and in the imaginable future, deliberation should be assumed to shifting the process of all health facilities including hospitals to NGOs and other private organizations, permitting the MSPP to deliberate on setting dogma and scheduling for, supervision, observing, and assessing the action of Haiti’s public health facility distribution system. The MSPP, with supporter mechanical and subsidy aid, could found its own routine based contracting appliance for the establishment of health amenities all over the republic. Before the earthquake, the Haitian Government had established Basic Health Services Packages (BHSP) which involved a package of indispensable amenities that was to be made accessible to all Haitians. BHSP was to be conveyed through the formation of community wellbeing elements counting unités communales de santé (UCS).

 All health amenities first-tier well-being centres, as well as transfer hospitals in each UCS, or some other suitable terrestrial division, could be contracted as a package to guarantee stability of care. To shape capacity, subdivision, UCS, or other communal level MSPP personnel could be abundantly tangled in contracting and oversight actions (Vernon, 2011). The World Bank could be an asociate for the MSPP to improve and implement such a platform, given its involvement with these databases in other countries. Having the MSPP design for and agreement out the distribution of healthcare amenities by UCS, or some other topographical borderline could safeguard justifiable admittance to and endowment of upkeep. This is in line with the MSPP’s existing objectives that comprise guaranteeing enhancements in significant health situations by setting and holding servicers answerable to quantifiable objectives. And also helping to normalize and steady wages for public segment health employees; guarantee continuousness of upkeep through recommendations and counter recommendations in the similar amenity distribution management structure, eradicating incompetent repetition of health amenities. And permit the MSPP to focus on evolving the guidelines, forecasting, and inaccuracy appliances vital for an actual health-care scheme (Diaz et al., 2012).

The MSPP could construct particular necessities into its amenity distribution bonds service labelling and signage procedures. This guarantees that health amenities sustain a management “look” and that the administration obtains praise for its establishment of health amenities (Wood et al., 2019). The MSPP could also contemplate contracting out collective amenities medical waste dumping, dominant and dispersed workshops for Haiti’s public health facility distribution system. Such exertions could aid regulate health care expenses, ensure worth of provision amenities and resources, and sustain home-grown Haitian industries. Eventually, this restructuring will necessitate adequate MSPP capitals for allowing service agreements and for supporting MSPP employees and processes at the fundamental plan and forecasting as well as dispersed oversight and operation heights (Diaz et al., 2012). Although Haitian administration expenses on the health segment should be meaningfully augmented over time, considerable upsurges in backing from the Haitian government are improbable over the next three to five years. Thus, supporters will require continuing payment for the majority of Haiti’s health maintenance expenses, comprising the mechanical and managerial infrastructure essential for constructing a workable health structure.

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forms. PT in Motion, 3(4), 64. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=60622656&site=ehost-live

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acute respiratory infections in crisis-affected populations: a systematic review. Confl Health. 2010 Feb 11;4:3. PubMed PMID:20181220.

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community surveillance of mortality and nutritional status in southwestern Central African Republic, 2010. Popul Health Metr. 2012 Sep 4;10(1):18. PubMed PMID:22947146.

Chapman, T. (2010). Asking the Right Questions: An Experiment in Health Care Leadership

in Haiti. Harvard Kennedy School Review, 10, 67–71. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=59832559&site=ehost-live

Conlin, L. (2018). Doing the Math for Haiti. 20/20, 45(14), 30–32. Retrieved from

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Diaz, J., Schneider, R., & Mantal, P. S. (2012). Globalization as Re-traumatization:

Rebuilding Haiti from the Spirit Up. Journal of Social Issues, 68(3), 493–513. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2012.01760.x

Edwards, C., 2010. Haiti: Magnitude 7.0 Earthquake of January 12, 2010, Technical Council

on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.

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collision=accretion between the Caribbean Plate and Caribeana: origin of metamorphic terranes in the Greater Antilles, International Geology Review 50, 781–809.

Haiti Demographics. (2019). Retrieved from

            http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/haiti-population/

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Merremonte, M., Mildor, B. S.-L., and Prepetit, C., 2010. Localized damage caused by topographic amplification during the M7.0 Haiti earthquake, Nature Geoscience 3, 778–782.

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and geotechnical engineering field observations, near-field ground motion estimation and interpretation of the damage to buildings and infrastructure in the Port-au-Prince area, Earthquake Spectra, this issue

Lusk, J. L., & Andre, R. (2017). Aid relief in Haiti after the earthquake: Haitians’ preferences

for food and other basic commodities. Development Policy Review, 35, O303–O321. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12321

Luxner, L. (2010). REBUILDING A Future for Haiti. Americas, 62(3), 18–21. Retrieved

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            WHO technical workshop, 10-11 May 2011.

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Perceived water insecurity among adults from urban and peri-urban Haiti: A qualitative study. PLoS ONE, 14(4), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214790

                                                                         Introduction  

            According to the modern research, music is one of the areas that have been perceived to have the ability of improving socialization amongst adolescents and children. Ideally, popular music is ultimately present anywhere anytime because it can be accessible through various recordings, radio, modern technologies, radio, and other social media. It is this scenario that has enabled teenagers to end up listening to them in diverse situations and settings. Other than sharing such explicit contents with their friends, parents needs to understand that at times their children can be unaware of the nature of the lyrics they are listening to (Spišák 132). The reason for that is because research indicates that the extent of accessing such information is ultimately contributed by the continued access to technological gadgets like phones.

                                                            Discussion

            Research indicates that the teenage continued access to explicit or popular music is what has the ability of impacting their social and school interactions, as well as effect and mood behavioral changes. The effect that such an explicit content induces on adolescents and children’ emotional and behavioral change is something that is of paramount concern. What has been realized is that explicit lyrics is something that has ended up becoming more and more explicit taking into consideration their references to sex, drugs, as well as violent behaviors, especially in particular genres. The continued preference to such musical content can be associated or correlated with unethical behaviors (Zhang 370). Taking into account the intent of the popular music, the truth is that the perception as well as the effect they have on teenagers is widely displayed by the message that is contained in them. From the perspective of such information, it has been found that they have the ability of increasing the teenage exposure to stereotypic behaviors as well as substance abuse. This in return has the potential of inducing significant attitude and behavioral change amongst young viewers. Although it is recommended that parents and pediatricians ought to be more informed about the kind of music their children listens to, it is important for them take a stand concerning music lyrics (Papinczak 1120).

            The choice of music that adolescents listen to is what has the ability of impacting their social interactions. Although such behavior varies with culture, age as well as the ethnicity of a person. There exist no differences in those variables as much as gender is concerned. Research indicates that female adolescents have the likelihood of being exposed to explicit music which in return impacts their emotional behaviors as compared to men. In the process of feeling lonely or down, the general exposure to such explicit content is what has been realized to have the potential of impacting their behaviors (Cranwell 705). As a way of boosting their energy levels, it is important for parents to ensure that they have established a positive image to their children.

            Regardless of the amount of time that teenagers waste in listening to music, the truth is that the type of music a person is exposed to is what impacts his or her social behaviors. Since the time that teenagers utilize in listening to music varies with their age group, the influence that their peers have to them is what affects their social wellbeing (Zhang 375). The majority of the teenagers who listens to explicit music have been found to have developed that habit while performing other activities. It is this information that can aid in supporting the idea that the continued prevalence to the general listening to explicit music is what effects the manner in which teenagers upholds their ethical standards (Spišák 135).

            Music is perceived to be one of the means of relieving some of the mental straggles a person has. Due to the fact that teenagers are not the only consumers of explicit music, it have been realized that the manner in which their parents and guardians activates parental control is the one that can aid in solving such a problem. Therefore, there are some theoretical evidences that can be used as a basis for exploring the relationship that exists between music and teenage behavioral changes (Papinczak 1123). Regardless of the age differences, research indicates that teenage emotional responses mainly rely on the manner in which it is presented. The same scenario is ultimately associated with the age of the child as well as the experiences or the perceived ideas that such a musical content brings to them. This it is to imply that paramount concern needs to be based on the musical lyrics as well as the effect they bring to adolescents and children (Upitis, 78).

            As stated above, lyrics of some of the explicit music is what has ended up increasing the chances of children engaging in sex, drugs, and other unethical behaviors. For instance, research indicates that lyrics concerning some music, such as heavy metal, rock, or rap have been found to be revolving around topics such as suicide, homicide, sexual promiscuity, as well as substance abuse. Moreover, some explicit music, especially music has been found to be ultimately revolving around explicit sexual languages as well as racism, violence, and hatred. In the process of analyzing such musical content, the truth is that drugs such as alcohol, and tobacco is something that tend to be more and more glorified in such songs (Spišák 134).

                                                            Recommendations

            As a way of refuting the concerns regarding the effects of those lyrics are based on the effect they induce on a child. Due to the fact that the majority of parents believe that teenagers use music as a means of entertaining themselves, it is this scenario that has ended up limiting the attention that is paid to such songs by them. On the other hand, understanding the impacts of such lyrics is something that ultimately tends to be absolutely limited taking into account the parental expenses to be incurred. Typically, the type of consideration that is paid by adolescent to such explicit contents is what the community can use as the basis of understanding the effect it has to them (Cranwell 705).

            Due to the fact that is possible for listeners to have the potential of understanding all the details contained in the lyrics, it is important for parents to ensure that they have ultimately activated parental control regarding the message that they bring to their children. Therefore, the association that has been found to exist between the negative emotional responses of teenagers to explicit music is what determines their risk-taking behaviors (Zhang 370). The reason for that is because it is the one that has the ability of triggering the undesirable emotional responses. For instance, research indicates that the continued exposure to heavy metal music is something that has been noted to increase the stereotypic attitudes of male teenagers towards female counterparts. Moreover, the majority of the male teenagers who are always exposed to misogynistic lyric have been found to be increasing their aggressive responses as far as their negative perception is concerned (Burnard et al 372).

            Music is one of the human encounters that is cannot be separated from their life. Regardless of the variety of its forms, it should be understood that it has the ability of influencing the people’s behaviors. Most probably, the effect that music has on teenagers mainly takes into account the manner in which they perceive the world that they thrive in. Since each parent or guardian understands that the effect that music has to their children is quite significant, it is important for them to acknowledge the fact that it has the ability of altering their undesirable behaviors. The taste of music keeps on changing with each generation. What has been realized to increase the unethical behaviors of teenagers is the fact that the majority of parents end up failing to understand the musical preferences of their kids.

                                                                        Conclusion

            As far as this research is concerned, whenever a parent or guardian acknowledges the manner in which music affects the wellbeing of his or her child, it is important to ensure that parental control has been activated once a child tries to access such music. Regardless of the explicit messages contained in them, it is important for parents or guardians to ensure that they have explained to their children about the negative effects of listening to such explicit musical contents. In so doing, it is possible to understand the manner in which it stimulates their multiple emotional and behavioral responses

                                                                        Work cited

Burnard, Pamela, and Tatjana Dragovic. “Collaborative Creativity in Instrumental Group Music Learning as a Site for Enhancing Pupil Wellbeing.” Cambridge Journal of Education, vol. 45, no. 3, Sept. 2015, pp. 371–392. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/0305764X.2014.934204.

Cranwell, Jo, et al. “Adolescents’ Exposure to Tobacco and Alcohol Content in YouTube Music Videos.” Addiction, vol. 110, no. 4, Apr. 2015, pp. 703–711. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/add.12835.

Papinczak, Zoe E., et al. “Young People’s Uses of Music for Well-Being.” Journal of Youth Studies, vol. 18, no. 9, Nov. 2015, pp. 1119–1134. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/13676261.2015.1020935.

Spišák, Sanna. “‘Everywhere They Say That It’s Harmful but They Don’t Say How, so I’m Asking Here’: Young People, Pornography and Negotiations with Notions of Risk and Harm.” Sex Education, vol. 16, no. 2, Mar. 2016, pp. 130–142. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/14681811.2015.1080158.

Upitis, Rena, et al. “Parental Involvement in Children’s Independent Music Lessons.” Music Education Research, vol. 19, no. 1, Mar. 2017, pp. 74–98. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/14613808.2016.1202220.

Zhang, Yuanyuan, et al. “The Relationship Between Exposure to Sexual Music Videos and Young Adults’ Sexual Attitudes.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, vol. 52, no. 3, Sept. 2008, pp. 368–386. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/08838150802205462.

Modernity and genocide

Introduction

Genocide is the act of deliberate destruction on a group of people due to their nationality, ethnicity, religion or race.  Genocide and ethnocide go hand in hand, ethnocide is the destruction of an ethnic group or culture. Both of these acts include physical destruction with the aim of suppressing or eliminating a certain group.  Acts of genocide are not something that the world is not familiar with, so many of them have occurred over time in different places in the world. Modernity put an end to the communalism era and brought about changes. However, these changes were not received so well by many groups, therefore with modernity came a lot of implications. The motives of carrying out genocides in today’s world are similar to the motives behind carrying out this hideous act in the past and nothing has changed. Organizations such as the United Nation have failed the world and proved ineffective in remedying situations such as genocides and ethnic cleansing. Modernity brought about changes that the society was not ready to make, thus bringing about dire implications. Modernity is responsible for demeaning, disempowering and marginalizing customs and beliefs.

Genocides create wounds that last a lifetime. The Rwandan genocide of 1994 is something that no Rwandan will ever forget, they have seen and experienced the worst of humanity. The desire for power is the main cause of the Rwandan genocide. One political group with the aim of suppressing the other gave rise to the genocide.  The Hutus, in particular, were the ones slaughtering the Tutsis. The genocide is said to have been arranged by Hutu political elites who held top position in the government. The brutality of which Hutus massacred their fellow citizen left the whole world shocked. The genocide had lasting and profound effects on Rwanda and its neighbors (Barnett,2002).

            The Rwandan genocide of 1994 has a contemporary relationship with the conflicts in Congo. The conflict seems to be a prelude to genocide as the United Nation is predicting. The main cause of the conflicts in politics, one political group is trying to suppress and eliminate the other. These conflicts are very dominant in some parts of the country such as the Kasai region (Carayannis, 2003). Gang rapes taking place in those regions is similar to the gang rapes that took place in Rwanda. Human mutilations and killing are very similar to those that took place in Rwanda a few years back. The Rwandan genocide left about 800,000 Rwandans dead and similarly, the conflicts in Kasia have left at least 5000 people dead so far. The United nation failed to halt the Rwandan genocide despite the ability and role it played, and this should not happen with the conflicts in Congo since it has been identified that the country is at the verge of genocide. It is high time that the world leaders gather and put their act together to prevent the next genocide that is rooming about the corner (Barnett, 2002). Another contemporary similarity between the Rwandan genocide and the conflicts in Congo is that the UN plays an important role in them. The conflicts happening in Congo will see the world history repeat itself if it is not stopped. There are current debates about whether the UN should increase its role in the conflicts and take action or just sit back.

The Rwandan genocide is one that almost everyone is familiar with. Michael Barnett examines the decision of the United Nations during this genocide. The United Nations like any other organization whose inhabitants use discourse and reason to get through rules that are molded by a common identity, it contains rules that guide what the employee’s thinking of what is ethical and appropriate in their own thinking. Barnett hoped to reconstruct the moral universe of 1994 and contribute to the interpretation and understanding of ethics and non-intervention. He does this to prove that the UN influenced how diplomats looked and acted upon the genocide that was taking place in Rwanda. The UN is a symbol of hope for the international community. The headquarters in New York restricted which member states qualified to offer relief and assistance to Rwanda. It went further to dictate how peacekeeping was to be carried out in the country.  The UN was also torn between trying to help and save the organization from undergoing losses by sending peacekeepers in parts where peace was not negotiable at that particular time (Barnett, 2002).

Those at the UN headquarters were misreading Rwanda’s politics and they had little time to master the political orientation and history of the country. The UN headquarters in New York mistook the genocide for civil war since they were aware of the civilian mass killing taking place in the country. This assumption reduced their option to one of trying to negotiate with the involved groups to cease fire. Their assumption made it impossible for them to overlook other contradictory factors. All the methods that they came up to try and solve this problem discouraged their intervention even further (Barnett, 2002).

            The need to suppress and destroy one group on the basis of ethnicity and race is ethnocide and may as well result in genocide. Ethnic difference is a cause of animosity and violence. Ethnic cleansing is something that the world is familiar with. An example of ethnic cleansing is the European cleansing that took place in Europe in a series of rape, torture, and destruction forcing over ten million people to cross over to India and Pakistan, this cleansing left around 1 million people dead. The Bosnia genocide is also one of the world’s most famous genocide that was related to ethnic cleansing carried out when Bosnia Serbs tried to ethnically cleanse their territory of Bosniaks. Currently, in the world people are facing similar prosecution on a reduced scale. An example is the persecution that Muslims faced in Kosovo and Palestine are facing (Ahmed, 2010).

Communism is at the verge of collapsing but then the society is not aware that modernity and its cluster of ideas are collapsing too.   Modernity first started in Europe and spread to parts of the world. With modernity came racial and cultural superiority which brings out its ugly side Believers of modernity did not value cultures such as Hindu and Muslim. What followed after modernity was uncertain. What was certain was that the changes after communism would result to worldwide implication, in a metaphoric way it can be said that the cement that was holding the people together and uniting them had cracked (Ahmed, 2010).  After the rise of modernity, racism erupted in France and Germany. The racist wanted the foreigners expelled from their land.

Modernity is responsible for giving rise to many implications in many parts of the world. Muslims and non- Russians were facing similar persecution from those who were for modernity.  Globally no group is isolated from ethnic passion. For example, when Hindus in India terrorize the Muslims who are the minority group in the country their fellow Hindus will be terrorized in Pakistan and Bangladesh by the Muslims who are the majority in those countries.  In Kashmir thousands of Muslims were tortured and killed, which were acts of genocide. In order to understand ethnicity anthropologists, need to use an objective approach since understanding it is very crucial (Ahmed, 2010).

Globalization seeks to define ethnic cleansing. However, its idea should be explored with caution since it is a characteristic that defines modernity and ethnic cleansing is an implication brought about by modernity. Globalization has been made possible TV, VCR, newspaper and, satellite dishes that have the tendency to simplify complex issues, but them this media channels used for globalization allows both false and dangerous arguments to circulate. Arguments that have been mounted by the chauvinistic middle class who are the keeper of the ethnic flame which keeps a nation or prevents a race from becoming great and fulfilling its destiny (Ahmed, 2010).

To try and explain what ethnic cleansing is according to globalization a past incident that shapes Indian history need to be examined. The Hindu formed the majority of the population, but their identity was being submerged and they felt aggrieved. The countries first prime minister was responsible for influencing Indian with modernity. However, it was not well received by the orthodox. The prime minister responsible for influencing modernity was long gone from the political scene in the 1990s when the Hindu uprising was becoming more severe.  Indira Gandhi daughter to Mahatma Gandhi who was a man of great piety, and one of India’s founding fathers choose a more communal position.  Globalization especially the one that originated from America threatened to alienate Indians more. And as they approached the 1980s, the political atmosphere was charged and the mildest opposition from the Muslims would have led to swift and painful retribution. And due to the channels responsible for promoting globalization Hindus were persecuted in places such as Pakistan. In Britain, the tension between the Muslims and Hindus was quite heavy (Ahmed, 2010). One group trying to eliminate the other due to their culture is a direct definition of ethnic cleansing.

Modernity and genocides come with their implications that leave a lasting wound in the lives of those they touch. Trauma and memory are a lifelong result of these two. Exposure to traumatic events such as ethnic cleansing and genocides have lasting effects on those who experience them first hand. After the Rwandan genocide a traumatic disease that was found in those who had witnesses the genocide was named Ihahamuka, this syndrome was accompanied by symptoms such as shortness of breath, falling to the ground, gasping for air, and pain and heat in the head. Triggers of Ihahamuka include; arguments, visiting the locations where ones loved ones were murdered, loud noise, strong emotions, and exertion (Casey,2015). People who have suffered first hand this sort of cruelty tend to avoid reminders that remind them of those occasions, intrusive thoughts, alteration of arousal and reactivity. It all comes down to how certain people respond to fear threat, and danger that they have sensed (Casey, 2015). Religious conflicts happening in Nigeria led to the kidnapping of girls by a terrorist group, Boko Haram. The country was torn between different religious groups trying to suppress each other. The Mallam da’wah movement also brought about conflicts trying to oppose the changes that came with modernity.

When carrying outs acts of ethnic cleansing rape is used as a weapon of destruction. Rape dishonors and disgraces a woman. In Bosnia rape was deliberately used as an instrument of war, men and dogs affected by HIV virus were used to rape women. Small innocent girls were raped in front of their mothers. Bosnia was not the only one to use rape as a weapon in the heat of war, it has been confirmed that Kashmir was using the same tactics (Ahmed, 2010). This is brutality that was brought about by modernity.

To put a successful end to the implications of ethnic cleansing and cruel acts of genocide actions need to be taken.  The first action to stop a genocide that is around the corner is the United Nations to address the conflicts in Congo.  When Rabin and Arafat Washington who were old standing ethnic rivals shock hands the barrier that divided their people was torn. This past historic example should serve as an example to the present and future. The parties involved in the conflicts should put their differences apart and find a common factor that will bind them together.  Actions need to be taken in order to end the implication of modernity and genocides. The first step might be to understand that the world is defined by plurality. Globally recognized organizations like the United Nations need not be weak and ineffective when they are needed the most. Lastly, education can be used to fight ethnic hatred and the disagreeing groups need to have an interface dialogue for them to see that they have a common ground (Ahmed, 2010).

Conclusion

Previous acts of genocide are things that the world has not forgotten. Modernity has come with its implications. The Rwandan Genocide of 1994 was forced by the fight for power between the Hutus and Tutsis. This genocide has similarities with the contemporary conflicts taking place in Congo. The UN plays an important role in the two and it has already identified that the conflicts are a prelude to genocide. The UN failed at putting a halt to the Rwandan genocide but should not fail to stop the genocide waiting to happen. Ethnic cleansing is one of the implications brought about by modernity. Acts of ethnic cleansing have resulted in mass deaths and, horrible genocides such as the Bosnia genocide. Globalization which is a characteristic of modernity seeks to explore what ethnic cleansing is using a past incident of India. Rape was used as an instrument of war during genocides and ethnic cleansing. History repeating wit self will be a mistake, therefore, actions need to be taken. The first thing people should understand that the world is defined by plurality but everyone comes from the same species. Education is a key factor in preventing the mass destruction of people. Lastly, disagreeing parties should try and find common ground. In the name of modernity, the world has endured so many genocides.

References

Ahmed, S. A. (2010). “Ethnic cleansing”: A metaphor for our time? Retrieved from;             https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1995.9993851

Barnett, M.  (2002). Eyewitness to a genocide: the United Nations and Rwanda. Ithaca: Cornnell             University Press.

Carayannis, T. (2003). The complex war of the Congo: Towards a New Analytic Approach.          Retrieved from; https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002190960303800206

Casey, C. (2015) Genocide and post-conflict Justice. Retrieved from;                     http://www.politicalsubjectivity.com/uploads/4/7/9/1/47917413/casey_syllabus_genocide _and_post-conflict_justice.pdf

Unrequited and courtly love

Introduction

The term courtly conjures up an image of between noble knights and ladies who resided in courts. Courtly love was dominant in Europe in the middle ages when knights were involved with high ranking ladies, who were either married or spinsters awaiting marriage. Unrequited love is one-sided love where one person’s love for the other is greater than the lover that has been reciprocated. knights were characterized by honor, duty, and devotion to their lords.  They performed heroic deeds in order to win the love and affection of these ladies. Typically, the love of the knights can be defined as unrequited since the real reward of their devotion and services us an educational one. Many went ahead and wrote poems either proclaiming their love or expressing the feeling of being rejected. Shakespeare of the greatest playwrights brings out courtly love in his play. There are many poems and songs based on unrequited and courtly love from the middle age. Courtly and unrequited love stories of the middle age are responsible for shaping the future of literature today due to their popularity.

Courtly love was dreamland, contemporary it was love of its own sake. It was either romantic love, physical love or even true love that was not closely associated with property or even family to any extent. Courtly, knights often focused their attention on married ladies who mostly belonged to their lords. Since such as illicit liaison could not have any other motive apart from love. Chivalry paints romance as an extramarital exercise since in the middle ages love was considered irrelevant when uniting two parties in marriage. Love was always discouraged in order for it not to get in the way of dynamic arrangement. Therefore, courtly love was believed to ennoble a man thus improving him in every possible way.  Courtly love never lasted long it was literally a fantasy and could never be made an everyday affair due to its illicitness (Kleinbach, n.p).

Characteristics of courtly love poems; the poets mostly are men the poet sings with joy which exalts his love feeling, the poet praises the woman he loves who is superior to him in the ranking, and the love of the poet is seen to affect the mind body and soul and always tends to unbalance him. In courtly love, the lover becomes the servant of the lady and is always ready to bend to the will of the lady his heart cries out to. The relationship of the lovers can always be envisioned in poetic imagery. As proposed earlier this love ennobles the man in his whole being and all his acts reflect on this love, his fighting prowess increases so as to please the lady (Kleinbach, n.p).

One of the poems that show that courtly love was unrequited is “With how sad steps, O, Moon, thou climb’ st the skies” from this poem it can be understood that the moon is a symbolism of someone who is lovesick. The poem brings out someone who is in love but the love causes a lot of pain.  The poet is a man judging from the way he questions the ungratefulness of the women. Quotes from the poem include; “what it may it be that even heavenly place.  that busy archers up his arrow ties?”. The title itself is a quote that reflects o love that has not been reciprocated or well received.  The rejection the poet receives brings about a sad mood (Shmoop Editorial Team).

The quest for love always makes a love story great, and unrequited love story always has a great storyline Philips (n.p) has collected stories that tell of an unrequited story. The list includes stories such as; The Throne of Saturn written by Allen Drury, it tells of the story of an astronaut gay unrequited love who has a crush on a straight guy. And immediately dies after confessing his love (Philips, n.p). Unrequited love is an example of one-sided love and most of them do not end well.

Courtly love was not just a literal convection. Such behavior occurred in some instances when powerful lords went to war and their wives were let in charge of the castles, young servants who were supposed to be at their service became infatuated with them. Courtly and unrequited love is responsible for shaping literature also. The most popular stories on courtly love stories were first told by troubadours in Europe, mostly in France, when these stories began the male characteristics were not knights such as Beowulf but as a knight but knights who wanted to prove something to the ladies they love.  By the 14th century, courtly romance stories were beginning to dominate the literature scene (Phillips, np).

            History has recorded many love poems that seem to follow the code of courtly love from the time of troubadours till to date. The lover claims to be filled with passion; they often speak of dying for love. A connection between Shakespeare one of the greatest playwrights and courtly love can be seen. In his play Romeo and Juliet, we see Romeo as someone who is consumed with an obsession for Rosaline but soon enough it is replaced real love when he meets Juliet. Shakespeares shows true love as a mutual feeling (Phillips, n.p). Western society has not thrown away courtly love ethic entirely

Drastic changes happened in poetry in the medieval period, which is the period that proceeded the renaissance. These changes were mostly seen in western Europe and England. The courtly love movement is responsible for influencing these changes.  Literature unfolded and evolved even further to take a romantic turn as poems became a way for people to reveal their feeling for each other. Sir Walter Raleigh was a courts man, a poet and a warrior at the time of Queen Elizabeth I, he was made famous by his chivalry act of putting his cloak down for the queen, therefore it is not a wonder he wrote a love poem by the name a silent lover “ passion are liken’d best to floods and streams: The shallow murmur, but deep down are dumb …” ( Snell, n.p).

Unrequited love and the discovery of courtly love came with so many quotes; these quotes include; “love is a certain inborn suffering derived from the sight of and excess meditation upon the beauty of the opposite sex, which causes each one to wish above all things the embraces of the other and by common desire to carry out all of loves precepts in the other embrace .”(Capellanus, 28), “ I know clearly than day that after you have learned the art of love, your progress in it will be more cautious, in so far I shall comply with your desire (Capellanus, 28), “ the worst feeling is falling for someone and knowing they won't be there to catch you”( Wise old saying, n.p). lastly, there is a saying from the book The Truth About Forever, “I have to admit, unrequited love is so much better than a real one. I mean, it’s perfect … as long as something is never started, you never have to worry about it ending. It has endless potential (Handscombe, n.p).

Conclusion     

            The mention of courtly love brings about a mental picture of knights and high-ranking ladies of the middle age.in the middle age, courting started at courts, that is where countess met dukes and princes met princesses, thus the name courtly. Courtly love most involved the knights falling for women who were either married and above their level. Courtly love has been said to ennoble a man since all his efforts are towards winning the love of the woman, he has his eye on. Unrequited love is love that is one-sided, courtly love was always considered unrequited. Courtly love and unrequited love are responsible for shaping literature.  Shakespeare in his play Romeo on Juliet portrays courtly romance. Many poets used poems to express how they felt towards their loved ones, most of them were noblemen such as Sir. Walter. With the coming of courtly romance and unrequited love so many quotes were developed by various authors in their quest to explain these two. It is true that courtly love and requited love have shaped literature a lot with the poems, books on courtly romance and quotes on unrequited love and courtly love.

Works cited

Capellanus, A. The Art of Courtly Love Quotes. n.d. retrieved from; http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-the-art-of-courtly-love/quotes.html#gsc.tab=0

Handscombe, C. 30 of the most powerful unrequited love quotes from literature. 2016. Retrieved from; https://bookriot.com/2016/02/08/unrequited-love-exploration-30-quotes/

Kleinbach, A. The Main Characteristics of Country Love. n.d. retrieved from; http://mahan.wonkwang.ac.kr/link/med/society/marriage/marriage/courtly-love/fact3a.html

Phillips, A. L. The greatest Unrequited Love Stories. 2015. Retrieved from; https://goodmenproject.com/arts/the-50-greatest-unrequited-love-stories-ever-shesaid/

Shmoop Editorial Team. "Sadness Quotes: With how sad steps, O Moon, thou climb'st the skies! Page 1." Shmoop. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 4 May 2019.

Snell, M. Love Poems of the English Renaissance. 2019. Retrieved from; https://www.thoughtco.com/renaissance-love-poems-1788871

Wise old sayings. Unrequited love saying and quotes. Retrieved from; http://www.wiseoldsayings.com/unrequited-love-quotes/