1) How has the nature of marriage changed in the United States?

            As far as marriage is concerned, its primary purpose is something that has been noted to have shifted from assisting spouses in realizing their basic political and economic requirements to assisting them in meeting their passion and intimacy desires. Furthermore, in the United States, in has been realized that the basic function of marriage nowadays entail assisting spouses to realize their personal development and autonomy requirements. From the perspectives of the suffocation model, it means that such changes have both positive and negative implication to the quality of marriage. The positive consequence regarding such marriages is that they are more fulfilling as compared to previous marriages. The negative part of it is that as much as Americans have the desire of using marriage as a means of assisting them to realize individual expression desires, the number of marriages that end up falling short of their expectations have continued to increase (Eli et al., 2015). It is this scenario that in return has been noted to increase the rate of marital discontentment.

2) What did you learn from reading this article?

            The two consequences have ended up pushing marriage to a scenario that does not meet its original purpose. As compared to past marriages, the general tendency of the modern American marriage has been perceived to be a channel that people use in meeting their goals and needs. During the institutional period, the main purpose of marriage entailed enabling a person to fulfill his or her economic, safety and physiological needs. With the shift to the companionate period, the essence of marriage entailed assisting the spouse to fulfill his or her romantic needs. But, when the self-expression shifted in, the current significance of marriage amongst American involve fulfilling their belonging and love needs (Eli et al., 2015). Such needs also take into account things like individual growth, self actualization, and self-esteem.

                                                            Reference

Eli, J.F, Elaine, O.C, Lydia, F.E, Kathleen, L.C, & Grace, M.L. (2015). The Suffocation Model: Why Marriage in America Is Becoming an All-or-Nothing Institution. SAGE Press.

Cultural Differences

Introduction

            Cultural differences are mainly the different ways in which people of different culture believe in terms of customs and beliefs. Different societies have different cultural aspects although there are some of those cultures that are similar. In most cases, the differences sin cultural aspects affects many situation of life as it has been discussed in the paper below. There are some political systems that tend to protect human being though in real sense there is no difference noted. For instance the amendments of the Indian constitution had been restricting discrimination whereas women still complain that they are still being discriminated. Other constitutions offer rights to government to discriminate like the Australian political system. There have been different countries who claim to be an exemption of racism whereas in real sense there are several forms of the same. There are poor relationships at work places between the employers and the employees. However, in some countries like Australia, there is usually freedom. These cultural differences usually affect managerial practices. Focus on cognitive structure; free association and participation of workers at places of work are some of the strategies that would protect one from being affected by the cultural differences. The managerial activities are usually affected by cultural differences, a situation that can be controlled by establishment of various strategic practices.

Cultural Differences Concerning Constitution Amendments

            The political systems of India are usually very different from those of Australia. The colonial rule of the British had played a very crucial role in shaping the political system of India and since then, it has been undergoing great changes. The changes had been on practice since the gaining of independence. Contrast to this is that the constitution of Australia has not been undergoing changes since the year 1901 (Saunders & Stone, 2018).  Many of the changes that the Indian constitution has been undergoing were mainly triggered by disputes between the Supreme Court and the parliament. The constitution of India outlines that every citizen have got the freedom of expression, speech, association, occupation, migration, belief and right to vote. The rights have been outlined to protect the citizens of India from any form of discrimination with the grounds of race, creed, religion or sex. However many women feel that they still face discrimination in fields of workforce and education. The Australian constitution usually does not entail any right concerning expression, association or speech. In addition to criminalizing racial discrimination, the Australian constitution offers the federal government the authority to perform discrimination in areas where it feels that there is the need to discriminate (Saunders & Stone, 2018). The Australian constitution had been made during a period when unions intended to avoid foreign labor. This had been directed mostly to Pacific and China. The main aim had been to offer the federal government to help the whites who in sometimes might be facing troubles in dealing with the competition with the labor of the non-whites.

             Above 26 per cent of women who had been working in India had reported to be facing a rate of sexual harassment. The supreme court of India had recently brought out a declaration that every individual had the right to equity basing gender and that everyone ought to have protection policy of sexual harassment (DeCenzo, Robbins & Verhulst, 2015). The declaration however does not work effectively for a culture where people perceive it with less seriousness. There have been some parts where women still face the immoral issue of sexual harassment due to ignorance of the constitutional laws of the land. Therefore, there remains a barrier because of discrimination based on caste to equal employment opportunities regardless of the constitutional and legal protection, bearing the fact that there is usually a slow rate in the changing process of ancient culture. This therefore shows that discrimination is a major effect of human resource management in India.

            The laws in Australia apply to affirmative and discrimination on females. However, the issue equality in matters of gender still lags behind. There is usually a high proportion in the field of economical activities of where there is lack of union (DeCenzo, Robbins & Verhulst, 2015). This significant higher percentage has lead to reduction of line managers’ control over the issues of labor at work place. In the year 1997, there had been overhauling of the relations laws of industrial labor in Australia with a goal of facilitating reduction of union power and increasing productivity. The bill of Workplace Relations has been giving flexibility of the employers’ thereby enabling direct negotiations with the employees on matters concerning payment, benefits and working hours. This also brings simplicity in regulation of matters concerning relations of labor-management. This therefore portrays the ways in which the constitution of Australia affects human resource management, leadership, negotiations and communication.  

Cultural Differences in Racism

             The ways in which Australia and India approach the issue of racism is totally different. The approach of the Indians tries as much as possible to show that there had not been existence of racism in the country. On the other hand, the approach of the Australians tries to bring more exaggeration on racism to that their country had been that of burning crosses, Nazi salutes and pointy hats. Some aspects that portray racism had been seen in the year 2009 (Rowe, 2013). In this particular year, a player in India referred to an Australian as a monkey. This had been the second time as the Indian had previously referred to Andrew as monkey when he was subjects to chants of the monkeys by a particular crowd in India. Andrew complained of the action and the referee found the Indian guilty of abusing the fellow player on grounds of race. This particular issue had made the Indians to make threats of withdrawing from the tour. They had said that this must happen unless a subsequent appeal overturned the decision. The Indian believed that racism had not been acceptable in any given situation.

            The Indian media had been putting much effort to deny that they were not racists but it was a major issue among the Australians. Later, in a some months, the media portrayed racism among the police from Australia whereby majority of the students from India had been disproportionately regarded to be victims in the statics of criminality (Mason, et. al, 2017) . The major cause for the high numbers of the Indian students to be considered as criminals had been mainly caused by the attempts of the culture of the Indian population to show that they had been wealthier than any other group. The leaders of the Indians agreed and they burnt effigies of the prime minister of Australia as a way of protesting. They had also made some references to the penal heritage of Australia.

Cultural Differences Concerning Work Culture-Relationships with Boss

            In India, there is usually the need to observe social hierarchy in interactions at places of work. People who are considered as superior are usually respected by the rest. There a great distance of power in leadership. There is also the issue of formality as far as interactions are concerned. The people had been expected to address their leaders in formal language and much respect. The leaders also had been approaching their subordinates in very formal ways and this had been creating distances between the two parties. This gap would have restricted the subordinates from expressing their needs and making any decision. The superiors also carry out their judgment via prism of gender or caste. Contrast to this is that there is usually disguising of corporate hierarchies in Australian places of work using the aspect of social egalitarianism. There is usually no aspect of power distance (Nelson & Quick, 2013). Employees had been usually free to make reference to their bosses using their first names. The subordinates and the superiors did not exclude themselves from social activities in the society. They participated in social occasions and have no barriers of superiority from the rest of the people. They had been acting so friendly with other people. This had been making it easier for the subordinates to make free decisions without any form of fears. This shows that the relationship between the bosses and the employees usually affects communication, motivation towards decision-making, leadership and negotiation at the places of work.

Strategic Measures to Overcome the Effects of Cultural Differences

Freedom of Association Strategy

            Freedom of association at work places means that the workers are free to defend their interests in their occupations. It also tries to explain the presence of respect for the rights of workers and employers. The Indians had decided to expand the bargaining level from national to regional as well as international. They ought to be embracement of initiatives under codes of conduct in companies, agreements of international framework and bilateral as well as multilateral initiatives which would have advocated for compliance of the standards of international labor (Haas, 2008). It had been essential to being together exclusion of enjoyment of the rights and also for the trade unions to reconstruct its recruitment powers in the emerging sectors and new industries and among workers in India who belong to other countries. It provides the freedom for the workers and employers to voluntarily initiate groups for defense and promotion of their interests at the work places. This strategy enables the workers to come up with their own decisions without interference of the employers. The strategy also protects the workers from being discriminated by the employers regarding their choices at the work place. Freedom of association also enables the workers to carry out bargains freely, negotiate on the issues they have discussed with respect the conditions of the occupation.

Participation of Workers Strategy

            There have been several schemes developed by the Indian government with an aim of achieving industrial democracy. For example, councils of joint management, works committees, worker directors and joint and shop councils (Barry & Wilkinson, 2011).  The first two schemes had taken a legal approach form while joint and shop councils had been promoted like a voluntary scheme. More schemes had been introduced in the years; 1977 and 1983. There had also been establishment of more schemes in the year 1985. The best thing with the established schemes was that they had been focusing on the interests of the workers. The works would be in the position to participate in the important activities at the work place like decision-making. This strategy had been focused to establishing democracy in the industries whereby everyone would work freely as per the policies of the institution.

Focus of Cognitive Structures Strategy

The cultural scholars have recently been focusing on the cognitive structures which tend to be very specific behavior-guiding processes. The next thing that the scholars have been focusing to do is creating links of the cognitions with contextual features and social-historical traits that are of exemption to a cultural group (Kitayama & Cohen, 2007). This strategy has been enabling the development of more richer and precise models of work-ways of the culture. This mainly involves understanding clearly the context role and figuring out some conditions. These conditions are the ones where someone expects cultural similarities as well as differences. 

Conclusion

            The different cultural aspects in different societies usually affect people in various ways as seen in the paper above. There are some political systems that tend to protect human being though in real sense there is no difference noted. For instance, the amendment of the Indian constitution restricts discrimination whereas women still complain of discrimination. Other constitutions offer rights to government to discriminate like the Australian political system. There have been different countries who claim to be an exception of racism but they do as seen above. Some societies have issue of distance in power at the work place while others do not have the gap. These cultural differences usually affect managerial practices. Focus on cognitive structure; free association and participation of workers at places of work are some of the strategies that would protect one from being affected by the cultural differences. The managerial activities are usually affected by cultural differences, a situation that can be controlled by establishment of various strategic practices.

Reference

Saunders, C., & Stone, A. (Eds.). (2018). The Oxford Handbook of the Australian Constitution.   

          Oxford University Press.

Pillai, K. M. (2016). Amendability of Fundamental Rights under the Constitution of India.

DeCenzo, D., Robbins, S., & Verhulst, S. L. (2015). Fundamentals of human resource      management.

Rowe, D. (2013). Global media sport: Flows, forms and futures.  New York : Bloomsbury           Academic

Mason, G., Maher, J., McCulloch, J., Pickering, S., Wickes, R., & McKay, C. (2017). Policing    Hate Crime: Understanding Communities and Prejudice. Routledge.

Nelson, D. L., & Quick, J. C. (2013). Organizational behavior: Science, the real world, and you.             Australia : South-Western Cengage Learning.

Barry, M., & Wilkinson, A. (Eds.). (2011). Research handbook of comparative employment         relations. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Haas, E. B. (2008). Beyond the nation state: Functionalism and international organization.          ECPR Press

Kitayama, S., & Cohen, D. (2007). Handbook of cultural psychology. New York: Guilford Press.

                                                             Introduction  

According to the modern research, being recruited in a military career, everything, specifically our societal constructed reality is the one that has the ability of impacting the behaviors of an individual. According to my own understanding, the reason for that is because it has been realized that such behaviors are ultimately dictated by some of the existing social factors. Ideally, such social facts are some of the factors that have been realized to have the potential theorizing the existing unique interpretation regarding personal behaviors (Kanagy eta al. 308). On the other note it is important to understand some of the existing cultural attributes that contributes to the social well-being of the society. 

            The reason for the above consideration is just because there exist different cultural norms that end up separating them from individual personal considerations. According to the sociological research recently conducted, it implies that the modern social values are extremely influential. Regardless of the number of individual possibilities that can be analyzed within the area of our profession, the advantage of being over 18 year and above is that it improve the capacity of an person inc  recognizing the possibility of constructing some of the principles that in return has the potential of improving their wellbeing (James 49). In our field, as the modern military research is concerned, the existing academic level is one of the factors that have been noted to have the potential of enabling educated individuals to be exposed to some of the social constructed stimulus. Regardless of what social media tries to display, the truth is that such information can be perceived to be more effective when it come to sending societal ideas to influential individuals. The reason for that is because is because it is the same information that can be used for the purpose of changing the behavioral responses of the victims (Caforio et al. 348).

                                                            Discussion

            Regardless of the above perspectives and coming from a military family, the truth is that, some of the social and cultural factors are some of the ultimate factors that have been realize to have the potential of improving the wellbeing of the community.   As much as my social-economic and political is concerned, ideally, research indicates that a person thinks as well as behaves taking into consideration their social and cultural progression. The ultimate balance that exists between the circumstantial differences mainly entails what some of the incidences the person could have experienced before. In the process of understanding the perspective of the whole encounter, the truth is that it is the one of the advantages of coming from military family is that anything that a person does is ultimately based on his or her emotional and physical behavioral changes. The creation of the natural understanding of encounters just within is something l has to be dependent on what he or she learns from the negative encounters (Steve e al. 95).

            On the other hand, in the military career, the essence of humanity or the absolute of humanity entail communicating as well as having emotional connections. From what I came to realize just within my profession is that the reason for that is because war, especially social or political, is some of the factors that have the ability of increasing the weight economical depression which in return in leads to the division of societal progress. The ultimate end of it is the integration is something which I realize to have the capacity of impacting of impacting the originality of the community. The reason for that is because these are some of the economic forces that have been realized to have the potential of increasing some of the potential impacting the progress of the community (Kanagy eta al. 308). I therefore understand that, in so doing the truth is that the state needs to take into consideration the importance of including the cultural differences that exists (Caforio et al. 349).    

            According to the socio-economic research, it is evident that political turmoil is one of the forces that have been realized to have the potential of experiencing personal hatred, lacking cultural influence and other societal influences. Generally, what can be understood is that within the American military century isolating as wells as enforcing the continued subjection of authority is something than can be perceived to be culturally biased. What I came to understand is that the existing cultural differences which have been realized to have the capacity of originating from the societal norms that makes individuals to pretend that they acknowledge what all that revolves around their community (James 49).

            Regardless of the perspectives of the modern world, it should be understood that the originality of the society is something that has been noted to induce extensive division f looks and mannerisms. According to the modern research, culture is something that has been perceived to be the ultimate means of controlling the manner in which a person behaves in their society. Since the cultural heritage of a person is something that cannot be easily eroded, it is something that will have the potential of understanding his or her contribution to the community. I therefore, understand that despite the fact the future of a person realizes on what the laws stipulates, the truth is that it is important for the community to ensure that each child has an access to quality life in the process of solving their emotional and natural authoritarianism (Caforio et al. 348).

            Regardless of the powers that have been bestowed in a person, it is important for a person to ensure that he or she has followed some of the ethical instructions regarding the best thing that the crowd desires. The reason for that is because humanity is something that is ultimate directed towards attending some of the uncontrollable forces in the same regime.  According to the societal research, my understanding is that the general provision of effective health care intervention as well as the achievement of quality requirements is something that I consider to be equitable in the communal needs. In so doing the essence here will entail ensuring that all the approaches have been utilized for the purpose of improving their wellbeing (Owens 150).

            Taking into account the above perspectives, the reason for that is because such factors are the ones that have been realized to have the ability of improving the health of policymakers and military researchers. The reason for that is because some of the roles that are played by such individual are the ones that have the ability of improving the some of the social factors that are used for the purpose of determining some of the health care military forces have to be subjected to. From the above research, what I came to understand is the fact that that some of the cultural fun that is bestowed in me is that it is, therefore, recommended that it important for military organizations within our community to ensure that they have paid more attention to such attention to such determinates to enhance political and social transparencies. The reason for that is because the development and implementation of such factors are the ones which enhance the flourishing the cultural, economic and social wellbeing of the people   (Caforio et al. 349).

            As an individual who is military trained, some of the existing social conditions should be something that should limit the progress of a person. As far as such a field is concerned, it has been realized that some of the social conditions that the majority of the individuals thrive in is what that induces considerable impacts in their health. For instance, to enhance the development of personal situations, the truth is that some of the situations that a person end up experiencing regardless of his or her economic position, is ultimately essential in determining his or her health care inequalities (James 49).

            Taking into account some of the sociological forces that affects an individual’s life, such factors are the one that has been impacting my health as well disease status entailed in such groups. The social and the associated conditions are strongly associated with the effect that they induce to the victim. In the process of causing both inequity and inequality in the health care provision, it has been realized that such impacts has detrimental impacts to the cultural, economic, physical, and social wellbeing of our community (Owens 150). Therefore, my own understanding is that is that the environments that the majority of the individuals, like us military people thrive in, are ultimately impacted by the condition and the perceptions of the people we end up interacting with.

            On the other hand, it is evident that the majority of those that are recruited within our profession have the belief that the social and economic inequalities are something that results that healthcare inequalities. The reason for that is that within our military background, health cares inequalities is something that retardates the ability of person to comprehend what the system hold for him or her (James 49). Within the existing our military health care profession, health care inequality is perceived to be the ability of individual to systematically lead to better social status. Ideally, such conditions are something that has been perceived to be best means of decreasing our social living conditions. Regardless of the failure of the government to supply us with the required basic needs it is important to enhance some of the social interventions which will improve our working experience.

            From the perspective of the failure of the government, the general intervention that is always provided within our area ensure that the some of the social plights that a person experiences has been dealt with. Regardless of the existing health care systems, it is important to determine the health care intervention provided since they are the main causes of the existing inequalities. On the same note, regardless of the position that I occupy within my profession, evident that such information is the one that has been realized to have been the potential of decreasing the income disparity rate that exists between the rich and the poor (Owens 150).

                                                            Conclusion

            For a number of years that has passed, it has been realized that mandate of our profession entail ensuring that our military services are mainly aimed at reducing the inequities and inequalities existing in health care organizations. The same protocol is ultimately based on the manner in which some of the existing community empowerment program has the ability of preventing the establishment of conditions that minimizes the optimal health conditions of the people. In the process of reducing the stress that exist in the community, it implies that it is important to ensure that tress in the community have been paid attention to. In so doing, it implies that personal understandings are some of the factors that have the ability of reducing the psychological and physical health development of each person. Therefore political and social-economic contextual factors need to be incorporated in the manner in which the society desires to improve its cultural, social, and economic wellbeing or performance.

            To make the whole context reliable, some of the structural factors, for instance, gender, income, ethnicity, education, and employment status are some of the factors that have been realized to have the ability of establishing economic and social inequalities. This is what absolutely contributes to the social class of a person.

                                                References

Caforio, Giuseppe, and M Nuciari. Handbook of the Sociology of the Military. , 2018. Internet resource, 2018. Springer Press

James G. D. Social Work Practice in the Military. Psychology Press, 1999. Press

Kanagy, Conrad L, and Donald B. Kraybill. The Riddles of Human Society. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Pine Forge Press, 1999. Internet resource. 308

Owens, Timothy J. From Adolescence to Adulthood in the Vietnam Era. New York: Springer, 2005. Internet resource.Springer Press

Steve, H, & Kathryn (Kath) Alison, W. The Natural and the Social: Uncertainty, Risk, Change: Introduction to the social sciences: Understanding Social Change.          Routledge Press

 Social Changes and Justice for Latinos in the United States

Abstract

            There are several factors like presence of Mexican Revolution in 1910, the existence of the policies of the Bracero Program and increased rate was the increased birth rate among the Latino population. The Latino had faced many challenges because the people in United States perceived that they imposed threats to them. The citizens of Latino had been suffering injustices regardless of the protection that had been guaranteed by the constitution mostly basin color. The adoption of Puerto Rico as a Commonwealth had been relating to increased anti-Latino rhetoric. This had been happening among some political and civic groups, the Congress and the state legislatures. “wet-foot, dry-foot” policy had been offering the people who stepped on the dry land of the state to continue remaining there. There had been restrictions from working in economic institutions as well as voting but justice came in and the Latinos had the right to vote. The Mexico territory strengthens justice by allowing the Mexican citizens to possess citizenship by their choice.

Introduction

            Latino immigration involved the movement of the Latina citizens towards the United States. Their migration had been associated with several factors like the presence of Mexican Revolution, the existence of the policies of some programs and increased rate was the increased birth rate among the Latino population. The challenges that the Latinos had been facing was associated with perception of threat that the people in the United States had. Their presence had been appearing as a form of threat among the administration of the areas they occupied and contributed to increased cases of divergent persecutory and police behaviors, racial profiling, implicit bias and poor treatment of the Latinos in the courts. Despite the high increase rate of the Latino population in the United States and the guarantee they had been offered by the constitution, they continued suffering injustices. The cause for the injustices had been grounded on various factors as discussed in the paper. The adoption of Puerto Rico as a Commonwealth had been relating to increased anti-Latino rhetoric. This had been happening among some political and civic groups, the Congress and the state legislatures. There have been policies that had been offering people rights to possess the lands they had been living on and remain there if they wished so. There had been restrictions from working in economic institutions as well as voting but justice came in and the Latinos had the right to vote. The Mexico territory strengthens justice by allowing the Mexican citizens to possess citizenship by their choice. There are social changes and some form of justice for the Latino citizens in United States.

            The labor offered by the Latino had been appealing to many like Albama who had been dealing with tomato growing. Georgia who had been associated with poultry-keeping had also been in love with the work-force of the Latino population. However, they had been facing rejection from the Southerners which had been grounded on cultural grounds. The Southerners had also been criticizing the Latinos with claims that they had been taking the Anglos jobs (Lacy, Odem & University of Georgia, 2009). Those among the Latinos who had been facing arrests had been facing a justice system full of criminality. There had no presence of bilingual attorneys, sensitivity and cultural awareness and people who would have served as court interpreters. During the periods of pressures of the budget, the court employees are the ones that are used by the administrators to lower the costs. This practice had been greatly infringing the rights of LEP who had been in need of effective help from the counsel. They had also been in need for assistance in order to be in the position of facing the witnesses.

            The high numbers of the Latino population had been a threat against the administration of the United States as far as the court systems are concerned. The large population could have also contributed to increased cases of divergent persecutory and police behaviors, racial profiling, implicit bias and poor treatment of the Latinos in the courts (Salinas, 2015). The presence of the Latino cities in the United States had been serving as a representative of the nature of some worst abuses their civil rights and the minority groups in the recent years. They include the racial profiling of the New York, the denials of the Houston because of the process of the police officers, prosecutors and judges, Los Angeles police abuses and a conviction that had been imposed on San Antonio that later led to execution. The racial and ethnic commentaries had been a major trigger of violence which mostly resulted in to deaths of many people.

            The irreversible linguistic and ethnic diversity of the Americans had been shaped by the presence of the foreign policy towards Cuba and Puerto Rico. The adoption of Puerto Rico as a Commonwealth had been relating to increased anti-Latino rhetoric (Congress, (2010). This had been happening among some political and civic groups, the Congress and the state legislatures. They had been a treaty made by the Paris had played a significant role in putting to an end the war that had been existing between the Spanish and the Americans in the year 1898. There had been a territory by the Spain referred to as the Puerto Rico even in the present days. There had been a further declaration made by the congress concerning the citizenship. It declared that any person who had been born in Puerto Rico had a right to belong to the citizenship of the United States.

            Approval of aircrafts in 1959 had greatly contributed to migration of the Cuban citizens which caused more people to settle at the shores of the United States. The increased population had also been facilitated by the immigration policy of the Americans called “wet-foot, dry-foot” policy (LeoGrande, 2017). This policy had been offering the people who stepped on the dry land of the state to continue remaining there. Despite the presence of the constant patrols that had been carried out by the patrol of the border on the Florida waters, a population of over 131,000 Cubans had come to settle in United States permanently. The policy however had been associated with negative implications whereby most of the Cuban immigrants got drawn in the waters as they tried to reach the Southern parts of Florida. There had also another negative impact associated with the policy was that it had been allowing pro-Cubiuan movement into the United States more than groups of other ethnicity. In order to overcome this form of discrimination, there had been the need for the critics and the observers to comprehend some facts. First, the United States’ president had been the chief of the foreign policy. Secondly, the observers should bear in mind that the congress had been having power in the policy development concerning the immigration activities. These circumstances had been able to pose restriction of any kind of discrimination by the judiciary. There immigration of the Latino had been able to increase the population in the social institutions of United States. From the surveys that had been carried out in 2012 had been able to show that around twenty percent of the public kindergartens belonged to Latino.

            Poverty and financial rates are important features in assessment of the justice among the Latino citizens in the courts. The presence of increased population had played an important role in increasing the median income among the United States’ population (Salinas, 2015). In the United States, the median had been $ 50,000 while in Hispanic households, it had been $39,000. There had been also a social change basing the issue of poverty. Among the United States, the rate was at 16 per cent while in Hispanic population, it had been 28 per cent.

            The increased immigration rate of the Latino in the United States contributed towards a significant social change as far as education system is concerned. The increased population pressure would be a great threat towards the education system if the authorities of the learning institutions happened to fail in paying attention towards the changes in the demography (Gandara & Contreras, 2009). There had also been the need for the authorities to initiate policies of establishing numerous systems for training more teachers who would have been in demand in the future. There would also be conflicts as the seeking of molding the Latino scholarship into Anglo replica takes place. A goal like this would impact more damage on the child belonging to the minority groups. To avoid this possible implication, there had been the need to incorporate the culture of the child in the teaching activities.

            There had been discrimination grounded on color because there had been a view of the Latinos being non-whites by the Anglos. There had been other people who claimed that the Latinos are white race members. The population of the Latino had been entailing all the known major races, that is; brown, black, yellow and white. However the Latinos had been classified by the anthropologists did not manage to bring into existence any form of solution concerning the racism. The objective had instead been targeted on how the other ethnic groups had been treated by the dominant society of the whites. Some Latinos and Mexicans who had been residing in America used to call themselves La Raza which meant “The People” or “The Race” but this did not keep away the Latino from being racists (MacDonald & Guzmán, 2017). The attitude of the Latino population had not been indicating any signs of integrating with the American societies. For instance, the African Americans and the Mexican citizens had been restricted from buying land in residential areas in Anglo as per the covenants grounded on racism; there had been the desire to possess the land by the Latinos. However, this had remained impossible as per the rules of the law until there was voiding of the restrictive covenants by the Supreme Court that had been grounded on racism by the white people.

            There had been the efforts of the Latinos to join the military services through making a step of signing up. This step had been significantly indicating that there had been the willingness of Latinos to integrate with the Americans. There had been injustice whereby the Latinos were being restricted from various economic institutions like restaurants and the children were been admitted in the Mexican segregated schools (Leonard & Lugo-Lugo, 2015). However, some Latinos had volunteered as representatives of their nation and this gave many people hope that the issue of racism would reduce. The Latinos had engaged in matters of politics having an aim of bringing out a better America. This effort had been able to offer them chances of voting for political representatives of their wish. They desire to have representative did not succeed until president Obama had made acknowledgement to an editorial newspaper board that the victory of the re-election would greatly be determined by the voting efforts of the Latinos. The Latinos had been making efforts to purchase their own poll tax in order to vote but they faced much discouragement by the people who were in control of the voting activities. In many parts of Texas, only the whites had the permission to vote unless the Latino had been fully Spanish by blood.

            The Mexican population had been the one with the basis of prejudice that they achieved the time they managed to get the Mexican territory. This enabled the citizens of Mexico who had had been residing in America to be an exclusion of going to testify in trial of California (Salinas, 2015). Dominguez had been serving the supervisor of the county of Los Angeles and was the one who signed the constitution of California. The Anglo lawyer ignored his testimony what he had appeared as witness simply because he was an Indian. Later after the injustice that had been done to Dominguez, the racism based on persons continued. There had been a Mexican in Rodriguez who had been in need of citizenship. From the treaty that facilitated the end of war in 1848 had clear declarations that it citizenship had been only allowed fort the whites hence the person was not allowed to get nationality. This had been grounded on color racism as outlined by the lawyer. The judge declared that the person had not been supposed to be classified basing anthropology but it should be under the grounds of the treaty made in the Mexican territory. There had been a clear declaration in Article VIII that the Mexican citizens had the rights to retain their citizenship or register in order to acquire those of the United States. Following these circumstances, the Mexican citizen had been free to acquire citizenship. This shows that there had been a form of justice of justice that had taken place.

Conclusion

            The challenges that the Latinos had been facing was associated with perception of threat that the people in the United States had. Their presence had been appearing as a form of threat among the administration of the areas they occupied and contributed to increased cases of divergent persecutory and police behaviors, racial profiling, implicit bias and poor treatment of the Latinos in the courts. Despite the high increase rate of the Latino population in the United States and the guarantee they had been offered by the constitution, they continued suffering injustices. The cause for the injustices had been grounded on various factors as discussed above. The adoption of Puerto Rico as a Commonwealth had been relating to increased anti-Latino rhetoric. This had been happening among some political and civic groups, the Congress and the state legislatures. “wet-foot, dry-foot” policy had been offering the people who stepped on the dry land of the state to continue remaining there. These had been playing a major role in portraying justice. There had been restrictions from working in economic institutions as well as voting but justice came in and the Latinos had the right to vote. The Mexico territory strengthens justice by allowing the Mexican citizens to possess citizenship by their choice. From the discussion above, it is therefore clear that there are many social changes and some form of justice for the Latino citizens in United States.

Reference

Congress, (2010). Congressional record (bound volumes): Part 11. Place of publication not         identified: It Governance Pub.

 Gandara, P. C., & Contreras, F. (2009). The Latino education crisis: The consequences of failed social policies. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

MacDonald, V. M., & Guzmán, G. (2017). Revolution and World War I Civil Rights?:     Transnational             Relations and Mexican Consul Records in Mexican American Educational             History, 1910-1929.             Education's Histories, 4(1), 5

LeoGrande, W. M. (2017). Reversing the Irreversible: President Donald J. Trump’s Cuba Policy.             IdeAs. Idées d'Amériques, (10).

Leonard, D. J., & Lugo-Lugo, C. R. (2015). Latino history and culture: An encyclopedia.

            Routledge.

Lacy, E., Odem, M. E., & University of Georgia. (2009). Latino immigrants and the         transformation of the U.S. South. Athens: The University of Georgia Press

Salinas, L. S. (2015). U.S. latinos and criminal injustice. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State          University Press.

Zambrana, R. E. (2011). Latinos in American society: Families and communities in transition.

                                                                          Introduction

            After the sinking of the Titanic, for decades of years that have passed, people have come to belief that some societal norms of women and children first is what has the ability of increasing their survival advantage as compared to men in maritime disasters. Although it is the responsibility of the captains and their crews to offer equal survival priorities to passengers, female have been noted to have distinctive survival advantage unlike men. Since captains and their crew have a higher survival rate than passengers, it is the responsibility of the captain to enforce normative behaviors regardless of their age, gender, or social class (Gleicher, 2006 p. 256) Likewise, there is no any association between the duration of such a calamity as well as the impact of social norms. Therefore, aim of this report entails investing the impact of gender, age, occupation, and social norms in determining the survival rates of maritime disaster that occurred to Titanic ship.

Question 1

            From the information collected, the survival rate of male is 20% while that of female is 80%. The difference which exists between men and female is that both of them are subjected to various norms or rules of helping behavior. For instance, men are generally expected to be in the forefront in helping people in emergency situations while female are expected to participate in long term care cover.

            Given that event m (sinking of the boat) could have occurred, then will obtain our conditional probability as;

                                    P (n/m) = P (m and n) / p (m)

                        For female P (n/m) = 1/3

                        For male P (n/m) =1/2    (Haynes & O'brien, 2000 p.153)

Question 2

A pie-chart illustrating the jobs for all male first class passengers

                                                                                           1   1

KEY

A= Businessmen, sales manager, stockbroker, dealer

B= Military, politician, doctor, gambler, lawyer

C= shipbuilders, landowner, manufacturer, ship-owner, mechanical engineer, electrician

D = property developer/real estate, banker,

E=jeweler, servant, sculptor, writer, gambler, metallurgist, architect, aviator, artist,

F= merchant, dealer, clerk, scholar, bibliophile, sportsman

A pie-chart illustrating the jobs for all female first class passengers

                                    KEY

1 = personal maid

2 = nursemaid

3=singer

4=dressmaker

5=secretary

6=governess

7=journalist

Question 3

                        Y-axis

                    100

                    900

                      800

                     700

Frequency    600

                     500

                     400

                     300

                      200

                      100

                                                                                                                                                 X-axis

                                     200  400  600  800  1000  1200  1400  1600  1800 2000   2200

                                                                     Fare ($5)

          The small variations in the fare paid by male passengers is because the male who were in the ship had several jobs to do which in return made it possible for them to diminish huge disparity in classes they were to pay for. 

Question 4

                        A histogram illustrating the fare paid by female passengers

                            Y-axis

                     100

                     900

                      800

                     700

Frequency    600

                     500

                    400

                     300

                      200

                      100

                                                                                                                                            X-axis

                                     200  400  600  800  1000  1200  1400  1600  1800 2000   2200

                                                                           Fare (x$5)

(Osborn, 2006 p.53)

            The huge variation in the fare paid by female passengers is because most of the relatively paying jobs are occupied by few of them which in return gave the opportunity of boarding respective classes within the ship.

Question 5

A scatter-graph showing the fare paid against the age of each FEMALE passenger

                            Y-axis

                     1000

                     900

                      800

                     700

Fare (x$5)      600

                     500                                                     

                    400

                     300

                      200

                      100

                                                                                                                            X-axis

                                     10   15   20   25   30   35   40   45   50   55   60   65   70

                                                                           Age

(Webber & Wallace, 2011 p.145)

              From the above scatter-graph, the correlation which exists is that the amount of fare that was paid by female mainly depended on their age as well as the work they do. With better paying job, the higher the chances of boarding the first class and vice versa (Gleicher, 2006 p.256)

                                                            Conclusion

                     Considering the incident which occurred to the Titanic ship, it is evident human behavior and societal norms have a huge impact on the maritime life threatening situations. The data collected indicates that women have higher chances of surviving such disasters as compared to men. Moreover, the role played by each leader is also another factor which affects the survival patterns of the civilians during vacation. On the other hand, regardless of the social status of passengers, it is the responsibility of each individual to ensure that their safety have been adhered to. The reason for that is because it was noted that one of the factors that resulted to the death of hundreds of men is because there was bias when it came to supply of life boats.

                                                            References

GLEICHER, D. (2006). The rescue of the third class on the Titanic: a revisionist history. St. John's, Newfoundland, Internat. Maritime Economic History Assoc.

HAYNES, S. N., & O'BRIEN, W. H. (2000). Principles and practice of behavioral assessment. New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum.

OSBORN, C. E. (2006). Statistical applications for health information management. Sudbury, Mass, Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

WEBBER, L., & WALLACE, M. (2011). Quality Control for Dummies. Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. http://rbdigital.oneclickdigital.com.

Appendix

Research proposal

Design and Methodology

       There is usually the need to decide on what one is interested in finding out. Secondly, the researcher is supposed to know how to find ways to come up with answers to the research problem. This step mainly involves the methodology of the research. The researcher is needed to select the models, procedures and words of the research methodology (Ranjit Kkumar, 2011). This will help to come up with the research objectives. The researcher is needed to have knowledge concerning the methodology of the research. There are usually two phases that the researcher is supposed to use;

Phase 1: Making the Decision on What to Research

       This usually involves formulation of the research problem. This is the study topic of the researcher that is going to be worked on in the field.

Phase 11:  Planning of the Research Study

       This is where the researcher conceptualizes the research design. It involves use of controlled and valid description and exploration of the unknown. There is also and establishing the associations that lead to outcomes (Ranjit, 2011). There is usually identification done by the researcher concerning the existing knowledge and the limitations and errors that had been previously done. It is usually very important for the researcher to ensure that they select the right research design. This would assist the researcher to get comparisons, findings and conclusions. The methodology enables one to come up with the research design. A nice methodology is the one that enables to design the research in order to avoid errors. The moment the methodology is not perfect automatically the research design will have mistakes. It is therefore important for the researcher to come up with the correct methodology as it significantly determines the research design. The method is usually subdivided by with the data used by the researcher. There are different methods that are essential in collection, encoding and analyzing of the qualitative and quantitative data.

There are other steps in phase two which include;

Construction of Data Collection Instruments

            Identifying the data instruments is usually the very first step in research study. One is required to decide on how to the data would be collected and construct the instrument of the research of the proposed study (Ranjit 2011). The researcher is supposed to construct the instruments or use the constructed ones. If the researcher is using secondary data, there is usually the need to know the needed information and come up with means of extracting the data required. Pre-test is very important at this step. It should always be applied to a similar group ton that being used in the study.

Sample Selection

                        A sample is a group of people that has been selected to act as representative of population. During sample section, the researcher is supposed to avoid any bias and ensure maximum precision achievement for certain resources (Ranjit, 2011). In many of the qualitative studies there is usually the use of non-probability methods of sampling which includes; snowball in case the number being used is small, purposeful is mostly used where there is specific group that has been selected to be used in the study, case study whereby it is conducted for a small group or one person and quota sampling method the researcher chooses the quota in advance and then uses it in the preferred study. There is then the use of probability methods which include simple random sampling whereby the researcher selects the people randomly from the large population, stratified random is another method whereby a number of participants are selected from a large group and then there is use of numbers to select the final participants from the group. The other method is cluster sampling whereby there is a very big population where the research is being carried out. Finally, there is systematic method whereby every person is selected as a participant systematically from the list.

Reliability/Validity

            For the establishment of validity, the researcher needs to ensure that correct measurement procedure is being applied accurately. Validity is usually important while doing measurements of hypothetical constructs (Gravetter & Forzano, 2012). There are several validity types that have been developed in the research work. To begin with, there is face validity which involves the appearance of the procedure of measurement, concurrent, consistency o0f relationship, construct, convergent and divergent. Reliability is referred ton a situation where the measurement procedure brings out similar results when use with the same people for equal purpose. The reliability concept is usually based on the researcher assuming that the items being measured are stable.

     There is usually internal and external validity. These are usually the features of the research project. In external validity the researcher is supposed to generalize their results from other samples (Polgar & Thomas, 2011).  There tests that are being trailed with validity and reliability are called standardized measures. However, most of the researchers in the field of research d not mention about reliability in their findings.  These two concepts are widely used in research

Reference

Ranjit Kkumar, (2011) Reaserch methodology; a step-by-step guide for beginners, London;         SAGE publications Ltd.

Top of Form

Gravetter, F. J., & Forzano, L.-A. B. (2012). Research methods for the behavioral sciences.         Australia: Wadsworth.

Top of Form

Polgar, S., & Thomas, S. A. (2011). Introduction to Research in the Health Sciences E-Book.

Bottom of Form

Bottom of Form

 Ideal Retirement community design

As human beings age, their bodies change in many different ways. There are variations of changes that can be anticipated to take place through the initial and mid adult years and these changes are felt inversely by every person depending on many aspects. As is illustrated by Bee & Bjorklund (2000), the getting old process normally initiates during the primary adulthood. When people reach thirty years, there are many changes that begin to occur in altered sections of their bodies. A good example is the stiffening and thickening of the eye lens which results in fluctuations in vision which affects the capacity to emphasis on close objects. Hair also begins to thin and turn grey when one reaches 35 years although for some people it can happen earlier and others later (Bee & Bjorklund, 2000). The skin as well gets drier and on starts to get wrinkles when the mid adulthood stage is coming to an end. The immune system also becomes less proficient at rebelling against illnesses and procreative capacity begins to weaken.

 When people get to the age of 60, it is common for their eyes not to see well, such that they are not really able to focus on one item with changes in distance, a condition known as presbyopia (Bee & Bjorklund, 2000). People in the mid adult age stage are similarly at higher threats for some eye problems for instance glaucoma, their sense of hearing also greatly decline. Another change hat is noticed is with the skin that continues dry out and get rough which cause the forming of wrinkles mostly on the delicate face regions. Age spots and the blood vessels at this stage become more noticeable because the skin is much drier and it continues to become thinner. As is indicated by Bee & Bjorklund (2000), the last stage is the late adulthood that is basically the age from 65 years, at this stage, the skin continues to loose elasticity, the muscle power and mobility reduces, hearing and vision weaken and the immune system wholly deteriorates. The aging course results in fluctuations and lower running in the brain which pointers to decreased rational function. Memory degenerates at this stage and so the older people have a tougher time recollecting and attending to data.

Retirement for most people means having a break from the normal work life, it is the time for one to rest and enjoy a peaceful life and this is where retirement community comes in. A retirement community is supposed to be a society where the older adults get to live in their last years in a comfortable and friendly environment. Over the last 20 years, the civilization has experienced a substantial change in both medical and non-medical personal upkeep for the seniors away from increased cost institutional settings to lower cost and more socially suitable models. The community should be designed in such a manner that it caters for both physical and emotional needs of the seniors and this includes matters of health and socialization.

Principles for the retirement community design

There are three principles that will be focused on when it comes designing this retirement community,

1. Expectations

As a principle of the retirement community design, expectations focuses on the residents expectations of what the retirement community should be for them and this include; independence, social and lifestyle, connectedness and linkages, diversity, enabling and evolving and sustainability.

The villas and apartments of the residents will encompass the design of the entire community which will include shared buildings such as club houses, libraries and swimming pools as well a communal garden walkways and roads. This design will facilitate choice and allow the residents to take part in many of the activities that they want. As Bee & Bjorklund (2000) indicate, as people get old, they greatly struggle to uphold independence as they try to manage their own lives even with the health issues that they face due to their age. This sort of design also greatly helps to enhance independence for the residents through supported living. The physical environment for the retirement residents should be designed to allow the residents to make social and lifestyle choices (Handler, 2014). It should provide appropriate physical access, spaces and amenity that encourage residents to maintain an active fulfilling life. The retirement community design in this case will take into consideration that some of the residents may still be working in their later years and hence will require privacy and also good working environment. The design will ensure that the community is flexible for those that are working at home and this will be done through the incorporation of facilities hat favour this work adventures for instance incorporation of multipurpose meeting areas.

Connection and friendships are important in helping the aged to feel loved and to have people to engage in fun activities that make them happy. Creating an environment where opportunities exist for people to make new connections as well as friendships is important for a retirement community (Handler, 2014). It is however also important to respect people’s privacy and understand that not all residents seek out new connections. The community residence will in this case be designed to ensure that the residents are provided with the flexibility to fulfil their desires to either be independent or be part of the community and where social life styles thrive and develop organically. The design will incorporate community gardens and communal areas which will provide opportunities for resident’s families and friends to gather and catch up. The design will also ensure that the residents are offered similar creature comforts and expectations and this will be done through creation of pet friendly environment which will greatly help to keep the residents happy.

It is always important for the seniors to have meaningful social connections with their friends and family as well as the broader community (Bee & Bjorklund, 2000). The community will designed in such a manner that it provides the residents with flexibility so that travelling to services and amenities will be minimised and be within easy reach. This means that the home will be located in an area that is close to hospitals, shopping malls and other important amenities that the residents may need. The houses will be designed in a manner that assists and eases mobility so that it is easy for the residents to move around irrespective of their health conditions.

Aging is a lifelong process where people and their families acquire or develop health issues. This creates a diverse range of physical and mental abilities in the people that live in the seniors’ community (Bee & Bjorklund, 2000). The design will accommodate the richness and diversity of the broader community and this will be done by incorporating different arts from all over the world in the building structures. The community will also create room for cultural social events to be held within the community which will allow for the residents to appreciate different cultures and also allow or more social connections among the residents. Various religions will put into considerations and so the community will be situated in a location where residents can access various religious settings such as churches, mosques and other religious amenities. There will be no restrictions set in regard to religion as long as it does not affect a peaceful living setting for the residents.

Bee & Bjorklund (2000), aging is a natural process and it requires that the natural environment adapts to the evolving social and physical needs of the people. The physical environment should be flexible enough to evolve over time in order to meet the constantly changing needs of the existing and future residents as they become more susceptible to various health conditions such as dementia or arthritis among others (Handler, 2014). The doors to various amenities and rooms will be numbered and the correct signage to help illustrate various things will be put in place which all supports an evolving environment.

2. Place and identity

The second principle is place and identity which basically deals with the emotional connection for the residents to the physical environment and what they would want their homes and community to be like. Bee & Bjorklund (2000), as people age most especial in the middle and late adult phases, the start to experience memory degeneration and their emotional states also change. This means that these people need a lot of love and comfort and the facility that they live should feel warm, friendly and also secure. The retirement community will be designed in such a way that the residents live a normal life with quality level of amenity and support including a variety of lifestyle choices. In order to ensure that the community feels like home, matters of privacy will be considered and this will be done through organization of spaces from the private that include the bathrooms, to the semi-private which is the bedroom and laundry room and to the public which include the living room, dining room, kitchen and balcony.

Door bells, peepholes, security doors and front door intercom will be incorporated to help create a sense of safety as well as privacy for the residents in their various apartments. In case of emergencies, whether security or medical, the residential will have a smart house system that is able to recognize a resident that is under duress and alert the appropriate external sources. The community will also have varieties of panic buttons all over the environment which will help the residents to alert the management in case of any emergencies. The residential will be designed in such a way that it is well lit, comfortable and have temperature that suit them that is not too cold nor too hot. It will be structured in such a way that it is spatial and has loose furniture arrangements which will allow for the pursuit of a broad range of social activities.

3. Enabling environments

The third principle is enabling environments which are focused on providing a physical environment that addresses the physical and emotional needs of the residents which overtime also evolves to address their future requirements. Bee & Bjorklund (2000), old age comes with walking problems, reduced muscle strength and health problems that limit activities requiring frequent bending.  These environments must address all the physical, social and emotional requirements over time and some of the issues that are directly related to the physical environment include age friendly design, access and way finding, flexible environments, safety and security, communication and innovation and  external environment. The community design will take into consideration the fact that reduced mobility is something that greatly affects a person’s capacity for reaching and bending in normal daily activities.

Reduced mobility will have an impact on the distance of travel both within and outside the residence and there are increased fall risks (Handler, 2014). To deal with this issue, there will be walking frames installed all over the community and wheel chairs as well as powered mobility scooters will also be readily availed within the community. The design will ensure that a potential impact of having this mobility aids is considered in the creation of spaces and elements of the buildings such as basins and bench tops. The apartments will be designed in such a way that they have sufficient spaces for care givers that will be assisting the residents who have an issue with mobility. The whole setting will have additional features for support and mobility in order to ensure that the residents are comfortable and also safe as they move around the community. The designs will take into considerations, the physical limitations for instance bending; stretching also climbing that greatly affects the seniors.

Bee & Bjorklund (2000) aging comes with cognitive problems, such that the senior adults tend to frequently forget important details such as their routes home and direction to other important facilities that they need to get to. In regard to access and way finding for the seniors, the community will be designed in such a way that there is a layering of way finding cues that will help people to orientate themselves. This will include the hierarchy of spaces such as the widths and heights of hallways, corridors and doorways. Secondary spaces will be positioned around primary communal spaces which will provide clear sight lines without any need for way finding along corridors. The overall design will help minimise way finding choices which in turn reduces potential confusion and disorientation. Unique orientation landmarks and different colours as well as texture will be utilize to help define various destinations and to help create a deeper orientation for the residents that are still growing old and will hence need defining features to keep them alert and aware of their environment.

Some of the common issues that are encountered by seniors are sleeping disorders which include insomnia (Bee & Bjorklund, 2000). This means that the physical environment may be used in a way that is not considered the norm in the broader community context. Dusk and dawn can create potential hazards for the seniors because of their poor eyesight and so the design will ensure that the community is well lit both during the day and night (Handler, 2014). In regard to safety and security, the community will be well fenced where appropriate, with locks and screen appropriately incorporated. To avoid physical hazards, stairs and ramps will be avoided and where they are necessary, they will be designed in such a way that level differences, surface finishes and hand rails are considered. The vegetation that will be planted in the community will be appropriately selected to avoid poisonous species and also those that cause a lot of leaf and seed litter.

The growth of the web and social media is important as it allows the residents to remain socially connected to the broader community (Handler, 2014). It also supports an individual to maintain their social independence. The design will incorporate telecommunications and other technologies supporting connectivity within the community. The infrastructure that is capable of providing the maximum bandwidth and the fastest speed will be considered for the community because it will allow the residents to effectively interact with the rest of the world. Wireless technology will also be incorporated in the design which will allow the use of mobile devices to receive and also input data. The external environment is important in supporting residents’ independence and overall health. The community will have external built environments that engage and resonate with the recreational needs of the residents. There will be sporting functions, gardening activities, cooking hubs, education programs and exercise activities which will greatly help the residents to socialize and it will also be a good way of encouraging good physical health.

Conclusion

A good design should be one that creates great environments to live and they create appropriate space for the seniors to live and also lead to a whole range of beneficial health and wellbeing outcomes. With the increasing aging population, it is important that their homes are designed in a principled manner that ensures that the residents maintain and extend independence, retain privacy and maximise potential health and wellbeing benefits of living in a community village.

References

Bee, H. L., & Bjorklund, B. R. (2000). The journey of adulthood. Upper Saddle River, N.J:

            Prentice Hall.

Handler, Sophie (2014) An Alternative Age-Friendly Handbook. UK Urban Aging

            Consortium, The University of Manchester Library, Manchester.

Haiti, is a nation situated in the Caribbean Sea, inclusive of Hispaniola Island and Gonave (Cullum, 2017). Capital of Haiti is known as Port-au- Prince. Haiti’s populace consists majorly of descendants of former African slaves, who attained liberation from France in the year 1804, making it second nation in the Americas region to deliver itself from colonial administration. Nevertheless, over the years, financial, political, and communal challenges coupled with several natural disasters led to abject poverty and other severe predicaments.

 Education in Haiti

Haiti encounters both supply and demand problems in its education sector. In terms of supply, the children cannot join or enroll for school due to lack of enough space for learning. Regarding demand, the cost of educating per child is an estimated US$80 per student and annually (Laguerre, 2016). This US$ 80 caters for stationery, school uniform, transportation as a student moves from school to home, and back which is quite expensive to most of the Haitians. Furthermore, the private sector handles most of Haiti’s school curriculum and system consequently, subsidiaries are rare. 80% of the primary school institutions are private registering all the children within that level.

Currently, the most of the Haitians lack proper facilities and equipment, which would grant them quality education (Rousseau, 2018). The main factors that hinder availability of quality education are the social and economic stagnation. In spite the recent increased numbers of children enrolling in schools, the quest for the government to strengthen education meets challenges such as funding, teacher schooling and constructing of schools. These problems lead to lack of proper elementary skills, information essential for industrialization. In order for the government to address the challenges, the docket in charge of education initiated a vocational training for the youth with an operational plan.

 Gender

The Haiti constitution safeguard the right of women from prejudice in the office and even at home. More so, women have a right to run for political office, take part in voting and generally, the community protects their dignity as women (Petrozziello, 2019). Even though the country made progress, in 2012, parliament enacted a law, which would permit 30% of women in selected ranks at the national level, in 2015; the electoral decree included a 30% increment in the local council seats and contestants running for office.

 The major challenge facing Haiti is gender-based violence. One in every three females, from 15 to 49 years olds has an experience with sexual violence in one form or another (Petrozziello, 2019). In addition, inadequate legitimate protection, fear of retaliations and societal disgrace associated with being victims of sexual abuse plays a part in most of the incidences going unreported. Thus, the need for increased safety in school environments especially among teenage girls who report rape cases to the authorities.

Culture

            There are various vital aspects of the Haiti culture and norms. The culture is a perfect merger of European and African cultures originating the France establishment and the traditional ways of the slaves, their ancestors (Cullum, 2017).

 In all matters concerning faith, Haiti is a Christian nation due to the European effect when the nation was stable and the population kept growing at a steady rate. An estimated 80% of Haiti identifies, as Christian Catholics as the main religion standing and the remaining 16% of the population is protestant Christians (Rousseau, 2018). Nevertheless, some religious practices intermingle with Christian religion and that is vodou. Vodous revolve around the concepts of evil spirits manifested through objects, burning incense and oils for pleasing the spirits.

Haiti people like to sing and dance as a simple way of life for the people. This culture emerged from Spanish and African traditions. Dancing is part and parcel of their lives and in some instances they use it to practice religious norms. For instance, the carnival is one of Haiti’s most loved festivals and it incorporates dancing and singing in most of the activities taking place in the festival.

 Marriage and courtship

 In spite of outside influences, most of the Haitians preserved their courtship culture. The Haitian culture is polygamous and allows more than one wife. For instance before a man marries another wife,  he has to take his in-laws from his first marriage as wives and this often takes place if the wife cannot bear children for the man. In most cases, the courtship is similar to any other culture around the world (Laguerre, 2016). The man sees a potential wife in a women and woes her. First, he takes food to his in laws then awaits a response. Most of the times, the response is positive and the man gets to marry the woman of his dreams after the parents acknowledged the proposal.

 Household income

As stated earlier most people residing in Haiti are poor because of lack of formal job. The rate of unemployment in Haiti is at an all-time high and stands at 3.6million of the labor force does lacks persistent work hence (Laguerre, 2016). There is no legal mechanism protecting the jobs of the Haitians working in the formal sectors hence posing a major challenge.

References

Cullum, C. (2017). Crossing the Water and Keeping the Faith: Haitian Religion in Miami. Terry Rey Alex Stepick. New York: New York University Press, 2013. 266 pp.

Laguerre, M. S. (2016). Voodoo and politics in Haiti. Springer.

Petrozziello, A. J. (2019). (Re) producing Statelessness via Indirect Gender Discrimination: Descendants of Haitian Migrants in the Dominican Republic. International Migration, 57(1), 213-228.

Rousseau, B. (2018). Haitian Votes Matter: Haitian Immigrants in Florida in Local Politics and Government.

Observational Protocols

Introduction

            There are two forms of observation that are used in the learning process. Pr-observation is a method used by both the teachers as well as the administrators. It is mainly focused on determining the activities that are expected to take place during the learning process. There is also post-observation whereby the observer focuses on the activities that have been taking place using the learning process. This involves the teacher’s activities as well as those of the learners. The administrators in various states and cities apply various protocols in the learning institutions. These protocols are used to determine the activities taking place in the learning institutions, mainly; the learners, teachers and the utilization of time during the learning process. Various protocols used by the teachers during delivery or modification of the already existing knowledge to the learners different learning institutions have expectations which are different depending on the areas observation and the rate of observation schedule. This paper will be explaining the various protocols.

Pre-observation conference

            The observation is carried out for evaluation purposes. It is also an essential element for development as well as growth. In cases where observation is directed to development, trusted peers or colleagues are the ones given the duty doing away with supervisors or the aspect of authority in learning.  The use of animations, for example where the teacher uses a toy enables the learners to be attentive as it breaks the boredom and makes learning more attractive Dercle et al, 2018). It is also possible to include questions concerning the area of learning. For example, the teacher asks some questions to the learners concerning what they can see in the chart. There are two models of observation among the peers. The first one involves the situation where the teachers have a duty of selecting an interesting are, carrying out observation in the classes. The teacher handles the learners in a way that is attractive. It should also enable them to achieve attention and interest of the learners. Pre-observation enables the learning team to be more exposed to the practices of teaching of other people. Pre-observation enables the learning team to be more exposed to the practices of teaching of other people. It enables one to apply the acquired knowledge into their work. There is also another purpose of pre-observation in that it enables to draw a setting where conversations which are more structured takes place. These conversations are mainly directed to the goals of teaching.

Post-observation conference

            This usually happens later after pre-0observation has taken place. It enables completion of an observation form. The teacher uses involves the learners in learning to know if they have understood the concept. In the video, the learners are being given a chance to move in front and do some illustrations. This is mainly directed to test the knowledge that the learners have been able to achieve in the course of the lesson (Dercle et al, 2018).  Later, the teacher asks the learners some questions to determine if they are aware of what to do later after the lesson. It is the duty of the teacher to direct the learners in what to do after the end of the lesson in order to retain the knowledge acquired.  Later, usual discussion follows. The other model base on an individual where the educator carries out  observation and then goes ahead to prepare a sheet containing information about her feedback. This will enable the teacher to achieve knowledge related to their field of concern. It is therefore clear that pre-observation conference promotes proper documentation in the learning institutions.

There are several protocols used in learning as discussed below.

https://www.wallacefoundation.org/...learning/.../classroomobservation-guidance.pdf

Classroom observation protocol

This tool has been in use by most of the learning institutions in Rochester city. It is being used to address the issues of the quality of the instructions, engagement of the students in learning the environment of where the leaning activities are taking place as well as the implementation of the curriculum (Lasagabaster & Sierra, 2011).  The tool enables the person carrying out the observation to examine the nature of the learning environment basing the temperature, set up, neatness materials organization as well as the work carried out by the learners. This tool is easy to learn and implement hence easily applicable in the learning institutions.

https://.researchgate.net/.../309241593-student-centered-observation-protocol-f...       

Student-centered observational protocol

            This kind of protocol is mainly concerned with engaging the learners in various scientific activities. The goal of this protocol is to assist the learner to come up with evidences and give explanations of the same, gain knowledge concerning the various scientific explanations and be in the position to apply them in their activities, be able to know about all what scientific knowledge entails and be able to take part in the application of scientific practices. (Granger et al, 2012).

https://www.wastatelaser.org/wp-content/.../ScienceClassroomObservationProtocol.pdf    

            The main aim here is to generate this protocol to provide clear information concerning the present science findings from the research that are being conducted. This is mainly to give guidance towards the establishment and growth of future science (Walkington et al, 2012). It helps to do away with the barriers of development thus enabling the learner to achieve their goals. Mostly, the administrators and principals have been trying to improve the school performance but they have been lacking knowledge concerning the ways in which they can facilitate the performance improvement. This tool have been enabling the teachers to know about the way knowledge in science would facilitate the facilitate achievement of good results.

https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.13-08-0154

            Research has shown that majority of the students who are undergraduates acquire more knowledge in the courses that engage learners more directly. This protocol had been established to cater for the needs of the university students (Smith, Jones, Gilbert & Wieman, 2013). They had been in need of this protocol in order to be able to feature the background teaching to give information concerning how the learners had been using the time located for class work and to know the pressing needs of the profession. The method has been in use for courses like technology, mathematics, teaching science and engineering.  The protocol is useful at various levels. To begin with, at the level of an individual, it enables the members to receive their result’s code with pie charts. They enable the members to determine the ways they are utilizing their class time. This is because there been a state of knowledge sufficiency with the learners concerning time usage.  It has also been easier for the members of certain faculty to use the protocol in supplementation of their usual documentation. This entails the documentation of the evaluation that has been done by the student. It also consists of a description presented in written form showing all the practices that has been taking place in the classroom.

            At professional level, the protocol is being used to come up with targets that have been set for the development of the particular profession. For example, there has been sharing of aggregate data of the protocol with the UMaine Center for Excellence in Teaching and Assessment. One of the areas that will be put on focus is trying to bring in to existence the promotion of peer discussions. This will only achieved through use of clickers. This had idea had been stimulated from the evidence of the protocol which had been showing that the Umaine classes had been using clickers but only allowing less or no time for recommendations given to allow the peer groups to have some time. This protocol had been also been planned to be used by the instructors to carry out observation systematically so that they can be to feature the teaching practices in University of British Columbia. The information achieved from the protocol will also be utilized in feature the recent usage of instructional practices that are based on research.

            The choice of usage of this protocol is usually determined by the requirements of every given situation. This protocol is easy to understand and features what the activities that the instructors as well as the students are doing in class without any form of judgment. It also offers data that can be easily applied in various situations. There is realization of improved in the teaching of an individual or course.

www.bu,edu./.../generalized-observation-and-reflectiuon-protocol-gorp-tool-pilot-2015

Generalized Observation and Reflection Protocol

            This is a protocol that has been in use with an aim of observing the behaviors of the leaders.  This tool had been developed by the University of California and is being used in various learning institutions in the state. It involves taking records of the activities that are taking place in the section of discussion, classroom, laboratory or field where the learning is taking place (Harris, 2015). Through this protocol, there is development of easier and flexible ways of observing the classroom activities. There is no judgment while using this tool. There is independence of the participants of learning. The information collected using this tool tries to bring into sense the much time that has been used but does not bother with the way it has been utilized. There is little training required and less judgment. The activities done by the instructor as well as the learners are recorded here. The level of participation by the learners is also part of the recording.

www.umich..edu/~pals/finalopal.pdf

Observing Patterns of Adaptive Learning

            This dimension had been developed to guide and proper documentation of the observations taking from the classrooms. This protocol had been growing from a survey carried out to bring transition to the middle class. It is grounded on the recent research that is being carried out concerning the behaviors of the teachers as well as the instructions that areca being given within the classroom (Shekhar et al, 2015). It is also grounded on the learning strategies and motivation. The protocol entails the information that is being related to the behaviors of the learners when they are within the class. It is also related to the manner in which the learners look for and receive assistance concerning learning. The named dimensions are concerned with the interests of members of the group individually. This protocol had been developed using the behaviors of the learners within the classroom as observed in the records. It is basically applied for learners at all levels of learning hence it has no kind of barriers.

https://www.ndcel.org/cms/.../1marzanosObservationalProtocol-updated-feb2010.pd...

Observational Protocol

            This protocol is being used for complete observations and it is applied in all levels of learning.  This can occur within the period where the learners are in the classrooms for learning purposes. The observation activities are panned by the person who is observing. It basically entails the act of planning what is to be included in the learning session. This is usually prepared by the observer and the one who is teaching (Marzano, Carbaugh, Rutherford & Toth, 2014). The teacher might be willing to get feedback from the learners after teaching to know the effectiveness of their good actions during the learning session. There might also be a session where the learners will be expected tom practice the knowledge that they have acquired during the session of learning. The teacher sometimes might also ask for comparison of the elements that are related to the lesson. This might be essential in tracking the understanding of the learners. This clearly shows that preconference is aimed at determining the activities that are going to take place in the course of discussion session.  Still this method involves much commitment of the teacher to know about the activities that are taking place in the classrooms. This shows that there is the need of the teacher to stay around the classroom in order to get accurate information. This happens as the teacher walks around the classroom while observing the activities taking place with minimal or no disruptions. There is then summary of the observations that have been achieved in the course of the grounds. This protocol is also easy to be used by the teacher to rate themselves concerning their effectiveness. It is also possible for a teacher to do self-observation. This can happen where the teacher takes one of the videos and observes their activities.

https://www.research gate.net/…/234723026-Using-The-Reformed-Teaching-Observation-Protocol

Reformed Teaching Observation Protocol

            This method has been in use in various levels of learning in Arizona State. The schools in the state have been using this method in learning and it has been very effective.  The guidelines of this protocol have been created in the website of the schools in Arizon State. This makes it easier for the people to apply them after they have gained enough knowledge concerning the same. They are no t complicate hence it is much easier for them to be applied in the schools. It had been produced in order to enable measurement of reformed teaching. It is essential in helping the learners in the learning institution to achieve their goals (Teasdale et al, 2017). It has also been a reliable method that has been facilitating the teachers to characterize the learning practices.  This protocol has been applied by the learners in scientific and mathematical studies in the high schools level as well as the middle ones. It has also been in practice in college and university learning practices. This method has been grounded to measure the level at which the learners are generating knowledge in an active form. This protocol is in the position of bringing out reliable results as far as learning is concerned.

www.nsta.org/publications/download.aspx?id...

3D Learning Observation Protocol

            This protocol is widely used by teachers to where they much engage the learners in to doing practical on their own. There is a feeling that the learners have the capability to understand the phenomena easily when they conduct the practical by their own. The teacher is not much interested by how well the learner does the procedure but to ensure that they get the concept in a clear manner (Du, 2015). Research has been showing that learning cannot be separated from science. Instead they should go hand in hand in order to bring better reliable results. For a learner to understand the knowledge content and be able to apply effectively there is the need to use disciplinary core ideas, science and engineering practices and crosscutting concepts together. The three dimensions are applied together to enable the learner to understand the concept in a deeper manner.  These aspects are applied similarly in the learning institutions hence there is usually uniformity. This protocol involves development of a culture to be able to understand the problem of the phenomena or design. These dimensions have been in use by the scientists in order to come up with connections related to their own understanding. There has also been attempt of bioengineers to try making artificial limbs that has almost the same sense with the normal skin. They have been using these three dimensions to apply the concepts that are related to forces of electricity and in developing designs and new models. For a teacher to apply these three dimensions in learning. There is the need to identify the problems that interfere with good performance and be keen on the questions that are being asked by the learners. There is also the need of the teacher to ensure that the questions are relevant to the performance.

https://www.worldbank.org/en/.../sief.../the -classroom-assessment-scoring-system-class

Classroom Assessment Scoring System

                        This has been an instrument which is very much developed to measure the rate of interaction between the teacher and the child in the learning set up. The schools in the city of Mexico have a website whereby there are the forms of assessment of the students. These forms are usually similar and are used to evaluate the performance of the learners. There has been the ability to grade the learners effectively as the guidelines in the forms are easy understand and apply at the same time.  It is applied from the young infants all through to the learners in high school. This protocol has been developed gin theories as well as research work suggesting that the interaction between the child and the teacher is a major determinant of learning and development (Allen et al, 2013). This has been perceived as the control measure of the grades achieved by the learners in middle as well as the secondary schools. This knowledge concerning the effects of the interaction of the teacher and the learner towards performance has been enabling proper organization of all activities that have been planned to be part of learning in the institution as well as enhancing proper arrangements of materials to be used. This had been contributing into establishment of training materials, manuals learning guides. This protocol has been adopted by Massachusetts, Georgia, Florida and New Mexico in their metrics. They have been relying on this method for the need of improving their program and for accountability purposes.

            Conclusion

            Pre-observation conference is useful in the learning institutions as it enables the observers as well as the teachers to determine the activities that are going o take place in the course of learning. The observation is carried out for evaluation purposes. It is also an essential element for development as well as growth. The teacher handles the learners in a way that is attractive. It should also enable them to achieve attention and interest of the learners. Pre-observation enables the learning team to be more exposed to the practices of teaching of other people. Pre-observation enables the learning team to be more exposed to the practices of teaching of other people. It enables one to apply the acquired knowledge into their work. There is also another purpose of pre-observation in that it enables to draw a setting where conversations which are more structured takes place. These conversations are mainly directed to the goals of teaching.post-observation conference focuses on the activities that take place after the learning activities. Later, usual discussion follows. The other model base on an individual where the educator carries out observation and then goes ahead to prepare a sheet containing information about her feedback. This will enable the teacher to achieve knowledge related to their field of concern. It is therefore clear that pre-observation conference promotes proper documentation in the learning institutions. There are several protocols that are used in observation as discussed in the paper. These protocols have been useful in the learning institutions mostly to evaluate the teachers. They have also been applied to observe the activities that take place in the classrooms concerning both the teacher and the learners. All the protocols discussed above  are effective in learning activities as discussed in the paper.

References

Granger, E. M., Bevis, T. H., Saka, Y., Southerland, S. A., Sampson, V., & Tate, R. L. (2012). The efficacy of student-centered instruction in supporting science learning. Science, 338(6103), 105-108. https://.researchgate.net/.../309241593-student-centered-observation-protocol-f...  

Lasagabaster, D., & Sierra, J. M. (2011). Classroom observation: desirable conditions established by teachers. European Journal of Teacher Education, 34(4), 449-463.             

https://www.wallacefoundation.org/...learning/.../classroomobservation-guidance.pdf

Walkington, C., Arora, P., Ihorn, S., Gordon, J., Walker, M., Abraham, L., & Marder, M. (2012).             Development of the UTeach observation protocol: A classroom observation instrument to             evaluate mathematics and science teachers from the UTeach preparation program.           Unpublished paper. Southern Methodist University.      https://www.wastatelaser.org/wp-                content/.../ScienceClassroomObservationProtocol.pdf  

Smith, M. K., Jones, F. H., Gilbert, S. L., & Wieman, C. E. (2013). The Classroom Observation   Protocol for Undergraduate STEM (COPUS): a new instrument to characterize university         STEM classroom practices. CBE—Life Sciences Education, 12(4), 618-627.

            https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.13-08-0154

Dercle, L., Connors, D. E., Tang, Y., Adam, S. J., Gönen, M., Hilden, P., ... & Zhao, B. (2018).   Vol-PACT: A Foundation for the NIH Public-Private Partnership That Supports Sharing          of Clinical Trial Data for the Development of Improved Imaging Biomarkers in          Oncology. JCO clinical cancer informatics, 2, 1-12.

Allen, J., Gregory, A., Mikami, A., Lun, J., Hamre, B., & Pianta, R. (2013). Observations of        effective teacher–student interactions in secondary school classrooms: Predicting student    achievement with the classroom assessment scoring system—secondary. School   Psychology Review, 42(1), 76.         https://www.worldbank.org/en/.../sief.../

Teasdale, R., Viskupic, K., Bartley, J. K., McConnell, D., Manduca, C., Bruckner, M., ... &          Iverson, E. (2017). A multidimensional assessment of reformed teaching practice in    geoscience classrooms. Geosphere, 13(2), 608-627. https://www.research            gate.net/…/234723026-Using-The-Reformed-Teaching-Observation-Protocol

Du, L., Broto, J., & Greer, R. D. (2015). The effects of establishment of conditioned r       einforcement for observing responses for 3D stimuli on generalized visual match-to- sample in children with autism spectrum disorders. European Journal of Behavior      Analysis, 16(1), 82-98. www.nsta.org/publications/download.aspx?id...

Harris, W. (2015). Changing the lens: mentors and their effect on novice teacher attitudes            towards student achievement (Doctoral dissertation, California State University,      Northridge www.bu,edu./.../generalized-observation-and-reflectiuon-protocol-gorp-tool-          pilot-2015

Shekhar, P., Demonbrun, M., Borrego, M., Finelli, C., Prince, M., Henderson, C., & Waters, C.   (2015). Development of an observation protocol to study undergraduate engineering          student resistance to active learning. International Journal of Engineering Education,   31(2), 597-609. www.umich..edu/~pals/finalopal.pdf

Marzano, R. J., Carbaugh, B., Rutherford, A., & Toth, M. D. (2014). Marzano center teacher        observation protocol for the 2014 Marzano teacher evaluation model. Learning Sciences          Marzano Center Teacher and Leader      Evaluatiohttps://www.ndcel.org/cms/.../1marzanosObservationalProtocol-updated-            feb2010.pd...

Surveillance is the close observation of individual activities and their behavior. With the existence and advancement of technology, it has become easier for surveillance activities to be carried out (Macnish 418). These activities are mostly done without individual awareness, and thus it is a breach of privacy (Parsons 4). Following the realization that was made concerning the government security agencies are carrying out unprecedented surveillance, there was a chilling effect in the members of the public.

The privacy is often considered in terms of the ability to be free from observations or disturbances and also from attention from the public, and it is a fundamental right in the United States (Mitchell 14). Interferences with the privacy of the individuals cause both direct and indirect limit to establishment and sharing of ideas to others in society (Parsons 8). Reports that can be made for example, issues of abuse and violence might actually go unreported due to limitation of the anonymity by the surveillance. This causes more damage to individuals which is not the aim of any society.

The collection of the data that surrounds individual communication (metadata) for example in the phone data can involve the number that was called, the time and also the location where the call was made (Stahl 34). The danger with this is that it allows the surveillance to map networks and activities that individual’s do which in turn makes individuals restrict themselves on what they communicate through the phone to other individuals or groups (Penney 124). The individual restriction that can be done by individuals to avoid consequences from the surveilling agencies can prevent sharing of valuable information and can pose a danger to the person’s life and society.

The awareness of the surveillance resulted in individual reaction which included fear and withdrawal (Sinha 61). It also leads to changes in habits. Recent studies have found that individuals have taken steps to mask their activities on the internet such as clearing of cookies to encrypt their emails and also avoiding observation from individuals, the government and even individuals (Stahl 36). In journalism, surveillance has been noted to result in chilling effects that cause individuals to avoid disclosure of relevant information due to fear of the consequences.

Work cited

Mitchell, David W. "Privacy and government surveillance." (2016).

Macnish, Kevin. "Government Surveillance and Why Defining Privacy Matters in a Post‐Snowden World." Journal of Applied Philosophy 35.2 (2018): 417-432.

Parsons, Christopher. "Beyond privacy: Articulating the broader harms of pervasive mass surveillance." Media and Communication 3.3 (2015): 1-11.

Penney, Jonathon. "Chilling effects and transatlantic privacy." European Law Journal 25.2 (2019): 122-139.

Stahl, Titus. "Indiscriminate mass surveillance and the public sphere." Ethics and Information Technology 18.1 (2016): 33-39.

Sinha, G. Alex. "NSA Surveillance Since 9/11 and the Human Right to Privacy." Loy. L. Rev. 59 (2013): 861.

Conceptual Analysis on Late Adolescents

Introduction

            The adolescence goes through different changes in their lives as part of the readiness to adulthood. This change aims it creating total independence and also awareness concerning morality. As the individuals grow from their childhood, autonomy comes in depending on the individual personality and even the attachment with the parents (Newman & Newman, 2017). The developmental struggle between achieving autonomy and also attachment with the parents is present. However, this might be considered as part of the normal life because other individuals claim that, to achieve this you have to sacrifice the other.

             Recent studies have claimed that the need to maintain close attention with the parents and on the other hand have autonomy is not necessarily contradictory because they have complex interrelations (ATTACHMENT, 2009). They way adolescence attain autonomy and differentiating what is wrong and right mainly depends on their development and therefore their childhood can have a considerable impact the normative adolescent development.

            The paper will look into the autonomy, and the internal morality perspective of the adolescents and will come up with the observations concerning their relationship. The paper will also include a significant social issue faced during the late adolescence and ways that can be addressed. A major theory of human development will also be applied in the paper.

Autonomy

            The attainment of independence in thoughts, emotions and also in actions is a gradual thing that usually occurs in the late adolescence and can enter into adulthood. This does not involve the parents in making decisions or regulations of their own behavior (Newman & Newman, 2017). The attachment theory which was developed by the Bowlby tries to explain the reason why infants usually develop close relations with the caregivers, the causes and how it affects their normative development. Studies have come out to claim that the attachment in the infancy are mainly to maximize the protection and the safety of the infant due to the exposure they have in the environment. This usually occurs during the time of distress (ATTACHMENT, 2009). It has also been found that as the individuals mature, there is a shift from the physical protection to emotional support.

 Individuals in the late adolescents mostly concentrate on the felt security rather than the physical presence of the parents; thus the emphasis of the physical protection and proximity of the caregivers decrease with the maturity (ATTACHMENT, 2009). In addition, the felt security in the late adolescence in the late adolescence can be achieved without the physical presence. This is because the state of maturity gives them the opportunity and ability to interact with their environment on their own.

            The attachment theory claims that the attachment system is usually activated by two factors that are, the presence of conditions such as illness, hunger and pain and the other thing environmental condition such as the presence of threats. However, in the late adolescence, there is increased cognition, emotional and behavior shows that they are less affected by the condition that will require the presence of their parents, the environment is also less considered as a threat that may need the parents to be present (ATTACHMENT, 2009). It has also been found that although the late maturity individuals might need their parents to be present in case they have conditions that might require them, they are less affected or distressed if they are not present.

             The late adolescence can be able to live away from the parents who might result from economic factors such as going to college, but the level of independence is not readily achievable at the age between 18 and 24 years (Newman & Newman, 2017). There is a lot of views though concerning the age at which a person can leave home. The late adolescence joining colleges have a different attitude with various opinions regarding the desire to be independent, but it is also clear that the entry to college shift the attention of attachment from the parents to one’s relationships

            In the late adolescence precisely the age between 18 to 24 year, students who are on campus preoccupation have been found to have diminished thoughts and concerns on their parents as their first semester advances with growth in the confidence of decision making independence (Newman & Newman, 2017). Self-sufficiency of an individual has been claimed to involve independent decision making and ability to take own responsibility with a degree in financial independence.

Internalized Morality

             Morality is generally described as that sense of knowing what is right and what is wrong by an individual. There is growing autonomy in the late adolescent as preparation for adulthood becomes a concern. It has been claimed that knowing what is moral is knowing the human goodness and knowing ways to develop morality is knowing how to develop human goodness. Adolescents make decisions mainly in the social environment, and they are expected to follow the rules or face the consequences (Hart & Carlo, 2005). Studies that have been down found that the knowledge on what is morally wrong and right is more advanced in the adolescence than in the young children who judge the wrong and right depending on the immediate consequence.

            The late adolescents explore the difference concerning moral issues and social issues and can consider the various perspectives that are present in a moral situation requiring decision making, and this stimulates moral reasoning. The late adolescent understands the morals and is also aware of the needs and rights of other people (Hart & Carlo, 2005). This enables them to understand the activities that are possibly harmful to others but beneficial to him/her (Newman & Newman, 2017). They are also involved in a different discussion which has that capability to provoke thoughts on challenging experiences, and this highly makes them advance in moral reasoning.

            The late adolescents and the adults have been stated by the moral reasoning theory to be aware of the cultural, political and also the social reasons that result to the formation of rules as compared to the most individual below the age of 18. Most of the studies have confirmed the findings in the moral reasoning stages. Kohlberg’s view of moral reasoning is that it is based on the specific situation in which an individual makes a judgment concerning the ethical dilemma (Newman & Newman, 2017). It is therefore clear that as adolescents attain autonomy, there is also development in cognitions including their perspective of what is right and wrong depending on the social, political and cultural views.

Intervention

            The achievement of autonomy and improved morality are among the things that individuals in late adolescents have. However, the developmental changes come with challenges which are highly associated with the period of adolescence as they try to get the competencies, values and also attitudes that are important to make a successful transition to the adulthood (Graber, Brooks-Gunn & Petersen, 2018). This period requires support and counseling when needed to facilitate the proper transition.

            Adolescent in the age between 18 to 24 years also experiences significant changes in the capacity to think. The changes in the thinking come from the concrete to abstract, this is because they can understand the different situation and also moral dilemmas that they face each and every day. This period is also marked with the identification of sense sexuality which also comes with the understanding of one as masculine or feminine (Graber, Brooks-Gunn & Petersen, 2018). Entry to different relationships and even the possibility of this relationship for emotional and intimacy.

            The changes in the relationship with parents is also a challenge with the late adolescents due to the entry of autonomy. This comes as the self-sufficiency is also reached and they can move and live away from the parents (Woodbury, 2012). It is also a challenge as the focus shift from the parents to make room for more adult relationships. Poor support during this transition can create a lot of misunderstanding and becomes an issue. Thus support and understanding can be of good importance.

Conclusion

            The late adolescents undergo different task in their life with significant growth in autonomy and morality. There is a shift in decision making from the parents to own as there is also the ability to cope with separation from the parents. The achievement of autonomy by the late adolescents allows then to note the difference and even the similarities that they have with their parents and continue to show them, love. Autonomy is also accompanied by self-sufficiency as the adolescents try to achieve independence in the decision, own responsibilities and even financially.

            The levels of morality also develop with an increase in understanding in all dimensions thus enabling the individuals in making appropriate decisions and understanding the rights and needs of other individuals. Good understanding makes them aware of the activities that can be harmful to others and beneficial to themselves. Challenges are also faced in late adolescents and need to be well addressed to promote proper growth and ensure the normative development of the individuals.

References

ATTACHMENT, O. (2009). Attachment and autonomy during adolescence. Handbook of Adolescent

Graber, J. A., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Petersen, A. C. (2018). Adolescent transitions in context. In Transitions through adolescence (pp. 369-383). Psychology Press.

Hart, D., & Carlo, G. (2005). Moral development in adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15(3), 223-233.

Newman, B. M., & Newman, P. R. (2017). Development through life: A psychosocial approach. Cengage Learning.

Woodbury, R. (2012). Family Life as Context for Adolescent Moral Development. Full Journal 9.1, 75.

                                                            Outline

1. Introduction
2. Argument from previous researches – Regardless of the modern means that have been advanced towards decreasing the incidences of drug abuse, a large percentage of the Americans are consuming a lot of drugs is just because of the unnecessary prescription that they receive from wrong people for wrong reasons
3. Thesis statement – According to the modern research, it has been realized that the absence of efficient drug control policies is the one that has resulted to over medication or drug abuse in United States. This is what has been realized to have the potential of increasing the chances of contracting various diseases.

III. Background /argument of the problem

1. Expounding the thesis statement and providing more views about the causes of over medication in America is the one that can result to the implementation of better drug utilization policies. The underlying reason for that is that America has ended up establishing a brave newer world in which every individual is given the opportunity of taking psychiatric drugs without even taking into consideration the side effects that they have.
2. Solutions
3. Recommendations for remedying the problem – one of the methods that have been considered to be more effective in handling this problem is the need of coming up with approved means that ensures that people do not take drugs without first being prescribed by the physician.
4. Conclusion and means of implementing the suggested solutions
5. Reasons learned from the research – in order to be in the position of curbing this epidemic, all stakeholders in the health care organizations needs to come up with ultimate means of diminishing the illegal or uncontrolled supply of drugs. The reason for that is because it the one that can end up ensuring that the wave of pharmaceutical misuse is still incubating. It is also important to stop coming up with arbitrary distinctions about the amount of drugs a person needs to consume.

                                                             Introduction

            The history of medicine is something that has its glorious moments. The only thing that is currently happening is that the same scenario has been extremely littered with harmful treatments, blind allies, and false theories. Regardless of the emergency of invasive therapies, it has been realized that prescription drugs are quite effective when it comes to the need of alleviating the existing condition. The reason as to why a large percentage of the Americans are consuming a lot of drugs is just because of the unnecessary prescription that they receive from wrong people for wrong reasons (Herzberg 1). This in return has the potential of causing multiple needless harms.

1. A) Thesis statement: The ingredients of this ‘epidemic’ are something that has existed which in return has increased the chances of drug misuse amongst Americans.

                                    Background /argument of the problem

            According to research conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, it has been proven that the general abuse of prescription drugs amongst Americans has reached epidemic proportions. Initially, the bulk of prescription drugs were not used to be correctly done by experienced psychiatrists. The reason for that is because prescription drugs are always primary prescribed by physicians who are always busy and undertrained in psychiatry. Ideally, their diagnostic as well as treatment decisions have been noted to be heavily dependent on campaigns that provoke the wave of pharmaceutical drugs being supplied into the market. The end result of this is the massive over-prescription of drugs for off labels inappropriate indications, and untested. In the United States, research indicates that a large percentage of pharmaceutical suppliers have unregulated freedom as compared to other global companies. This is what makes them to push or facilitate the selling of such substandard products where they do not belong. From this perspective, it implies that although substantial efforts have been used for the purpose of examining the determinants of the continued use of non-medical PPD, still there is no information that has been obtained about its supply side (Fischer 2).

                        On the other hand, research suggests that it is only the severely depressed individuals managed to obtain drugs that they desperately require, while consuming antidepressants that they do not need. In return, it becomes possible them to receive no more than placebo effects. In most cases, the absence of careful diagnostic workup as well as other considerations of alternative means is the one has also made Americans, especially addicted ones to depend on drugs. This means that America has ended up establishing a brave newer world in which every individual is given the opportunity of taking psychiatric drugs without even understanding the side effect that they have to them. Preferably, the use of nonmedical prescription drugs amongst Americans is something that has now become more and more prevalent as compared to the use of illicit drugs for example marijuana amongst teenagers and other elderly people (Levy 3).

            Addiction is perceived to be drain disease, many aspects of this problem is mainly rooted in politics, culture, and the society. For instance, it has been noted that much of it mainly emanates from the excessive consumption of barbiturates and amphetamine elderly individuals is also the one that have made American to be over medicated. The effect of that is that it increases the risk of them developing various ailments, for instance, heart diseases, diabetes, and shortening life expectancy. It has been also realized that it has become extremely difficult to eradicate drug markets. Furthermore, the increased the wave of or the persistence of nonmedical cocaine and heroin misuse, particularly in major towns is also a point of concern. The reason for that it is also another problem that has necessitated the American government to come up with supply-side strategies aimed at restricting the manufacture and sell of such drugs.

            Currently, drug advertisements are everywhere, including magazines, television, and other social media platforms. In addition to that, the opioid epidemic arises because the majority of the Americans end up diagnosing themselves as well as moving from one physician to another until they obtain what they want. The end result of this is the accumulation of specialists as well as mountains of medications. At times, one physician cannot have the ability of understanding what the other physician could have initially prescribed. With time, it becomes unusual or had to estimate the quantity of drugs that a person could have consumed (Muennig 3). This is what reduces the wellbeing of the Americans as far as drug use is concerned.

            Psychiatric diagnosis as well as treatment is especially subject to fads and unwarranted drugs companies that influences misuse of drugs. Regardless of that, it should be realized that judgment to be made will ultimately rely on subjective information that cannot be disproved or confirmed by medical tests. This is also another reason as to why the majority of the Americans now prefer taking generic drugs with the idea of cutting costs. Consequently, the number of Americans that take more of these drugs is projected to rise for the coming years. In order to regulate drug use or over medication, any organization found prescribing these drugs ought to be subjected to modern forms of policing that will result to judgment (Muennig 4). This is something that has not yet been met.

            What Americans fail to take into account is making conscious decisions as well as considering other alternatives to medications whenever they have any problem. As a result of that, it possible to take what is not medically necessary because of not understanding that proper and controlled medication is the best option to consider. It is important for a person to give his or her primary care physician the chance of managing his or her healthcare and medications. Despite of the laws that have been formulated for the purpose of preventing over medication, it has been realized it has not yet become possible to scrutinize the loopholes for these drugs (Herzberg 2).

            Consequently, this has not yet placed any restrictions to manufactures, doctors prescribing the drugs, and so on. Therefore, the mass consumption or drug abuse has also been accompanied by growing illegal markets in America. The rise of the disease control as well as the modern skepticism towards drug manufacturing companies is what has also been noted to shadow the cultural or social distinctions that exist between pharmaceuticals and respectable drug use. With this, the role of pharmaceutical regulations entails targeting manufacturers, pharmacists, physicians, and final consumers. The reason for that is because new ideas concerning pain treatment is just a mechanism of relieving the condition or the illness a person has. Despite the measures that the government has come up with, the same research indicates that at least fifty percent of the Americans are taking prescription drugs. According to the information gathered by American health care organizations, Americans are inundated with pharmaceutical solutions to any problem that they have or the physicians might imagine them to be having (Levy 3).

                                                            Solutions

            From the forgoing, it is evident that despite the strategies being used; pharmaceutical companies still continue to manufacture a new series of seductive drugs, analgesics, stimulants, and antidepressants hence increasing the chances of over-medication. Despite that, it should be noted that the ingredient of this problem is something that used to exist which in return have increased the chances of pharmaceutical drug misuse amongst Americans.

            Regardless, various American organizations that control healthcare institutions should physicians should writing prescriptions to patients after first understanding or assessing whether they are likely to have the potential of reviving their condition. This is because the diversion of psychoactive prescription drugs (PPDs) use, for instance, is the one that also have been noted to have the potential of increasing the paths leading to drug misuse (Fischer 1). Moreover, it is important for physicians to first understand the medical history of the patient or patients who require their medical attention as well as other factors that can assist in ensuring that they are not over medicated.

            In addition to that, through understanding of the interplay that exists between environmental factors and drug requirement by individuals is important to aid defining intervention and effective prevention strategies. To do so, it is important to ensure that there is in place medical systems that have the ability of fostering the better healthcare standards

                        Conclusion and means of implementing the suggested solutions

            The approaches that are currently used to remediate the situation have ended up shifting drug misuse to newer substances while at the same time inducing negative consequences to the majority of the Americans depends on them. Some of the restrictions that the government has come up with or implement have also made constant drug users to look for alternatives. Despite that, it has been proved that drug control strategies being used are the one that will give the state the ability of educating people about the importance of obtaining proper medical care (Muennig 5). The modern wave of pharmaceutical misuse ultimately represents a significant opportunity for rethinking about the existing drug policy. The reason for that is because for decades that have passed, American have managed to come up strategies that has the potential of encouraging massive medical markets for particular medicines perceived to have therapeutic values. It is this mechanism that has ended up ensuring that the wave of pharmaceutical misuse is still incubating. It is also important to stop coming up with arbitrary distinctions about the amount of drugs a person needs to consume.

                                                Work cited

Fischer, Benedikt, et al. “The Global Diversion of Pharmaceutical Drugs Non-Medical Use and Diversion of Psychotropic Prescription Drugs in North America: A Review of Sourcing Routes and Control Measures Benedikt Fischer et Al. Diversion of Psychotropic Prescription Drugs.” Addiction, vol. 105, no. 12, Dec. 2010, pp. 2062–2070. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03092.x.

Herzberg, David, et al. “Recurring Epidemics of Pharmaceutical Drug Abuse in America: Time for an All-Drug Strategy.” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 106, no. 3, Mar. 2016, pp. 408–410. EBSCOhost, doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302982.

Levy, Sharon, et al. “Facing Addiction: A Laudable, but Incomplete Effort.” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 108, no. 2, Feb. 2018, pp. 153–155. EBSCOhost, doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.304230.

Muennig, Peter A., et al. “America’s Declining Well-Being, Health, and Life Expectancy: Not Just a White Problem.” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 108, no. 12, Dec. 2018, pp. 1626–1631. EBSCOhost, doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304585.