Ecological and Carbon Footprint

Q1.

My carbon footprint is 19.8 tones while the ecological footprint is 9.0 gha.  The ecological footprint is determined by measuring how much and physically prolific land and sea is used by the given inhabitants and it related to how much the ground and the marine is available.  The carbon footprint however defines the total makeup of a greenhouse emission that is caused by the individual, event or any organization product in terms of Carbon dioxide.  The difference gets in on the basis of the global warming which is the main part of the climate conference.

A portrait of an Ecological footprint                                

A portrait of a carbon footprint

This ecological footprint compares with those from other countries as they all absorb the human waste products from the human economy. It is commonly used by the government as supervision and a communication tool (Brenton, Jones & Jensen, 2010).  

Q2

I calculate the footprints using the Shrink trial method.  Based on the carbon footprint, the calculator focuses on the consumption in each of the main categories such as the housing, travel, food, products and services.  It also estimates the share of the global emissions which has less governmental purchases and the capital investments.  On the housing it includes the,

1. a) Multiplying the monthly of the bill of electricity by 105
2. b) Multiplying the monthly gas bill by 105
3. c) Multiplying the monthly oil bill by 113. (If you don’t use any of the services in a or b, enter 0)
4. d) Multiply the whole mileage in the year by .79
5. e) Multiply the number of travels (4 hours or more, by 4400)
6. f) If you recycle the usage of your newspapers add 184, and if you don’t add 0
7. g) Multiply the number of travels -4 hours or less- by 1100
8. h) If you recycle any aluminum tins, add 166 and if you don’t, add o

This shows that a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h are equals to my carbon foot print.

The global average ecological footprint per person is mainly 1.8 global hectares where the average in each country ranges from 10 to 1 hectare in each person. 

The difference between the two footprints is that the global hectares in each person differ from the ecological footprint which is expressed in the GHG warming possibility and is produced by the products and the services.  This is later expressed in form of units of the land and the area of the whole population (Brenton, Jones & Jensen, 2010).   

Q3

The realistic behaviors that one can change in order to reduce the impact on the planet include the better choices in what we eat and the way we produce and make use of the energy.  So that we reduce the ecological footprints, our reactions must focus on the sources of the huge impacts that the humans have on the planet.  I wish to make a change by using the consumer power.  As a customer, you have the tremendous power that is if u discard foods and the goods given in unfair way, and choose the environmental friendly choices, the companies will adapt and change their performances (Young & Dhanda, 2013). 

Q4

The society should be more concerned about sustaining the natural resources which will lower the ecological footprint.  This suggests that the society will need to have significant changes to the business so as to make a successful future.  The ecological footprints show the positive impacts of the businesses and the people that are making the decisions so that they can help the human demand within the planet (Young & Dhanda, 2013).   

Reference

Brenton, P., Edwards-Jones, G., & Jensen, M. F. (2010). Carbon footprints and food systems: Do current accounting methodologies disadvantage developing countries?. Washington, D.C: World Bank.

Young, S. T., & Dhanda, K. K. (2013). Sustainability: Essentials for business.

Energy

Sub-outcome 1

Renewable sources of energy have become a global topic since they are environmentally clean thus ensuring the world remains green and smart. Renewable sources of fuel include biofuels, wind, solar, hydropower, tidal power as shown by image 1 and geothermal energies. The following reasons give people reasons to ensure they use alternative energy sources rather than relying on the non renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels.

Image 1

• They are sustainable in a manner that they ensure they meet the needs of the present generation without interfering with the needs of the future generation (Michaelides, 2011).
• They are environmentally friendly in a way that they reduce the mining and drilling levels compared to fossil fuels where a lot of drilling and mining takes place therefore stressing the earth.
• Renewable energies ensure that green house gas emission is reduced since they do not emit harmful gases to the environment such as carbon dioxide which result to global warming and later causing harm to the entire environment (Michaelides, 2011).
• They ensure the air remains clean since they do not cause pollution to the air thus they are clean.
• They ensure overdependence on fossil fuels is reduced since they are many thus accessible and cheaper to use compared to the fossil fuels.
• They are cheaper compared to fossil fuels thus they ensure financial stability thus easily accessible to all people.
• They ensure oil drilling is reduced since people reduce the overdependence on the fossil fuels since gas can be used as an alternative for the oil (Michaelides, 2011).
• They ensure local people get employment opportunities thus improve the living standards especially in the rural areas.
• They ensure rural areas and other areas develop in terms of roads and electricity thus the living standards of countries.

Sub outcome 2

Scarce or expensive energy makes people suffer financially thus are not able to afford some material possessions. Scarce energy is not enough for a growing population therefore as the population grows the energy becomes scarcer. High population growth rate causes the energy resource to be scarce therefore energy becomes more expensive (Zwaan & Petersen, 2003). Population increase means a reduction in energy since energy produced will be less than the demand therefore being more expensive such that most people are unlikely to access that energy. Energy has become a global concern since in most countries accessing energy is a problem since most people depend on the fossil fuels (Zwaan & Petersen, 2003). Most countries have over depended on the fossil fuels thus the fuels have become more expensive since they are not readily available. Overdependence on energy has ensured that environmental pollution has become a global concern.

Population growth is seen to be the key factor in the increasing energy use. As the population grows people become many thus more energy is used which will support that growing population (Zwaan & Petersen, 2003). Most developing countries suffer energy conservation issues since their population rates are high. Thus they suffer from energy conservation problems such as pollution since they require more energy. They use more fossil fuels which cause pollution and pollution has been a global problem. This shows that energy conservation cannot be possible in countries with high population since the energy use is high. The little energy resources are used by the high populations of people insinuating that energy conservation cannot be possible (Zwaan & Petersen, 2003). Therefore energy conservation is possible in countries where the population is not high since the rate of energy use will definitely be low.

Sub outcome 3

Increase in carbon dioxide levels has promoted universal warming and effects of this warming will have on all people regardless on the location globally. Global warming is caused by emission of various gases from exhaust from cars, airplanes and other anthropogenic causes (Gore, 2008). Use of pesticides in farms leads to emission of environmental unfriendly gases which later results to universal warming. Farming also leads to deforestation. Universal warming in my view is not only contributed by anthropogenic sources but as well as natural sources. Natural sources include eruptions from mountains. Universal warming is caused by emission of carbon dioxide and burning of fossil fuels. Emission of carbon dioxide from burning of fossil fuels is the leading contributor of total warming (Gore, 2008). Unlike farming activities, carbon dioxide emission is the most contributing factor to global warming. Carbon dioxide is a green house gas which is the leading contributor of warming. Deforestation is also leading to worldwide warming. Forests act as carbon sinks. Destroying forests lead to concentration of carbon dioxide which later causes universal warming.

The five green house gases causing global warming and climate change include: chlorofluorocarbons, ozone, methane, water vapor, nitrogen oxides and the main one being carbon dioxide (Gore, 2008). 77% of carbon dioxide emission comes from burning of fossil fuels. These gases cause the green house effect which later causes global warming. The green house gases are harmful not only to the environment but people as well thus emission levels need to be reduced. People should find for alternate means of fuel instead of fossil fuels which leads to emission of carbon dioxide gases and later earth warming.

Sub outcome 4

There are several acts related to the environment that ensure the environment remains conserved which are both internationally and locally among the global countries. There are several issues covered by the international laws which ensure the environment remains conserved. Issues covered by these international environmental laws include ozone layer depletion, deforestation, global warming, hazardous waste management, depletion of the ground water, trade in pesticides, trade in different endangered species, forest management, wildlife management and pollution (Sands et al, 2012). There are different acts that have ensured that countries conserve and protect the environment since the environment is the most important thing. Without the environment people cannot survive and where the environment is polluted people suffer problems such as dangerous diseases. Therefore there are various bodies that have come together to ensure that the environment is conserved since these people are friends of the environment and ensure the environment is well protected.

United Nation is one of the organizations that have come up with laws and regulations on environmental protection and conservation through one of its branch which is the United Nations Environment Programme (Sands et al, 2012). The European Union is the other organization that ensures the environment is protected through coming up with laws that protect the environment (Sands et al, 2012). Environment is an important resource and through these acts and regulations, it has been protected since countries must adhere to the environmental laws. The laws ensure countries remain on their toes and ensure they develop sustainably without compromising the needs of the future generation. The laws ensure that those causing harm to the environment get punished so that other people can respect the environment (Sands et al, 2012). Therefore the environmentally laws have ensured that countries protect their environments.

Sub outcome 5

Renewable sources of energy are those resources that are readily available and are renewed as much as they get exploited. This means that the renewable energy sources cannot get depleted. These resources include wind, solar, hydropower, geothermal, tidal energy and biofuels which are easily accessible (Schmitz, 2011). Their characteristics are outlined below;

They are able to regenerate over short periods of time. This means that they are able to regenerate easily therefore become accessible and readily available for use.

They are cheap meaning that all people can afford them because they are readily available and take a short period to regenerate.

They are clean sources of energy thus do not cause pollution to the environment compared to the non renewable energies. Thus they are friendly to the environment.

They are renewed in a faster way just like they are exploited in a faster way. This shows that they are always readily available since they get renewed faster even though they get exploited (Schmitz, 2011). Therefore they can be relied on because they cannot get depleted unlike the non renewable sources.

The renewable sources become non renewable if they are overexploited that is more people use them compared to their availability and the rate the environmental takes in renewing them. This shows that they should not be overexploited by large populations since they become non renewable and take longer time to get replenished.

These resources become regenerated through some ecological processes therefore they should not be overexploited since this will strain the earth when they are being regenerated (Schmitz, 2011). Therefore these resources should be used wisely since they have come as alternatives to the non renewable which deplete when over utilized.

Sub outcome 6

UAE comprises of 7 emirates which have all come up towards achieving use of renewable energy sources without necessarily depending on the non renewable energy sources. UAE focuses on achieving over 8% renewable energy use or target by year 2020 (Roscoe, 2014). It is focusing on less dependence on the fossils fuels such as oil which it has been depending on for the last years. For instance it has come up with Masdar energy project in Abu Dhabi which is one of the emirates so that it can give its citizens low cost energy which will be possible through use of the non renewable energy sources (Roscoe, 2014). UAE aims at ensuring by 2020 it produces clean and green energy to all its emirates and ensure renewable energy production is done in large scale so that the energy can support large masses of people.

Dubai is another example of a EUA which has started various projects that will ensure it uses solar, wind, nuclear and hydrogen power in large scale so as to reduce the amount of oil being used in the country (Roscoe, 2014). These energies will be alternatives to the use of non renewable energy sources which have been used previously. The Mohamed bin Rashed Solar Park is one of the projects which need to complete by 2020 so that solar energy can be supplied throughout the country as shown by the image 2 (Roscoe, 2014). This energy will be cheap and readily available therefore ensuring that all homesteads have electricity generated from the solar energy. Dubai is a hot country therefore this project will be effective. In addition Masdar project will also in Abu Dhabi will also generate solar energy in large scale which will see EUA going clean, green and smart.

Image 2

References

Gore, Albert. (2008). An Inconvenient Truth: The Crisis of Global Warming. Paw Prints.

Michaelides, E. E. (2011). Alternative Energy Sources. Berlin: Springer Berlin.

Zwaan, B. & Petersen, A. (2003). Sharing the planet (1st ed.). Delft: Eburon Publishers.

Sands, P., Peel, J., Fabra, A. A., & Mackenzie, R. (2012). Principles of international        environmental law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Schmitz, A. (2011). The Economics of Alternative Energy Sources and Globalization. [Oak Park,            Ill.?]: Bentham Science Publishers.

Roscoe, A. (2014). Dubai embraces alternative energy. MEED: Middle East Economic Digest,     58(19), 36.

Earth Science in Action

Introduction

The title of this article is Fuel from Sewage Is the Future and Its Closer than You Think. The Web address is https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161102134504.htm. The author is the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Topics covered include waste water treatment plants, hydrothermal liquefaction and the transformation of sewage to bio fuels.

The transformation of unwanted sewage to fuel is a new technology learnt and this is the new information from this article. Many times, the sewage has been seen as unwanted but the author shows that this sewage can be used as a source of fuel since people have currently over relied on the fossils fuels. Coming up with this fuel will ensure that wastes are utilized in the right way since they will be an important source of fuel. The biocrude will be odorless and has zero impact on the environment thus supports sustainability (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 2016. This new information is important since it will ensue that the environment is conserved and that overexploitation of the fossils fuels reduces.

This information will be useful since most waste water treatment plants will ensure that biocrude is available and becomes an important source of fuel. This technology will also see to it that other solid residues from the process of generating the biocrude such as phosphorus are used as fertilizers instead of exploiting the phosphorus ore (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 2016). This technology will see to it that ordinary sewage is turned into useful biocrude oil within the shortest time possible something that the ear does using many millions of years.

Conclusion

The article is interesting since it is interesting how the earth takes millions of years to generate oil whereas scientists can generate oil using the shortest time possible using ordinary waste and subjecting it to only high temperatures and pressure.

References

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. (2016, November 2). Fuel from sewage is the future --     and it's closer than you think: Technology converts human waste into bio-based fuel.         ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 15, 2016 from       www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161102134504.htm

Nature

Nature is the mother of each and everything that is visible on the earth, thus each and everything which seems good before the eyes originates from the nature. Nature is therefore the mother of architecture, since it made man to discover architecture and its importance (Marc-Antoine, 1753). Man could not have thought of building up a shelter had it not been the ever changing seasons of the nature. Through nature, man discovered how disadvantaged he was, and realized the importance of building up a shelter to protect him from the scorching sun and the changing seasons.

Man could not therefore live without having a shelter and thus had to come up with a hut which was not very suitable for him, as it required frequent repairs from time to time. The type of architecture used in designing the house was copied from nature, thus the column must be similar to a natural thing, “the column must be round since nature makes nothing rectangular” (Marc-Antoine, 1753). This consequently means that, the house needs to have foundation which is similar to that of natural things such as trees in order to enable it to stand firm on the ground. The pillars need to support so that it may not be easily destroyed by nature. Through copying architectural designs from nature, man was able to come up with very strong and durable housing, since in order to be able to live according to the dictate of nature you must be able to abide by its rules. This therefore means that in order to build a house which can be able to withstand the nature, you need to understand the way nature behaves and thus being able to avoid any obstacles.

Reference

Marc-Antoine Laugier, “Chapter I: General Principles of Architecture,” An Essay on Architecture [1753], trans. Wolfgang and Anni Herrmann (Los Angeles: Hennessey + Ingalls, Inc., 1977), 11-38.

Anthony Vidler, “Rebuilding the Primitive Hut: The Return to Origins from Lafitau to Laugier,” The Writing on the Walls: Architectural Theory in the Late Enlightenment (Princeton: Princeton Architectural Press, 1987), 7-21.

-Robert Smithson, “Frederick Law Olmstead and the Dialectical Landscape,” Artforum 11 (February 1973), 117-128.

Melting of Arctic Ice due to Climate change

Part 1

The changes arising from the climatic disorientation appear to have very serious consequences on the livelihoods of individuals living around areas where a climatic change has occurred. These climatic changes have resulted to the melting of the arctic ice and other effects such as overflowing of the Ninglick River. The changes appear to have been brought about by human actions that have degraded the Arctic Circle and which can be related to a rise in global temperatures and subsequent warming of waters. There changes also involve the eating away the lands near the Ninglick River a process that has occurred for some period. There are also storm charges affecting the various towns and cities around the Arctic regions such as hurricane Sandy (Myers & Krauss, 1).

The shrinking of ice coverage has lead to the opening up of new routes for trade which has allowed shipping companies to use shorter routes in their voyage. The retreating ice of the Arctic sea comes with many unexpected challenges that interfere with livelihoods of people living in such areas. While the melting of ice may appear to be opening up of new opportunities, the changes associated with it can cause havoc peoples’ lives or the projects undertaken by the Arctic nation’s government (Goldernberg, 1).  The effects of the changes can be perceived from an economical, social or political angle. The economical effect related to the changes increased interest for oil exploration driven by the significant melting of ice which opens up new oil fields. The melt down can be said be triggering another cold war among nations bordering the Arctic area. It has lead to shift in energy economy around the world. The changes have also lead to increased activism from environmentalists who are against the Arctic waters that are ecologically fragile. The other effects include possible displacement of villagers near the areas given the rising water level with some areas expected to be submerged by 2017 disrupting the social lives of such individuals. The political effect involves increased interest for the Arctic resources that become more accessible with continued melting of the ice.

Part 2

The nations around the Arctic have increased their interest in the potential natural resources in the regions which have seen many of the nations allow and support the exploration of oil. The nations whose borders touches on the Arctic region includes Canada’s sovereign territory , Finland , Denmark ,Iceland ,Russia Sweden , Norway and the United States of America (McFadden, 1). These countries form the Arctic Council, which is an international organization. The council members have entered into agreement on the exploration of natural resources that can be found in this region. The United States under the Obama administration has placed sanctions on energy products that are obtained from the arctic region, which seems to be direct towards the Russian exploration efforts (Myers & Krauss, 1). The most active nations are the Arctic five which includes the United States, Canada, Russia, Denmark and Norway.

The changes associated with the melting of ice appear to benefit only the companies involved in the exploration and drilling efforts. Thought the communities in these areas eagerly wait for resources to change their economic status, this end up not happening. However, even the exploring companies do not benefit much from the changes as seen in the case of Shell sinking $ 7 billion in the exploration in Russia Arctic regional and has failed to fetch any substantial benefits from it. In Teriberka village residents did not realize any benefits from the Gazprom’s plans in the times of Soviet Union(Myers & Krauss,1). The monopoly firms end up benefiting from the resources at the expense of the local villagers welfare. However, the changes end up affecting the local community negatively. This seen in the case of the Alaska residents that have continued to bear the cost of adverse economic changes as seen in changing climate patterns which is interfering with their normal way of life. The poor in this community continue to suffer given the consequences of raising water levels, the extinction of their business activities such as fishing and the possibility of relocating to higher grounds.  

Part 3

With the current trend, the future for the Arctic region should be expected to be very different from the way it currently appears. More melting of ice is expected to be seen in the future with significant effects on the lives of those people living around the areas. The temperatures are expected to continue rising with increased emission of greenhouse gases which means arctic wildlife is also going to start leading lives which are altered (American Security Project,1). Moreover, information from most quotas presents the arctic future as being bleak with various reports suggesting that the rising of temperatures is happening at a higher rate around the globe. The government represents the future as continuing to change with increased altering of the global temperatures. The sentiments are also shared by most scientists and the military organizations.  The arctic paradox in this scenario is that melting of ice is presenting a lot of opportunities for more resource exploration. However, these opportunities are marred with various controversies and challenges which make exploration of natural resources from the arctic region unviable.

References

Goldernberg ,Suzanne.America's first climate refugees. Newtok, Alaska is losing ground to the sea at a dangerous rate and for its residents, exile is inevitable. 2013. Available at. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/interactive/2013/may/13/newtok-alaskaclimate-change-refugees

Myers, Steven & Krauss, Clifford.Melting Ice Isn’t Opening Arctic to Oil Bonanza. New York Times .2015.Available at. www.nytimes.com/2015/09/08/world/europe/melting-ice-isnt-opening-arctic-to-oilbonanza.Html

Energy sources

    Energy is quite an essential element in our lives. There are different sources of energy from which energy can be obtained so as to provide heat light and power as well. These sources are essential as the energy can be extracted from them directly or indirectly through the process of transformation. There are primary sources of energy which may take so many forms such as the natural resources that include coal, natural gas as well as oil. The other form of primary sources includes the renewable sources such as the wind, hydropower, geothermal and solar. All these sources are transformed into another source of energy such as the electricity which is a form of the secondary sources which is, in turn, is used to provide to transform energy. There are numerous energy sources as indicated above but there are those ones that are commonly used but they are however unique in their nature with different advantages and disadvantages. This paper, therefore, will look into the various advantages and disadvantages of the major sources of energy that are commonly used by most people. These energy sources are mostly involved in the production of the generation of energy. They include the wind, hydroelectric, solar, natural gas and coal energy sources.

    Coal is basically regarded as the largest energy source of electricity and it involves the burning of the coal so as to produce heat and electricity which is used in the industries. The extraction of coal is undertaken through mining. There are numerous advantages and disadvantages that accrue from the extraction and utilization of coal. Coal is cheap and hence its prices are affordable as well as stable thus enabling lesser proposal for industries. The energy source is easily available and also easier to transport as the coal reserves are available in most of the countries. Coal has a high level of calorific thus in combusting a smaller quality of coal, energy is produced in large amount.

 There is a low capital investment that is required in the extraction of coal. Since coal reserves are found across the world there are no politics involved in the dictation of the terms of its extraction (Miller et al 385). As compared to other energies, coal is independent in terms of climatic conditions. It is easy to scale coal, for instance, it is easy to establish coal plants of different sizes for the power generation. Coal production has high environmental impacts that are attributed by the extraction of coal and its burning. The extraction of coal mines results in deforestation as well as degradation of the land and habitat loss. This therefore negatively affects the biodiversity. The mining process leads to the soil, air, and water as well as biodiversity pollution while the conditions of mining are quite dangerous as they have been identified as the worst mines to work in. combustion of coal results to carbon emission from the industries and the emission of these harmful gasses cases causes health problems. Coal is a non-renewable resource meaning that with continuous extraction the coal deposits deplete and thus the future generation to come may not be able to use this energy source (Miller et al 385).

    Wind energy harnesses the influence of wind to drive the blades of the wind turbines and it is widely used by countries such as the United States, Asia, and Europe (Miller et al 420). The Wind is environmentally friendly since it involves no combustion so as to produce it but rather comes naturally. Wind turbines occupy lesser space as compared to industries and this allows the multi-purpose use of the land. The Wind is a free resource and it is a great source of energy production in remote areas. It provides steady as well as reliable electricity supply, especially when combined with solar energy (McDonald 37). The energy is a renewable resource which cannot be depleted. However, this source of energy has its own cons one of them being it is unreliable since in some areas the wind strength is low.

 Electricity production is low while the construction of the wind turbines is relatively expensive. It also pollutes the environment through the production of noise by the wind turbines (Miller et al 421).

    Natural gas is a fossil fuel just like coal and oil but the gas is less harmful than the other fossil fuels. It is easy to store, preserved and transported. It can be used for residential purposes since it can be transported through the pipelines into the houses or in tanks. The energy source is cheap as compared to petroleum and cleaner than other fossil fuels since it burns without leaving any smell of smoke. It is economical and it ensures that it produce instant energy hence it is quick. It is abundant and it can be easily distributed and it is safer than the other fossil fuels since it is lighter than air. It can also use in the production of electricity. Leaking of this energy source is extremely dangerous as they make cause explosions and are highly toxic when inhaled by humans. The process of extraction of the gas is complex and the gas is non-renewable hence it can be exhausted (Miller et al 381).

    Nuclear energy is reliable and it involves no greenhouse gasses emission. The required amount of fuel is less since only less amount of fuel is required in the production of energy. Generation of energy through the use of nuclear energy lessens the amount of energy that is produced by the fossil fuels. Nuclear is naturally unstable and it pollutes the water during the cooling of the nuclear fission. Nuclear produces a lot of waste and it takes so many years to stop its radioactivity and the risks associated (Sarkar 138).

    Hydroelectric power is renewable hence it cannot be depleted. It is a green source hence it does not pollute the environment. This source is quite reliable, flexible and safe as there is no use of fuel.

It has some cons including the environmental consequences as the water biodiversity is affected. There are limited reservoirs for the hydroelectric power industries. The source is highly dependent on climatic conditions hence any change within the environment affects the water availability. It is expensive to construct the hydroelectric power (McDonald 36).

    Solar energy has low maintenance cost as they require minimal maintenance. The energy source is a renewable resource and there is high technological development in the solar energy industry. Solar energy is used for diverse purposes unlike any other energy and it helps in reducing the electricity bills (Evans 30). However, there is a high initial cost that is used for buying of the solar system and this source is highly dependent on the climatic condition. The storage of the energy is expensive as it also uses a lot of space while the transportation of the solar system causes pollution (McDonald 35).

References

             Evans, Lynda. The New Wider World Coursemate. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes, 2005. Print.

            McDonald, Laura. Energy Resources. Pelham, NY: Benchmark Education, 2010. Print.

                Miller, G T, and Scott Spoolman. Living in the Environment: Concepts, Connections, and Solutions. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2009. Print.

             Sarkar, Dibyendu, Rupali Datta, Avinandan Mukherjee, and Robyn Hannigan. An Integrated Approach to Environmental Management. , 2016. Print.