Anselms Arguments

Anslem’s ontological argument is one of the most exciting arguments that are as a result of philosophical arguments. The argument examines the concept of God basing its argument on the real existence of God that if we can imagine God then He exists. Whereas there are other different versions of the argument, all of them tend to show that it is self-contradictory to deny that there is an existence of a greatest possible being. The Anslem’s ontological argument states that if something is greater than all other things it must exist and if not, it would not be greater than everything else therefore if we can imagine of God then He exists.

The two claims that Anslem starts his argument with and considers to be incontrovertible are, we all comprehend “something than which nothing greater can be thought” (William 5). The other claim is that a thing can exist in two senses, one being the existence in the mind and a thing that can also exist in the world outside the mind. Anslem’s reasoning of this is that a being that exists outside the mind is much greater than a being that exists only in the mind. This causes a contradiction because it is not possible for something to exist outside the world and not in the mind and this being is God. If something exists in the understanding and there is a possibility that it existed, in reality, means that it would have been possibly greater than it is. God must exist because He is greater than all other things. Anslem’s argument is a reductio argument that seeks to show the truth of a statement by generating an absurd result from its denial.

However there are three main objections to Anslem’s argument which include, Gaunilo’s objections on behalf of the fool, Immanuel Kant rejects the idea that “existence is not a predicate” (William 8) and Aquinas objection “not everyone has the same concept of God”. Gaunilo is not convinced with Anslem’s ontological claims and therefore counter argues them. One of the counter-arguments that he brings forth is the claims that a thing can exist only in the mind and outside of the mind. By the use of the analogy of a painter which is drawn by Anslem, Gaunilo points out that before the artist begins constructing or painting, the work is in the mind and other things are discrete from the understanding that captures them.

 Gaunilo argues that art is the mind that creates it contrasting the fact that other things exist independently of the mind making the mind not obligatory for them to exist at all. He argues that when something that exists is independent in the mind, then the understanding of it is a discrete entity from the thing itself.  He also envisioned a beautiful Island that he claims has to exist rather than only imagine its existence for it to be completely perfect (William 20). He states that an Island that exists is greater than one that a non-existing one. Guanilo’s objections were that things cannot simply exist just by analyzing that idea but things have to really exist. This means that we cannot show that God exists by simply analyzing that idea, but he has to exist. Anslem responded to Gaulino’s objections defending his argument posing that God cannot be imagined not to exist because that which cannot be imagined to exist is not God. Anslem argued that God was an essential being and cannot be thought of being non-existing because he has always existed and will always exist. That is why Anslem thought Gaunilo as a fool because he could not understand the type of God that Anslem was talking about.

Kant’s objection is on Anslem’s claim that existence is a predicate (William 22). The idea of something being greater if it exists in addition to being thought of can be called the idea of existence of perfection. The arguments of Anslem lie on the idea that if you imagined a being of great excellence, the being would be much greater and perfect if it existed rather than if it did not. He objects this by stating that, for something to be predicated, it must already exist. By this, Kant means that for something to be a predicate, it has to add new information to what is already given about the subject. Therefore Kant concludes Anslem’s argument to be fallacious because it is bound on a false idea that existence is a perfection making existence a real predicate term.

Aquinas based his arguments about the existence of God on experiences. He focuses on the need for some entities that are responsible for all the change that occurs in the world. He states that the entities must be God. He argues about motion and for a thing to be in motion it has to be put in motion by another thing meaning that this process would never end. “It is, therefore, essential to arrive at the first mover, put in motion by no other and this everyone understands to be God “(Aquinas 1). This is because a mover only moves when they are set in motion by the initial mover. He argues about the existence of the “nature of the efficient cause”. There is no possible cause that is comprehended whereby a thing has been known to efficiently cause itself. Hence the significance to agree on a first efficient cause who is God. He also argues about the existence of nature whereby people speak of God as the beginning of existence because if everything is possible not to be, then at one time there could have been nothing that existed. The cause of beings having different characteristics, and having their perfections is all attributed to God. In the governance of the world, some intelligent being who is God is in existence and governs all the natural things.

According to Hume (1), there are arguments about the nature of God and His existence. Demea outlines that God cannot be comprehended by any human and should remain mysterious to us. Philo agrees that the nature of God cannot be comprehended and that His existence is beyond any reasonable doubt. He argues that God has been in existence and the reason being that every effect has to have a cause and therefore there should a vital cause for the world. This ultimate cause is known to be God and he bears every type of perfection that is possible. However, nothing would make us think that his perfection resembles anything we can comprehend meaning that nothing would make us contemplate that we know or have an impression of God. We only use words of his perfection like he is wise but these are only used because of the lack of other words to describe him. We do not know what these features could develop if they were set in the divine perspective. This conclusion is based on reasoning whereby our thoughts are generated by our experience. We do not have an experience of divine features therefore we do not know what God could be like.

Cleanthes does not agree with Demea and Philo because he believes that he can show that despite us not having experiences of the features of God, there are plenty of signs in nature that would make us conclude on what God is like. He argues that even though we have not seen God, “we have seen that the universe looks like a machine and though we do not have experiences about God, we have experienced machines and we know that there is some intelligent designer behind their creation” (Hume 2). So the universe being an elaborate machine compared to any machine, it was created by a designer who is God. He argues that God must be alike to a human who designs machines only that He does it with more perfection. Demea reacts to Cleanthes’s claims and does not approve that God is in any way similar to man.

The arguments about the existence of God bear new claims every time this topic comes up. It is difficult to comprehend the true existence of God and his nature because everyone wants to believe in their understanding. The existence of God has been compared to many things including a machine that makes us think of his existence as supernatural. How would a non-existence being create great things including the universe and all appear to be perfect? This could only be possible if the non- existence being has superpowers that enable Him to have all these perfections.

Works cited

Aquinas, Thomas.” Five ways” from Summa Theologica

Hume David Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

William Rowe, Anslem’s Arguments: The Ontological Argument

Religion′s Impact on Culture

Religion has a major impact on people’s way of life and their habits and every person has a right to choose their religion. In most cases, culture influences people’s religion and beliefs. Beliefs and morals are capable of influencing people’s way of thinking and doing things. This can influence society or a nation because the religious beliefs and practices are shaped or shape the culture that surrounds them. An individual’s moral purpose is impacted by religion, beliefs, and culture.

Most diverse communities preserve their cultures and religions to their countries of origin. Research on ethnicity has been done trying to find the differences in the leisure or recreational activities and experiences of the White and the Black Americans. Sports and recreation are significant to people from culturally diverse origins and not from a certain group. This is because it helps to maintain their health and wellbeing through physical activity. Some of the cultures experience difficulties blending in because of their religions and beliefs. For example, Muslims living in the United States are prone to facing challenges of adapting to the western lifestyle which is at most times opposite to their religious beliefs and culture. Muslim women are supposed to follow Islam policies while taking part in sports and recreational activities. They are not supposed to interact in mixed gendered sports and they also should observe how they dress (Abril 2). Therefore if an institution arranges coeducational sports activities, Muslim women will not be able to participate because of the gender policies of Islam. For example, most Muslim women cover their head with a hijab. They are also supposed to wear decent clothing that covers their arms and legs. This means that a Muslim woman will not be able to be a part of recreational programs if the facilities are not adequate.

Muslim women face religious and cultural problems as they try to fit in the social and institutional structures of a more superior group. The standpoint theory helps to explain the disparities which are developed by dominant power causing social inequalities. The factors that may impact them might be cultural, gender, religion-based, ethnic, or a combination of all of them (Abril 3). Constraint negotiation helps to identify the types of limitations that are found in the lives of Muslim women. It also aids in finding ways in which these limitations can be overcome. Approaches such as replacing, coping, or avoiding an activity have been established by researchers to help individuals. Research has shown that culture and religion make Muslim women's lives difficult in sports and recreational activities.

This is evidence that sports and recreational professionals need to understand the needs and requirements of Muslim women and come up with solutions. The professionals should develop programs that are suitable for their cultural and religious policies. They should provide facilities that can accommodate the sports and recreational activities of Muslim women (Abril 9). Because sports and recreation are important to everyone, there should be no limitations that should hinder any person from participating. Therefore professionals should assist in making sure that even Muslim women have access to these activities to allow them to live a healthy and active life while adhering to their religious and cultural needs.

There have been different definitions of culture which include culture as a way of human perfection, social conceptual growth, and normal way of life. Others define culture as a complex whole that is made up of beliefs, policy, knowledge, principles, skills, and other abilities that an individual has in a society. It is also defined as any belief that one knows or has that helps them live and operate in a way that is acceptable to the members of the society. It is a way that people perceive, relates, and interpret things that they have in their mind. Muslims are very family-oriented and often care more about group needs over their individual needs and these behaviors make them collectivists by nature (Abril 12). For Muslim women, leisure time to them though important for their health and well-being is not a priority. According to a study on Muslim women, their main role is taking care of their family and the children.

According to the western point of view, the Muslim women’s primary role is viewed as a constraint in taking part in sports and recreation. However, in a study that was done to establish the impacts of religion on the participation of leisure activities, found out that this to them is not a constraint. The significance of family in the Islamic culture comes from the need to teach traditions and values to their children (Abril 13). Another study conducted on the Arabic Muslims showed that they were interested in sports and recreational activities but their cultural backgrounds hindered them from participating. Making decisions on sports and recreation activities to take part in is influenced by religion and culture.

According to Abril (14), Muslim women who are involved in sports and recreational activities traverse between Islamic beliefs along with the political and social settings of certain countries. The social class that an individual belongs to, their gender, and the time they have stayed in their host country influence an individual’s engagement in sports and recreational activities. Study shows that for some people, participating in traditional cultural sports and recreational activities have made them strengthen their cultural ties and their identity. It has also granted them the chance to interact with other people of the same culture. Taking part in sports and recreational activities are therefore influenced by a person’s socioeconomic position and their level of knowledge on the health benefits of sports. A study on physical education on gender interaction shows that female students believe that women are supposed to play sports that are appropriate for them for example dance and gymnastics. Boys and men on the other hand are supposed to play rough sports for example football, and rugby. There is a need to come up with recreational activities that meet the needs of the clients and also a system that offers and promotes equal opportunities.

Study reveals that modernist Muslims are not concerned with the mixed-gender activities and have adopted the dressing styles of the western. The traditional Muslims still maintain the significance of concealing the body from the male and taking part only in gender-segregated sports. Conservative Muslim women cannot take part in sports and recreational activities in the presence of men (Abril 20). With this, there is a need to understand the religious and cultural necessities in the sport and recreational activities.

According to history, Saudi Arabia has been deeply rooted in its traditions and religious beliefs. The culture is built on family-oriented settings and gender expectations for both men and women. The Saudi Arabian culture believes in an autonomous family setting where men are expected to financially provide for the family and the women are supposed to take care of the family and children. According to the Islamic religion, women are allowed to engage in economic affairs as long as it does not affect her primary role which is being a mother and a wife. In the Saudi Arabian culture, the first call of the women is to worship Allah and then uphold her household duties. Any other work outside the household is considered as a secondary responsibility (Maha 1). The women are expected to uphold household affairs and work within a bounded range of employment. The idea of Saudi Arabian women to join the public workforce is continued debate in the country that has lasted for many years. Recent developments in the political and economic events through the ministry of labor has come up with new opportunities for women to join the public workforce. Such developments have led to the women being allowed to access the public sphere which initially was exclusively accessed only by the male gender in the society.

 Sexually segregated practices are still practiced in the Saudi Arabian workforce making a very low percentage of women to be able to work in the labor force. This is mainly due to hindrances such as working environments that are male-dominated and social constraints of the strict Islamic law. The Saudi Arabian culture does not deny women the opportunities to work. It rather provides precise guidelines to preserve a woman’s dignity and prevent her from doing against Islamic law (Maha 2). Islamic traditions and beliefs are merged in the Saudi Arabian culture and impact almost every aspect of the society and are implemented under the sharia law.

Muslims use the Quran which consists of words that Muslims believe are from God. Saudi Arabia uses the sharia law as its guiding law for the country and does not try to change or modernize its meaning (Maha 3). Currently, Saudi law requires all women to have a male guardian who will accompany them as they perform certain tasks such as marrying and traveling among others. However, studies have shown that in recent years women can acquire lawyer licenses and are more actively participating in society. This though does not change the gender segregation in the Saudi Arabian culture which remains to be a major component in society. Because of the sharia laws on the roles of women and their dress code, women have often faced challenges in expressing their beliefs.

Freedom within the dating scene, courtship among others are prohibited in this culture (Maha 20). Anyone who wishes to get married has their marriage arranged by the elders within the family. The participant makes a choice of the person they would want to marry but the final decision is made by the parents or guardians. Polygamy is accepted in Saudi Arabia but the Islamic law asserts strict restrictions on such relationships. Islam supports women’s rights and men have an extent of rights over them. The internet has created some changes in the Saudi culture because it has given access to religious documents to women. The women are learning to use the religious language which is a language that cannot be confronted by their male associates to achieve their objectives. Saudi women are also led to study Islamic law so that they can be able to speak in the name of Islam.

Customarily, Saudi women took part in vocational areas which included the making of weapons, medicine, and craftwork. Their major responsibility that was delineated through Islam and the sharia law was to perform their duties as mothers and be keepers of the household. Even while participating in vocational duties which Islam does not prohibit the women from, the women should focus on their family role first (Maha 21). Islam however has put certain rules that women should observe when they leave home to join the workforce. One rule is to ensure that they stay reserved and should not intermingle with the opposite sex and this rule is directly from the Quran.

 Another rule for the women is to cover their entire bodies and should not reveal their bodies to men. It is also forbidden for both men and women to cross-dress using the other gender’s clothes. Women should avoid using a seductive tone when having a conversation with other people and this again is directly from the Quran. Islam inspires women to carry themselves in a manner that they will be respected and taken in high regard within the society. The other rule is the woman’s obedience to her husband more so when they want to leave the household. Islam maintains that it is required of a woman to seek permission from their husband if married. If not married, they should seek permission from their guardian before they leave the household. This rule shows that a woman is believed to remain within the household unless she is permitted to leave or in case of an emergency. Another rule that the women should observe is in the case of travels between towns (Maha 22). A woman is not allowed to travel alone and should be accompanied by a legal guide. Another person that can accompany a woman during travels is a relative that cannot be married to her or with whom intimacy would be forbidden. This is done to ensure that the woman is protected from conversations with other people along the way.

In conclusion, people’s religion defines how they perform their daily duties. It influences the activities people engage in and who they interact with. Some of the religions and beliefs make it difficult for some cultures to blend. This is mainly because of the different beliefs and practices they observe, for example in terms of dress code. Laws in some religions prohibit interaction of different genders and this hinders people from participating in certain activities. Muslim women are the most affected by the by laws in their religion because they are supposed to be conservative to be respected in the society. They are supposed to dress in a way that their body is not revealed. Muslim women face these challenges because of the gender-segregated rules. The Saudi Arabian women to face the same challenges because their roles in society have been placed according to the Quran. Some of the things are changing with time and these women are being allowed to work which was not always the norm.

Works Cited

Alshoaibi, Maha. Identity Negotiation, Saudi Women, and the Impact of the 2011 Royal Decree:

An Investigation of the Cultural, Religious, and Societal Shifts among Women in the

Saudi Arabian Public Sphere, 2018 pp. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing

Calderon Pacheco, Abril, et al. Culture and Religion: The Sports and Recreation Experiences of  Muslim Women, 2015, pp. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.

Dynamics of Christianity

Introduction

Christianity is the largest religion all over the world, for the reason that it has a huge number of adherents. Judaism on the other hand is somehow similar Christianity because the two religions has a lot of similarities. When reading the dictates of Judaism one can easily confuse them to the dictates of Christianity. For that reason, this paper will discuss the relationship between Christianity and Judaism, the evolution of Christianity, before focusing on the difference between contemporary Christianity and biblical teachings.

Christianity and 1^st century Judaism are related in the sense that both religions have similar dictates. For instance, Judaism scripture was commonly known as the Torah, and comprised of five books which were Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, and were believed to have been given to Moses by God (Federow, 2012). In the same way, these books are also in the Bible. In addition, Judaism is similar to the Old Testament in the bible, since divine laws of the Torah are similar to those of the Old Testament. Nonetheless, there are also a number of differences between the two, which is the dictates of the Divine Law. Jews expected God to come on his own and save Israel from the challenges it was facing. This is not so with Christianity, since Christians believe Jesus will come to save them from their sins.  

Christianity began after the death of Jesus as a small assembly of Jews in Judea, and spread faster in the Roman Empire. It later grew to become a state religion, and spread to different parts of the world, such as Europe and Russia. The Europeans would then use it as a means of colonizing some parts of Africa, hence becoming widespread (Federow, 2012).

Contemporary Christianity and Biblical teachings are different in the sense that biblical teachings dictate that all Christians should love one another, and believe in Jesus as their Christ and saviour (Federow, 2012). On the other hand, contemporary Christianity teachings are based on worldly factors, which basically goes against the teachings of the bible. For example, contemporary Christianity revolves around what is good, and most preachers tend to focus more on money, rather than passing the message of God. In addition, churches have been turned into businesses, whereby the congregation is coerced into offering tithes, which are then used inappropriately. According to biblical teachings, God called us to relationship, thus when Christians seek the kingdom of God, their prayers will be answered. However, in contemporary Christianity, prayers can only be answered through tithing, which basically shows how the modern church is embroiled in money making schemes, through the use of the scriptures.

Conclusion

As discussed in the paper, Christianity is a large religion hence its dictates are influenced by different factors. Judging from the period the religion began, it becomes clear that Christianity is closely related to Judaism, since most Jews converted to Christianity. On the other hand, there are also other factors which have changed in this religion such as contemporary Christianity which seems different from biblical teachings.

Reference

Federow, S. (2012). Judaism and Christianity: A contrast. Bloomington, Ind: iUniverse Inc.

Role of religion in Araby

Araby by James Joyce is a narration that tries to explain the impact that religion had on the characters in the narration. The events are seen through the experiences of an unnamed character who is greatly affected by religion both direct and indirectly. The character lives in an environment that is deeply influenced by catholic beliefs. Aspects of his life such as school and even having a social life are dependent on the attitude that people have as a result of the influence that the religions teachings have on their lives. Despite the dominance of catholic beliefs and teachings, the narration is able to reveal Joyce’s attitude towards religion. While the community in Araby is greatly influenced by religion, the characters demonstrate the negative impact resulting from Joyce’s perception of religion and how it affects people’s lives. 

            From the beginning of the story, it is evident that religion greatly influences how people live their lives. The power that the Catholics enjoy has resulted to most schools adopting a catholic system (Joyce 1). The unnamed character lives in an environment that is relatively quiet until pupils are released from a nearby school. Being a catholic school, the disruption to the peace and silence that the character enjoys is used to show the negative side of religion according to Joyce. Religion in this case is presented as a nuisance rather than something that offers solace (Birgani et al. 60). The emphasis that the occurrence takes place each day only reinstates the unbearable conditions that the characters and other like-minded individuals have to bear under catholic rule. 

            The negative disposition that Joyce has towards religion is evident in how he describes the dead priest’s home and his last days on earth. The priest is said to have died in a drawing room and his belongings such as books and papers lay littered on the floor. The air is also described to have been ‘musty from having been closed for too long’ (Joyce 2) indicating that the priest stayed alone and had no one to look after the house and belongings after his passing. The priest is an important figure in the catholic religion. He is however presented as an undesirable character who is not only dead, but left evidence of an unfulfilling life.

The house is further described as having a ‘waste room behind the kitchen was littered with old useless papers. Among these I found a few paper-covered books, the pages of which were curled and damp’ (Joyce 2). The negative description of the house previously owned by the priest also indicates the impact that religion has on individuals, including those who abide to the religious practises and beliefs. Despite dedicating his life to religion, the priest has little to show for it other than a messy house. There is also mention of an apple tree that is located at the centre of the garden. In line with catholic beliefs, the apple is an indication of the role that religion played in the priest’s life (Fargnoli & Gillepsie 259). Unlike the creation story however, the priest’s garden is unkept with straggling bushes and a rusty bicycle pump. Everything that the priest cared for is presented as being in ruins after his departure as he can no longer work on it. The state of the priest’s home is an indication that religion only affects those that believe in it and carry out its practices. While the priest’s home may have been in better condition when he was alive, its state after his death can be said to prove that any developments in a person’s life are as a result of their efforts and not because of people’s beliefs.

            The influence that religion has on society is further revealed through the relationship that the narrator has with Mangan’s sister. The narrator is so obsessed that he compares the sister to a ‘chalice’ that needs protection from a ‘throng of foes’ (Joyce 2) and this is in reference to the Holy Grail. His obsession with the lady is so intense that he even worships her even without his knowledge. ‘Her name sprang to my lips at moments in strange prayers and praises which I myself did not understand’ (Joyce 3). The emphasis on the narrator lack of understanding of such prayers only goes to prove that he may not be fully aware of the impact that religion has on his life. However, since his idea of love and how to express it is greatly influenced by his religious teachings, he approaches the relationship with her the same way he would with God. Although the narrator has only experienced family love prior to meeting Mangan’s sister, his inability to understand how to go about expressing his feelings is more as a result of how people treat religion.

In order to retain its affluence, the catholic faith is presented as the basis of reference in matters regarding life. Since the narrator’s community is heavily influenced by religion, it makes it hard for individuals to develop other relationships especially at the narrators age (Gale 15). The overinfluence of religion in this case has made it difficult for the narrator to express love in any other way other than through what people learn in the religious teachings. Instead of expressing his affection towards Mangan’s sister, the narrator ends up idolizing her, despite having idols being forbidden by his religious beliefs.

Despite existing in an environment that pushes people to be Catholics, the narrator is unable or unwilling to fully give in to the teachings regardless of how much they impact his life. Although unknowingly, the narrator’s approach when expressing his feelings towards Mangan’s sister can be seen as a form of idolatry (Seidel 50). The relationship between the two is an indication of the narrator’s inability to understand catholic teachings. This in turn makes it possible to feel attracted to someone at his age despite the religious restrictions that make it difficult for people to even understand affection to anyone other than God. The narrator’s infatuation with Mangan’s sister only proves that he is not as devoted to religion as other characters (Joyce 2). Although religion is in most aspects of what the narrator does and the people he interacts with, he remains confused when it comes to religion and is more interested in worldly things such as love.

An argument can be made that the challenges and confusion experienced by the narrator is because he is not as committed to religion as other characters in the story. At the end of the story, the narrator is said to be in regret and desires to go back to his religious roots. He describes himself as a ‘creature driven… by vanity’ (Joyce 3) with reference to the hardships that he has had to endure. He considers having feelings for Mangan’s sister a sin as a deviation from his Christian duties and this has resulted to the sin of infatuation. While this may be the case, religion still plays a significant role in the type of life that the narrator lives. He refers to himself as a creature in line with his teachings. While this is done as a way to try and trace back his roots, being referred to as a creature only goes to explain the author’s perception of religion (Joyce 30). Instead of human beings, the narrator considers himself a creature because he believes his sins have made him unworthy. Creature in this context is sued in reference to the demands of living according to Catholic teachings and this the author equates to living like a creature.

The living conditions that the narrator is exposed to make it difficult for him to enjoy even the basic aspects of life and this is as result of religion. Since the narrator is either unwilling or unable to understand the religious teachings, he is set to fail and lead a relatively unsatisfactory life. Through the narrator’s experiences, the author is able to entertain the idea that blind faith in something that one does not understand is likely to end in disappointment. Since religion determines the social interactions in the narrator’s immediate environment, his suffering, and any other outcome is as a result of the negative impact that an environment solely governed by religion has on the people that live in it as is the case in Araby.

Work cited

Fargnoli, A N, Michael P. Gillespie, and A N. Fargnoli. Critical Companion to James Joyce:       A Literary Reference to His Life and Work. New York, NY: Facts On File, 2006.        Internet resource.

Gale, Cengage L. Study Guide for James Joyce's "araby.". Detroit: Gale, Cengage Learning,        n.d.. Print

Joyce, James, “Araby” n.d

Joyce, James. Dubliners. New York: Open Road, 2014. Internet resource.

Mojgan Gaeini Mahnaz Soqandi, Shiva Zaheri Birgani. The Role of Religion in James      Joyce`s Dubliners: Cultural Materialism Reading. Advances in Sciences and     Humanities. Vol. 5, No. 2, 2019, p. 55-64. doi: 10.11648/j.ash.20190502.13

Seidel, Michael. James Joyce: A Short Introduction. Malden, Mass: Blackwell, 2002. Internet      resource.

Significance of using Scriptures in Christian Moral Theology

Moral theology which is also referred to as Christian ethics is concerned with recognising and clarifying the ideologies that regulate the excellence of human behaviour in the context of Christian revelation. In addition, moral theology also aims at shaping the lives of Christians, through providing guiding principles significant for shaping their future. In order to accomplish its mandate, moral theology must rely on sources of understanding such as the scripture, tradition as well as human understanding (Curran, N.d). Henceforth for any study of moral theology in emphasising the dignity of Christian aptitude of the faithful and their responsibility to bring forward the fruit of assistance must be sustained by scriptural teachings. As a matter of fact, the scripture is used as a point of reference in Christian theology, for the reason that it provides an understanding on the reasons as to why certain dictates must be followed (Rziha, 2017).

            The Holy Scripture is not only the basis of revelation on which faith is based on but it is also a crucial reference point for ethics. Through the bible Christians can consequently find signs and dictates of right deeds to attain fullness of life. Besides the scriptures are also responsible for the provision of the Ten Commandments which were given to Moses at Mount Sinai (Curran, N.d). While using the bible, it becomes easier to support the ideas to doing good deeds, for instance when talking about matters concerning adultery, the reference point is the bible, which has multiple information regarding those who committed adultery and how their lives ended. Furthermore, the Ten Commandments are provide significant information on how God wants his people to live and what they are supposed to do. For example, the 6^th commandment states that one should not commit adultery (Cover, 2019). Through using such a commandment as a reference point for discourage adultery, it becomes clear what God wants his people to do, thus they should abstain from such acts.

            A Christian is a person who replies to activity and the call of God. This consequently means that Christians should follow the dictates of God through the bible in order to lead a prosperous life (Rziha, 2017). Moreover, Christian ethical life is man’s reaction to the saving of the world by God through His son Jesus Christ. Jesus died on the cross so as to save all Christians from their sins, henceforth, it is required of them to follow the dictates of the lord, through following the scripture. While undertaking daily activities, it is necessary for Christians to remember the word of God which is the bible and to also read the bible and make it their companion (Curran, N.d). In Christian moral theology, the bible which is the reference point is significant for the reason that it allows Christians to not only understand what God requires them to do, but to also be close to the bible. While referring to the scripture for guiding principles, Christians are able to understand the importance of reading the bible, in the process being connected to the word of God (Rziha, 2017). When Christians become connected to the bible, it becomes easier for them to create a close relationship with God, and this is because they will be attached to the bible, thus finding themselves praying and following the dictates of the bible as their guiding principles (Cover, 2019).

            Scriptures are significant for the provision of numerous unresolved problems which cannot be easily solved (Curran, N.d). According to the bible, Christians are supposed to behave in a specific way in order to remain on the right side of God. However, in situations where Christians find themselves in a dilemma it is necessary to consult the bible which offers a wide array of possible solutions which can be easily found. For example, in the event that a man finds his wife committing adultery, then the bible should be used as a means of solving the problem (Cover, 2019). Even though the bible requires Christians to forgive and forget, it also provides solutions to problems which may not seem easy to solve. In the case of adultery, the bible allows for a divorce. The severity of the mistake committed determines the cause of action to be taken, therefore it is important to rely on the bible when dealing with such a problem. Conversely, when faced by other moral challenges, the bible also provides solutions thus it becomes clear for Christians to behave in a specific way and to also solve their issues while referring to the bible.

            The scripture also provides moral principles through the parables which enable Christians to think before making a decision. For instance, the parable of the mustard seed, which depicts the word of God as a small mustard seed which grows to be a huge tree (Rziha, 2017). Through this parable Christians get to understand how God’s word is and how effective it can be if used in the right way (Curran, N.d). If the mustard seed is planted in the right way it grows into a huge tree the same way as the word of God which is in the scriptures. This consequently enables Christians to understand the significance of the God’s word if taken in the right way and if they follow its dictates to the later. Through following the commandments of God, Christians are able to not only become wise and to also grow rich thus being able to avoid the challenges which they may be facing in their daily lives (Cover, 2019).

Finally, the bible is also used as a revelation of God’s intent. In Christian moral theology, the bible depicts God, and how He wants his children to live (Curran, N.d). Through sacrificing his own son Jesus Christ so as to save Christians from their own sins, God is wonderful God who should be praised and worshipped. Similarly, is only through the bible that Christians can be able to understand how what God can do and what they are supposed to do in order to get what they want in life. Also, Christians are taught to respect the word of God so that when they die they may go to heaven. Finally, through understanding the scriptures, Christians can be able to live in accordance with the dictates of God (Cover, 2019). In so doing they will inherit the richness of God. On the contrary, through following the scriptures Christians become responsible and remain focused on their cause rather than focusing on evil acts. Through abstaining from evil acts they are able to lead a responsible lives which is necessary while pursuing their own goals.

Reference

Curran, E Charles. (N.d). The Role And Function Of The Scriptures In Moral Theology: Catholic University of America Washington DC. Retrieved from: file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/2711-Article%20Text-4117-1-10-20121005%20(3).pdf

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Rziha, J. (2017). The Christian moral life: Directions for the journey to happiness.

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In Cover, M. (2019). Bridging scripture and moral theology: Essays in dialogue with Yiu Sing Lúcás Chan, S.J.

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Seeking Allah by Nabeel Qureshi

‘Seeking Allah, Finding Jesus’ by Nabeel Qureshi is a unique book which touches on two conflicting religions, the Islamic and Christian religions (Qureshi, Harney, & Harney, 2016). The author designates his dramatic expedition from Islam to Christianity. In his quest to challenge the Christian religion, Nabeel studies the Bible, a move which prompts him to know Jesus. As a Muslim living in an Islamic family, it becomes hard for him to understand which side of the religion to stand with. Besides, the author also explains how he developed his love for the Islamic religion, hence being convinced to study the bible in order to challenge as a means of challenging it. The more he read the bible, the more he was convinced that Jesus died and rose on the third day as a son of God. For that reason, this paper will discuss, the religious issues touched in the book, how the book relates to the religion before finally giving a general opinion on the information provided by the book.

The religious issues discussed in the book are, the truth behind Jesus Christ, and the relationship between Christian and Islam religions. For many years, the two religions have been conflicting each other, on who is the true son of God, with the Muslims claiming that Jesus was only but a prophet and not the son of God. On the other hand, Christians strongly believe that Jesus is the son of God, and he will come again to save them. Nonetheless, Nabeel focuses on providing the reasons as to why Jesus died and resurrected on the third day, and why Jesus is indeed the son of God. Nabeel was born and raised in a Muslim family where he was obliged to accept the Islamic religion. He did so, and truly believed in Allah, until he met David, a friend while at school. David shared the gospel of Jesus with Nabeel, a move which compelled Nabeel to read the Bible in order to challenge his friend into believing Islamic religion was indeed the true religion (Qureshi, Harney, & Harney, 2016).  

After reading the Bible, Nabeel started experiencing a series of miracles which eventually made him believe Jesus was the son of God. The miracles revealed to him that Christianity was the true religion and that Jesus was not a prophet as he had initially known but a son of God who was sent to save human kind from their sins. While experiencing the dreams, he would seek refuge in the Quran, and would not find an answer for the dreams, but when he turned to the Bible, he found clear interpretation of the dreams he was experiencing. Henceforth, the book relates to the relationship between Christianity and the Islamic religion, in the sense that both religions are related, and they serve a similar God, but with some differences (Qureshi, Harney, & Harney, 2016). In addition, the book also provides us an understanding of both the Quran and the Bible and how they explain the existence of God. It is consequently clear that the two are related in the sense that they share a similar message but they conflict each other.

The book represents the Christian religion positively and at the same time Islamic religion negatively, in that the author talks about focuses more on the shortcomings of the Quran than those of the bible. In as much as Nabeel believed the Bible had been corrupted, he did not use harsh words against the Christian religion, but instead he decided to use the bible itself as a means of challenging its own dictates. While arguing with David, Nabeel sought the truth about David’s argument from the bible which connected to the bible. Likewise, as a Muslim, Nabeel became convinced that the Christian religion was indeed superior, and that the bible was not wrong in anyway. The author also gave us an understanding of the Islamic religion, through explaining its dictates and why he believed in Muhammad and not Jesus Christ. However, Nabeel also states how confused he was after learning of the superiority of Christianity. He therefore placed the Bible and the Quran before him and found the Quran irrelevant. Furthermore, Nabeel states that he found so much violence and disapproval in the Quran which made him to doubt the Quran as a word of God, ‘But maybe You are showing me that the Quran is not Your word after all’ (Qureshi, Harney, & Harney, 2016). This message basically depicts how Nabeel found solace in the Bible, a thing he was not able to find in the Quran.

 The criticism against the Quran emanates from the situation where the author sees it as a book which is only relevant for happiness and may not suit those mourning. In other words, this basically means that the Islamic religion only advocates for the good in life, and it cannot be of any help in situations of need, as it is with the bible. Finally, the book had initially criticised the bible, in the event where Nabeel argued that Jesus had never died on the cross, which is basically saying the bible was conveyed a wrong message. In the end, he became convinced of the relevance of the bible through reading through it by himself (Qureshi, Harney, & Harney, 2016).

The book has talked a lot about the religion, however, I came to learn that one can find solace from the bible. While mourning, Nabeel would read through the Bible, which provided him with comforting words thus enabling him to pass through that period. Moreover, I also came to understand that the religion is not only about God, but is also about the things that we go through in our daily lives. The book depicts this through the Quran which dictates how people should relate with one another hence living in accordance with the teachings. As Nabeel states, no Christian was close to him as he was growing up owing to the fact that he was a Muslim. Similarly, he believes that we should be close to each other regardless of our religious believes. In so doing, we will be able to live in harmony (Qureshi, Harney, & Harney, 2016). Through this, I understood the power of the religion when it came to relationships between one another. Most people tend to relate with those of the same religious beliefs. The religion is consequently a powerful tool which can be used to foster peaceful coexistence between one another. On the contrary, through reading the word of God, one understands the truth about the religion which is significant in getting to know if indeed a specific religion is true or not.

According to my point of view, the book clearly illustrates the actual understanding of human beings when it comes to religion. People tend to criticise the religion without really understanding its dictates. For instance, Nabeel criticised the Christianity and would defend the Islamic religion because he was a Muslim. He did not base his arguments on the teachings rather on his own beliefs. The same applies to the world, people are fighting all over the world due to religious differences, without understanding the religion. If Nabeel had not read through the bible, he would not have understood the significance of Christianity, henceforth he would never have converted to Christianity. The book consequently teaches us to think before we act, and to also base our arguments on facts rather than beliefs. I believe this book conveys an important message which the world should read in order to create a peaceful coexistence between Muslims and Christians as well those of different beliefs.

Finally, I would recommend this book to others for the reason that it is important to understand the information Nabeel passes and to also understand the religion. Reading through the book will allow most people to change their opinion regarding a specific religion. Besides, the books also enables the reader to think twice before judging a religion because no one is perfect, and the religion which one may be defending or judging may turn out to be less significant. In addition, the book also talks about relating to one another, which is essential for peaceful coexistence. Lastly the book also teaches us not to be confined to our religious beliefs but instead to be resourceful in order to understand the religion in general

Reference

Qureshi, N., Harney, K., & Harney, S. (2016). Seeking Allah, finding Jesus: A former Muslim shares the evidence that led him from Islam to Christianity: study guide: eight sessions.

Judaism As Depicted in the Passion of the Christ Movie

Introduction

Judaism started about 4,000 years ago and is therefore considered as the oldest of the three monotheistic world’s religion that believes in serving only one God. In other words, Judaism is believed to be the foundation of both Islam and Christianity. Judaism is based on the belief that there is just one God, known as Yahweh who is the creator and universe’s ruler. Jews people or Hebrews were given God’s laws known as Torah and therefore choose them to serve as the light of humanity as a whole. The Torah contains God’s commandments. One of the very important concepts of the religion is Messiah as initially Jews believed that a powerful messenger the Messiah would be send to save Israelites from the oppressor, launching the beginning of prosperity and peace. In the film, The Passion of the Christ released in 2004 and directed by Mel Gibson retells the last days of Jesus Christ and Judaism religion is represented negatively by portraying Jews as the hostile and the cause of Jesus’ death.

Throughout the movie, several religious issues are revealed such as anti-Semitism, violence and historical inaccuracy. The most immediate idea that is expressed to the film’s viewers is the gratuitous cruelty. The movie depicts Judaism negatively given that Jews are show as mysteriously hateful by rejecting a holy man for no justified reason as he has not done them wrong but only because they are hateful. For instance, in the hallucination suffered by Judas a young Jewish boy becomes a child demon (Gibson, 2004). In addition, while Pontius is a gentled and wise leader he becomes weak and gives into the wishes of the irrepressible Jews so as to assert rebellion.

The overall torture of Jesus Christ is characterised by brutality and bloodshed, which is subjected by the Jews. The representation contradicts the popular belief that Jews were chosen to be a representation of humanity. The physical violence in the film is extreme and the representation might potentially fabricate history and intensify the hostility of the individuals who dislike Jews (Garber, 2006). In other words, the film illustrates Jews as hostile savages against the Roman leader, who only instructed for Jesus to be punished and not to be killed. Moreover, the film historical inaccuracy is demonstrated by its inability to interpret the scriptures correctly by portraying Jews as hateful (Garber, 2006). Most scenes are bloody with violence being imposed on the flesh of a human and therefore, it fails to achieve spiritual uplifting and humanity that is symbolised by Judaism.

With respect, to what I have learned through this class about Judaism, the manner in which the religion was presented is not similar to what I know about the religion. Judaism is a community faith, which believes in a collectivism system. Jews are driven by the necessity to care for one another as part of fulfilling their obligation in serving God (Gibson, 2004). Jews mainly believe that they were selected by God to serve as an example to other humans about ethical behaviours and holiness to the universe. Morality is something that guides Jews in their day to day activities and decisions in general. Therefore, the thing that interests me most about the religion is the fact that, they are focused on humanity in general. However, the way the religion is shown in the film is contradictory to everything I know about the religion. In that throughout the film Jews are demonstrated as individuals that are full of hate and they subject physical violence to a holy man for no other reason but hate (Chilton, 2019). The film seems to suggest that, it is the brutal actions of the Jews that resulted in the death of Christ. The crucifixion part is the most torturing and unbearable for one to see. The amount of physical violence that is exerted on one person is appears as just an exaggeration and therefore not an accurate representation of religious history as described in the holy Bible (Gibson, 2004). It does therefore appear that the interpretation was mainly influenced by personal beliefs against Jews has a negative effect on the anticipated spiritual sensation from watching a religious film in general.

The film represents Judaism religion negatively by asserting that Jews are violent, hostile and bloodthirsty. Through the representation the film promotes anti-Semitism, which is prejudice, resentment of discernment against Jews. In addition, this creates a rather stereotyped view towards Jews against Jews based on their beliefs (Garber, 2006). In other words, the film fails to represent the religion based on the beliefs that forms its overall foundation or even the accurate account of historical events as held by Jews. Therefore, the representation creates a rather negative picture in general of the religion and its believers against what it commonly holds as the light of humanity in the world (Gibson, 2004). The film paints Jews negatively an image that might lead to the building of hatred and discrimination against Jews particularly from Christian or other viewers due to the stereotypes that film creates.

From the movie, the religious content that I learned is about the need for atonement from sin. It is evident that humans are vulnerable as they are likely to given into temptations which results in sins. In addition, human suffering is inevitable, which makes humans more vulnerable in the quest of survival (Gibson, 2004). Achieving spiritual competent requires humans to free themselves from sins and this can only be achieved through atonement particularly through righteous actions, prayer, making sacrifices and beginning for God’s mercy (Waxman, 2004). Atonement refers to a religious concept of an individual taking moral actions to correct past wrongdoings through trying to undo the undesirable consequences, being good to others as a way of serving humanity or expressing remorse as a way of asking for forgiveness. Jews believe in being socially responsible by being good to others and the environment and this is a way of seeking atonement for the wrong deeds that they might have done in the past (Gibson, 2004). Such actions, helps in setting one towards the right path of life and ensuring that people serve the purpose that God choose them to do, which is being a reflection of humanity.

My thoughts, opinions, and feelings about the film are negative based on its emphasis on violence. I believe that the scriptures or any other historical events ought to be interpreted and represented accurately without any form of bias. However, the film fails to accomplish this by serving as a complete anti-Semitism. In general, it promotes stereotypes against Jews by presenting them as rather hateful and violent. The film takes an aggressive approach in its attempt to convert those individuals that do not belief the faith for forgives lies in the crucifixion. Jews take the responsibility of setting humanity towards heaven (Garber, 2006). However, the film appears to be criticizing them for not believing that Christ died for the sins committed by human or that God would use the death of his sons to mollify himself.

From a Jewish point of view, the movie alters the definition of what God is and the overall relationship that Jews have with God. It uses the beliefs of Jews to attack them by portraying them as brutal to the being that paid for their sins (Gibson, 2004). In this context, the movie makes Jews to regret about their beliefs. Rather than trying to accommodate the different beliefs that Jews hold, the film does to the extent of criticism the religion and therefore making it appear as one that is overwhelmed by hatefulness and violence.

Personally, I would not recommend the movie to others because the blood filled and violent scenes are very disturbing. It is very challenging to watch the hostile scenes that are characterised by intense violence (Gibson, 2004). The films seem to have exaggerated the depiction of torture in its attempt to force Jews in questioning their beliefs about redemption from sins by the death of Christ on the cross. The representation might be upsetting to most individuals due to the level of violence and the stereotypical representation of Jews, which makes the Judaism beliefs, appears as less inferior (Gibson, 2004). For the reason of promoting discrimination and prejudice against Jews and the intense violent scenes, I would not recommend the movie.

In conclusion, Judaism is the oldest monotheistic religion that believes that God appointed Jews to be a reflection of humanity. Jews believes in collectivism and caring for the needs of others, which discourages selfish decisions towards humans and the environment. However, in the film Passion of the Christ Movie of 2004, Jews are portrayed as hateful and violent, thus promoting discrimination Judaism. The film fails in accurately representing historical biblical events by negatively representing Jews. 

References

Chilton L, (2019) “The blood, the outrage and the passion of Christ: Mel Gibson’s biblical           firestorm, 15 years on” The Independent, retrieved from,   https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/passion-of-the-christ-    15-years-mel-gibson-jim-cavieziel-movie-reaction-christianity-a8788381.html

Garber, Z. (Ed.). (2006). Mel Gibson's Passion: The Film, the Controversy, and Its Implications. Purdue University Press. Retrieved May 4, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt6wq6d1

Gibson M, (2004) “The Passion of Christ” film

Waxman S, (2019) “Gibson to delete a scene in ‘Passion’ The New York Times, retrieved from,             https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/04/movies/gibson-to-delete-a-scene-in-passion.html

Ramadan Event

The event was basically about the holy month of Ramadan, whereby Muslims in Germany were fasting, praying and also reflecting on the events that had unfolded in the communities. As a holy month, Muslims in Germany used their time to support the needy, attend to prayers in the Mosque and most of all fast from dusk to dawn. Umi a Muslim lady working at a grocery store fasts from morning to evening, stating that she fasts even though she at work for a period of 30 days, in order to remain clean and for her prayers to be heard (DW News, 2011). She believes that hunger is a state of mind and if someone is focused on prayers then he or she cannot feel hungry while fasting. Most Muslims are also supported the needy through offering donations.

Watching the event, I learnt of how Muslims valued their Islamic culture and how they were determined to pray and support the needy. This is not something that most people would do, nonetheless, they remained hungry for a period of 12 hours, after which they would go into deep prayers before break the fast which was termed as ‘Iftar’. In addition, I also learnt of how Muslims were accustomed to their culture, and how they follow the dictates of the Quran. All the Muslims also took part in supporting the needy regardless of whether they rich or poor, but the little they had they shared with those who were in need. While breaking the fast, food would be distributed to the needy showing an act of humility. Finally I understood that one must not be rich to support the needy, but we should support them in whatever way we can.

Reference

DW News (2011). Ramadan in Germany | Journal Reporters. Retrieved from: https://wne.libguides.com/videos

Religion and biblical teaching

Suggestion 2:

What does the novel say about resurrection? Consider the passages mentioning the story of Lazarus especially, and relate them to the plot of the novel.

Introduction  

            According to the perspectives of this novel, crime and punishment has been regarded as being the main theme regarding the problems the society used to experience during the 19th century. Considering the views that were raised, it is evident that the criticism is what could have been proved to be one of the structures that have the propensity of organizing the real nature of modern society (Tucker 253). The provision of the various ingenious of the whole encounters is the one that has the propensity of illuminating the injustices that could have thrived during that time. As a means of validating its inevitability, it means that the desire to rush in taking sides is the one that ended up providing considerable normative pronouncements regarding the nature of such a problem at stake (Ivanits 347). Despite that, the controversy that evolved can be deemed to have the potential of solving the problem regarding such an epilogue.

            On the other hand, by taking into consideration the true nature of crime and punishment, it means that there is a need for detailing the explicit verdict of the views raised. In this case, it is logical to say that crime and punishment are two distinct parameters that do not have any correlation in modern literature. Conversely, the tragedies that the community could have undergone can be assumed to have the potential of molding Christian resurrection (Chapple 96). The differences that can be deduced between the two doctrines (crime and punishment) can be perceived to have the likelihood of determining the limits that exist in society. Although each one of them can be regarded as being superimposable, Christian suffering would be an ultimate reason to enhance logical reasoning (Gibian 974). What this implies is the fact that resurrection is based on individual traits and the manner in which he or she perceives Christian teachings.

Critical analysis of crime, punishment, and resurrection

            Although crime and punishment are considered to be one of the 19th-century novels that captivate the critical reasoning of the upcoming generations, some of the societal appeals are one of the elements that arise as a result of the densely interwoven thematic symbols and motifs. One of the crucial episodes in this novel will have to be based on the Lazarus' resurrection. Ideally, through examining such a scene, it is logical to say that the theme of resurrection is something that stems from the verdict of his death (Rowe 289). What this implies is the fact that the encounters of Lazarus are what rejuvenate some of the holistic faith, actions, and thoughts of the modern community.

            Nonetheless, the schism of his resurrection is one of the elements that can be validated using the general acts of charity as well as individual absorbed isolation from critics. What this implies is the fact that exists no defining moment that can be used as the basis for revealing the immutable character in the novel. The reason for that is because it is evident to say that Jesus had the potential of miraculously healing Lazarus without using any fickle powers (Gibian 970). Typically, the existence of the supreme God is the one that is used as the general basis for scrutinizing the true or actual faith of a person.

            Conversely, it can be argued there is the need for theorizing the tragedies that each character could have went through regarding the resurrection of Lazarus. It is evident that Lazarus had extensively cherished the faith he had with God. This is what validates the fact that there were some individuals who inquisitively doubted the supreme nature of God in raising someone from death. In return, it can be argued that the resurrection of Lazarus is the one that the likelihood of foreshadowing the resurrection faith of the society (Chapple 94). From the Christian teachings, it is evident that whoever believes in God will receive eternal life.

            On the other hand, the story of Lazarus is based on the fact that Jesus had the ability to raise him from the grave with his command. Despite that, it can be argued that there is no physical relationship that exists regarding Lazarus' physical or spiritual death and resurrection. Basing our argument on nonphysical sense, self-inflicted death can also be compared with the death of Lazarus. Ideally, the death of someone can be regarded to be an eternal part of salvation. The tale of Lazarus can be depicted to be the suffering that an individual a person undergoes as a result of his or her illness (Ivanits 340). Accordingly, it indicates individual dedication towards embracing death that can be restored as a result of miraculous resurrection.

            Because of the tribulation and anguish that Lazarus went through, the need for obtaining inner faith is what proves to have rejuvenated his love for God. It is that love that enabled him to reject the secret nature of humankind. The gradual transition experienced from such an account is the one that aid illustrating the faith he had. Regardless of that, crime and punishment a person undergoes prove to be the moral consequences or consciousness of the community (Rowe 287). Basically, the rebirth of Lazarus as a result of resurrecting from death is what indicates how embracing the life of the faithful ones is crucial to the wellbeing of a person.

Conclusion

            Crime and punishment are some of the themes that have the potential of illustrating how a person cherishes his or her life. The reason for that is because it is the one that depicts how a person validates the passion he or she has on the power of life and faith. Ideally, Lazarus' life could have been of that of despair because he could have not recognized the sanity of human nature. Resurrecting and matching from the tomb implied that he had withdrawn his life from egotism and destruction to the extent of embracing God's care. Therefore, resurrection and rebirth prove to be an individual acceptance of faith and the love of God. No matter what it takes, God's glory is one of the elements that suggest that death is not the end of everything. The teachings of Jesus indicate that salvation comes as a result of the faith a person has towards the love that he or she has to his neighbor.

            Accordingly, the conception of crime and punishment can be based on the problems that modern society is facing. Regardless of the views of some critics, it can be argued that crime and punishment is based the structure of the community. Since each community has various guidelines that dictates the moral standards of a person, injustices that a person experiences will have to be based on his or faith. With regard to the societal views regarding resurrection, solving individual problems is paramount in uplifting personal faith in God. With such an epilogue, self-inflicted death is regarded to be comparable with the death of Lazarus and the resurrection that came afterwards. It, therefore, implies that the miraculous powers of God had the potential of enabling him to be raised from the tomb.

            Taking into account the above perspective, it is logical to say that the spiritual relationship that a person instills with God is one that enables him or her to gain salvation. According to biblical teachings, God had died for the sins of mankind. Accordingly, whoever is dedicated towards embracing His teachings will give him or her to be resurrected and see the kingdom of God. What this implies is the fact that by recognizing and embracing the life lived by the holy pilgrims allows a person to exalt the mighty powers of God.  Although some of the immutable moments exhibited in this novel cannot be a justifiable reason for a person to be spiritually inflicted, personal traits play a crucial role in determining his or her religious faith. Ideally, crime, punishment, and consequently resurrection stem from individual holistic faith.

Works Cited

Chapple, Richard L. "A Catalogue Of Suffering In The Works Of Dostoevsky: His Christian             Foundation". The South Central Bulletin, vol 43, no. 4, 1983, p. 94. JSTOR,             doi:10.2307/3187246.

Gibian, George. "Traditional Symbolism In Crime And Punishment". PMLA, vol 70, no. 5, 1955,            p. 979. JSTOR, doi:10.2307/459881.

Ivanits, Linda. "The Other Lazarus In Crime And Punishment". The Russian Review, vol 61, no. 3, 2002, pp. 341-357. Wiley, doi:10.1111/0036-0341.00231.

Rowe, W. Woodin. "Dostoevskian Patterned Antinomy And Its Function In Crime And    Punishment". The Slavic And East European Journal, vol 16, no. 3, 1972, p. 287. JSTOR,      doi:10.2307/305843.

Tucker, Janet. "The Religious Symbolism Of Clothing In Dostoevsky's Crime And           Punishment". The Slavic And East European Journal, vol 44, no. 2, 2000, p. 253. JSTOR,      doi:10.2307/309952.

Religion in School

 Introduction

In the past decades, the new consensus encouraged the role of religion in schools or the importance of curriculum for religious education. However, changes in practice are not yet implemented. Public schools largely ignore religion, K-12 curriculum ignores religions, public universities lack departments of religious studies and even institutions that have religion, and the course is selected by a minority of students. It is evident that the American education system does not recognize God or rather assumes that God is irrelevant.  In other words, American education is illiberal- this means that the education system does not allow students to think critically and make a sense of the world.  Note that students should understand secular ways and religious alternatives about the world. It is important to understand that a good education is one that allows students to learn about religious histories. A good liberal education is an education where students apply religious ways of thinking or rather they create a relationship or connection between religion and science. This research paper raises the argument that students should learn everything including religious ideas. Therefore, religious education should be taken seriously.  Public schools should recognize the merits of religious and secular ways and allow students to use these two levels of thinking in making sense of the world. Indeed, public schools should allow students to create connection within disciplines and domains; that is, religious and secular studies, and this will help them understand how theologians and authors within different disciplines understand subjects such as sexuality, morality, psychology, among and domains.

Today, public schools do not acknowledge the importance of religious studies.  In the past, people would make a sense of the world by applying secular and religious ways of thinking (Nord, 2010). However, since the 19th century, some intellectuals such as Weber, Freud and others introduced enlightenment and science and these made religion become weak.  In the 20th century, many scholars supported 'the secularization thesis" (Nord, 2010). In the modern era, religions have lost their social and cultural value and secularization has gained social power.  Secularizations is ruling because people do not believe in God, society does not support religious practices, and the public institutions have shifted to nonreligious values. Even the students  acknowledge that the modern world is  secular  in that  the texts they read contains more  about  social history, political history, popular culture, among other  topics (Nord, 2010). However, religion topics is not found in these texts. Despite that the fact that secularization has reformed society, public schools should value the students by establishing religion studies and religious activities. Note that teaching religion in school is one way of promoting social harmony and providing moral and ethical teachings.  Religion is the only path where students can understand the world and more importantly, how they will live in the world as well as with other people (Clayton & Stevens, 2018). These factors justify the importance of the education curriculum.  Note that  religion is special  in that it reveals important truth  and ethical doctrines  and therefore curriculum should be  designed to expose students  to the  these truths and doctrines. Up to this point, students in public schools need a "religion-heavy' curriculum where they will learn more about morality and ethics and as a result, they will gain an ethical understanding and more importantly, they will live a just and worthwhile life (Clayton & Stevens, 2018). In fact, every child is entitled to an education that will help him or her gain different perspectives and rely on those perspectives in making rational and informed decisions. 

Vikdahl & Skeie (2019) assert that students in public schools are interested in religion-related dialog-both interreligious and intra-religious dialog. This is because, they want to interact and know each other. In addition, they value diversity to the extent that they want to hear the differences in beliefs and benefit from them. For example, a study done in London and Stavanger revealed that students want religious education and more important religious dialog to gain deeper knowledge about the intra-religious and interreligious differences (Vikdahl & Skeie, 2019). Note that during dialog or when they are exchanging ideas, students improve skills through expressing their views. Therefore, religion curriculum and in particular religion-related dialog is a way of promoting positive student interaction.

Liagkis (2019) uses a different perspective about religion in public and says that there is a relationship between religious education and adolescents' development both socially and emotionally.  Note that the role of educational institutions is to help students create their own identities and improve their academic performances.  For students to achieve these, they need social and emotional wellbeing. The latter is promoted by religious education as the studies allow students to develop self-identity and a sense of connectedness. Religious education promotes religious affiliation where students from a similar belief system associate to discuss their beliefs and practices (Liagkis 2019). Even though religion in school may be associated with challenges especially when students are arguing about the purpose of life, the existence of God, nature of reality, among other issues, the goal of education is to help learners understand their cultural heritage. In addition, the difference in beliefs will prepare students to live in a diverse society and more importance, gain tolerance and social development. This is made possible by the aspect that religious education is person-centered (Liagkis 2019). This means that individuals are allowed to communicate with themselves and understand the sense of a person and personal identity. Another  important point to note  is that  religious  education  is not only  learning  about religions but  it goes further to give the students  a  chance to  develop  a religious lens which enable them to  solve problems using new perspectives (Liagkis 2019). Thus, students not only gain knowledge about the topic but they develop skills and positive attitudes about themselves as well as the world.  Like other disciplines, religious education will allow students to conduct deeper research not only to understand the topic but also to understand their feelings and thoughts.

 Koukounaras-Liagkis, (2015) has a good understanding on the importance of religion in school and he goes on to argue that teaching religion is one of the ways of building community cohesion. Sine enlightenment, secularization has taken over and this means that religion has withered. The Western educational systems also support secularization or in other words education has been reformed to focus on sciences teachings and scientific activities (Koukounaras-Liagkis, 2015). As a result, religious education has lost its value and most individuals assume that there is no God.  Despite all these challenges, it is important to value the importance of religious education in promoting diversity.  Students need traditional diversity: this means that they need to understand the religious beliefs and values and develop their cultural hegemony (Koukounaras-Liagkis, 2015). Secondly, due to the globalization, religious difference has contributed to discrimination and intolerance. Thus, students need to gain modern diversity so that they can develop positive attitudes. Finally, students need to develop post-modern diversity: this means that students need a cognitive environment where they will create their identities and create relationship with other people. Once they develop diversity and gains a sense of belonging, they will promote community cohesion, social justice, social participation, solidarity, well-being, and empowerment (Koukounaras-Liagkis, 2015).  However, these cannot be achieved if students do not value diversity. They must understand racism and diversity, develop cultural heritage, and accept the beliefs as well the values of other people. All these will be enabled by religious education since is this where students will gain knowledge, learn more about diversity, gain self-worth, value inclusion and respect all people.

Conclusion

  Religion in school has remained to be a controversial topic. The society has been providing different arguments from different perspectives where some argue that schools   should provide students with religious education whereas opponents argue that religion is a way of promoting hatred and animosity. They support the science or the secular nature and to connect students to scientific thinking. However, the research paper has found compelling evidence that religious education should be offered to allow students learn more about morality and ethics. Even though it is important to apply scientific critical thinking, students should also have a religious alternative or they should view the world using different perspectives. This means that science is important in understanding the world and also moral views play a significant role in understanding the world we live in. The education institution should not be selfish and individualized, but they should apply religious education and allow students to gain moral standards. I believe that students need various ways or different perspective to know the world. They need scientific knowledge as well as religious knowledge.

 References

Clayton Matthew., & Stevens David. (2018). What is the point of religious education? Sage

Journals.

Nord, W. (2010). Does God make a difference?: Taking religion seriously in our schools and

universities. Oxford University Press.

Vikdahl, L., & Skeie, G. (2019). Possibilities and limitations of religion-related dialog in

schools: Conclusion and discussion of findings from the ReDi project. Religion &

Education, 46(1), 115-129.

Liagkis, M. K. (2019). Teaching Religious Education in Schools and Adolescents’ Social and

Emotional Development. An Action Research on the Role of Religious Education and

School Community in Adolescents’ Lives. Cultural and Religious Studies

Koukounaras-Liagkis, M. (2015). Religion and Religious Diversity within Education in a Social

Pedagogical Context in Times of Crisis: Can Religious Education Contribute to

Community Cohesion?. International Journal of Social Pedagogy.

The Kingdom of God

 Introduction

The kingdom of God is the holy sovereignty of God in the life of a believer. It is mentioned in both Testaments in the bible. It means God’s rule on the people and the blessings and the advantages that come from living under the rule of God and obeying his commands.

In Chronicles 28:5 (The New King James Version), the kingdom of God means that the kingdom belongs to the Lord and Solomon was to sit on the throne. In this picture, it meant that it is God’s realm. In 1st Kings 3-10, when Solomon became unfaithful and turned his heart to other gods, he is cursed by God and the kingdom is taken from him. In Mathew 6:33, the bible states that the kingdom of God and his righteousness should be sought first and then all the other things will be given to you. In this scripture, the kingdom of God represents the rules of God which means allowing him to guide and control your life and be under his rule.

According to Brannon (2015), in the Old Testament, the background aspect on the kingdom of God is seen in Genesis 1: 28 when God blesses and commands humans to multiply and have authority over the other animals. This command reaches the heart of the kingdom of God. God made man in his image and likeness and gives him authority to rule under him. He gives humans the responsibility to expand God’s reign all over the earth by multiplying his image. When Adam and Eve go against God’s will when they eat the fruit in the garden of Eden, it is written that rebellion and sin from humans must be resolved for God to ring his Kingdom to the world. In Exodus, God makes it known to all that the whole earth is his and if the people of Israel obey and live according to his commandments, they will be a kingdom of priests and a holy nation to him.

Brannon (2015) states that in the New Testament, God’s kingdom is represented today and the days to come. It shows that it begins since he first came to the world, it grows through the annunciation of the word of God and comes to be fulfilled in Christ’s second coming. In the book of Mark 1:15, Jesus urges people to repent and believe in the word of God because it is already time and God’s kingdom is present. In Mathew 4:23, it is written that Jesus healed the sick, cast out evil spirits, he taught and revealed the teachings of the kingdom. This shows the connection of the gospel of God and His kingdom which represents the fulfillment of the prophecies and promises given in the Old Testament. In the New Testament, attention has been drawn to the promised kingdom of God that has been initiated and is now in the first coming of Christ and is represented by his life, death, and resurrection. There is a connection between the ministry of Jesus and the coming of the kingdom. There is also a connection between the kingdom and Jesus dying and resurrecting from the dead.

Conclusion

The kingdom of God is represented differently throughout the bible. In the New Testament, it is one of the main components of the teachings of Jesus. The kingdom of God has been connected to his death and resurrection and by defeating them, Christians are made to be part of God’s kingdom. They should extend God’s sovereignty and accomplish his purposes all over the earth.

References

Brannon J.M. (2015). The Kingdom of God- Third Millennium Ministries: Retrieved from

https://thirdmill.org/magazine/article.asp/link/jef.Kingdomof God.html

Chronicles, Mathew, & Kings. Retrieved from: The New King James Version

Rise and Expansion of Islamic Civilization

Introduction

Over many centuries Islam spread from the Arabian Peninsula to various parts of the world to include Europe.  This massive spread was a result of great trade caravans, military conquests and Islam missionaries (Michalopoulos, et al., 2012).  Many Islamic cultures merged with other new cultures in new societies to take new diverse forms.   The expansion of Muslim civilization was one of the factors that largely contributed to the European Renaissance, a movement that was as a result of the collision of Greek and Islamic ideas and beliefs. The Islamic power in Europe largely ruled the southern region of Spain for more than 600 years, this rule impacted this region making it different from other regions under the Christian rule in Europe. Under the Islamic rule, the southern of Spain became more commercially developed and urbanized with many large cities that attracted masses of traders.  Islamic rule in Europe brought about many economic, political and religious implications.

Most of the development that took place in Europe can be attributed to the expansion of Islamic civilization. The Islamic rule in the region of Al-Andalus resulted in the establishment of major cities that prospered as major trade cities. The city of Al-Andalus under Islamic rule rose to be the major trading center for domestic and foreign traders in Europe (Michalopoulos, et al., 2012). The expansion of Muslim civilization led to the development of one of Europe’s largest economic system. The trade between Muslims and Christians in Europe went beyond religious principles (Michalopoulos, et al., 2012). Italian traders opened new trade routes to Muslim ports; this resulted in the largest economic patterns that positively impacted the economic system of Europe.

            The Byzantine Empire origin can be traced back to 330 A.D. it is considered as one of the most powerful and vast empires of the world.  At the begin the empire was influenced by the Roman culture but as times changed the empires incorporate Christian, Latin, and Persian cultures and later embraced Islamic culture when the Islamic expansion was at its peak (Khan Academy, n.d). Arab Muslims began conquering territories to include the Byzantine and within two decades Arab Muslims had created an empire that spans across three continents. Political stability in these regions was enjoyed since non-Muslims in these regions did not oppose their Islamic rulers and because civilians had suffered long periods of political instability thus there were ambient towards their previous rulers (Khan Academy, n.d). Arab-Muslims took over many territories that belonged to the Byzantine and Sasanian empires and extended their territories to the east and west for religious and political reasons, this happened between 634 to 644 during the reigns of the 2^nd Caliph, Umar.

            Just like any war the Byzantine and Arab-Muslim war had long-lasting effects for both parties involved. The Byzantine Empire lost most of its territories to the Muslims. Arab-Muslims gained extensive control of the territories in the middle east and Africa (Khan Academy, n.d). The Muslim civil expansion caused a strain on the relationship the empire had with Rome; the empire lost protection offered by the papacy.

Inconclusion, as Arab-Islam that originated from the Arab Peninsula continued to spread to various parts of the world, their culture merged with other cultures to take many diverse forms. The expansion of Muslim civilization was driven by religious and political factors. This expansion greatly impacted Europe resulting in the creation of great trading cities and the development of extensive economic systems.  Arab Muslims conquered empires to include the Byzantine empire, the conquest brought with it many political and religious implications.  The expansion of Muslim civilization resulted in many political religious and economic implications that were experienced in the middle ages and the centuries that followed long after.

References

Michalopoulos, S., Naghavi, A., & Prarolo, G. (2012). Trade, geography, and the unifying force of Islam. Islam, Institutions and Economic Development.

Khan Academy (n.d). The rise of Islamic empires and states. Retrieved from;             https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/medieval-times/spread-of-           islam/a/the-rise-of-islamic-empires-and-states