Immigrants help the United States Economy

Immigration is something that has been debated about for years, with arguments that illegal immigrants negatively impact the economy but this is wrong. I totally disagree with this argument. Illegal immigrants are a benefit to the economy and they help increase revenues for the state. The United States economy thrives with the presence of illegal immigrants.

Illegal immigrants come to the United States to look for greener pastures and this means that they come ready to find jobs and work without any considerations on the wages that they are given. These are people that are willing to take up any jobs and most especially the ones that the native workers consider to be inappropriate for them. The immigrants take up farm work, housekeeping and any other manual routine work that is available which help deal with the issue of human resource in these areas (Peri, p. 1).

Immigrants help in adding a significant number of workers for the state. Most of the native born persons of working age are in school, others are retired and others are impaired because of drug use which limits their qualification for employment. With these facts in mind, the work force that is provided by the immigrants greatly help to fill this gap in the economy, which helps in keeping the GDP growing (Florence et al., p 1).

When the work of the immigrants is compared with the work of the natives in regard to salaries, the immigrants provide for cheaper labour which allows the U.S economy to thrive. This also helps the businesses to expand the job opportunities which make it easy for the immigrants to be absorbed in the economy (Florence et al., p 1). When the businesses expand, they allow for more jobs to be created and this means that even the natives have better chances of acquiring better jobs without blaming the immigrants for taking up all the jobs.

The illegal immigrants have a positive impact on the economy in the sense that they take up the jobs that are always in short supply of the natives. Without these immigrants, the natives will have to be given more salaries in order to incentivize them to provide some of these services meaning that there would be low supply and high demand at a higher cost thus hurting the economy (Peri, p. 1). The Immigrants taking up this manual jobs, gives the natives a chance to expand their knowledge and expertise allowing them to get better jobs and hence increased revenues for them. In another case scenario of how immigrants help the economy is in regard to taxation. The more the immigrants mean that there is more spending which in the overall means that there is more tax earnings for the economy (Florence et al., p 1).

Many may argue against illegal immigrants on the basis that they affect the culture of the American society in with increased cases of crimes and drug related issues which are all true. However when the analysis is made on the effects that these immigrants have on the economy, having them is more advantageous and they should be allowed to stay to help improve the economy. Immigrants help increase the workforce in United States most especially in the some sectors like agriculture, construction and personal services that have problems finding the right human source without considerations of skills.

Works cited

Peri, Giovani .. The Effect of Immigrants on U.S. Employment and Productivity. (2010,

August 30). Retrieved from https://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-letter/2010/august/effect-immigrants-us-employment-productivity/

Florence Jaumotte, Ksenia Koloskova & Sweta Saxena. This is The Impact of Migration on

Productivity. (2017, January 13). Retrieved November 14, 2018, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/01/this-is-the-impact-of-migration-on-productivity

One of the concepts that I had an intriguing interest in is the classical civilization. It deals with previous aspects in a holistic approach. Enlightenment entails roman culture, ancient lifestyles, and even languages. The vastness that comes with studying classical civilization gives an individual an opportunity to branch out and a topic he or she develops an interest in while exploring the course. It is like a foundation that educates insights the mind and teaches things from the past that one needs to know and gain information and skills. Furthermore, Classical civilization gives factors that facilitate civilization in the history and places value systems that made past cultures prosper and excel to their full potential.

More so, it gives an in-depth perspective on cultural history. Classical civilization focuses on underlying ways of life and traditions in areas like the Mediterranean Sea, which is also known for early Greek poetry in the 7th century. In fact, the Mediterranean Sea was the place where   Roman Empire records traced their origin.

The second idea derived from the course material is the relation of past civilizations and present civilizations. It was interesting to note the similarities and differences between previous culture and current civilizations. The brains behind the civilizations intended to ensure that communities live in good stable health status and cater for their families without dying from common diseases. The reading of the entire texts rather than the excerpts give one all the information needed to develop a critical thinking exercise into the practices and customs of past civilizations. Thus, the tracing of past civilizations and relating them to present situations makes it relevant   and propagates an exclusive way of checking on issues.

Behavior across the lifespan

 Erikson's theory of psychosocial development focus on social experience and how it influences ego identity, ego strength and conflict. The theory  of psychological development is a meaningful concept that uses the ‘epigenetic principle' which means that nurture and experience are two elements that shape human development.  The concept of epigenetic principle states that personality develops throughout the entire lifespan and various stages shape personality and behavior. However, one stage does not help a person to move to the next stage but what happens is that the stages are in a predetermined order (Louw et al. 1998). In other words, the social and cultural influence play a role in creating the sense of self, competence, and conflict which serves as a turning point.

 Stages of Erickson's theory

 Trust versus mistrust (0-2 years)

 In developing a series of commercials, the first developmental stage to consider is the trust versus mistrust stage.  This stage concentrate on the infants and the role of parents in meeting the infant's needs such as parental love, food and shelter. This stage states that infants need early experience and this stage is important as infants create trust or mistrust concerning the behaviors of the caregiver (Louw et al. 1998).  Example of character who represents this stage is my relative whose name is Michelle.   The latter has a child aged one year. The parent represents this stage by giving the child a safe environment such as soothing the child when he cries, playing with the child, spending time with the child and as a result, the child gains self-confidence and creates trust.

 Autonomy versus shame and doubt (2-4yeras)

 At this stage, the child aged 2 to 4 years adhere to the defined rules.  If the parents or the caregivers set positive rules, the child will conform to the positive rules and develop positive behaviors and vice versa. The child has the power to develop a sense of autonomy, self-control, willpower and overcome shame and doubt with respect to the set rules and standards. However, if the parents criticize the child for not adhering to the rules, they reduce the child's self-esteem and the child develops the feelings of guilt and shame (Louw et al. 1998).  A character that represents this stage is known as Sonny in the Big Daddy comedy film.  Sonny allows Julian to exercise autonomy such as making cereals and tying his shoes. However, Julian is unable to complete the task and rather than creating shame and doubt due to failure; Sonny helps the boy.

 Initiative versus Guilt (4-5 years).

 At this stage, autonomy allows a child to explore the world and develop a sense of purpose.  In the external world, they interact with people and the interaction helps them identify their gender roles (Scheck, 2014). A character that represents this stage is my small brother who is known as William. The latter is five years old, and he likes social interaction since through interaction, he learns new things, he develops a sense of self, self-confidence and more importantly, he understands the surrounds.  He also likes to play with tools and constructs his things.   However, I notice that when he fails to complete the task, he feels inferior.

 Industry versus inferiority (5-12 years)

 At this stage, a child reduces the feelings of inadequacy since through gaining skills and knowledge; he can develop persevering diligence and focus on competence, achievement, and accomplishment. Teachers, parents, relatives, and friends play a role in helping the child achieve success in life (Scheck, 2014).  A character who represents this stage is Natalie in the novel ‘The Tulip Touch' by Anne fine. Natalie creates a friendship with Tulip, but as time goes on, Natalie notices that her friend has disruptive behaviors and she decides to breaks the bond and lives her own life.

Identity versus role confusion   (13-19 years)

 This stage is associated with an identity crisis since the majority of young people focus on understanding ‘who am I,' the self-identity or the group they belong and the values and ideals or the goals to achieve in life. During the transition stage, young people face difficulties since they have to know who they are, define themselves and develop a good identity.  They need support and love, and in this case, parents and teachers act as role models to ensure that they develop fidelity.  For example, in the novel ‘The Tulip Touch,' Natalia tries to form her identity by breaking the friendship with Tulip. She develops a ‘full sense' of who she is and focuses on saving her own life.

 Intimacy versus isolation (20-40 years)

            At this stage, young adults need love, romance, and supportive relationships.  They tend to build a healthy relationship with people, and they are likely to develop a sense of loneliness when the connection fails. A strong sense of identity influences the intimacy and maturity is an essential element that helps the relationship to survival. In a relation, young couple focuses on fidelity and devotion since there are interested in committed relationships and avoid isolation and loneliness (Scheck, 2014).   Hanif Kureishi represents this stage in his novel ‘Intimacy’. In the novel, Jay and Susan are couples who are in a marriage but later they break the marriage, and both develop the feelings of isolation and loneliness.  Jay desire to be accepted and loved but his wife does not fulfill the man's needs.

 Generativity versus Stagnation (40-65 years)

 At this stage, people do not focus on love and intimacy, but they concentrate on important issues like raising the children, joining community organization and church groups and more.  In other words, people at this stage develop a sense of unity and care, and if they fail to connect themselves to the community, they create an understanding of worthlessness (Louw et al. 1998). I can give an excellent example of my parents who are aged 40-65 years. At this age, they do not focus on love and intimacy, but they engage themselves with constructive things such as community development, good parenting and more.

 Integrity versus Despair (65 years)

            At this stage, people reflect back on where they have come from and the things they have accomplished.   There are two of people; that is, those who develop a sense of pride and those who regret the past life.  Those who create a sense of dignity do not fear death since they are satisfied with the worthwhile and meaningful life they lived. However, those who regret the past fear of death and regret if they accomplished their goals (Louw et al. 1998).  In the film ‘Golden Years'    Miller describes   Arthur and Martha as a law-abiding couple who reflect back and develop a sense of pride since they worked hard at young age and investment.  The couple lives happily in suburban Bristol enjoying their golden years.

In developing a series of commercials, it is essential to review these stages of psychosocial development to understand the different stages, the different needs and how to fulfill the requirements.  By focusing on these stages, it is possible to understand the real personality. For example, people in middle and adulthood stage are active and focus on personal growth. Overall, it is essential to follow each step to meet the needs of both children and adult.

Reference

Louw, D. A., Van, E. D. M., Louw, A. E., & Botha, A. (1998). Human development. Cape Town: Kagiso

Tertiary.

 Scheck, S. (2014). The Stages of Psychosocial Development According to Erik H. Erikson. München: GRIN

Verlag GmbH.

Analytical research

Cinderella

Theme: a traditionally feminine woman

Introduction

  The American popular culture is characterized by negative portrayals of females and rather than defining gender regarding biological traits, the popular culture defines gender concerning the sociopolitical arena. The sad thing with the negative portrayal is that it is harmful to the young children and adult since they reconstruct the gender roles in the popular culture. Cinderella (Ella) was a beautiful girl who was ill-treated by her two stepsisters (Anastasia and Drisella).  Since she was beautiful, she was invited into the king's palace together with her two stepsisters to participate in the grand ball social event.  As they were preparing to attend the social event, Cinderella had to do some tasks that were assigned to her by the godmother. For example, she was asked to go to the garden and bring her a pumpkin, sex mice, a whiskered rat and six lizards.  The exciting thing is that as Cinderella brought the stuff to the godmother,   the latter touched them and transformed them into precious things. As Cinderella arrived at the scene, she was so beautiful that the Prince admired to dance with her.  At this point, the life of Cinderella changed as not only does she gains hope but she is also married to the Prince, and both live happily ever after.  It is important to note that Cinderella is treated as a servant, but her invitation to the grand ball acts a stepping path to achieving success in her life. We learn that Cinderella is a strong woman who despite the ill-treatment she comes across, she does not resist, but instead, she presents good attributes of a good woman.  In a real sense, Cinderella in the film is setting up a gender role in the midst of enormous pressure she meets in life. In presenting gender roles, she is recognized through her physiques and attitudes.  The research paper focuses on the representation of gender and in specific the gender roles and stereotypes in the Cinderella film. 

Gender roles are set of behavioral norms which define males and females within the society.  Male and female are expected to have different attitudes and behaviors and the different play a role in establishing their identities.  Gender roles are constructed in the society in that the society defines what is appropriate to both male and female not only in character traits but also regarding clothing and many more.  It is also important to note that gender roles are defined as early as childhood age and as the child grow and develop, the social norms they present impact and influence their lives (Dines & Humez, 25).  For example, girls are expected to wear a bright color and play with dolls whereas boys are expected to attend sports and play video games.  Failure to follow these norms may bring devastating consequences in their lives such as being victims of harassment and abuse.  One may ask in which way do children understand the norms to follow but the point is that majority of the children learn the expected behaviors from the media sources such as children's media, mythical figures, popular movies, stories and more(Dines & Humez, 33).

Disney animated films, and in specific the Cinderella film is one of the media sources that children and adult have learned their exacted behaviors.  The power of Disney is remarkable as it has the capabilities to reach children and adults and teach them about the gender and social relations. The role of gender in the Disney film has changed and the all films including the Cinderella film features the gender roles and in specific the role of the female character.  About the Disney film, it is essential to understand that that woman started to fight for their femininity in the 1920s and they demanded equality and freedom from traditional standards (German, 125). They were for the passage of the 19th Amendment, but they did not achieve their goals due to their Great Depression. The latter together with the World War 2 affected women as they were treated like housewives whereas men were perceived as the breadwinners.  Women were not only treated as family caregivers in the society, but they were also portrayed in the media.  For example, the media portray of gender role is seen in the Cinderella film which was released in the 1950s (German, 127). In this film, women are portrayed as housewives, and the negative portrayal continued until the 1990s when women rejected the notion and demanded equality.  However, despite the fact that women continued to struggle for their rights, the social and cultural representation portray women with certain characteristics.

 In the film, Cinderella is presented as helpless victim whereas her step mother and step sisters are presented as greedy and selfish.  Cinderella is a female heroine but her heroic nature does not come from her own doing, but it comes from a forced situation. In other words, Cinderella is heroin due to her inward character, but she is referred to as heroin due to her outward appearance such as beauty.   In the grand ball scene, men admire her beauty, and this outside appearance rescues her.  Her beauty is valued most, and the Prince loves her simply because of her beauty but not due to her real character. Up to this point, we see that femininity rescues her and helps her find a marriage.  The King says that ‘No buts about it, my son has been avoiding his responsibilities long enough!... I want to see my grandchildren before I go…. (Lewis & Robbin, 1). This shows that Cinderella is valued for her beauty and the king wanted her to become a wife to his son.  Cinderella does not even have the chance to challenge the status quo, but her dream is bounded by social structures and patriarchal order.

A gender stereotype is a key theme in the Cinderella film, and the film shows that the roles are socially constructed by the society.  In American today, we see changes in the cultural gender roles in that majority of women are not housewives, but they also work to support their families. There has been a transformation of the gender roles in that women do not depend on their husband, but they utilize their strength to live a meaningful life (Benshoff, 1).  However, despite the fact that the gender roles have been transformed, the Disney in his film still presents the gender stereotype where women are treated as salves.  Even though Cinderella is a protagonist, she is a passive character and a commodity in the society. Cinderella has no individual power, and she enjoys life later after being married.  On the hand, male characters are assertive, and they are perceived as important being in the society. Focusing on the gender stereotype in the society, it is clear that the stepmother's views on marriage are not based on true love, but she wanted her daughter to be marriage by the prince and enter into the higher class.   About the film, the research finds that the society has suppressed the femininity despite them being strong women (Benshoff, 13).  Focusing on both Cinderella (1950) and Cinderella (2015), it is clear that the society has transformed the role of women in that in the former film, we see Cinderella as a strong woman and can make decisions over her life. However, in the latter, she is portrayed as submissive, and she does not have the opportunities to make choices, but rather she adheres to the rules of other people.  The reason for the differences in both movies emerged due to the feminist movement of the 1960s (Benshoff, 13).  The transformation of gender role is supported by the theory of performativity which states that gender roles and social construction in that the society expects woman and man to behave or act in a certain way. 

  Author Judith Butler states that the traditional notions of gender are based on the aspects of masculinity and femininity.  She argues that to understand the feminism and the identity, the gender should be redefined.  The point is that rather than defining gender about sexed gender, gender should be based on social construct and eliminate the sex/gender distinction (Butler, 43). Also, the popular culture which defines gender roles has embedded social ideologies that empower a certain group and disempowers the other.  Butler disagrees with the notion that ‘gender is the cultural meanings that the sexed body assumes' and argues that even though there is a dominant social structure with a set of norms, it is also important to focus on the normative ideals and people should define gender by doing (Butler, 48). She supports her ideas by using the performativity theory which states that gender is not defined through the internal concept but it is about the set of acts

  This research paper argues that the modern entertainment industry has shaped how society should define the gender.  Faustino (128) argues that the era of American cold war gave rise to the traditional patriarchal society. Since this period, manhood and motherhood are important aspects that shape one's identity. In other words, the Disney's animated film not only produced the traditional mothering ideology but it also gave rise to the second of wave of feminism where women are disempowered in the society.  In modern society,   femininity gender is characterized by women's mothering, and it features the ideal American woman.  About the film and the American dream, Fraustino argues that ‘ A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes.' (Fraustino, 130). This means that Cinderella focus on achieving the dream of marrying wealth and she shows her effort in achieving the dreams through dancing with the prince.  In the film, we see that Cinderella makes a deal with the stepmother and the deal benefits her as she succeeds in life. Similar, women in modern societies are expected to adhere to certain norms and in specific be under the male dominance for them to succeed in life.  They are expected to preserve the patriarchal order and fulfill the domestic duties for her dreams to come true.   The entertainment industry or rather the media images have not only defined what is moral and evil but has also produced the stereotypes of certain people (Fraustino, 145). Thus, these images shape the society's attitude that women are valued concerning their physical appearance   especially when making an intimate relationship.  In the film, Cinderella's beauty helps her get a man and to make her identity.

Conclusion

 Every girl desires to become a princess as they watch the film, but they do not recognize the hardship, and the negative experiences met in trying to create their self-identity. In specific, Disney has much control over the media, and   the films are critiqued in that majority of the film have a sexist view and negative portrayal of women. The film have changed the attitude and traditional values of a princess in that a prince was perceived as a daughter of a king but in today's film, princess are defined concerning their beauty, and there are rewarded due to their hardworking, dedication among other attributes.  In achieving the American Dream, women need to have self-control and adhere to the patriarchal law and order.   For the case of Cinderella, she is determined to escape from the situation she is in, but the appalling thing is that rather than using her rebellion, she puts her focus on someone who would rescue her.  As she makes a deal with her stepmother, she is also expected to make a deal with the prince through dancing for her to achieve her dream.

Work cited

Butler Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity.  Routledge, 2011

German, Lindsey. How a Century of War Changed the Lives of Women. London: Pluto Press, 2013. Print.

Benshoff, Harry M, and Sean Griffin. America on Film: Representing Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality at

the Movies. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2011. Internet resource.

Dines, G, and J M. Humez. Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Critical Reader. Thousand Oaks: Sage,

2011. Print.

Lewis, Zoë, and Robbin Cuddy. Walt Disney's Cinderella. New York: Disney Press, 1995. Internet

resource.

Fraustino, Lisa Rowe. ""Nearly Everybody Gets Twitterpated": The Disney Version of Mothering."

Children's Literature in Education 46.2 (2015): 127-144.

Behaviorism and Cognitive Development

Introduction

A theory is a keen and rational method of generalizing thinking and the consequences of a person’s thoughts. It involves development of body of knowledge. Behaviorism as a theory involves the study of human and animal behaviors to understand them better. It assumes that behavior is as a result of different stimuli in the environment. On the other hand, Piaget’s theory of Cognitive development entails the study of mental processes from childhood to adulthood. This paper will analyze how Watson’s theory of behaviorism and Piaget’s theory of Cognitive development would explain Tom’s personality.

As a first born in his family, it was expected that Tom would receive the best treatment full of love from his young parents. However, his father was an irresponsible drunkard who worked as a constructor. Tom’s mother on the other hand was a housewife. A big portion of his father’s money would be spent on alcohol thus living in poverty.  His parents always disagreed on everything especially where money was involved leading to fights. This made Tom’s mother bitter and she became extremely harsh to Tom. Small mistakes such as pooping on himself would make the mother to spank him. At the age of two, Tom was sleeping alone in his own room and this made him volatile and he developed nyctophobia, extreme fear of darkness, even at his adolescent stage. He had changed from being the excitable kid who could laugh at anything to being always nervous. Years passed and Tom’s parents gave birth to a baby girl. Surprisingly, Tom was not excited on seeing his sister as many children as is the case for many children.  He was now old enough to join preschool and his parents admitted him to the nearest local school. Tom had a dream of working hard and changing the life of his family. At grade 5, Tom’s behaviors started deteriorating. He could beat up his sister at the slightest misunderstanding and this would make his parents to punish him. However, he seemed to enjoy this and never stopped. The teachers started noticing his negative behaviors. He had become arrogant towards his fellow students in class calling them inferior. His friends had also distanced themselves from him due to his bossy nature. He never accepted defeat in all the games they played together. It would always end with a fight. His teacher’s attempts to change him were in vain. His mother tried to talk out her son into knowing what the problem was but Tom could not open up to her. Years later when Tom joined High school, he was the poorest performing student in class. His class teacher, Madam Allison, started having interest in him and wanted to know why he was always volatile in class and why he performed so poorly. Her approach to Tom was unwelcomed at first but with persistence, she got him to open up. Tom explained his fears and background challenges to Madam Allison and he admitted that being violent makes him feel better about himself. He also said it is the only time he gets to feel wanted as fighting others draws more attention to him. Madam Allison took it upon herself to help Tom overcome his fears. He started giving him extra assignments and correcting his mistakes. He could ask Tom questions in class and when he answered correctly, the other students would clap for him. The teacher also promised to reward him if he performed well in his term paper.  Tom performed really well in his final exams and he had improved from a D plain to B. His behavior had also changed and he was friendlier to his classmates. When he went home for holidays, his mother could not hide the joy of seeing her son’s transformation. He was now more passive and could relate well with his younger sister without violence.

John B. Watson’s theory of behaviorism is an approach of learning which studies an individual’s change in behavior.  The changes in what people do or say. Behaviorism theory explains that peoples’ behaviors are stimulated by the environment or past experiences. The theory’s arguments are based on environmental factors although it recognizes hereditary factors. Watson believes in the power on punishment and reinforcement in changing behaviors. Behaviorism uses operant conditioning to be more effective. Operant conditioning focuses on how a certain behavior’s outcomes affect the behavior when done repeatedly (Spielberger & DeNike, 1966). Certain outcomes tend to make some behavior happen more frequently. If one complements a small child for feeding on his own, he or she is more likely to repeat it again. The original research of operant conditioning was not experimented with people but using animals. One of the researchers of this model was B.F. Skinner, a Harvard professor. Skinner observed many parallels of this model in animals and human beings. Skinner experimented the behavior on a laboratory rat. He put the rat in a cage containing a tray and a level. At the early stages of experiment, the rat would sniff and move around the cage randomly. But later, it happened to come closer to the lever and pressed it. The lever released a small amount of food which the rat would hurriedly eat. Consequently, the rat would spend more time at the lever pressing and thus getting more food (Hall & Lindzey, 1957). The rat was now aware that the outcome of pressing the lever was to get more food.  The food pellet was the reinforcement while the pressing of the lever was the operant. The effects of this model to motivation are very complex. It encourages both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation at the same time. Intrinsic motivation is when the reinforcement for an activity is the activity itself while extrinsic is when the reinforcement comes from the consequences of certain activities. However, extrinsic motivation is more noticeable than intrinsic motivation. Watson could explain Tom’s behaviors in different ways: Tom’s violent behavior had resulted from the fact that he never got enough attention from his parents and the only time he got to be noticed was when he fought other kids. This is why he could not stop the behavior even after being punished severally. Second, Tom could have attained his arrogant behavior from his father because he was always rude to his mother and Tom never experienced him as a sober dad. This is because, kids tends to take their parents as their first role models and they copy most of the observable traits. A child’s personality lies within themselves where it is unobservable (Staats, 2003). Thirdly, Tom’s change of behavior and academic improvement while at high school came as a result of positive reinforcement from Madam Allison. The fact that she promised to award him on improvement and encouraged him to be active in class had a big impact on Tom. The feeling that came with being appreciated encouraged him to do better.

Another important theorist is Jean Piaget. His theory, cognitive development, explains how children develop their own mental view of the world. He disregarded the idea that on is born intelligent and argued that children cognitive development is as a result of environmental influences and biological maturation. Children experience difficulties in comparing their model of the world with the real world. The goal is to explain the process by which an infant, and then a child grow into someone who can reason and make his own judgments. Piaget’s theory has three component: Schema, adaptation and the stages of development (Wadsworth, 1996). Schema are a representation in the form of a model or way in which a child organizes knowledge. This enables children to create their own model of the world when they are young and they store this mental representations and use them when needed. Piaget’s understanding of the development of one’s mental processes is the increased number of schemata a person had learned and its complexity. Piaget believed that infants have their own schema when they are born even before experiencing the outside world, for example, sucking reflex, grasping reflex, and diving reflex, among others. Piaget viewed intellectual development as a process of adaptation of the world. When a child’s schema can be able to explain what it sees around it, then this state is called equilibrium. Adapting to new changes using an existing schemata is called assimilation. On the other hand, accommodation is the changing of schemata which cannot be used to deal with new situations. There are several stages of development. First, the Sensorimotor stage which is between birth and age two. It is when a child can create a mental representation of an object and know that it still exists even when it’s hidden. Second stage is Pre-operational stage which is between ages two to age seven. This stage is where a child can make one thing stand for something else other than the thing itself. It is egocentric and the child doesn’t accept other peoples’ opinions. Third stage is the Concrete Operational Stage which ranges between ages seven to age eleven. At this stage, a child work things out through thinking rather than trying to do things physically. A child is able to conserve information and understand that quantities remain the same even when appearance changes (Feldman, 1994). Last stage is the Formal Operational Stage (eleven years and above). People have the ability to think critically and test new information during this time. According to Piaget, Tom’s mean behavior developed when his mother used to spanks him during toilet training. This is the reason he was not excited when his little sister was born because he felt she would take what was his and it resulted to him being violent to her in order to get over his fears. Secondly, Tom’s picture of the lonely and dark nights he spent alone were stuck to his mind and this gave him darkness phobia. He was still afraid of the dark even in high school. This shows that kids can recall memories and their experiences at young age. Thirdly, Tom’s change in behavior while at high school was as a result of his ability to distinguish between bad and good. With the help of Madam Allison, Tom realized that his unpleasant behaviors would not help him in life and he had to change and improve on his academics in order to fulfill his dream of helping his family. It was his decision to work hard and change. The teacher only acted as a guide. This is because, at the age of fifteen, a person can be able to make rational decisions and test those decisions. Lastly, Tom’s secretive behavior resulted from lack of a good company when he was young. His mother had instilled fear in him due to her harsh nature. He grew up with the idea that everyone is inapproachable and that is the reason it was so hard for him to open up to his mother and to Madam Allison in her first attempt to interrogate him.

There are several similarities between Watson and Piaget’s theories in explaining Tom’s behavior. One, they both use subjective metaphors. Behaviorism uses the metaphor of stimuli-response while Cognitivist uses the processing of information as a means of explaining how human beings perceive the world around them (Wadsworth, 1996). Madam Allison’s advice to Tom is the stimuli which causes change in Tom’s life. Similarly, Tom uses the advice because he understand his family’s situation and his goals to help them. Secondly, both theories view human actions and mental organization as determined by the environmental experiences (Hall & Lindzey, 1957). Watson says that Tom behavior is affected by his family’s irresponsibility. Similarly, Piaget shows Tom’s fear to have resulted from his experiences as a young boy due to the harsh environment subjected to him.

These theorists also have their differences. One, Watson argues that change of behavior is as a result of a measurable experience while Piaget argues that change is behavior is as a result of the change in a child’s mental organization and presentation due to their experiences. Watson claims that Tom’s behavior is as a result of having his drunk father as his role model while Piaget argues that Tom change of behavior was as a result of the harsh treatment from his mother, for example, poor toilet training. Secondly, in behaviorism practice and constant repetition is considered to be of significant importance while the other theory does not support the necessary of the two elements (Feldman, 1994). Tom’s violent behavior persisted because of experiencing his violent father for so many years while his secretive behavior was as a result of the times his mother neglected him and even after she changed, he did not change. Thirdly, according to Smith and Woodward (1996), in behaviorism, people are only passive and responds to stimuli while in cognitive development, people decide on what to do with the information and stores it for future use. The teacher took it upon herself to help Tom and she could give him assignment and correct them. Tom stored that information and used in his exams for improvement and to make a positive change.

Conclusion

Theories play an important role in explaining the human behavior. Cognitive development theory is very important as it studies a child’s development in all stages. It is therefore advisable for new parents to be educated of this stages in order to know things to do to a child and those to avoid in order to prevent the consequences negative actions by parents have on children especially those who are raised in abusive backgrounds. Behaviorism should also be emphasized on in order to rectify the behaviors of already affected children.

References

Feldman, D. H. (1994). Beyond universals in cognitive development. Westport: Ablex

            Publishing.

Hall, C. S., & Lindzey, G. (1957). Theories of personality. US: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Spielberger, C. D., & DeNike, L. D. (1966). Descriptive behaviorism versus cognitive theory in

            Verbal operant conditioning. Washington: American Psychological Association.

Staats, A. W. (2003). A psychological behaviorism theory of personality. Handbook of

psychology.
Smith, L. D., & Woodward, W. R. (1996). B. F. Skinner and behaviorism in American culture.

            United States: Lehigh University Press.

Wadsworth, B. J. (1996). Piaget's theory of cognitive and affective development: Foundations of

            constructivism. England: Longman Publishing.

Introduction 

Networking is my forte. Academic seminars and graduation ceremonies present good opportunities for networking especially to students. Networking is not just about getting a contact and then using it later, one has to show concern and socialize genuinely. For instance, I attended an academic seminar on financial management. At this event, most of the speakers were administrators of various companies. During the question and answer session at the seminar, I took the chance to ask many questions as possible and show genuine interest and passion in my field of study. After the event, familiarity was not a challenge due to my participation. My Contribution made it easier to network later. Generally, after the event ended, everyone scrambled with the intention of making a kill with his or her networking skill but it was not as effective. Social media is another   tool for networking. In today’s society, nearly all the people have social media accounts. Therefore, tracking their where about is not hard. After getting a network contact, make an effort to interact in any social media platforms. In addition, social media brings people together and avails their data in their personal accounts. For further illustration, all my personal details are on my Facebook and twitter accounts. Hence, people of similar interests can reach me easily. In fact, online marketing makes it compulsory for companies to have social media accounts through which they can monitor latest market trends. Lastly, social media platform makes research stress-free. One can go to the social media accounts of the company’s event and get information on who will be at an event beforehand. Moreover, social media makes people more visible and linked continuously. Creating an active blog, give other people a platform   to consult and interact through feeds.

 Summary of events

I attended an event dubbed Twilight series. It took place on 17th April hosted by Gatineau Park members. Registration fee was $7dollars or $20 dollars depending on an individual purpose at the event. I registered with only $7.The event took place at Gatineau park located along Scoot road. In contrast to other events, this attracted community members across the board. I arrived at the event at 7pm and event began an hour later. The event had a unique approach to conservation matters. In fact, it brought an amphibian specialist to the occasion. Funny enough, I met politicians, students, and businessmen with a passion for conservation. What I liked about the event was the setting, which made it easy to move or maneuver around and talk to people. Very important people did not designate themselves or pushed to an isolated area at the event. The organizers were creative enough to give everyone an opportunity to level it up among themselves. I met Jeff Gommery an Information Technology expert with an aim of specializing in conservation software. He was one of the guest speakers at the event. Anyway, conservation is a global topic and I decided to attend an event with a more sound approach to conservation. Twilight series, gave an in-depth talk on the sound made by amphibians such as frogs. Jeff showed professionalism in what he did. He identified frog sounds of various species, recorded, and replicated the sound using a software. Unlike other conservation events that make conservation look like an uphill task, this event explained the role of the community in conservation. For instance, observing the sound birds made in the morning and frogs at night. No animal can make joyous sound in a polluted environment. The event had a rare combination of science, business, and art. Maryanne is an artist I met after the event ended. She was interested in gathering information on biogenetics and generating artwork that would raise awareness on conservation of ponds. She was polite and insisted on going further to become the first artist to combine art and science for the sake of conservation. She was active on twitter and invited me to her art gallery conservation event scheduled on June, later this year. I was out of the venue at10pm although the event officially came to a halt at 9pm.

The second event was a networking event. The event specializes in bringing together human resource professionals from various locations. It trains on emerging trends in hiring and new technologies developed for the field. It took place at the Zam restaurant on 10th April. Creative ideals were the organizers of the occasion. Human resource deals with people. Hence, the event gives human resource professionals the platform to teach themselves on how to capitalize and take advantage of the relationship they encounter on daily basis. I arrived at 7pm.Kenneth Charlton was one of the speakers at the event. He emphasized on the growth of business through relationships. Kenneth headed the human resource company at Danton enterprises and was willing to share with me new ways of having an extensive connection using human resource knowledge. He left his business card and I booked a meeting at the start of the week.

Review of the connections

I met many people at the two events mentioned above. In my perspective, all of them had something to offer in my career. Kenneth Charlton and Jeff stood out. First, they were ready to help and proved relevant due to their vast knowledge. In addition, they recommended other people within my line of study. Therefore, after meeting them at their respective places of work, each one of them gave out another contact that went through.

How to build network as career progresses

Getting a contact is one thing, putting it into relevant use is another. In order to use the connections to advance my career, I need continuous consultations. First, consultations create a community and referrals emerge from consultations. In fact, via consultations, one is able to share their work ethic and expertise with me free and referring in areas, they are not highly knowledgeable or competent. Consequently, the chain of referrals grows   and remains relevant and at the same time gives critical relevant and up to date material on one’s career. The advantage of consultations   through referrals is that it creates an atmosphere where one does not only reach out due to the need of a job or favor but genuinely seeks specific knowledge on their career. Additionally, it reduces gathering of many business cards that one ends up not using at all. Lastly, long before one needs something, they must establish a circle of mentors, friends, consultations build this circle. With a solid circle, one keeps in touch with them every day.

How to build a career before networking

Even before networking, one has to have specific goals they wish to accomplish. Setting goals provide guidance one needs to advance in their career. A goal should be specific and time bound. Secondly, write a god genuine resume. Resume is simply stating what one is good at. A good resume safeguards against unpreparedness. Lastly self-branding. Self-branding can be done by improving on services one offers. 

Conclusion 

Networking illustrates itself through social interactions. The aim of networking is gathering of information and using it to expand one’s knowledge and relationship. I managed to gain a lot of experience from the two events that I attended two events. One was a conservation event dubbed, Twilight series and the other the Networking event. Twilight series dealt with conservation, it was an open invitation event. Thus, increased chances of networking. Networking event was a human resource occasion. It utilized human resource profession to come up with innovative ways of socializing. The events were worth my time and gave infinite information on how one can make use of networking.

Human service culture paper

Question 1

How Upbringing and education affect the concepts surrounding race

 Family plays a role in upbringing by molding outcomes and shaping opinions. For example, teaching on race, ethnicity, and cultural traditions to young adults. Childhood is the foundation through which values systems enter into the life of a child. Moreover, interpretation of these values goes into the memory of a child. For instance, if the parents claim that certain races are not ideal through their actions and words, the child will take it up and interpret it at a later stage in their life. Not to mention, values make up the personality of an individual (Elias,2013).Correspondingly, life stages such as adolescence are unique stages characterized by both physical and nonphysical alterations. At Such stages, one tries to find an identity and it can affect their national perspectives (Kleine, Littleton, & Wood, 2010). Therefore, they end up relying on information passed onto them by their parents at an early stage. In addition, at this stage individuals socialize with environments outside their homes increasing their influence on the race. The impact can be negative or positive based on the factors at play (Dolan, & Kawamura, 2015).Asians compared to other ethnicities, are well off. Unlike other ethnicities, they live in the wealthiest neighborhoods. Even the poor have access to good education. They are successful in all fronts such as marriage, labor force and are highly educated. This characteristics point back to their upbringing and culture. They have a culture that influences values through their parents and the education system. Education combined with good morals raises a society that tolerates other ethnicities together with their divergent points of view. In fact, Asians intermarry with other races and live in mixed neighborhoods. Their upbringing combined with education gives them an extra set of values and adherence to morals within the community. Therefore, it is evident that upbringing plays a role in shaping and input of values that in turn influence perspectives on race and other issues in the society (Dolan, & Kawamura, 2015).

How education affects ideas of race and ethnicity

Whether in school or at home, knowledge is the sharing of information from one human to the other. The mentality and personality of both the student and the teacher come into play to shape opinions and influence the overall perspectives on sensitive subjects such as race. The socialization that takes place at school goes ahead to develop the view of people on ethnicity and race (Kleine, Littleton, & Wood, 2010). For illustration when a teacher gives an example of a poor neighborhood and automatically mentions a black neighborhood, the students adopt the same notion. In the long term, the influence of education and upbringing will raise a society with a similar point of view. Furthermore, the challenges faced by minority races are a culmination of influences of childhood and education (Kleine, Littleton, & Wood, 2010).

Question 2

People of color are more likely to face prison time than other races. In my opinion, the media should shade light on the failed prison system of America, specifically mass incarceration. Lawmakers should come up with better tactics to public protection. The lawmakers should add more alternatives and not just confinement. Prison reforms coupled with an upright justice system will bring about a change.

Question 3

It is challenging working in the human service sector. One has to understand principles and perspectives of different races, religion, and ethics at the same time adhere to them. The need to understand and maintain peace within a surrounding filled with different people is challenging and can lead to depression due to the delicate balance. More so, working with people from different races and gender orientation needs extra commitment and time to extend specific responsibilities. For example, some religions do not work on a Saturday. Thus, one has to cover up their duties. Therefore, an individual in the human's service sector should learn to take in or tolerate and understand the contrasting cultural values and behavior of other people's religions, opinion, and sex orientation, making it an uphill task.

Question 4

White privilege unlike the term itself, it is not an activity that white individuals carry out, generate, or enjoy intentionally. Nevertheless, white privilege gives the advantage to white people. Most of the advantages they did not earn, and other minority races do not get to enjoy the rewards that come with white privilege. Therefore, it gives them an unfair advantage over other people. Outcomes of white privilege promote white people only. This phenomenon immunes them against many problems in the society. In fostering white privilege, harbors marginalization within the other minority community.

White fragility is a term that explains the collective defensive reactions of white people when told of racism and injustices faced by minority races. It is not easy to converse about racism with white people. Most white people live in a society that safeguards them from racial issues faced by minority races. This makes them unaware of the current situation in regards to racism and social injustices. White fragility is the intolerance to issues concerning race, triggering defense mechanisms such as anger and fear (Dolan, & Kawamura, 2015).

Black Lives Matter is an activist organization that advocates for justice and fair treatment of black people. In the year 2013, three black Americans joined forces to form a movement whose focus was to protect the black communities form police brutalities. It was in response to the shooting of Trayvon Martin by a police officer. The organization has since grown into a global movement with a global agenda. It has spread its wings in every community where they build centers to report racism and police brutality (Dolan, & Kawamura, 2015).

Question 5

The first step in improving cultural competency is gaming insight about oneself. Exploring personal traditional, culture, values, and beliefs. This gives a good in start inn transmitting into learning about other people's cultural values and traditions. Secondly, learning about other people's traditions. Reading a book, articles or journals provides a good start to upgraded insight into other people's cultures. However, one needs not to stop there, reading memoirs contain are rich in information. Reading is a way of taping into other cultures without interacting with them personally. Hence creates proper preparation. Thirdly, attending conferences of various culture gives out updated information through a hand-on method (Dolan, & Kawamura, 2015).

References

Kleine, S. J., Littleton, K., & Wood, C. (2010). International handbook of psychology in education. Bingley: Emerald.

Dolan, S. L., & Kawamura, K. M. (2015). Cross Cultural Competence: A Field Guide for Developing Global Leaders and Managers. Bradford, United Kingdom: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Elias,M. (2013).The School-To-prison Pipeline. South poverty Law Centre. Retrieved fromhttps://www.tolerance.org/magazine/spring-2013/the-schooltoprison-pipeline

 Persuasion in The Republic

The Republic is a Socratic dialogue work by Plato, which is concerned with justice, characters of justice, orders, the city state and the just man. It is one of the most influential philosophical work and political theory. The book starts with Socrates talking to the jury about justice in order to convince them to release him. The dialogue involved five characters: Thrasymachus, Polemarchus, Cephalus, Glaucon and Adeimantus. Socrates explains to his interlocutors the meaning of justice and the difference in happiness levels between a just person and an unjust person. All of them had different opinions pertaining justice. They consider the features of a government and compare it to different hypothetical cities. Socrates’ interlocutors argue that the unjust people in the society are more blessed than those who observe justice. The book start with an act of force and ends with an act of persuasion. Socrates tried to persuade them on justice, including the gods’ justice. He told them that there cannot be a chaotic or evil God, which everyone could emulate and therefore, the guardians should not tell stories which perceive the Gods as evil because the stories are lies. However, in order to ensure a rational persuasion, Socrates’ knowledge of his argument was a key factor, but he encountered some problems before persuading them. This paper analyzes how Plato understands the problem of rational persuasion, and how he develops his philosophy to overcome the problem.

Plato understands preservation of negative teachings as the main problem faced when trying to make a rational persuasion. Many people have a negative perspective towards the society as a result of what they learn from childhood. It is so hard for a philosopher to convince a non-philosopher to abandon their own idea of human nature. The jury’s argument is based on true believes which is so hard to change while the Socrates argument is based on knowledge. First, according to Bloom & Kirsch (2016), Glaucon is stuck with the idea that all goods is divided into three classes: things people desire for their beneficial outcomes, for example, doing physical exercise to reduce the risks of getting life style diseases. Things people desire for their own peace of mind, such as joy and things people desire for their own benefit and for their positive outcomes to the person. Glaucon views justice as evil and he wants to be convinced that justice is a virtue and that is valued for itself and its consequences. Socrates uses his knowledge of the nature of knowledge in both the individual and the city. He explains that a society is attributed to the fact that people depend on each other to survive and if each individual specifically plays his or her in promoting justice, the city would be a just place. Also, Socrates explains that a person has a rational part of the soul which governs the other parts to be just. He also explains to them the importance of emphasizing on physical education and diet of the guardians to protect their bodies from diseases and weakness. The guardians should watch their diet by eating in moderation. Without controlling the guardian’s education, the city cannot control its future rulers.

            Secondly, Plato blames the slavery mentality of the citizens on the increased oppression from those in power. Thrasymachus believes that injustice is naturally good and one should not suffer from it. He argues that laws are made and the requirement of the law is what is called just. This is seen as a social contract between the guardians and the people to avoid being unjust to each other. Glaucon explains Thrasymachus argument saying that many just people do it unwillingly and for fear of punishment (Stalley, 2007). Also, that the wicked prosper more than the good people in the society. Socrates responds by saying that the guardians and the philosopher kings act as the rational part of the society which guides the warriors and the producers in order to ensure maximum security and peace in the society. He adds that lawlessness would give more power to the Guardians and they would mistreat the citizens.  Socrates suggest that both male and female Guardians should be given the same kind of education and they should not own private properties. This would help to reduce discrimination of the poor by the rich.

Plato understood religion preservation as a result of lack of enough knowledge of the gods by the people. After Glaucon’s argument, Adeimantus argues that the unjust should never fear judgment in the afterlife since the same poets who wrote about judgment also wrote about forgiveness if ample sacrifices are offered to the gods. According to Klosko (1993), Adeimantus demonstrates that unjust people could obtain their fortune through unjust measures, devoting some money from their wealth to offer sacrifice to the gods would render them innocent in the eyes of the gods. Socrates uses his knowledge of religion to persuade Adeimantus that the gods are just and if one repents, they stand a chance to be forgiven. Also, the guardians should discourage teaching of stories that ascribe evil to the gods because they are untrue.

Plato developed ethical and political philosophy to overcome the problem of preservation and the strong false believes that the people had. It states the reasoning of what is moral an individual rather than being governed by rules or fear of consequences. According to Plato, the souls is divided into reason, spirit, and appetite (Cooper & Hutchinson, 1997). He argues that the human soul must have at least two of these parts in order to explain their psychological problems. Reason helps people to thinking abilities to judge between wrong and right, spirit gives a person emotional to feel empathy for others, and appetite increases the peoples’ desire to attain justice. However, Socrates urges people to balance the three aspects in order to make good ethical choices. Early in the dialogue, Socrates encounters Thrasymachus who insist that justice in the society is of the stronger lot. He held the view that it was normal for the superior people in the society to dominate others, lie, and steal, because they would get away with it. The story of Gyges was used to illustrate this. Gyges was given a ring that made him invisible and the story is used to show the unethical aspect of committing unjust acts without being caught. On the other hand, in his political theory, Plato is against democracy. Socrates was killed by a democratic government of Athens and this explains why Socrates was against the government. He suggested that philosophers would make the best kings. The city was also not in support of women voting and supported slavery. His idea of a perfect city is communism where everybody contributes to the wellbeing of the society. At birth, each citizen would be told that they are destined for a certain thing in life and they should not try to change their fate.

Plato’s Ethical philosophy was successful. Ethical philosophy gave people an understanding of their rights and the desire to fight for justice (Morrow, 1953). This philosophy also softened the leader’s hearts to empathize with the people thus reducing oppression. On the other hand, his political theory failed. Although many citizens were not in support of the fake Athenian democratic government, they saw Plato’s idea of philosopher kings and the concept of fate was called “the noble lie” which would keep order in the society with everybody stuck to their fate.

Knowledge is an essential trait when it comes to persuading people. Many people find it hard to change from what they were taught from childhood to completely different ideas and it takes people with enough information to convince them otherwise. Justice remains to a dream to the poor in the society as many obtain it through bribing of those in authority. Those who try to persuade people to oppose unjust situations and entice them to resist oppression are in most cases killed by the government. The society should unite to fight corrupt authorities in order to ensure justice is equally served to everyone regardless of gender or class.

References

Bloom, A., & Kirsch, A. (2016). The republic of Plato. Basic Books. United Kingdom: Oxford

            University Press.

Cooper, J. M., & Hutchinson, D. S. (1997). Plato: complete works. United States: Hackett

            publishing Co.

Klosko, G. (1993). Persuasion and moral reform in Plato and Aristotle. U.S:  Revue

            internationale de philosophie.

Morrow, G. R. (1953). Plato's conception of persuasion: United States: Duke University Press.

Stalley, R. F. (2007). Persuasion and the tripartite soul in Plato's Republic. UK: Oxford

            University Press.

Technical and Behavioural Competencies

    Competence is a compound of elements such as knowledge, skills, abilities et al. that are required to perform a particular professional task. There are two types; technical and behavioral. Technical competency is the specific kind of knowledge that is needed to complete indeed given profession task. Behavioral skills are the elements which facilitate the implementation of the technical competence. Technical competences have following categories; people, organization, and work.

    People technical competencies are all elements of techniques that will enhance relationship between employees and the employer within an organization. Human resource manager ensure that he makes thorough consultations with every stakeholder when making any strategic plan (Pietrzak & American Society for Training and Development, 2003, p. 22). These will enable him to have reasonable estimates of his budget required, evaluate any outcome of his plan, allocate adequate time et al. it will make the program to be accepted by all the employees since they feel connected to it. He should also consult with both management and subordinates when recruiting new employees to the firm. These are because it will enable him to hire only the required skills. He should also critically scrutinize and evaluate any possible outcome in the environment that will make him acquire the best ability out of it. The Human resource management should ensure that employees’ engagement practices such as training, symposium, teamwork et al. are frequently done. These will ensure that each and every employee is in the knowledge of what the organization objectives, goals are and how they intend to achieve them. The employees are also notified about the credentials that the department will use to retain them on their work. By doing this, corporate image will be preserved in good books and employees’ satisfaction will be attained (Dubois, 2000, p.39). During rewarding process, HRM department should scrutinize details and performance of every intended member within the given group to ensure that the right candidate receive the right receive the reward. This would solidify trust, integrity and transparency with the employees. The motivation will be boosted too. Trainings and development programmes should be encouraged to allow employees to sharpen their ideas concerning both internal and external environments (Dubois, 2000, p. 42).

Organization technical competencies are the knowledge, abilities, and skills that a firm or an organization must ensure their employees possess, to achieve organizational goals and objectives. The human resource department must provide that organization code of ethics and practices have been observed at all time. These will enable the organization effectiveness had been achieved, and a room for development. The department should also have good leadership where both management and subordinates are free to interact. Good leadership will also help the department to have a good flow of work and therefore be sufficient to whole organization (Dubois, 2000, p. 46). Proper leadership will also help them to navigate for any potential ideas, resources et al. which will tighten efficiency and effectiveness of the whole organization. Observing international labor laws and organization procedures rules and regulations of the employees is vital in a firm since every right of an employee would be followed. These will ensure that the organization expenses such litigation by previous employees who had been laid off, retrenched or voluntary retired had been taken care off. These will be organization goals of cost minimization. It is through proper leadership that every potential professional would be allowed to work where the best fit in his career. These will enable the organization to utilize optimality utilize its human resources available. It is as a result of this that the organization products will be of high grades since high qualified personnel is involved. The human resource department structure should be well informed, structured and communicated to the relevant authorities. These will ensure that every individual within the organization knows his duties and roles he plays. The workflow will efficiently run if such is done (Wilkinson, Johnstone, & Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016, p. 58).

Work technical competence is the skills, knowledge and abilities that must be provided in order to create conducive working environment for the workers. The human resource manager should ensure that the department is up to date with global HR context so as to enrich the global cultural effectiveness among the working areas (Holbeche, 2009, p. 53). These will also guide him on how he may handle specific incidences in case employees start to act on particular behaviors. He should also encourage diversification and inclusivity of every party within the organization. This will help the department to relate well with other department and the employees. They should also be able to solve any conflict relating to their department and employees. This will ensure the relationship among employees is well managed. Any risk should be communicated to the relevant department on time to ensure that it had been mitigated or eliminated earlier (Society for Human Resource Management (U.S.), 2006, p. 35). This department should ensure that it had retained excellent communication at all time with other members of the organization. This will enable them being informed on any potential risks that might occur. The department also should ensure that corporate social responsibility is one of their core mandates. This is because it is one way whereby there is a chance of interaction of every member within the organization. Therefore ideas may be shared here with any one of how they can improve their duties (Dubois, 2000, p. 54).

Having gone all these recommendations on how strategic human resource which utilizes a combination of technical and behavioral competencies. First all of these competence and connected to one another. For example, organization competence is linked to good leadership et al. this means there is no conflict between the two strategies. This allows them to be compatible. Never the less would more combined initiatives that would give rise to a most useful yet efficient system. Strategic planning, talent recruitment, and employee engagement will produce and retain not only highly qualified personnel but also most effective workforce. Workforce management, employee and labor relations and HR structure will ensure that any laws relating to the employees had been taken care off. Also, the organization would be up to date to meet international standards. There will be a good flow of work within the organization since every worker knows his duties and responsibilities. Lastly, risk management, diversification, and inclusion will enable the excellent relationship between the department, management, and employees observed. This will create a conducive environment where employees’ feels appreciated and accepted. This sense of ownership makes them feels motivated as they have a connection to the organization.

References

Dubois, D. (2000). Competency Toolkit, 1. Amherst: HRD Press.

Holbeche, L. (2009). Aligning human resources and business strategy. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Pietrzak, T., & American Society for Training and Development. (2003). Successful inside consulting. Alexandria, VA: ASTD.

Society for Human Resource Management (U.S.). (2006). The essentials of power, influence, and persuasion. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

Wilkinson, A., Johnstone, S., & Edward Elgar Publishing. (2016). Encyclopedia of human resource management. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub. Ltd.

Apply Theories of Aging

According to Kornadt, (2015), he asserts that we are currently living in times where there are decreasing governmental and family support systems. As a result, old age is becoming quite unbearable for most of the people. Therefore, the author recommends that individuals ought to be prepared for old age. This would enable them to avoid late-life loneliness and poverty. However, in Maya’s case, she never had this preparation and this affected her in a great way after her husband’s death. She is still struggling with grief and loneliness. Different age cohorts respond differently to grief. Career individuals mostly those within the middle age gap; often consume themselves in their work. They often become workaholics and this is how they manage to grief for their losses. However, for older people such as Maya, it is quite evident that her life majorly revolved around her husband. Therefore, his loss affected her functioning greatly thus resulting in her disengagement.

Wright-St Clair et al, (2014), claims that giving a voice to the day to day experiences of the aged offers them an authenticity to many facets that caregivers may otherwise have ignored.  Therefore, in Maya’s condition, the caregiver should not at any given time give up on her. Most importantly, the caregiver should engage in encouraging Maya to speak out about her day to day experiences. This will allow her to lead a life that is positively represented and interpreted. With time she will build trust in the caregiver and this will assist her in dealing with grief and loneliness. Having someone to listen to her and to share her experiences will be a form of strong support system.  

References

Kornadt, A. E., Voss, P., & Rothermund, K. (2015). Hope for the best, prepare for the worst? Future self-views and preparation for age-related changes. Psychology and Aging, 30(4), 967–976.

Wright-St Clair, V. A., Grant, B. C., & Smythe, E. A. (2014). Narratives in research: Story as 'showing' the eminently ordinary experience of ageing. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 33(2), 132–135.

Question 1

Comparative analysis of Plato and Aristotle

How Plato and Aristotle view reality

Plato and Aristotle are without any doubt the most significant philosophers the world has ever witnessed. Both philosophers came up with unique and distinctive theories around the Greek city-states. Most people claim that Plato and Aristotle are the exact opposite of each other, it is not an absolute truth. Individuals who have taken their time to study the works of both philosophers and the reasons as to why they are compared to each other, and the importance of examining the two legends; such people cannot wholly claim that they are extreme opposites. Their ideologies are very well thought of and contain a load of information that assists people to study other concepts of life, therefore, comparing them gives people an advantage to identify the loopholes made while they were creating ideas or the reasons behind their thoughts. Comparing such great minds gives an opportunity to come up with new ways and perspectives of doing things. Therefore it is not just entirely about comparing the great minds but coming up with new ideas as well (Grube, 1981).

However, it was noted that Aristotle never let a day pass without criticizing Plato. It all commenced when Plato met his death and his nephew, Speusippus became the head of Plato's Academy. Aristotle thought that he was better than Plato's nephew and felt that he deserved the role. He was angered and left the academy full of hatred and resentment. He has criticized his former master's concepts since the day he went out of the institution (Grube, 1981).

Plato conceived that there existed a perfect world than the one human inhabit. The present world is full of veil and inequality, imperfection and impurities replicated from the ideal world beyond human reach. Plato says that a relationship exists between the realms of form and the present world occupied by man .The association brought about the organization and a coordinated way of life (Grube, 1981).

Some of the similarities that can be seen between Aristotle and Plato, is their belief in the concept of Polis. Self-sufficiency and independent city-state. They believed that the role of a city was improving morality among people and enhance ethical development. In simple terms, the town had a duty of bringing up its citizens to become more responsible individuals within the society. They had a common ground on cities and claimed that for a town to be more sufficient and sustainable, it should be small enough to cater to the needs of the people who live or abide in it. These sufficient cities are some of the general similarities spotted among the two philosophers who shaped the world, and many scholars around the globe still study their opinion (Grube, 1981).

Aristotle differed with Plato's opinion on reality. He argued that it was impossible to have the know-how of the type of interactions or activities occurring between the two forms. If the real also known as the ideal forms are eternal, pure and never changing, then relating them to the material objects or structure on the physical earth with all its imperfection is not possible. Participating or imitating the connection between the real and not real or imaginary, which according to Plato existed is the incorrect way of thinking as there is no evidence to establish the link. Even if the connection is real, it fails to explain every form in the physical or material world. Plato does not describe the manner in which the higher forms were managed or controlled and if it was possible for forms to control things (Grube, 1981).

Aristotle made a lot of assumptions on the concept of forms. He intimately combined the theory with his views and faith. Humans are capable of creating biological or scientific knowledge and wisdom out of primary substances such as plants and animals but only when they acquire the understanding of the ‘causes.' Atia, a Greek word translates directly to causes or can be known as the reason behind a certain phenomenon. This means that knowledge is meaningful and useful only when there is certainty   why ‘something' exists   and its purpose, fundamental science procedures .Thus, if humans have two legs because they are biped, then having legs can explain the form of humanness in man .Therefore knowledge of a form or essence gives the reason why things appear as they usually do. In this manner Aristotle theory on expertise was connected with metaphysics or scientific method (Grube, 1981).

Plato suggested once humans acknowledge the world that exist beyond their own, they will gain more power and understanding about forms that exist in that world. He was not specific enough to let people know if this was supposed to occur during the lifespan of a human or after his death. Aristotle on the other side believed that everything was on earth and scientific procedures would be used to find the purpose behind everything on earth. In short, Plato implies merely that what moves on earth in its physical form is an Imitation of an actual phenomena only difference is the imperfections it exhibits (Grube, 1981).

On the other side Aristotle, claimed that the natural earth is real and physical .Aristotle taught biology and geography as a teacher. This occupation gave him understanding he needed to study universe and living organisms keenly. Aristotle found that the earth is made up of a lot of physical forms though some were neither perfect nor pure. He further elaborated that human senses could recognize every material forms on earth. Aristotle and other philosophers did not explain how the invisible world affects life forms and other things on earth. No matter how Plato evaluated life, it does not solve the human world exhaustively, the evolution it underwent and the organization of phenomena (Grube, 1981).

 Augustine explained that unassisted human logic to find truth, positivity or joy is not possible. He claimed that one needs god to achieve goodness or truth. This is the exact opposite of Plato's thoughts. According to Plato, very few people can acquire knowledge and virtue. According to Augustine if one believed that God could change the state of human beings through his power and mercies then he would (Grube, 1981).

Question 2

 The three critics presented by Locke, Berkley and Hume on the existence of substance

Based on Berkeley, Locke's opinion on the material can only be reached when the ideology of material substance includes a contradiction. Secondly, content substances are utterly unknowable. Thirdly, the doctrine of such substances is vacuous. Berkeley bases his criticism on the assumption that individuals can perceive their ideas and every sensible quality are solely ideas (Grube, 1981).

Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz

Descartes suggested that only two types of substance: material bodies, which are known by their extent and mental content, which in turn explained by thoughts. In this context, thinking can be equated to consciousness. Descartes just like Aristotle was never an atomist. That is, he did not believe in a void within the bodies instead claimed that there is substance between the frame (Grube, 1981).

On Spinoza's side, there is an existence of only one substance illustrated through a version of the ontological argument. Ontological argument is an idea   of existing as both god and nature.

According to Leibniz God can do what he wants, not only in the actual world where his power is seen but in another area of the world (Grube, 1981).

According to Hume, the belief in substance is as an outcome of a mistake or illusion. When a particular object is followed from its inception to its end, the only thing that can be noticed or identified is succession. When the situation and thought process of the object is carefully analyzed, diversity comes out. An individual's imagination is then allowed to think that the process of succession and diversity goes on after the purpose does no longer exist hence the concept of substance (Grube, 1981).

Locke and Hume tend to believe that ideas   spring from   either sensation or reasoning also known as reflection of an individual's mind. Locke points out to the existence of particular things on earth. Not generals or abstracts hence there cannot be an existence of an item on earth from which an abstract ideology can be concluded based on senses alone. Thus abstract ideas, if any must emerge from the reflection. Ideas are created from general abstracts by dividing a concept from qualities such as time and place (Grube, 1981).

References

Grube, G.M.A. (1981).Free Dialogues. Hackett Publishing Company Inc.PDF.

Patriarchal ideology

            Patriarchy is said to be a social system that exists in society whereby roles played by men have great influence on how social organizations operate and thus give men authority and power over their wives, children and even society itself. While it is presented as a tool for making society better, patriarchy often results in the oppression of women by men who consider themselves better than their female counterparts and society has accepted and treats them as superior. If not implemented well, patriarchy results to the oppression of women who are either too scared to fight for equality or are convinced that society is better off in the hands of men despite how much they abuse their power. Evidence on the impact that patriarchal ideologies can have in society is demonstrated by the literary works 'A doll house' and 'A street car named desire'. The characters in these two pieces of art portray how women are forced to suffer under men who deem themselves superior and even though they have ability to defy the gender stereotypes that portray them as the weaker sex, the women are unable to because they lack the freedom to do so or because society will not allow them.

            A street car named desire is a play by Tennessee Williams which was first performed in 1949 for a women's movement as it was meant to portray how society views American women during this time. However, a closer view of the play reveals the actual truth regarding the power that man was portrayed to possess and how men used this power to oppress women and treat them as lesser beings. Throughout the play, the female characters are presented as victims of patriarchal oppression and thus the play is a reinforcement of the gender stereotypes that exist in society which places men as superior to women.

            A good example is seen in the relationship between Stella and Stanley whereby Stanley has all the power, similar to all men in society while Stella is presented as being dependent, and therefore needy, which is a reflection of women in society during that time. When the audience is first introduced to the character Stella, she is presented as a lesser being that is not equal to her husband who is presented as an authority figure and decision maker in the relationship. To begin with, Stanley objectifies Stella when he refers to her as a little woman instead of calling her by her name (Magdic 7). The events occur when Stanley wants to go bowling and Stella has to ask for permission before joining him. From the conversation, one can see that Stanley has little respect for his wife and sees her as a lesser being hence the 'little woman' reference to her. He believes that being a man makes him superior and that Stella; or rather women are lesser beings who are smaller when compared to men. Furthermore, it is clear that the power not only belongs to the man of the house but also that the wife has accepted to live in a relationship where she has no power at all. Instead of offering to accompany her husband as he goes bowling, she has to ask permission as if she is a child. She is presented as being dependent of her husband and willingly stays in a relationship where she is treated as a lesser being and not equal to her husband (Williams 1).

            The play further presents women as weak beings who cannot survive on their own in a patriarchal society that gives all the power to men. This is demonstrated by Stella who admits that she finds it unbearable to stay at home when her husband stays away for the night. The dependence on men by women is so intense that Stella confesses to crying on Stanley's laps when he comes home like a child (Magdic 8). To Stella, her husband means everything to her and having to spend a night without him is quite devastating. However, her actions are presented as a form of dependence instead of love as they reinstate Stanley's reference to her as a 'little woman' who needs his permission and guidance and without it, she finds it difficult to survive even if it is just for a day. Instead of treating each other as equals, Stella presents a woman who is submissive to the point of being a child as is the case where she cries on her husband's lap (Williams 1).

            While the patriarchal ideologies that exist in society are shown as being a tool for oppressing women and giving all the power to men, the literary works also show that women have the power to defy them and fight for equality or refuse to be oppressed by gender stereotypes that present men as superior beings. This is evident in the play A doll's house' by Henrik Ibsen which guides the audience on a journey that sees the character, Nora suffer under gender stereotypes that favor men but she is able to overcome them and gain freedom from oppression by men. When the play starts, Nora is objectified as she is presented as a trophy wife who is happy despite being married to a patriarchal and controlling husband who views her more as a possession than an equal partner (Muddin 4). Torvald, (Nora's husband) is dissatisfied with the way Nora spends too much money on shopping. In his opinion, Nora is a woman who cannot even control something as easy as budgeting money and she ends up spending more than is necessary. Through Nora, the play presents women as not having the same level of understanding as men and that it is the responsibility of men to not only provide but also control women so that they do not waste or misuse whatever resources the couple has as is demonstrated by Nora's overspending.

            Nora is presented as both being an object and also dependent on men throughout her life. She is said to have been passed on from her husband to her husband who now bears the responsibility of taking care of her. Instead of being presented as a woman who had a say in determining when and if she would leave her home and start living with Torvald, she is instead presented as a possession that was given by her father to her husband. However, it is not just the men who view women as possessions that have no say in decisions that affect their lives but also that the women see themselves the same way men view them (Rachma 11) Nora narrates how her opinions were determined by the opinions that her father would have because going against his beliefs and opinions was unacceptable. Nora has accepted that she has to be submissive to the extent that she cannot even have opinions that go against the men in her life and this is extended to her husband. In the statement "Surely you can understand that being with Torvald is a little like being with papa" (Ibsen 504), Nora shows how all men oppress women in society to the extent that women act the same regardless of what role the man plays in their lives. The women are taught to obey while men are authority figures who have all the power and use it as a tool for oppressing women.

            The patriarchal ideologies that exist in society also give men a sense of power that makes it easier for them to diminish women especially when they view themselves as the providers. Torvald for example believes that Nora cannot survive on her own and it is up to him to provide her with everything she needs even if she is too naive to understand the value of money or how to manage it. He refers to Nora and women in general, as little birds that have no clue how expensive it is to take care of them (Ibsen 335). In Torvald's opinion, Nora has no idea how the flow of money works and if it was not for his guidance, she would be living in poverty after misusing all her money. His ideologies present Nora as a reckless and careless child who went from being taken care of by her father and now is the responsibility of her husband who has to do practically everything because the only thing she is good at is looking attractive and shopping.

            While Nora has been submissive and tolerated a great deal of oppression by a society that favors men, she starts evolving into a woman determined to change the gender stereotypes that portray women as being the weaker sex and dependent on men. An example is the case where she borrows some money with the intent of helping her husband. However, the patriarchal role that husbands, and men are expected to play make it difficult for Torvald to see that his wife was only trying to help. He instead views her actions as a breach of confidence and trust as he cannot get his mind around the fact that his wife can actually make decisions on her own (Rachma 23). Torvald had become so accustomed to his wife being dependent on him and a weak being who would be lost without his guidance and support. He feels threatened by the fact that his wife is no longer dependent on him as he thought as she can clearly make decisions on her own. He prefers that she remains the naive and submissive little girl she used to be but she is more determined to continue with her evolution and is no longer comfortable staying in a loveless marriage that gives all the power to the husband. She discovers that whatever flaws she bears is becasue her father and her husband treated her like a child instead of a woman. They therefore limited her ability to grow and become a person capable of making her own decisions. Her epiphany reveals that women do not need men but rather that men are the cause of all the flaws that women possess and their dependency is as a results of men's unwillingness to let women take control of their lives (Ibsen 621).

Conclusion

            From the two plays, it is evident that the patriarchal ideologies that exist in society can be used to oppress women by giving all the power and control to men. Being at the center of major developments in society, men have developed a sense of entitlement that makes them feel superior to women. In the two plays, the women are presented more as possessions that men have but do not need. The women on the other hand are presented as needy and as being unable to survive without men taking care of them. Stella for example is portrayed as a woman unable to survive without her husband even for a night. She constantly seeks his attention and approval even if it means acting like a child. While the same is seen with Nora, the play further shows that men are actually the cause of the challenges that women face. While oppression of women does exist, it is also true that the makings of a patriarchal society offers women the opportunity to free themselves of the control that men have over them and in so doing, break the gender stereotypes that oppress women in society.

Work cited

Ibsen H, "A doll's house" 1879

Magdic M, "Gender stereotyping in Tennessee William's A streetcar named Desire" New York:   Penguin Group, 2016

Muddin I, "Patriarchy in Ibsen's A Doll House" 2014

Rachma D, "Patriarchy in society reflected at Henrik Ibsen's A doll's house (1879): A feminist     approach" University of Surakarta, 2015

Williams T, "A streetcar named desire" 1947