Marxism/Darwinism

            While the actual Marxism was based on political and the economic ideology proved to not working, Karl Marx got it as an impact on the other features of the human history globally.  Many theologists for instance make use of the Marx's activities on a content that analyzed the society. This has proved to the historians and giving them ways of looking at the world and its history while using it as an abject which is opposed to a known point of view.  Karl Marx was an economist, social critic and someone who knew the world history. Many people call him as a person who failed on the social ways and this made less of him.  While the Marxist theory was rising in the last passed years, it is true that one can put stress on the significance on the economic concept as can be applied to the modern setting (Cohen, 2000).      

            With the latest global crisis that has happened and how it has affected billions of people globally, Marx's stresses on the way capitalism lessens the humans from working to get profits which is an evident culture in the modern living.  The idea that people do not have any money to work for them but work for money is something that is expanding when there is lack of the cash.  The Marxist theory describes of how capitalism is a train that keeps off based on the person controlling it, the world's crisis on economic might take time to get to an end (Cohen, 2000). 

            Still when the Marxist theory argues that the federal government is not really the way out to the capital entrepreneurship, the government creates programs that will maybe help the banks get valid.  Having this in mind, the Marxist theory stated that there is a close connection between the government and the business and this might bring a huge effect afterwards.  Marx described the state of private ownership of the ways that generate production as the main class of the core system.  For the individuals to be true on what they do, the ways to production must be community owned. He believed that these adjustments will happen when those working changes against the owners ways of production (Cohen, 2000). 

            In the case of Darwinism, it is important to understand the issue on the theory of evolution.  Darwin’s theory mixes with the genetics and make up with the modern theory of evolution and this becomes the theory of evolution of life.  This theory of evolution concerns the issue on that life changes, it has been changing and it has been.  Darwin was the first person to describe the evolution and later explains how it happened.  He was aware of the fact that a natural thing would happen (Stanovich, 2005). 

            Darwin did not have the quality answers to this but he wanted us to get to work.  The significance of research of evolutionary is one of the most appealing issues to the fact that evolution has been so significant to many scientists who work in different fields.  Many people has however benefited from all the issues that has been given by the evolutionary technology.  When the Darwin was celebrated in 2009, it is currently understood that the nature of the surrounding are able to give the natural ideas as to why it seems as it is.  The review of the intrusive was celebrated on life and the world around us, this means that there is many more to learn and life and knowledge is merely changing (Stanovich, 2005). 

Reference

Cohen, G. A. (2000). Karl Marx's theory of history: A defense. Oxford [u.a.: Clarendon.

Stanovich, K. E. (2005). The robot's rebellion: Finding meaning in the age of Darwin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Sociology and housing

In the western world, cultures have influenced the home plans and housing designs employed in different regions or countries. The styles used in building houses convey various social meanings and have effects on people’s emotional experience and empirical evidence has been used to support this notion.  People or residents of different regions across the western world have used the housing styles or exterior that defines their identity or communicates personal traits like social status, independence, privacy, life styles, aesthetic case, values and ideas (McKay, n.d). Homes and their styles have varied in accordance with climatic differences, and housing has been a major part of universal material culture that is found in all societies except the nomadic societies.  Housing has also been a major component of entire capital formation and the single largest element in the whole building efforts of western nations. In addition, from a sociological perspective, homes or housing played and continues to play a major part in making sure there is community life continuity. There have also been closer link between family organization and housing which differ in various parts of the western world (Moore, 2012). In every culture and at each period, housing types have corresponded in a way to how families are organized in a given culture and this in turn has reinforced and sustained existing family organization forms. In places like northern America, the system of extended family among the Iroquois was reflected in their different room clusters within which were sections that were reserved only for the basic units.

Apart from these aspects, the traditional housing styles in many parts of the western world were shaped by events such as Arts and Crafts movement which emerged in places like England during Victorian period, since Britain was the most industrialized nation of the time. In the view of social status, homes have been a production ménage and for consumption and hence various economic organization features were reflected and still continue to be reflected. For instance, 18^th century England wool centers, there were many cottages that were composed of upstairs rooms where family members worked and there seems to be confusion in rural cottages between life stocks’ and humans’ housing (McKay, n.d). These kinds of provisions have been eliminated by modern western life systematization especially among the urban communities. However, new dwellings may still incorporate housing stratifications like artists’ studios, doctors’ offices, libraries and shops with inclusion of managers or owners living accommodations. The sizes and shapes of the western homes were shaped or are shaped to portray the craftsmanship skills, occupants or owner’s personality and social-economic status in terms of education and income. Through the exteriors of the houses or sizes, the owners can be identified or judged according to social –economic classes like upper, upper middle, middle or lower class and the various design types may be defined as neat, tasteful and rich. Moreover, they also depict the different taste cultures in the western world in relation to art and which may differ in various aesthetic cultures expressed (Moore, 2012). Due to the various classifications, every socio-economic group reads different literature, engage in different social activities or even watch different programs in televisions all of which form part of aspects that influences preference for various designs. The social or economic classification also influences the size or even shape of the homes that the residents from different regions of the western world can afford.

The colonial home designs in United States more so South Jersey included symmetrical façade, single windows that were regularly shaped with some front door decorative ascent. These complexity, size and decoration are major features that set aside the colonial housing designs and sub-styles.  The emergency of these styles occurred in American colonies with settlers adapting the building techniques used in Europe, available materials and New World colonies climates (Nasar &Kang, 1998). The houses designs in the colonial South Jersey and entire United States were influenced by the wealth and natural resources available to be used as building materials. Such designs differed in accordance to locations such whether New England Colonies with town houses, Middles colonies that had farmhouses and southern colonies where most houses consisted of plantation houses. The designs used in colonial mansions ensured that the houses were opulent, spacious, and elegant and were quite expensive. The designs also bore signs of culture influence from Greece and ancient Rome cultures and hence the designs used depicted a lot of influence from different parts of the world including Dutch and French (Nasar &Kang, 1998).

Apart from the colonial influence, the various housing designs can be attributed to the political, economic, socials and religious beliefs which have a direct link with cultural institutions and the society they foster. These factors originate from the cultural traits of the society and form the basis from which architectural design language is created. The origin of these kinds of designs used in the colonial period can attributed to the cultural traits of people living in this period and the designs portray their cultural values and preferences. The architectural language is pervaded by a sense of culture, in regard to what is supposed to be, what is to be done, its importance and how the designs created link to the community, the supernatural and material world (Dietrich, n.d). The designs communicated to the community the architectural designs meaning and how they related material, human and supernatural world.   The way in which the housing designs evolved in the colonial eras may have been specific to particular region in relation to the security and shelter as major housing needs and the technological advances such as construction techniques and materials. The basic issues of behavioral characteristics are influenced by constructed environment and hence designs can be created to facilitate behavioral aspects in a community or individuals. However, the human behavior is unpredictable but his issue van be addressed by designing facilities or houses that enables completion of activities or tasks effectively and efficiently. The origin of these colonial designs can be attributed to the need of addressing the issues especially in the urban setting where the large populations had to be accommodated (Dietrich, n.d).  

 Personal status is another aspect that may have informed the emergence of the various housing designs used in the colonial American homes.  Personal status is normally induced in architectural designs across all human cultural levels whether, offices, churches and even in recreational facilities (Nasar &Kang, 1998). Using housing design to portray status can be traced back to the original monuments or status elected for various personalities such as pharaohs and priests in Egypt where monuments were erected while alive so as their glory would continue after they died (Nasar &Kang, 1998). This indicates how housing designs are influenced by personal status and which is upheld by a given community. The colonial settlers may have had their houses designed to depict their economic or social status in the community. The designs could have been a basis of their ideology in way that their social ideals and positions would be enhanced and promoted in the whole American community.

The designs also originated from the development in art in this community which saw the emergence of craftsman and Bungalow homes styles. As aforementioned the designs and styles emerged from Crafts and Arts movement that emphasized on use of natural materials such as brick, stone and wood. Since there were not may specialist for building houses, most could have been built by families in the community. The changes in art and craftsmanship also changed with changes in affluence of the communities (Tanner, 2003). As families rose in terms of living standards, there was growing need of home individualization. The rise in space standards that had been a preserve for middle-class communities or homes may have stimulated this kind of individuation in the community and hence leading to designs for personalized homes.  With increasing urbanization that played a big role in changing the family organizations, the designs for housing continued to change as different people have to be accommodated in apartments or flats while limiting the space for rural household activities.  This lead to emergence of various design standards as urban behavior changed so that more privacy was required (Tanner, 2003).  These changes can be observed even in the current housing where household’s tasks have to be done in limited spaces.

References

Moore, J. D. (2012). The prehistory of home. Berkeley: University of California Press. 82-84

Tanner,J.,(2003). The Sociology of Art: A Reader Psychology Press.143-145

McKay,S.,(n.d).Western Living, Western Homes. Retrieved from: https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/bitstream/handle/10222/71524/vol14_3_65_74.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Nasar, J., Kang, J., (1998).House style preference and meanings across taste cultures. 33 -42 Retrieved from: http://facweb.knowlton.ohio-state.edu/jnasar/crpinfo/research/housestyle99.pdf

Dietrich, K., (n.d).Sociology and Architectural Design. Curriculum Development. Retrieved from: http://www.kdietrich.com/thesis/d9a-research/section%204%20social/section%204-social.pdf

How should racial inequality in the United States be fought?

Overview

Different races in U.S have been affected by the issue of racial inequality. In historic and in modern, minority groups have faced prejudice and discrimination in distribution of power and wealth. The imbalance of power is a big problem in U.S and it was rooted from economic and political issues many years ago. Racial inequality is socially constructed in U.S society and Americans put social distinctions in racial groups. In order to address this issue effectively, it is important to understand the major contributing factors. This method will help to come up with important solutions which will end racial inequality in U.S. 

 The issue of racial inequality in U.S should be addressed by implementing economic policy. Black people have struggled to fight for freedom for many years but they have never achieved their identity in American society. Black community has formed many organization and movements to end racial inequality, to create a common vision and to gain liberation. Focusing on history, industrialization and urbanization gave rise to racial inequalities where Black communities were discriminated in economic issues. When American established city factories in suburban areas, Black people could not enter in the suburbs areas and this led to an increase of racial segregation. Since this period, Black community has struggled to fight for freedom so that they can move from the high level of segregation.

 According to Kelley (2016), Black people demand for policy which will restructure the economy and provide equal rights. African Americans want the government to end violence and injustice and reinforce power and freedom. There is a need for a controlled economy and equality on education, health among other importance requirements. In fighting racial inequality and ensure economic equality which is the root cause of the problem, the government should end structural racism (Kelley, 2016). This will not only shape the Black lives but the transformation will also impact the whole nation. It is important to note that structural racism is socially constructed and this means that minority are not allowed to access social benefits or interact with Whites in social institutions. Other important point is that all forms of racism are rooted from structural racism because it holds the power from white supremacy. Culture, politics and social economic issues are enclosed in structural racism (Kelley, 2016). Therefore, if the structural racism will be eliminated, it means that the economy will be restructured and Black community will have collective ownership and community control. In addition, Black people will have the right for fair development, community participation and subjugation and surveillance will come to an end in Black communities. The main purpose of ending structural racism it to create “A vision for Black Lives” where marginalized and vulnerable Black people will live in a democratic society (Kelley, 2016). The point is that the vision will bring economic changes since Black people will enjoy economic security, war on terror will come to an end and free-trade policies. Elimination of structural racism will restore the economy in that Black community will access wealth in form of employment, infrastructure and education. If structural racism will come to an end, not only the Black communities will be changed but also the America and the whole world (Kelley, 2016).

 Platform provides important information based on economic policy and asserts that global capitalism which is associated with class inequality and lack of opportunities to minority should come to an end and honor the Blacks through reparations (PLATFORM, ND). Black people need self-determination so that they can have the culture as well as economic development. The point is that there is a need for economic policies where Black community will have the collective right to access natural wealth without any prejudice. The right to self-determination should be associated with economy in that Black people should have the right internal and externally so that they can have control over culture, political and economic development without the fear of secession (PLATFORM, ND).  In restructuring the economy, the government should end the war and allow Black people especially youth to access education system, end capital punishment, enforce anti-discrimination civil rights and end mass surveillance (PLATFORM, ND).

  I have a good reason why my recommendation is better than other alternatives. First, my point of view is that U.S government should implement economic policies and this is an effective way of ending racial inequality and in particular structural racism. This is because; structural racism is structured in a way that Black people are excluded in social institution. It is important to understand that structural racism leads to economic inequality and so a struggle to end structural racism will shape economy because there will be equal rights and in social institutions, Black people will have control over their community and as a result create social and economic development (Kelley, 2016).

 Other approaches such as colorblindness are not effective in fighting racial inequality.  This approach explains that Black people in American community should not be judged because of their black color (Bonilla-Silva, 2010). In other words, individuals should be treated equally regardless of race or culture.  However, this approach is insufficient in that if people will ignore color and stop discrimination, there will be a misunderstanding as people will not appreciate or value people different culture. Despite the fact that the approach focus on equality regardless of race, White society will demand high standards and social order. With colorblindness, people lack the awareness of racial in American society (Bonilla-Silva, 2010).  Black community will be affected in terms of cognitive performance. White community will not value the culture difference, they will not foster friendship nor have the interest to learn about the culture. Colorblindness means that people will ignore the race with no respect.  Instead of colorblindness, multiculturalism would work best in that all people will acknowledge the ethnoracial differences (Bonilla-Silva, 2010).

Reference

PLATFORM. THE MOVEMENT FOR BLACK LIVES

KELLEY  D.G. ROBIN. (2016). POLITICS: What Does Black Lives Matter Want?

Bonilla-Silva, E. (2010). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality

in the United States. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Maori people

Introduction

The colonization of Maori people in New Zealand can be traced to the fear among the British that France would colonize it. This prompted the British to seek a peaceful arrangement that would ensure that New Zealand would not be taken by force and this led to the signing of Waitangi Treaty with the Maori Chiefs. This treat guaranteed the Maori peoples’ possession of their estates, lands, fisheries, forests and other properties and in return the Queen of England would be their Sovereign.  However, the violation of the treaty perpetrated by the government saw the Maori population become affected socially, economically and health (Orange, 2011). To an extent, the effects of this violation have continued to plague the Maori people to the current times.

The treaty strengthened the relationship between the British and the Mari people by forming a formal alliance that ensured the Maori retained their chieftainship (Rangatirangata). The arrangement was to ensure mutual benefits and reciprocal obligation such that the autonomy if the people affairs was to be maintained.  This arrangement was to have economic benefits among the Maori as the indigenous people and ensure that their social way of life would be protected against outside dangers. However, the economic benefits expected from this arrangement were short-lived as the British imposed custom duties that led to diverting of sipping to overseas ports that were duty free (Orange, 2011).  The Maori were disallowed from levying any anchorage fees on shipping. An immediate result of annexation was settlers’ influx into the region which shifted towards domestic consumption, so that the settlers could obtain enough provisions from local tribes at low prices while they concentrated on fresh produce and grains (Orange, 2011).

In addition, the Maori people gradually came under the control of the British, but the local laws and regulation maintained their grips on the market.  The social lives of Maori people were also influenced by the influx of settlers especially the Christians some of whom came as missionaries. The missionary influence was facilitated by this annexation and the Christian values were incorporated in legislations so that there was a shift from the traditional a flexible arrangements arrangement towards rigid behavioral codes among the Maori people (Belgrave, 2005).  The missionaries introduced various forms of farming like use of ploughs and to some the tool was a means of assimilating the people spiritually and materially. The missionaries applied double standard, in their attitudes towards the Maori economic activities, where they expected them to be just conformable rather than just wealthy. They opposed their accumulation of too much wealth, an attitude that government officials and settlers also portrayed. The missionaries and the administrators formed a symbiotic   alliance that facilitated that Maori people to free big chunks of land for settlers. They also strived to ensure that the Maori people adopted the Europeans lifestyles and settled habitations that would enable the control of the Maori people by the government and the missionaries (Orange, 2011). The results of this were increased cost of living among the host population. The Christian beliefs and political influence in mid 19^th century facilitated the colonization process through its promotion of Maori property’s individualism. The European also criticized the Maori population social organization which can be attributed to the disorientation of their cultural way of life (Hikuroa & Bradford, 2013).   

The colonization process also had various health implications among the Maori people, which can be attributed to the contact with the missionaries, administrators and the settlers. The Maori people began the epidemiological transition later than the people of British origin due to the impact of colonization on their diseases and hence death rates.  There is evidence to the notion that pre-colonial life expectancy was higher than among British society and the same as that of privileged societies of 18^th society. It is believed that musket warfare which happened from 1810 to 1840 led to high mortality among the Maori population; but most the death were result of diseases and other related causes.  The introduction of diseases was thus a major cause for the reduction in population, so that by 1890, population had reduced by 40 percent of the population’s pre-contact size (Orange, 2011). The coming of settlers increased land demand and Maori were under pressure to sell of their lands, and they later lost such lands through confiscation after the 1860s wars (Orange, 2011).  The result was a great displacement of Maori population, and this reduced them to poverty so that the only option was to survive in congested unhygienic conditions.  Loss of land meant loss of access to traditional sources of food and poor dieting which facilitated the spread of various diseases. The mortality rates for children increased as majority of those who died were children, most of them who died before they could reach their time. Therefore, the negative impact of colonization on Maori cannot be separated from the broader cultural, social and economic changes that resulted. The changes in their living environment as a result of losing their land, shelter and food sources exposed them to risk of being infected by diseases and dying from them. The introduction of new life styles disrupted the indigenous and flexible lifestyle of the Maori people, so that they embraced European technologies and low economic measured values and these were detrimental to their well-being.

The Treaty of Waitangi breaches by the Crown is relates to the failure to uphold its obligations regarding various economic and social issues of the Maori people. The breaches also involved failure to protect the resources belonging to the Maori populations causing extensive poverty which affected their health.  The government breached this treaty almost immediately after it was signed by failing to ensure that Maori ownership of land was upheld which left the people with inadequate land reserves. By allowing the early settlements, the government deprived the people of vital sources of foods that, maintained their health. The Maori people were basically referred to as Tangata Whenua whose meaning is people of the land, which is a strong indication of how much the people, depended on land for their social- economic and health support (Hikuroa & Bradford, 2013). In fact, the land was upheld as a mother to this population so that it was held with ancestral sentiment. In the law of New Zealand , which followed the British law , the Treaty of Waitangi accords the various entities – iwi- special obligations and rights  and hence their recognition as Tangata Whenua.  There were a lot of breaches of Treaty of Waitangi during 1850-1930, which lead to the violation of the population’s national sovereignty while distinguishing their self-determination especially through colonization. The people’s tittles were extinguished in 1848-1863 through unscrupulous land purchase from Ngai Tahu tribes, legal artifice and confiscation. The loss of the ancestral land resulted to urban migration and there was increased poverty due to lack of meaningful employement or access to resources (Hikuroa & Bradford, 2013).The passage of 1907 Tohunga Suppression Act on the basis of concerns that were raised about the safety and practice of some Tohunga prevented the Tohunga from dealing in traditional treatment methods. 

To the various breaches of the treaty, the Maori population has been considered as being low in socio-economic terms based on the deprivation index of various variables. These aspects are seen in high inequalities between the Maori and non-Maori populations, and which can be attributed to unemployment , low income among households , increased overcrowding which all translate to poor health or health inequality. Inequalities in healthcare have been measured by households’ incomes and the results have shown that the inequality levels are unacceptable. The health outcomes across the Maori population are poorer as compared to other groupings in overall Newzealand population. The entire population of Maori forms a 14.7 percent of the country’s population, so that all local authority in this country consists of a minimum of 4.5 % Maori population, and yet this group is indicated to have the lowest health outcomes than any other group (Medical Council of New Zealand, 2006).  The result is huge costs on the people and the whole society in terms of human suffering, increased expenditures on health and lost working days financial expenses. The mortality rate among the Maori people is also higher than that of non-Maori population and higher possibility of becoming ill. For instance , deaths from cancer among the Maori population makes up about two third of excess death from male cancer and a quarter of female death from cancer in New Zealand in comparison with countries such as Australia. Due to low incomes or poverty, the infants among the Maori population die at a higher rate from low weight at birth and SIDs than children from the non-Maori population (Medical Council of New Zealand, 2006).  In addition, the Maori women rates of cervical, breast and lung cancer are several times greater than rates of such cancer cases from the non-Maori women. The low health standards have consequences that extend beyond the suboptimal outcomes among individual Maori. It is likely for a single negative experience by Maori to be shared with their Whanau, and this can end up influencing the perception of the whole community and their future behavior (Medical Council of New Zealand, 2006).   

The inequalities in the health outcomes can be attributed to low access to rehabilitation services and health care and lower claims from injury in comparison to non-Maori. Even  though the GP appointments turn up rate for Maori is similar to the non-Maori , fewer are issued with lesser diagnostic tests , treatment plans that are less effective  and lower rates of secondary and tertiary procedures referrals than the patients from the non-Maori population. The incidence of obesity is higher for the Maori community – about 27 % vs. 16% - which leads to higher cases of diabetes – 8 % vs. 3 % , and younger diagnosis age – 43 vs. 55 years(Medical Council of New Zealand, 2006). The issue is made worse by the lower diagnosis rates and lower access to treatment methods that are effective. In another case, deaths rates which are avoidable are nearly double among the Maori people than for the other population in New Zealand, and death of a Maori occurs 8 -10 years earlier on average. What this means is that the Maori are normally sicker for lengthy periods, with less access to health care and hence their death occurs earlier as compared to Pakeha. The inequalities in the health continue even where other related factors like poverty , location and education are eliminated , which indicate that disruption in culture and lifestyle act as health status independent determinant (Moana,2005).

In addition cases of higher rates of unemployment are observed among the Maori than non-Maori, and this has impacted on their education level, welfare and access to justice.  This can also be attributed to the Maori people assimilation into the European population, which the government pursued in 1950’s. this came from the believe that there was economic and social disadvantages  for Maori living in natural rural places and urbanization was viewed as a good solution in facilitating the integration into other population. However, the people faced various challenges in the urban settings since they were either unskilled or semi-skilled meaning that they could hardly secure meaningful employment. This continued into the 80’ and 90’s, so that unemployment was higher for Maori than non-Maori (Wheen & Hayward, 2012). The population became advantaged when the government adopted major economic and social changes like market rentals for housing, major utilities privatization, user-change for education and health, restructuring of labor market for flexibility facilitation. In addition, the education system adopted by the government legislation and facilitated by assimilation efforts affected the te reo Maori through Eurocentric education aspect. These include cultural invasion and subordination, language domination, class structures, meritocracy, racism and negative expectation from teachers. The Treaty of Waitangi principles which were supposed to ensure inclusion of Pakeha and Maori values in decision-making aspect including regarding the education system failed to do so. However, the education systems especially in mission schools were only aimed at promoting an enlightened world view seen as superior (KA‟AI-MAHUTA, 2011). Due to many inequality challenges, access to education has not remained at par with other population in the current times.

The Treaty of Waitangi was established through elaborate principles of equality for the Maori and non-Maori people, but its violation in colonization error erased any progress that could have been gained through it. The violation has had immense historic consequences for the Maori people socially, economically, health wise and education wise. The disparities in the health between the Maori and non-Maori people indicates a need for implementation of policies to the later so that principles highlighted therein can serves the intended purpose. In the case of the health sector, health providers and agencies assume a responsibility on behalf of the public especially the marginalized groups.  Interest in the principles established in Waitangi Treaty and its own understanding differs in accordance to political and personal point of view (Hikuroa & Bradford, 2013). The principles in the treaty should be followed in the nursing practice so as to achieve a cohesive approach in dealing with health disparity in the health sector. After understanding the kind of health differences that can be observed between the Maori and non-Maori populations, I can advocate for equality in good faith. The knowledge help in to recognize the rights the Maori people have in accessing affordable healthcare and how the Maori client should be handled by health agencies and community groups. It is important to form partnership between the Maori community, healthcare providers and the health ministry to bridge the gap. This kind of client is necessary for healthcare provision and reflecting on how to improve such services.

References

 KA‟AI-MAHUTA, R., (2011). The impact of colonisation on te reo Māori: A critical review of the State education system. vol. 4, 1178-6035

Moana ,D., (2005).The Treaty of Waitangi Principles in the Korowai Oranga – Māori Health Strategy. A Critique from the Perspective of TB Care. Retrieved from: https://cdn.auckland.ac.nz/assets/arts/Departments/anthropology/documents-publications/MoanaOHthesis.pdf

Orange, C. (2011). The Treaty of Waitangi. Wellington, N.Z: Bridget Williams Books.224-226

Belgrave, M., (2005).Historical Frictions: Maori Claims and Reinvented Histories. Auckland University Press.341-370

Wheen, N., & Hayward, J. (2012). Treaty of Waitangi Settlements. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books.

Medical Council of New Zealand,(2006).Best health outcomes for Maori:Practice  implications. Retrieved from: https://www.mcnz.org.nz/assets/News-and-Publications/Statements/Best-health-outcomes-for-Maori.pdf.8

Sociology

Chapter 12 Art Worlds by Howard S. Becker

The world  of art  is made up of  every  individual  who is  particularly involved  in the  production,  commissioning,  preservation,  promotion, criticizing, presentation, chronicling  and the  general sales of fine pieces of art.   This is an extended terminology as compared to market art despite the fact that here is a section of it.  This means that if individuals are primarily focused  on a particular  art work  this would  prove to be essential to the thoughts of social organization as an individual’s network  who  come together  in  generation  of the particular  work.  If the particular group of persons fails in working together this means that their replacement would work well in ensuring that the work perform well will decreased challenges.  According to Becker (160), Collective  work  becomes  more  simplified  with  decreased  expenses  in  regard  to energy,  resources  as well as  energy  through conventions.  This however does not work in ensuring that the unconventional work becomes impossible to achieve but   it characterizes the work with more cost as well as increased challenges.  Change is bound to happen as normally when the involved person designed a manner in which greater resources can be gained.  Art can thus be described as a social and it cannot be demonstrated through the congruence amid social organizations forms.  The social nature of art is demonstrated by the fact that it is developed by individuals network who choose to work together.

Chapter 13 Agency and Structural Change by William H. Sewell, Jr

Social structure is often in different social matters as a demonstration of organization.  Social structure differs from social pattern because social patter is based on the arrangement.  Structure can be termed as a less precise concept that works on explaining the social reality complexity in general.  Achieving structural transformation is difficult.  A change theory cannot be developed into a structure theory unless a farm and well structured society conception and structure is adopted. According to Sewell (177), Agency in such the enactments of the social structure means that a particular concept that supports or is constituted in the social structure.  Agent means the capability of exerting some degrees of control over social relations.  Agents are basically empowered to work together and against one another by the different structures. Humans hold the highest capability of agency which they can use in working together to achieve greater goals. Social  structure require the cooperation of all those that are involved  so that the process  can be more easy  and  characterized  with  less cost  in terms of the resources being utilized.

Both chapters are similar in that they are an attempt of defining social organization through individual’s collectiveness in achieving a common aim.  Social organization cannot therefore be described based on the concepts that it holds as it is a form of empirical evidence.  Social or collective organization  is  the  capability of  being  with  or against one  another  in order  to achieve a stated  desire.  Collectiveness must therefore incorporate exercising and setting well framed and designed aims.   The designing of w ell thought strategy of acquiring increased sources is essential in ensuring that social organization is attained.  Structure is similar to organization as it requires the use of effort, time as well as adequate resources.   Collectiveness works in decreasing the amount of resources being utilized, time, effort as well as ensuring that the procedure is simplified.  The chapters are similar in that they both emphasis on collectiveness as an effective agents of implementing changes.

            Work Cited

Howard S. Becker & William H. Sewell. N.d. Chapter 12 Art Worlds and chapter 13 Agency       and Structural Change. Pdf

Fresh Fruit Broken Bodies: Migrant Farmworkers in the United States by Seth Holmes:

Humanities Essay

The ideas of success that are obvious from the passage are linked to the laborer. It is obvious that America is highly becoming highly dependent on products that are processed which are a bare resemblance of the natural products.  It is highly urged that individuals should consume fruits. This is the healthy options that are linked with high costs to the Mexican migrant bodies who labor daily in the farms.  The migration, global industry as well as racism are seen to be undermining the migrant farm workers yet the fruits that individuals get from the grocery are likely to have been produced by the migrants (Van 130).  The thoughts of success from the passage are in conflict with one another as the adequate respect that should be given to the farm laborers for their toil is not given. Seth states that ‘’Not just the physical sickness but this includes inter-individual, existential and mental anguish’’ (Holmes 89).

According to Seth  the  macro forces of the  migrant laborers work  out  in the  harsh  environment as well as poor living standards as they have sacrificed their lives for the purchasers but they are  more  likely as invisible  beings to the consumers who live in a rich surrounding (Holmes 66).  From the American agricultural labor hierarchy migrant laborers or the contracted farm workers are ranked at the lowest of a low standard under the regular Mexicans persons.  Racism is termed as dangerous as the bosses describe the migrants as stupid and dirty dogs. Cultural misunderstanding is very common as the consumers and the laborers are origin of two different cultural and social grounds. As demonstrated by the phrase that, ‘’In the original ground for  the Triqui immigrants passage of the border cannot be termed  as an option of engaging  in  behaviors that are risky but this is a survival  procedure of making life less risky’’ (Holmes 129).

Mexican laborers from the passage are exposed  to be linked with suffering and  inequalities  that are associated  to the  structural violence of the international  trade which comprises of migration, violence stereotypes as well as judgments  that  results  in racism.  From the passage there is a need for the public to understand that the efforts of the migrant laborers results in the production of the products that they acquire from the grocery stores for consumption.  It is a reality that the physical live of the consumer depends highly on the effort of the laborer who in the case is the migrant laborer (Van 132).  The undocumented immigrants are often the once who offer labor while they seem invisible. However the laborer is too far from effectiveness which develops the obvious endless ordinary daily practices to be all possible.

Even for instance, to most of the post modern ethereal cosmopolitans eating food is a common trend that cannot be evicted.  In the  American  environment and particularly  the 21^st century   identification of a meal  that  at a certain time did  not pass through the hands  of the Mexican  migrants is  a difficult  duty (Van 136). The actual fact is that  the Mexican migrants  process, harvest and also prepare meals,  provide health care at homes  as well as manicuring  lawns as well as  hands.  In other words the Mexican immigrants are useful in the creation of the most intimate features of the daily living as laborers. However their existence is soon eradicated in the public world by the business industry.  This mainly occurs since the workers are regularly rendered invisible and silent. Farm laborers are normally exploited as their efforts are not respected as equal as those of those in the business industry and the consumers (Holmes 79). Farming that is conducted by the  immigrants  laborers are among the most dangerous ,  unpleasant  and insecure occupations  that are linked with  zero benefits and low pays. However their labor  generates  important  services  as well as goods to the general citizens who with no  doubt hold the belief that  they normally do not  interact  with immigrants or gain no  benefits from the immigrants (Van 138).

I clearly believe that in order to respect the intimate association of food passage between hands can be achieved through development of policies to protect the laborers.  This is a way of appreciating their continuous efforts as well as paying them benefits for their labor.  The rights of the immigrants workers should be protected some as the way workers in different occupations are offered protection (Van 144).  Through implementing protection policies the workers will be offered safety through labor laws enforcement.  It is additionally important to address cultural and language barriers since Seth holds that cultural misunderstanding among laborers in the fields is a common thing since they only understand a few English words (Holmes 129).  The laborers should be given adequate education in regard to their responsibilities and rights with the provision of health care to all the immigrants. Some values that are required in the creation of this respect include loyalty, honesty, personal actions responsibility, generosity as well as kindness.  This will help in building better relationships among people which will help in breaking cultural barriers and recognition of the workers efforts.

            Work Cited

Holmes, Seth M. Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies: Migrant Farmworkers in the United States. , 2013. Internet resource.

Van, Alfen N. K. Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems: Volume 1. , 2014. Internet resource.

AMST

There are very many differences between folk culture and the popular culture, based on the type of lives that people lead. Folk culture is a type of life which entails the traditions of a certain people. For instance, deer hunting is a type of folk culture which has been passed from one generation to another (George et al, n.p). This therefore makes most people particularly the old, to embrace it, and to live by it. On the other hand, popular culture is the belief that people have, and it is not consequently based on civilised experiences, but on the actions that people believe in. A good example is when people believe that deer hunting is a ritual, which should always be carried out.

The author argues that the function of the hunting lore for men is to bring them together in a different world from the normal world, and making them to enrich their minds through undertaking tasks which they do not undertake on a daily basis. This consequently means that hunting brings people from the real world into the wild, where they meet and discuss the current rituals that they are supposed to undertake (George, n.p). In so doing, it makes men to be able to understand what it is they are supposed to in order to avoid any obstacles that they are likely to face in the world.

The main function of the fraternity ritual which is depicted in the salamanders is to compare the genders of different people. In this ritual, both ladies and gentlemen take part swallowing the salamanders immersed in beer while they are still alive (Simon, 13). Whoever gets to swallow most salamanders becomes the winner. Even though the ritual seem to be awful, if a man is able to swallow most salamanders, then it means that mean are stronger as compared to women and vice versa. The ritual therefore shows the strength between men and women depending on whoever swallows most salamanders.

Work Cited

George H, Marie H, Tom K, & Kenneth Thigpen. Salamanders: A Night at the Phi Delt House. http://www.folkstreams.net/film,113. 1982.

George H, Kenneth T. Buck Season at Bear Meadows Sunset. http://www.folkstreams.net/film,100. 1984.

Simon J. Bronner. “This Is Why We Hunt” Social-Psychological Meanings of the Traditions and Rituals of Deer Camp: Western Folkore; winter 2004. Print.

Attentional Blink Article Summarize

According to the case study results by Adam K. Anderson,  arousal is an aspect that  is linked  with  a reduction  of  attention  awareness prerequisites  which normally permits  emotional importance  in  structuring  perceptual experience.  Memories as well are perceptions should never be equal and they are not created in equal status.  It is well established that  memories that are linked  to important  and decree  occasions  in  an individual’s life are not  created  with  equal fidelity  and durability  rather they are modulated  mainly  by the associated  emotional importance.  The fate of  forgotten as well as remembered events is based  on the fact that  memories are intended on serving  the  predictive usefulness  that  helps the ability of an individual  in  later navigation  within the important  scenarios thus enhancing  the fitness  of surviving (Anderson, 2005).  The difference between  what is  being remembered  and what is forgotten from the daily experiences  by an individual  is  also a result  of  a limited  cognitive capacity  nature. This works in ensuring that all the selective procedures are always involved in performance.  Attention is described as the major mechanism through which data is nominated or not nominated for additional processing of perceptual.  Despite the fact that  it is well known that  emotions are key in during  recollected  experience  that is  subsequent  its ability to shape  the actual  experience perceptual  is  lowly appreciated.

Attention Emotion and Awareness

Based on the recent psychological studies it is clear that in some way significance stimulus associates with attention resources in structuring the subjective individual awareness.  The general awareness in the inclusion of the most elementary perceptual primitives may rely to certain degree on the attention location (Anderson, 2005). Therefore the main way through which stimulus arrives   at awareness is via attention allocation toward its entire processing. Selection that is attention is accounted as a result of natural capacity of brains limitations requiring the selective processing of particular stimulus features at others expenses.

Attention capture in typical nature refers to the automatic attention allocation towards a salient stimulus for its additional processing.  This  suggest that  emotionally significant  are  subjected  to  an attention bias where after  he  actual  encoding, they become participants  of  resources that are attention toward the beneficial  processing (Anderson, 2005). In addition the authority of grabbing emotional stimuli power is understood as a reflection of relative automaticity during the process of encoding.  In comparison with neutral words  events that  are emotionally significant and especially those that are linked  to  negative  valence are normally  processed  almost automatically and therefore there competition for  resources  at the  stage of  processing tends to be more effective which  leads to  behavioral interference.

Emotional value  is capable of influencing  the processing of  information  at different  levels  from  limited  attentional  encoding processes to response selection and  post encoding  stages.  Transient  effects that is mainly linked  with  events that  are  charged with emotions  fails in addressing  the manner in which emotions  as well as attention  interacts  in  permitting  conscious experience. Hypothesized attention impacts are highly sought and established for valence negative stimuli (Anderson, 2005).  However  negatively stimuli  that is valence  tends to  be  linked  with  high  arousal  responses  as compared to their  counterparts. With the close association of arousal with a valence that is negative their influence is challenging to separate.  Recent studies claims that arousal value plays an essential function in the guidance of attention.

Affective Modulation of Visual Awareness: Investigations with the AB

Post the documentation of one target stimuli there is an existence of transient impairment in the explosion for a second target that is demonstrated subsequently that is described as AB.  In opposition with the different phenomenon of blindness repetition is argued to be a reflection of bias in the output memory. The AB is demonstrated as a demonstration n in the reflection of attention limit during perceptual awareness restriction (Anderson, 2005).  The double RSVP target permits for a manipulation graded of the available resources during the encoding procedure.  If the  current emotional  value holds  attentional  status privileged for awareness  this implies that the important  events   are supposed  to modulate  the time and magnitude of the general AB thus weakening the impairing  impacts of the  interval reduction amid T1 as well as T2. This suggest that  the events that are affective  necessitates  decreased  attentional  resources  during the procedure  of  encoding  so that the entry  can be gained  into awareness.

Experiment 1: Affective Stimulus Dimensions and Awareness, Negative Valence

This experiment was aimed at examining neutral, arousing taboos and negative events reports in the RSVP dual target.  Through the manipulation of arousal attributes and negative valence of the events of T2 there is the capability of examining their general effect on AB.  If a valence that is negative is linked with decreased resource limited dependence stage that permits entry into the awareness this implies that the negative events are supposed to be spared from the relative AB to the neutral events (Anderson, 2005).  When the value arousal of events that are negative is essential then the AB sparing degree should be highest in regard to the arousing negative events.

Method

The study utilized forty participants for a pay where the half participated in a negative condition and the other of a negative arousal scenario.  In both experiments reports from the participants were normal and informed consent was obtained prior to the experiment.

Materials and Procedure

T1 incentives were a total of 56 unbiased words.  The distraction words utilized were 79 unbiased words in order to fully mask all the stimuli being targeted.  T2 utilized a total of 28 negative words with a single list and two full lists of 28 words that were not biased.

Results

The unbiased T2 events were primary subject to a lag dependent robust impairment in the general report for instance AB with several sparing at the first lag. In consistence  with  the decreased attentional  necessities  for  perceptual report, the negative  events of T2 led in  the generation of a decreased AB as compared  to events in T2 as well as  the  events that  were  negatively arousing  thus showing additional  AB sparing.

Discussion

Negative  words  were  less susceptible to  AB as compared  to  unbiased words of  the same  orthographic  neighborhood, subjective  familiarity and written frequency.  The biased taboo words which held increased arousal value generated a more increased AB sparing.

Experiment 2: Affective Stimulus Dimensions and Awareness, positive Valence

The general reduction of AB may only be in existence for the particular items that are not particularly arousing alone but are additionally negative in regard to valence (Anderson, 2005).  This can be consistent with the results of attentional bias to the direction of stimulus events that holds threatening content.

Method

The experiment utilized thirty participants who were assigned to either positive arousal or positive condition through random selection in an equal number.

Materials and Procedure

In every condition T2 engaged 28 items. All the T2 items that were engaged in a condition of positive arousing were relatively positive with high arousal of sexual status. On the other hand those that were under the positive condition were highly strong in valence but low in regard to arousal value (Anderson, 2005).  The T1 items were demonstrated in white while the T2 held a green color. The targeted colors were later exchanged in decreasing the enhanced reports that had been enhanced in the first experiment.

Results

There were decreased AB in regard to positive items in T2 for the unbiased items. In consistency of the arousal significance instead of the valence the AB was additionally sparing for high arousal and relative positive occurrence.

Discussion

T2 items that were positively valence were more resistant to AB as compared to unbiased words. Sexually T2 items that were arousing resulted in additional decreased AB.

Experiments 3A–3C: Role of Affective Value and Non-affective Distinctiveness

Distinctness is linked with memory that is heightened and perceptual encoding.

Methods

Participants:  the participants were 44 volunteers and the assignment of the participants was selected equally in a random manner to control and arousal condition.

Materials and Procedure

T1 distractors and items were the ones from the first experiment. The condition of arousal comprised of 28 arousing words with high negative valence and 28 unbiased words. The target stimuli were labeled in green while all the distractors were in black.

Results

In opposition to the significance low visual level the aspects of AB sparing were demonstrated for T2 arousing but not particularly for the same T2 unbiased words.

Experiment 3B: Item Distinctness

The sparing of AB may be linked to the word level degree uniqueness and not particularly the value of arousal.  The experiment involved the comparison of T2 arousing words with neutral distinctive T2 item.

Method

Participants:  70 volunteers for a pay from the university of Yale community.

Materials and procedure:  the list of T2 was made of 28 unique words.  The T1 items were labeled in white and the items from T2 appeared in green. The distractors were presented in four different colors that were selected in random nature.

Results

In opposition with the function of the unexpectedness in the sparing AB the neutral targets were less reported during the presentation in arousing distractors as compared to the neutral distractors.

Discussion

If the AB  depicts  the existing competition  amid T1, T2 as well as the  distractive  events in regard to the limited  resources then this means that the  arousing  emotional events might  be holders  of a competitive benefit of different  distinguishing features sources.

Experiment 4: Does Arousal Influence Resource-Limited Encoding Processes?

Experiment 4A

AB demonstrates that the resources available for encoding are not as much. This therefore suggests an interaction between the items.

Method

Participants

20 volunteers who were involved in the experiment and ten of the participants were randomly selected for every task and double tasks scenarios as well.

Materials and Procedure:

All the twenty eight items in every of the arousing and neutral T2 list were compared with written frequency word.  The T1 items were demonstrated in the white while those that were from T2 were demonstrated in green and the distractors were labeled as black.

Results

In consistency with the distinct status attentional status in the procedure of encoding was illustrated by different figures.    The experiment demonstrated disproportionate reporting the benefit for T2 arousing words under the double as well as single duty conditions.

Experiment 4B         

With the findings demonstrating an advantage that is misappropriate for the arousing words of T2 under the double task conditions, the above experiment showed that the value of arousal value associates with limited resource encoding the procedures in impacting awareness (Anderson, 2005).  The sparing AB makes the suggestion that arousal events encoding can be featured as either post-attentive or pre-attentive.

Methods

Participants: the experiment involved twenty volunteers from Stanford Community University.

Materials and procedure: 

The stimulus utilized in T2 was similar to the ones utilized in testing 4A and the events of distractors utilized were those from the first testing.

Results

The enhanced arousing report was not connected with the important transformation in the response towards T1.  In an opposition as illustrated by the findings the T2 arousing words were lowly impacted by the T1 processing duration in developing a report that was successful.

Discussion

If the sparing of AB on the association with the resources that were limited reflected, then this means that the report benefit for all the targets arousing should mainly be pronounced under double compared with one task condition (Anderson, 2005).

General Discussion

The utilization of double RSVP target for the graded and exact titration of the resources available for the encoding stimulus which  varies as time passes as  demonstrated  by the words of AB. Across all the  conducted experiments it was demonstrated that the sparing AB was importantly attenuated  for  emotional  relativity to words that are  more unbiased (Anderson, 2005).

            Reference

Adam K. Anderson. (2005). Affective Influences on the Attentional Dynamics Supporting Awareness, University of Toronto. American Psychological Association.

Should Bullies be Held Legally Responsible?

Introduction

Bullying is a very inhuman act which tends to leave the subject in a very bad situation, and could also lead to serious life complications in one’s life. Most people are usually bullied either by their peers, guardians or otherwise people whom they are very close to. In most cases, when a person is bullied, he or she may not be able to forward the matter to the relevant authorities, mainly because of the fear that he or she might not be helped. This consequently makes one to suffer both physically and emotionally, simply because, he or she cannot be able to get out of that situation. This paper is therefore going to talk about the drawbacks of bullying, hence providing the consequences of bullying and how to prevent bullying legally.

According to a research conducted early this year, it is estimated that over 80% of the teenagers in the country have been victims of bullying. This is mainly because, bullying is conducted in different ways and areas. Schools and the social media have been the main sources of bullying, since most teenagers are easily bullied by others. In schools, older teenagers tend to bully young teenagers in order to make them to submit to them and thus enjoying certain favors. Moreover, most of the victims of bullying have admitted to doing exactly what they were asked to do by their bullies. Victims cannot therefore be able to live their lives peacefully, simply because of the fear of being bullied again (Ramage, 62). These students cannot therefore be able to concentrate on class work, thus they end up getting very low grades. On the other hand, they also experience nightmares, which tends to affect their and in the end they may end up conducting stories associated diseases such as high blood pressure (Garby, 21). They lose concentration, and they are very likely to abuse drugs in order to forget their past experiences. Most of the students who have been victims of bullying, have ended up abusing drugs, in order to gain the courage and confidence to be able to carry on with their daily school activities. In addition, the victims cannot also be able to trust other people easily, and they consequently end up lack trust in other people due to the fear of being bullied or being hurt emotionally. Bullies also experience different problems, and this includes chances of dropping out of school, insecurities and indulging in frequent fights. I therefore urge all school heads, to take the right measures in measures in ensuring that students who bully others are expelled from school.

The social media has also been another source of bullying, and this type of bullying is often regarded to as cyber bullying. Teenagers are usually bullied in the social media, mainly because it is very easy for a bully to get away with it. This has therefore seen a large of teenagers using the social media being bullied over and over again. At least 34% between the ages of 13 years to 17 years, have been affected by cyber bullying, which is mainly done through instant messages, chat5 rooms, and social networking websites such as Facebook, instagram, Whatsapp, and Snap Chat (Garby, 23). Cyber bullying has become very common and thus making the number of teenagers being bullied to be on the rise. Most of the victims of cyber bullying tend to experience changes in their sleeping and eating patterns (Hann, Gayle, & Caroline, 45). This consequently affects their body functioning, and they may therefore end up in committing suicide or otherwise indulge in the abuse of drugs. Furthermore, they also experienced sadness and loneliness, which leads to depression due to the thoughts that they have on their minds. Low self-esteem is also another problem associated with cyber bullying, and the victims end up copying other people in order to look or become appealing before others. In future, these victims experience different problems, and they are also likely to indulge in frequent fights with either their family members or otherwise their spouses. In order to be able to gain courage and to live peacefully, they develop a defensive mechanism which makes them very temperamental, thus easy to anger. I believe, that if teenagers are advised on how to deal with cyber bullying, then they can be able to avoid being bullied and thus lead their lives peacefully. In addition, social media sites should be fitted with buttons to filter cyber bullying (Ramage, 75).

This matter has very serious implications on a person’s life, and it can affect a person for the rest of his life. In most cases, parents who were bullied while young either by cyber bullying, being bullied in schools or at home, may end up having poor parental habits (Hann, Gayle, & Caroline, 46). They cannot be able to provide the best parental care to their children due to the fear and insecurities surrounding them. Moreover, they also lack the techniques of showing love and care to their children, and this is majorly influenced by the feeling of loneliness that they have always had while young. Due to feeling lonely, these parents being detached from their families and thus they may end up spending most of their time thinking on other things and not their families. On the other hand, bullies also face different problems in both their childhood and adulthood lives, and this includes the following. Indulging in the abuse of drugs and alcohol, in order to be able to forget his or her worries. The abuse of drugs and alcohol consequently leads to addiction, and one cannot therefore be able to carry out his or her duties (Garby, 24). Secondly, they also indulge in sexual practices when in adolescents’ stage. Indulging in sexual practices mainly leads to the spread of sexually transmitted diseases which really affects their lives, and some end up dropping out of school. Moreover, others end up being pregnant which becomes a problem particularly when one is still a teenager and in school. Finally, they end up becoming abusive to their family members or spouses, thus making it hard for them to be able to live peacefully with others.

When teenagers are being bullied, they often prefer to tell their parents about the matter, that is if they are being bullied in school or otherwise through cyber bullying. If a teenager is being bullied and reports the matter to his or her parent, then this is what the parent should do. Listen to the victim carefully, and try to find out where the child went wrong. Speak to the child and ask him or her how he or she feels about school life. Then give her maximum support that you are going to stand with him or her (Ramage, 76). Finally, think of how you will approach the disciplinary master in the school. Report the matter and make sure that the child is not subjected to bullying anymore. On the other hand, if a child is a victim of cyber bullying, the parent should make sure that he or she saves each and every message. Gather as much information as possible concerning the bully, this includes the date of birth and where one lives. Allow the bully to continue with this habit for some time in order to collect the right information, after which report the matter to the police. Referring the matter to the police will help in getting IP address of the bully (Hann, Gayle, & Caroline, 46). Thus the bully will be arrested and taken to the court of law where he or she will be charged.

Conclusion

Teenagers often perform poorly in their school work, thus affecting their future lives, since they cannot be able to reach their future goals. Moreover, due to the problems that they face while young, they end up lacking the best techniques of raising up their children. Their lives therefore become unbearable since they cannot be able to get over what they passed through while they were young. They start abusing drugs which helps them to forget about their problems, and before they realize it, they become drug addicts. Therefore, parents should follow the approaches provided in order to make sure that their children do not end up being bullied. Through doing so, the future of their children will be guaranteed, and children will also perform well in their studies.

Work Cited

Ramage, John D. Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings, Mla Update Edition. Place of publication not identified: Longman, 2016. Print.

Garby, Lisa. "Direct bullying: criminal act or mimicking what has been learned?" Education 133.4 (2013): 448+. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 26 Oct. 2016.

"How Should Online Bullying Be Prosecuted?" All Things Considered 21 May 2012. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 26 Oct. 2016.

Hann, Gayle, and Caroline Fertleman. The Child Protection Practice Manual: Training Practitioners How to Safeguard Children. , 2016. Internet resource.

America 1865

Describe the Social Darwinist Movement. Can community be constituted as a jungle? Does social Darwinism influence us today? If so how?

Social Darwinist movement is the classification of persons, races and groups to the same laws of natural selection. This move were very popular between the 19^th and the 20^th centuries, whereby the minorities were reduced and their cultures were also depleted. Meanwhile the majorities grew and were in total control of political posts, and they also had cultural influences over the minorities. The social Darwinists believed that human beings lives in the society were full of struggle in order to exist. Different social Darwinists that is, Walter Bagehot and William Gram believed that due to the process of natural selection which acted on discrepancies in the population could lead to the existence of the best contestants in the population (Boyer, 56). This consequently meant that, in order to be able to survive in the world, one need to be able to work hard. Thus the best competitors were able to live peacefully and to be in total control of the others. People therefore need to work hard in order to be able to live peacefully in the world without any problems at all.

The community can be constituted as the jungle, simply because, people in the community need to struggle in order to be able to live peacefully. The same applies in the jungle whereby the strongest animal dominates over the other animals, and thus it has total control over the jungle. The weak animals become the subject of the strongest animals, thus they need to obey whatever the strongest animal wants. Furthermore, in the community the minorities tend to be the subject of the majorities and thus they end up adapting to the dictates of the majority who have the total control of the world (Boyer, 56). Moreover, the minorities in the jungle become less strong and thus they cannot be able to protect themselves, thus they end up being distinct. This distinction in the jungle is the same as the absorption of the majorities’ culture by the minority. This consequently means that, the culture of the minority becomes distinct since the minorities are influenced by the culture of the majority in the society. The jungle is therefore the real representation of the society, as it clearly shows what really happens in the community.

Social Darwinism really influences us today to work hard in order to be able to lead bright lives in future. The world is full of ups and downs, and thus in order for one to be able to avoid challenges, his or she needs to work hard, hence being able to take control of the world. On the other hand, in order for one to be able to avoid to be a subject of another person, he or she will also need to work hard. According to Social Darwinism, life is just like a competition and the best competitors tend to take the top positions (Boyer, 57). This consequently means that to be able to live in the world, on needs to set his goals and be able to work in order to achieve them. This will really help in ensuring that one does not end up being another person’s subject. Finally, Social Darwinism influences us to work hard in order to avoid being ruled by others. 

Work Cited

Boyer, Paul S. The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People. Boston: Wadsworth, 2013. Print.

Sociological Theories of Religion

Emile Durkheim spent much time studying religion in the small societies. Durkheim is the founder of functionalism. Durkheim interest was on totetism or the primitive kinship form of religion. Durkheim viewed religion in the context of the entire society and the influence it had on the thinking and the behavior f the society members (Dahms, 2014). In his study, Durkheim found out that members of the society had unique and separate objects, symbols and rituals that they regarded sacred different from their normal objects. Religion was not only based on belief but also comprised of regular rituals and ceremonies. Max Weber interest was in global religions. Weber undertook deeper studies on Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism and Taoism with a fundamental purpose of identifying the impact religion on social change (Allan, 2010). Weber found out that Protestantism was the root of capitalism while the Indians stressed out a high level of a spiritualist. Karl Marx view on religion came from Ludwig Feuerbach that humans cannot understand society and that is why they have projected their own values in religion so that they may be able to achieve the values in the world they live in rather than the afterlife. Mark viewed religion as an opium for the people and held that religion served as a sanctuary that could protect people from harshness they experience in everyday life (Dahms, 2014).

Durkheim is a functionalist that argued that society shapes its members and that there are social factors that are outside its members (Morrison, 2006). Durkheim disputed that social bonds held members of the society together through public ceremonies, rituals, and division of labor and that the natural state of the community is harmonious that individuals corporate to create the society. Durkheim said that social problems are a glitch, and conflicts are abnormal in the society (Allan, 2010). Weber is a symbolic interactionist who argued that culture, politics, and economics shape social relations. Weber believes that economy is created by ideology and the class of the society is founded on prestige and economist.  Karl Marx is a conflict theorist who is mainly focused on social critique as he believed that life is a competition for the resources available and that conflicts shape who people are as they are forced to survive. In order to come up with these views, he relied on economics and that there are only two classes the ruling class which has false consciousness and the working class that believes in interests (Morrison, 2006).

Mead’s views on social behaviorism theory was based on a principle that people are able to develop their self-images through interaction similar to Charles Horton who also believed that self-images are developed through interaction through the theory of Looking Glass Self. Mead argued that personal traits were as a result of social experience (Burke & Stets, 2009). For Cooley, he believed that the particular interest an individual has shaped the individual. According to Cooley other significant features that helped in shaping the image includes parents, siblings, best friends and even siblings. On the other hand, Mead argued that self-image and awareness were solely based on social experience (Burke & Stets, 2009). The social experience comprises of the exchange of symbols such as language. Mead believed that the experience of seeing ourselves as others play an important role which is imitating others and trying to see things from their point of view and understanding the role of others leads to self-awareness. Similarly, Cooley’s believed that self-image was also enhanced by how we think other see us. Cooley differed with Mead in that the image of an individual is based on the perception that others have upon an individual. However, they both agreed that the self-image of an individual was based on the significance that others think we have (Burke & Stets, 2009).

Reference

Allan, K. (2010). Explorations in classical sociological theory: Seeing the social world. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Pine Forge Press.

Burke, P. J., & Stets, J. E. (2009). Identity theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

In Dahms, H. F. (2014). Mediations of social life in the 21st century. Bingle, UK : Emerald Group Publishing

Morrison, K. (2006). Marx, Durkheim, Weber: Formations of modern social thought. London [u.a.: SAGE Publications.

The Amish and Mormons

The Amish and the Mormons have very many similarities and beliefs, on the other hand, they also have different differences. The Amish are a group of people who come from Switzerland, and are of the traditionalist Christian church fellowship. The Amish have similar characteristics as that of the Mennonite churches (Sharot, 169). They lead simple lives, and dress plainly, and they are very reluctant to adopt to the new technology. Thus they lead a very ancient type of life. Their way of life is very different as compared to that of other Christians in the world. The main reason as to why the Amish lead the type of lives that they lead is mainly because of their rejection of the new technology. On the other hand, the Mormons are a religious group which is majorly linked to Mormonism. They are the main branch of the Latter Day Saint movement Restoration Christianity, which was started by Joseph Smith in the year 1820 in Upstate New York. After the death of Smith in the year 1844, they followed Brigham Young to Utah Territory. The Mormons are currently the followers of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

The Amish and the Mormons have similarities which often makes people to confuse them. Both the Amish and the Mormons use sacred clothes in order to remind them of their faith, and to maintain their religion. According to the Amish, the outer clothe that they wear helps in maintaining their religion. On the other hand, the Mormons believe that their inner clothes helps in reinforcing their religion (Sharot, 169). The faith of the Amish is mainly manifested in the types of plain religious inner clothes that they usually wear. This type of clothes helps in distinguishing people of different roles in the culture. On the other hand, they are allowed to wear anything under their clothes according to their own choices regardless of how unique or vibrant they might be. As for the Mormons, they wear a single piece of split undergarments for religious purposes and are commonly referred to as Temple garments. Both men and women are supposed to wear the clothes, and they should also be hidden, since no one is allowed to see another person’s religious clothes. This consequently allows them to be able to withhold their religious dictates. The Amish grow in numbers through multiplying in their numbers and not through evangelism, while on the other hand, the Mormons grow in numbers through preaching.

However, the Amish and the Mormons have a lot of differences which acts to distinguish them from each other. The Amish do not approach other people, and they therefore term people of a different religion as non-believers, thus they never want to be associated with them. On the other hand, the Mormons interact with other people, and also preach the gospel to them as a means of making them to join their denomination. This has consequently helped in increasing the number of Mormons all over the world as opposed to the Amish (Sharot, 170). The Amish believe, in order to maintain a strong bond with God, they need to lead very simple live. Thus they are not attracted by the modern technology, and hence they lead a very ancient type of life. The Mormons on the other hand, do not reject the modern technology, and they therefore use it and even further their studies in order to become good at preaching.

Work Cited

Sharot, Stephen. Comparative Perspectives on Judaisms and Jewish Identities. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2011. Internet resource.