Applying the ABCX Model of Stress

 The family stressor that will be discussed is family violence and in particular child sexual abuse.  The latter occur when an adult uses force to engage a child in sexual activities in social setting such as home or work. Sexual abuse because long lasting effects as the abused children develop sexual disturbances, depression, delinquency, seductiveness, aggressiveness and suicidal behavior (Johnson, 2008).  According to ABCX model, families respond to stressor events in   different ways and this makes some families to be more crisis prone than others.  Note that the model presents the stress or event, the availability of resources to manage the stress, how the family perceives the event and the likelihood of the stressor events to cause to a crisis.  An important point to understand is that resources and perceptions are key elements used in determining whether the stressor event will lead to a crisis or not.

 Focusing on ABCX model and the stressor event (child sexual abuse), the first factor that makes a family more crisis-prone is resources. After child sexual abuse, resources will determine if the family will create crisis or not.  In this case, a crisis will occur if the family defines sexual abuse as a deviant behavior and views the offender as a deviant criminal in the society. The family may punish the offender   for violating the social norms. The perception that sexual abuse is a deviant behavior and lack of resources such as lack of strength to accept the offense, relying on cultural norms, poor family management and lack of adjustment and adaptability leads to crisis such as distress and disruption of normal activities (Eshleman & Bulcroft, 2010).

 Using the ABCX model, the factors (resources and perception) that contribute to more crises can cause fewer crises in other families. In this scenario, the family may acknowledge the criminal act as socially constructed and a component of society. In addition, perceptions may involve eliminating cultural norms; the family may also apply resources like integration and adaptability and seek help from therapist and health care professionals (Eshleman & Bulcroft, 2010).  By so doing, the family will avoid stress and crisis (Eshleman & Bulcroft, 2010).

Reference

Eshleman, J. R., & Bulcroft, R. A. (2010). The family (Family Stress and Violence) (12th ed.). Boston, MA:

Allyn & Bacon.

Johnson, M. P. (2008). A typology of domestic violence: Intimate terrorism, violent resistance, and

situational couple violence. Lebanon, NH: Northeastern University Press.

Family Perspective in Policymaking

 Program such as ‘Raising Babies Behind Bars’ and others should be implemented to address problems met by families in our current society. Family suffers from problems such as unwed parenthood, family break ups, poverty and others. The purpose of family programs is to promote the well-being in terms of good health, leisure, housing and freedom to enjoy rights.  Families are entitled to enjoy and achieve these values and programs should be made to help them achieve the objectives. For example, program such ‘Raising Babies behind Bars’ should be implemented to allow mothers enjoy their parental rights such as raising the child while in prison (Bogenschneider & Corbett, 2010).  It is important to put the mother-child attachment into consideration since it plays role on child’s functioning and ensures a strong mother-child relationship. Also note that mother play an important role in raising the child as she   builds a personal identity as well as self image. On the side of child, mother-child bond is needed to promote infant’s mental health and sensory stimulation. Thus, prisons should allow mothers to raise their kids for a short period of time like two years.  Note that in foster care, children meet comparable dangers which could be prevented by the mother. The mother has the ability to protect the child and more important to provide emotional benefits and child’s interests (Eshleman & Bulcroft, 2010).

On research and advocacy, the best way to create the family policy is through ‘research to establish family policy’ and connect it to the ‘The Urban Institute”. The latter play an important role in developing social actions, identifying public issues, raising citizens’ awareness and connecting all these issues with government decisions (Bogenschneider & Corbett, 2010). With this research and advocacy, it is easier to recommend law, develop programs or necessary actions toward solving public issues. For example, establishing family policy and identifying the underlying issues might make conclusion that the federal government should provide financial protection and programs to protect the rights, health and well-being of the pregnant and parenting mothers. The federal government should offer prenatal care and ensure that the facility provides counseling services and needed resources to imprisoned women. There should be pregnancy management services to ensure that pregnant women get proper monitoring to avoid future complications (Eshleman & Bulcroft, 2010).

References

Eshleman, J. R., & Bulcroft, R. A. (2010). The family (Family Social Policy). ((12th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn

& Bacon.

Bogenschneider, K., & Corbett, T. J. (2010). Family policy: Becoming a field of inquiry and subfield of

social policy. Journal of Marriage & Family, 72(3), 783–803.

Application of Relational theory

    It is true that we all like to be loved or to love someone. This is the human nature that all humanity tends to receive fulfillment from when they have friends and are loved. We cannot ignore the fact that more than often, we as humans, desire support systems which helps to reduce loneliness. The relational theory asserts that the fundamental human need is the establishment of genuine and mutual association in a relationship. According to the relational theory, it asserts that friend relationship often presents an intricate set of challenges that arise from the background and interactional dialects which friends generate and manage.

    Finding the true meaning of friendship is quite hard and that is the sole reason as to why maintaining a friendship is a hard task. Friendship does not only offer a chance to learn about each other differences, but it also presents challenges due to these differences (Ziemann 2013). The differences that exist between my friend and I allow for us to grow and become strong together. This is what we term as beauty in diversity as we learn to appreciate the different personalities between us and accept each other despite all the differences.

    Friendship relationships are quite unique as they have voluntary quality and are full of freedoms which are relevant to the friendship. This form of relationship is that of a choice and hence, commitment is required for the relationship to thrive and be successful. Each party has to commit themselves to continuously find the way to have relational dynamics so as to maintain and grow in the relationship (Mcmanus 2004). According to relational theory, tension is one of the aspects of relationships and thus no one can get rid of these tensions. Conflicts in a relationship are natural and a progressive part of a relationship. The main aim of a conflict is not to get rid of a relationship but rather to manage it and make it stronger. However, we simply have to learn how to manage these tensions (Lusk 2008).

    In order to avoid conflicts between my friend and me, we usually manage each other freedom hence allowing each and every one of us to be independent. Honesty is indeed a virtue in our relationship. However, there are times when one can predict that tension will yield up after being honest about a given subject and thus it may end up hurting the other person. In such cases, we usually find ways of expressing honesty in a careful manner. Everyone wants to trust in the honesty of each other’s comments but at the same time friends trust each other not to be insensitive with their comments about a subject that only close friends know (Lusk 2008).  We are always willing to discuss our relationship with each other and hence we are often able to confide in each other, to disclose our thoughts and feelings. This allows for a response from the relational partner about the relationship and it brings about closeness and building of trust between each other. In doing so, we save our friendship from breaking up due to the minor tensions (Mcmanus 2004).

            Basing on the discussion above, it is important to note that for every relationship to exist, relational partners must sacrifice some personal autonomy but it should be balanced as having too much connection may result to loss of an individual’s identity.

References

Lusk, H. M. (2008). A study of dialectical theory and its relation to interpersonal relationships.

Mcmanus, t. G. (2004). Dealing with tensions: managing relational dialectics in the post-divorce             parent-child relationship (doctoral dissertation, university of cincinnati).

Ziemann, C. (2013). Relational Dialectics: Friends or More?. The Corinthian, 14(1), 5.

Module One: Industrialization And Revolution

Qn. How did the industrial revolution change the life for the working class, and how did Marxists and communists propose to make the situation better?

            Industrial revolution refers to a period when the economy changed from handicraft to one dominated by machines and industries. Before then, manufacturing was carried out in peoples’ homes by use of hand tools.A significant change in the economy was witnessed in the nineteenth century and the economy was characterized by massive factories which sprang up all over Europe and railroads were constructed to facilitate transportation. Industrialization brought a significant change characterized by massive production and increased riches and prestige. This paper will present the impact of industrialization on the life for the working and the proposals made by the Marxist communist in bettering the situation.

            Industrialization created new social classes, new job opportunities and these had associated problems. In addition, it also created new work practice regulated by the pace of machines. Therefore, it was the responsibility of the managers to instill these practices so as to ensure efficiency in production. This was likely a hard task because many workers were accustomed to their traditional practice of work where they had control over time. According to the factory rules in Berlin (Document 1, 144), there were specific rules that were to be observed by the workforce. Workers were subjected to begin work at stated time with specified time for breaks which was to be observed. Five minutes prior to work commencement, a bell was rung to supervise the availability of each worker at a specific place. Those who came after the stated time were to lose a certain percentage of wages depending on the number of hours wasted (Document 1, 144). All these regulation plus many others changed the life of the working class people. The regulations became favorable for men and the workforce was dominated by men since women could not make up to the demands of the factories. Men were subjected to work for long hours hence spent long hours without meeting with the other members of the family. Due to lack of skills and experience, many workers were paid on hour basis or piece basis.

            The upper class and middle class people looked down upon the lower class. The lower class comprised of the homeless, street people, the unemployed and the mentally ill (Document 4, 135). This group of people was discriminated in the business cycle and they relied on small and uncertain incomes. They worked for long condition under unfavorable conditions of poor housing and poor health conditions. Due to their state of illiteracy, they were utterly destitute and desperate to earn money regardless of the condition. Regardless of their poverty, the lower class people had compassionate friends who fought for their wellbeing. William Booth was one of the individuals who ministered to the poor (Document 5, 135). He founded the Salvation Army with an aim to assist the poor. Together with his wife, they devoted themselves in rehabilitate homes for the homeless, helping the unemployed and giving counsel to the criminals. They devoted to help out others from the misery that they went through. William Booth wrote the darkest England where he described the misery poor people and the methods he would use to impart salvation among people which would eventually change their lives (Document 5, 136). He described England as a place with vices and poverty as he compared to Africa of that time which was made up of trees with nothing else possible.  He described the slums in England as being the unhealthy places to live as he related to the swamps of Africa which were full of malaria. Thus, just as Africa, England was a pace with evil and misery and its misery was caused by the evil habits of its inhabitants which was characterized of drunkenness and all sort of uncleanness. Therefore, his aim was to transform the lives of such people by offering social services to them in terms of physical and spiritual aid.

            There was increased misery among the working women in the factories. Due to such, many analysts required middle class women to focus on home cores so as to play a role in bringing transformation in homes in form of good behavior, tranquility and proper order (Document 2, 146). Thus, as men worked in the factories, women played their role as pillars of homes to ensure that the home is in a good condition.

            Industrialization also resulted to division of labor in the factories. The rich capitalists owned machines and also some needed human labor force to simplify machinery work (Document 3, 149). They divided work amongst workers who worked together with machines hence producing goods more quickly and cheaply. For instance, the demand for coal which was used to make coal-fired steam engines called for a need for coal miners. They worked in very difficult conditions. The miners were both young and old and this led to widespread child labor. In the coal mines, the entire workforce was dominated by children because they were easy to hire. Some rich factory owners would take children to their care, feed them, and give them a place to sleep in exchange with their labor. Children did not earn any reasonable wages that they deserved for their labor but were give only the basic necessities for them to survive. Many factory owners benefited from children because they were cheaper compared to adults and they could spend less on paying the children. These children spent their time working in the factories, never acquired education, hence this affected their generations. This went until the formation of laws to protect children which regulated the working hours for children. 

It also led to formation of classes that is; the rich capitalists and the poor proletarians. These classes are defined as the capitalists who have the power of possessing machines and capital rule over proletarians. Development of proletarians results into a situation where the commanding group oppresses the other. Thus, we see capitalists exploit the working class with overworking, and low wages. Men were just used as other components of machines and they toiled to make their bosses rich (Document 3, 151).

            Marxists communists played a significant role in helping out the working condition in the era. They launched the communist manifest which aimed to make a new understanding of industrial society. In their manifesto of communism, they stated that communism aims to organize a society in a way that every member of that given society can freely use his or her capabilities without interfering with the conditions of that society (Document 3, 151). And in order to achieve this, they recommended eliminating private ownership of property which was to be replaced by community ownership. They based their manifesto on principle that every individual needs to be happy and in any given society, the happiness of the individual cannot be separated from the happiness of all. And the aim of communists was to ensure that all classes of people benefit from any kind of capital invested. Their aim was to eliminate a scenario where by the poor work but do not benefit from the work they invest. The aim of communists was also to eliminate the existing gap between the capitalists and the poor (Document 3, 152). This gap came in as a result of the introduction of the expensive machines during industrial revolution; machines that could only be purchased by a few rich. Thus, the industry was delivered into the hands of capitalists who became the owners of the industry. The Marxists communists strongly criticized the human abuses that existed during the era of industrialization.

            They also criticized capitalistic market as characterized by overproduction (Document 3, 130). Due to simplicity of production, more goods are produced beyond what the market can absorb. The capitalist society is always characterized by increased poverty among the proletariats. They are exploited as they continue suffering from poverty. They suffer from physical poverty due to low wages and spiritual poverty due to monotony and oppression. According to their view against capitalism, proletariats are neither happy nor satisfied with work but they do so as a means of survival. The products that they strive to produce are far alienated from them hence they cannot benefit from their efforts (Document 3, 130).

            Communists aimed to organize the working class into a revolutionary party by eliminating bourgeois power which is associated with individual exploitation in order to form a classless society (Document 3, 132). Marxists communists in their proposal, state that destroying classes of capitalists and poor proletariats leads to formation of a new society where all people are free and equal. 

            Their manifesto outlines the need to end oppression as one of the way to make the situation better. The proletarians are under oppression by the capitalists because the former have no power hence they are being exploited by the latter. Thus, their aim is to centralize all factors of production under the hands of the state (Document 4, 132). They also criticized that industrial revolution made a smaller population of people rich and the number of poor people was increasing.

Conclusion

            Industrial revolution was a period when the economy faced rapid changes. Factories sprang up with the use of machinery in production. Machines replaced the traditional method of production which involved the use of handicraft tools. Industrial revolution was characterized by significant advantages and besides these advantages, many changes occurred in the lives of the working class. Unlike during traditional manufacturing where workers controlled time and everything, industrialization changed the way time was to be controlled as people were to be controlled by time. They worked under rules and regulation where they were required to report at a particular time and leave at a given. Failure to abide with the rules would lead to certain penalties. Factors of production were owned and controlled by the rich capitalists who exploited the working class with overload and little wages. As work was simplified and capitalists enjoyed huge profits, the lives of the working class deteriorate as they were subjected to work for long hours with a very little pay for their survival. Distinct classes of people were formed. The upper class comprised of the rich capitalists who controlled all factors of production. The middle class comprised of the working class whose survival depended on their efforts to work in the factories. The lower class people were made up of the most poor, street people, homeless, the mentally ill and criminals. The lower class lived in complete destitution. This gave to a rise of Marxist communists who recommended for a new system to be put in place in order to address the challenges faced by people. They criticized industrialization and all its evil. They aimed at eradicating capitalism by replacing it with communism. According to their manifesto, communism aimed to organize a society in a way that every member is capable of exercising his or her powers in complete freedom as long as it does not interfere with the conditions of the society and this was only to be achieved by eliminating private ownership of property. They criticized industrialization as it had caused formation of classes which led to exploitation of one class by another. In addition to Marxist communists, the lower class people eventually had a voice in their favor. Christian activists such as William Booth stood to help the poor by rehabilitating homes for the homeless, street children and the sick. In addition to physical support they also imparted spiritual guidance especially to the criminals so as to transform their mind from doing evil.

Sociology

The author talks about wage inequality but his main point is on prejudice as the root cause of wage inequality. There is a big wage gap as women earn less than men despite the fact they perform similar task (Rosin, 2013). In addition, both men and women have the same education attainment as well experience. However, U.S is experiencing economic inequality due to the reason that monthly and weekly wages between men and women is unequal and the root cause of the problem is prejudice. The point is that low-wage workers are people who lack education and for this reason they are underpin. However, the gender pay gap is a big problem since it is not caused by lack of education but it is because of prejudice that makes the country to undervalue the women’s professions (Rosin, 2013).  The prejudice is rooted from the perception that   female-dominated occupation and male-dominated occupations are not the same and so wages should be unequal. For example, men work in higher-paying jobs such as managers, engineers while women work as waitresses, nurses and other low-paying jobs.  The point is that gender discrimination on wages is a result of gender-based education and occupation.  In other words, the wages inequality is due to gender stereotype (Rosin, 2013). The key point is that wage discrimination-women are pain less than men despite equal human capital- rooted from sex discrimination. The latter creates the perception that women take maternity leave regularly than men thereby increasing economic cost, they leave job due to childbearing function and more.  This reduces the wages and increases gender-segregation (Rosin, 2013).  To address these challenges, there should an Equal Pay Act that will eliminate the workplace discrimination, encourage transparency in payment and provide legal protection to female workers. In addition, the Act will change the culture norms, eliminate stereotype and provide women rights.

Theoretical perspective

 According to Thio & Taylor, the unequal wages leads to feminization of poverty. This is because, woman are paid less despite education attainment, and thus are vulnerable to divorce, out of wedlock birth and more. The authors discuss theoretical perspective which contributes to economic inequality. They include;

 Functionalism theory

            Functionalism is a theory which states that social equilibrium should be maintained through different society functions and social institutions.  According to this theory, there should be inequality in order to fulfill other society functions  (Thio  & Taylor, 2012).The point is that society needs workers from different classes to maintain solidarity and stability. Society is shaped by social structures and gender and wages inequality should be viewed in a positive way and considers their roles in the division of labor. The theory asserts that inequality is important as it motivates people to increase performance in order to receive a reward. Gender and wage inequality is a path for social justice and social relations (Thio & Taylor, 2012).

 Conflict theory

  Conflict theory creates the perception that society is controlled by domination and power. For this reason, there is a social group-dominant group and subordinate group- that create division in social roles. Conflict theory sees inequality as a threat to the society since women are denied the opportunity to enjoy the society benefit.   Society is made of capitalists and workers and this creates division in wages.  In other words, the dominant group focuses on maximizing the profit and maintaining power (Thio & Taylor, 2012). The conflict theory is supported by capitalism where wealth people have more power and higher wages. In addition, capitalism denies women higher opportunities and allows them to work in low-paying jobs.

Symbolic Interaction Theory

Symbolic interaction is a theory which asserts that in society, there must be social interaction and this is reinforced by inequality. In other words, different status leads to inequality and both promote interaction. This is because; s people in higher-status are superior while low-status people are inferior (Thio & Taylor, 2012). Inequality is important in identity formation and human interaction. Gender inequality is socially contracted and plays a significant role in human interaction.

Reference

Thio, A., & Taylor, J. D. (2012). Social problems. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Rosin Hannan. (2013). The Gender Wage Gap Lie. Retrieved from: http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2013/08/gender_pay_gap_the_familiar_line_that_women_make_77_cents_to_every_man_s.html

Sociology

Series I

American Eugenic Movement was a process of racial purification and scientists believed that   parents’ genes produced behavioral traits. The movement was against the race mixing-superiors race mixing with inferior race- which could hinder civilization (Herbes-Sommers, Smith & Strain, 2003). The movement termed African Americans as WIN Tribe who were characterized with racial traits. The purpose of the movement was to segregate the American mongrels and improve the temperamental qualities. In the process, scientists were interested in eliminating the negative traits and maintain positive traits through selective breeding. It was believed that  African American were uneducated and poor,  and  measures such sterilization law,  immigration restrictions, restrictions on marriage and other Nazi race polices were taken to remove undesirable traits and segregate them (Herbes-Sommers, Smith & Strain, 2003).

Extinction thesis state that ‘Negro racial trait’ was innately infirmed and was related with immorality of character. Thus, extinction is within their blood and there was no need to cater for their health, education and more.  Hoffman derived the thesis from mortuary reports where he found that the rate of deaths in African population due to venereal diseases was high than in white population. The colored population is characterized by sexual immorality and anti-social condition (Herbes-Sommers, Smith & Strain, 2003).  The root cause of immorality is not the adverse conditions they faced but it is the race traits and heredity.  According to Hoffman, African-American had no life-insurance and for this reason they were referred to as ‘mongrel’ (Herbes-Sommers, Smith & Strain, 2003). African Americans were inherent inferiority and this innate characteristic hinders them to progress. In his work, Hoffman’s main point is that race trait of the Negroes cause excessive mortality and degeneration.

 Biological scientists are inherently flawed in that, in defining race, they use skin color as the measurement device. They focus on stereotypical and biological makers that lead to phenotypic traits.  Note that   they relate contemporary humans with genetic differences and this produces a high level of racial diversity (Herbes-Sommers, Smith & Strain, 2003). A good example that shows flaws in American race scientist is that of 1936 Olympics. Negro athletes such as Jesse Owens are good runners and well known Negro champions. Despite Owen’s physical features such as color, he had the same ability as white runners.  The problem with scientists is that they understand racial difference through genetic and thus creates discrete categories which defines race as superior and inferior. Biologically, scientists believe that   individuals are different. Failure to conduct a systematic examination on races and its associated situation and places creates the idea that some racial groups are inherently flawed.  Biological scientist rests on invalid and unreliable generalization which creates criticism on biological characteristic (Herbes-Sommers, Smith & Strain, 2003).

Series II

In creating scientific race, Jefferson and Agassiz state that all people are created equal. To understand equality, people must first understand the American nationality and the root cause of slavery. People should reflect back on Declaration of Independence that promoted social equality. However, science brought racial difference (Herbes-Sommers, Smith & Strain, 2003). Agassi says that human beings were created by God but white supremacy creates racial division in that white and black have to create racial identity.  To understand race in popular culture, it is important to understand that there is hierarchy in humanity in the society. The point is that race is socially constructed and racial difference is fixed in nature (Herbes-Sommers, Smith & Strain, 2003). Jefferson and Agassiz play an important in making it clear that human beings are a single species and live in a natural world full of natural diversity.  With their scientific studies, people can now understand the meaning of racial difference. They learn that social inequality is natural as they are rooted from society. 

 In the second episode, the most interesting detail is that there was race of racial different in America until the European conquest.  Prior to this period, America rested on the revolution ideas which were based on equality and justice (Herbes-Sommers, Smith & Strain, 2003).  In other words, America was a democratic nation and Enlightenment thinkers in this period were against traditional values and focused on natural rights which provided all human beings with freedom. However, the European conquest developed the America slave system   where white supremacy controlled non-white. The important thing to note in this episode is that since then, the world is viewed through racial lens. Generally, racial idea increased during American colonies where religion and wealth were key elements in defining status. During this time, labor developed social classes where white people presented high class while black people presented low class (Herbes-Sommers, Smith & Strain, 2003).

  The most relevant concept that can be related with this episode is that race is socially constructed. In the episode, we learn that during the era of revolution, America was a democratic nation where freedom and justice were valued. However, race was created in American society when Indians, Africans and European were enslaved (Herbes-Sommers, Smith & Strain, 2003). Prejudice and racial distinction emerged during labor control and many African American were enslaved.  Thus, it is important to say that race was socially constructed by dominant group in that white created the color line as way o maintain the hegemonic control.

Series III

  When Ozawa petitioned for naturalization, the Supreme Court raised arguments that Japanese were non-citizens and for this reason, they were not allowed to become citizens nor be protected by the American law.  Even though Ozawa’s skin was white, the Supreme Court argued that his race (Caucasian) could not determine the naturalization but rather person’s belief was the matter.  The court also argues that Ozawa was not a Caucasian but he was a Mongolian and for this reason was not eligible for nationalization (Herbes-Sommers, Smith & Strain, 2003). Later, Thind petitioned the Supreme Court for citizenship arguing than he was U.S resident for many years; he was educated and serviced the nation. Furthermore, anthropological evidence concluded that Thind was a Caucasian.  However, the Court argued that with respect to the Revised Statutes, he was not white but rather he was ‘common man’ (Herbes-Sommers, Smith & Strain, 2003).

Redlining is a process where the federal government   increased home ownership through providing loans to Americans for housing.  All minorities lived together in white suburbs while white people lived in cities. This period developed the segregated communities and white communities (Herbes-Sommers, Smith & Strain, 2003). The federal government created a national appraisal system which was designed for the purpose of catering for minority families.  Mixed neighborhood was offered with redevelopment grants which helped them in education and living a better life. 

Reference

Herbes-Sommers Christine, Smith. M Llewellyn & Strain Heather Strain. (2003) Race: The Power of an

Illusion TV series.

RACE ­ THE POWER OF AN ILLUSION Episode One: The Difference Between Us

RACE ­ THE POWER OF AN ILLUSION Episode Two: The Story We Tell

RACE ­ THE POWER OF AN ILLUSION Episode Three: The House We Live In

An Incident When I Observed Something in a Group in Which I Was New

            This happened when I had just joined the university a place where I was not familiar with. I found the rest of my classmates had already been there for some time. For quite a longer period, they came attended class and went to hang out idle. I only came to know that this could be dangerous to the entire class. I stood out and asked them to form discussion groups that would keep us busy in the absence of the professors. This stood out as the best idea ever that no one had thought of before and it became helpful to many.

The benefits of sociological perspective

            Sociological perspective can be referred to as the general outlook on human behavior and the society as a whole. This aspect is important in the life of a person because it widens our understanding about ourselves so that we can gage the truth in the common assumption critically.  It helps us realize the opportunities around us and the limitations surrounding us. Sociological perspective also empowers so that we are able to weigh the capacity between our personal lives and societal forces (Lawler, 2008). It also helps realize human diversity hence teaching us on how to live in a diverse world. Applying sociological perspective is also important to our personal daily life. For instance, when you make a good critical observation on something and it becomes helpful to the group, you become confident of the challenges that may come your way in future. Sociological perspective also makes us exposed to many things in life and how to deal with them (Lawler, 2008). Therefore as a person, you need to apply and use sociological perspective in our lives.

References

Lawler, S. (2008). Identity: Sociological perspectives. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.

Impressions on Living Old

Old age is basically an age which is close to the normal human life expectancy and which is termed as the end of a life cycle of a human being. In the below essay, I will discuss the causes of low life expectancy and how to improve on the same. In the past, the effects of some chronic diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, being obese and cancer have affected the American aged individuals. Due to the improvement in medical care, which advocates for a change in lifestyle, this has enabled many aged people enjoy a healthier and comfortable lifestyle even at an old age (Victor, 2013). With the idea about how to live a healthier and more pleasing life at that old age, it is important to observe the kind of lifestyle one lives. Most of these chronic diseases are as a cause of unhealthy diet, lack of physical activities, and also an increased rate of tobacco use. To reduce on the effects of the chronic diseases, one should be physically active, observe the kind of diet taken.

It is interesting research found that old people become crankier as well as more trusting (Demirgüç-Kunt, Klapper & Panos, 2016).  The aged people consistently look at the brighter side of things. The elderly are inspired to give back to others as well as society, this is facilitated by the fact that they only concentrate on the good in people. The elderly tend to develop a loving and tight knit to friends and groups.  During this period, the old adults are faced with a chronic condition such as arthritis, heart condition among others where some battle at least two conditions. The conditions faced by the elderly have left a bigger percent of them in nursing homes.

My nursing practice will be affected by the experiences I have with my old aged patients who need much care not only from me as their nurse but their relatives as well. The old patients are delicate which means that they have to be handled with care in order to make them feel appreciated. As a nurse, I would ensure they get they feed properly and take their medications correctly and ensure they do not feel like they are a burden to the society. I would encourage them, counsel them, and listen to them since it would make them feel loved and appreciated. I would encourage relatives with old patients to show them love since they need to enjoy their old age as it is the last stage of the human life cycle. This means that as their nurse I would ensure they live their lives fully through taking medications at the right time, exercising their bodies and eating healthy according to what the doctors have prescribed.  

Conclusion

I would conclude by saying that old age is important even though it comes with various challenges. Old people especially those suffering from various illnesses have to be dependent on other people. People who take care of the sick old people have to sacrifice their activities to ensure the old people lead normal happy lives. I feel that old people should be showered with love because it will prolong their lives and ensure they live happily during this last stage of the human life cycle.

References

Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., & Panos, G. A. (2016). Determinants of saving for old age around the world.

Victor, C. R. (2013). Old age in modern society: A textbook of social gerontology. Springer.

A Plan to Poison Wild Hogs of Texas

The residents of Texas believe that they are bigger than any animal in the state. Texas has the highest number of Wild Hogs, with an estimated population of 2.5 million (Kate, 2017). The population is currently growing rapidly, since sows’ give birth to about five to six piglets twice every year. The piglets become mature after a period of six months, after which they can start breeding. These animals were brought into the state by Spanish explorers in the year 1542, and it is estimated that they can cause damages worth $52million in a year. This is because these animals crash through fences, destroy crops, dig up both internet and water lines, and destroy golf cause, and the lead to car accidents particularly after darting on the roads. In addition, they are also disease carriers, and they are likely to spread the diseases to cattle, human beings and domesticated pigs.

Sid Miller, who is the state’s agricultural commissioner, who also sponsored the pork chopper bill, which allowed Texans to shoot these animals while on helicopters, has now proposed the use of chemicals to kill the animals (Kate, 2017). Miller therefore calls this move as the “feral hog apocalypse”, since it involves the use of Coumadin which is a commonly recommended anticoagulant for human beings. Miller’s department consequently issued an alternative rule in February, speeding the use of the warfarin-laced bait. The bait is being sold locally under the name which is similar to the animals, Kaput Feral Hog Bait. However, the bait can only be sold to licensed pest control professionals, in order to reduce the effects of abuse of the drug by those who were not professionals.

The state hunters who usually wear night goggles and paint their faces at night, have consequently disagreed with the bill, and have therefore requested the district state judge to restrain Miller’s Orders (Kate, 2017). The hunters are against the bill simply because it will hinder them from hunting the wild hogs. In addition, they will not be able to continue with their hunting spree as usually, since other animals might also be killed by the bait. According to the hunters, animals’ movement should only be restricted, and they should not therefore be poisoned as this is animal abuse.

On the other hand, according to Terry a resident of Texas, she believes that the animals should be poisoned in order to eradicate them from the world. In addition, she claims that the state government has tried different methods of dealing with wild hogs, but all the methods have not been successful. The approaches taken by the state government seem not to be effective, hence the animals should be killed in order to make sure that they do not procreate and lead to huge damages. For instance, the bill which allowed Texan’s to shoot animals while on helicopters was not effective, since the hogs tend to run away when a helicopter approaches, a move which makes it hard for the shooters to be able to aim at the animals (Kate, 2017).

In addition, the use of helicopters tends to affect the peace of other animals, and they might end up being shot also. Most Texans were happy with the bill, but it turned out to be very expensive, thus discouraging most Texans from killing the animals. Almost each and every Texan has been affected by wild hogs, since they can cause massive destructions, and they also lead to deaths particularly when they move aimlessly on the roads leading to car accidents (Kate, 2017). An example when a car rolled twice along the highway after the driver tried to avoid hitting a wild pig which was crossing the road. The driver of the car together lost his life on the spot. She strongly believes that the new bill will really help in clearing wild hogs, thus making Texas to become a peaceful state.

According to my point of view, I strongly oppose Terry’s argument, since killing innocent animals is going against the law. Animals deserve to be treated better, and also to be taken care of. One thing that the state should understand, is that these animals are not as bright as human beings, and if the right measures of restricting their movement is put in place, then they will not be able to cause any forms of destruction (Kate, 2017). Moreover, this is a form of animal abuse, which is being covered by the state as a means of reducing destruction of property caused by the animals. On the other hand, there is no way that the state can be able to make sure that other animals do not end up in consuming the bait, a thing which would result in the death other wild animals other than the wild hogs. The state government should also vaccinate domesticated animals, against diseases which might be spread by wild hog. This is consequently the best approach as opposed to poisoning innocent animals which are moving from one place to another in such of food.

Reference

Kate Murphy. (2017). A Plan to Poison the Wild Hogs of Texas: The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/29/opinion/sunday/a-plan-to-poison-the-wild-hogs-of-texas.html?_r=0

The effects of the use of bio-security and biopolitics as a way of demographic control

The progressive Israeli-Palestine conflict that ensued back in the mid-20^th century is one of the wide-ranging clashes around the globe (Manzella, & Vapnek, 2007, p.16). In what began as a minor intractable conflict because of the amalgamation of a multicultural population of approximately 10 percent Christians and 86 percent Muslims and 4 percent Jewish, the conflict escalated and is now marked as one of the leading intercultural conflicts. Therefore, below is a structured Theoretical framework illustrating the effects of the use of ethnic security and bio-politics to control the ongoing ethnicity conflict of Israel and Palestine on the residents of the two countries. 

Theoretical framework: Demographic effects of biopolitics theory

Biopolitics theory

Biopolitics theory, the universal theory of governance by Foucault is an excellent political tool in the global community with occasional conflict outbreak. According to Michel Foucault idea, biopolitics is the process of examining the strategies and mechanism through which human life are managed with authority over power, subjectivization, and knowledge. Being the encounter of bio what the Greeks defined as life with the politics, the word encounter merely highlights relationship so biopolitics can be described as a dangerous encounter between life and politics to facilitate governance in a given community conflict. Israel as a nation employs the use of biopolitics theory to control Palestine population residing in the Gaza Strip, West Bank, and East Jerusalem with the following. Israelis use checkpoints, identity documents, an occupational permit system, state investment, and government agents.       

The mention of biopolitics either as a course or as a form of population control directs people's mind to the overall welfare of the communities, which include their security and health as well as the facets that determine the wellbeing of a particular population biologically and the governance of the community. Therefore, in a nutshell, we can deduce that any form of politics addressed or directed to maintaining the security, health, and wellbeing of given population can no longer be termed as politics based on the above discussion, but instead, is referred to as biopolitics (Lemke, 2011, p. 29).

Biopolitics as a way of controlling two conflicting community is mostly on the use of power which is always political to monitor the wellbeing as well as the activities within a population as the Israel does to their neighbor palatines. The strategy was selected worldwide as the best control method to the sporadic uprising conflicts between different communities, for instance, the one between Palestine and Israel. The strategy was highly endorsed by philosophers since it was seen as a driver community development than political (Manzella, & Vapnek, 2007, p. 26). Political activities and elements like citizenry, voting, democracy and biopolitics brands or defines the seismic changes to the human, health and the devotion of power to life or biology.

In the global and even communities around biopolitics works through different apparatus, apparatus in this context are the things or tools that help the human beings to contribute to the global governance the so called the powers (Mezzadra et al., 2013, p. 28).

On the other hand, the despite, the ability to save it is the most reviewed and contested philosophy on human population control. The centrality of this theory is the fact that it withdraws and refrains before any demand of killing. One of the significant adverse effects of the application of this theory to population is the fact that it limits states power by promoting a form of nationality. Following the above statement, the author Foucault negated his pretension that made earlier concerning the univocal link of the west to the sovereign.

Additionally, biopower governorship having the democratic government on its own it is critical to rights, inclusion, and tolerance and this out make other impacts. The instance mentioned above always brings profound political implications that come with unique constraints to the subjects. Furthermore, such systems lack institutional instruments powerful legal of coercion, therefore, have no option than to depend heavily on tolerance and inclusion (Mezzadra et al. 2013, p.46).

Another severe adverse issue with the use of biopolitics to control population is that fact that, it combats totalitarianism and authoritarianism since the process is carried out in a democratic state. In a democratic country, the process proves stringent because in such as set up biopolitics incites and enables some degree of participation and self-direction that is completely incompatible with totalitarian and authoritarian structures hence a significant challenge to the process.

Biopolitics also influences issues on generic defense, which seems to have been of less concern to the perpetrators and facilitators of the theory. The founders posit that power should not be viewed as a tool of manipulation, oppression, and entrapment but should be seen as a social relation whereby groups and persons have varied levels of sufficient subjectivity and autonomy (Lemke, 2011, p. 54). Nevertheless, the underlying issue concerning this fact is that biopolitics is only genocidal when deployed by a type of government which makes the human right as their priority. Biopolitics being a reversible phenomenon it can also be a tool of resistance.

Governmental practice across the globe has employed the use of biopower in pushing their agenda in governance especially those that touches on human lives such as sexual conduct being one of the concerns, personal health as a discipline domain and much more. In return, the citizens with contrary opinions and ideas concerning the agenda have retaliated by countermands hence the perpetuation of resistance by biopolitics. Finally, yet importantly, bipolitics have also perpetrated some feminine, negative implications such as territorialism together with some ethical effects such as ethnic strike and race thinking.

Ethno –security theory

At the heart of the conflict between the Palestine and the Israelites is the issue of land that has resulted in tremendous tension between the two ethnic groups. As one could expect, for the existence of ethnic security and coexistence, one ethnic group must exercise power politically to arrest the situation what is referred to as ethnic security (Thomas, & Vaduva, 2015, p.24).       

The Zionism movement in Israel, which is the countries’ national ideology Zionists, believes in the fact that Judaism is a religion and a nationality, and that all the Jews should acquire their state in their ancestral homeland (Levine & Mossberg, 2014, p.28). The above ideology by the Israeli government and minority ethnic group fertility, where the minority group grows faster culminated over time in what we call ethnic security dilemma.

In many cases, the majority group, in this case, the Israelites always feels that their security is threatened by the demographic fertility of the minority ethnic group. In instances when the majority group gains more dominance, the majority enjoys immense economic, political, and military control the only weapon left for the other group is the demographic fertility.

The ethnic security in most cases it is applied in the neo-realistic branch of international relations. One outstanding with the demographic security is the fact that different states are always overwhelmed by fear and mistrust, and as a result, they always act on the worst-case of assumption. Thus, in such instance, if in case any group a slight improvement in defense the other state then feels their security is threatened. As a result of the tension then the group will feeling threaten will then take a move to improve their security culminating in an action-reaction dynamic. Notably, although the two states a are only enhancing their security with no intentions but only to provide their security, such moves even the communities even much insecure.

In the case of imperial collapse, where different where various ethnic groups tend to have less relationship and inability to differentiate between defensive and offensive operations always escalates or exacerbates demographic security dilemma (Collins, 2003, p.62).

Some of the effects of this condition of security dilemma are the undermining of ethnic entrepreneurship; it also causes a state of dissatisfaction as emotional heat perpetuated fear of extinction and hatred. In the case of our example, study the Israeli-Palestine ethical rivalry, the population of the Palestinians in the region of East Jerusalem as well as the west bank remain high, and this poses state of unrest to the presiding governance, and that is the Israeli government (Khalili, & Schwedler, 2010, p.18). The high population growth rate of Palestinians in the region led to policy change and formulation of new policies to arrest the large growing population of the Palestinians. Some of the policies imposed on Palestinians were anti-learning.

The Israeli government also securitized the Palestinian population in the occupied territories. The more the Israeli government securitizes the Palestinian population, the greater the population’s difference and the normalization. The Israeli government also considered all the services, accouterment, and social safety nets to provide incentive need of the minority community to bring back the demographic behavior of the group back in line with the Israeli’s (Takeshita, 2012, p.45).  

In conclusion, although the two theories biopolitics and ethnic-security have some limitations in international ethnic governance such as demographic security dilemma, they remain the best management strategies to maintain order and ethnic security in the world. Notably, the progressive conflicting societies such as the case of Israel and Palestine requires no better peace coexistence strategy other than the philosophy of biopolitics and biosecurity of health security. Therefore, due to the existence of challenges, conflicts, disasters, and emergencies across the global these theories are appropriate and should be employed.

Reference

Collins, A. (2003). Security and Southeast Asia: domestic, regional, and global issues. Singapore, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

Manzella, D., & Vapnek, J. (2007). Development of an analytical tool to assess national Biosecurity legislation. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Mezzadra, S., Reid, J., & SamāDdāRa, R. (2013). The biopolitics of development: reading Michel Foucault in the postcolonial present New Delhi : Springer, 2013.

Lemke, T. (2011). Biopolitics: an excellent introduction. New York, New York University Press.

Fidler, D. P., & Gostin, L. O. (2008). Biosecurity in the global age: biological weapons, public health, and the rule of law. Stanford, California: Stanford Law and Politics, an imprint of Stanford University Press,

Falk, I., Wallace, R., & Ndoen, M. L. (2011). Managing biosecurity across borders. Dordrecht: Springer, [2011] ©2011

Levine, M., & Mossberg, M. (2014). One land, two states: Israel and Palestine as the Parallel States.             Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014

Ryan, J. R., & Glarum, J. (2008). Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: containing and preventing biological threats. Amsterdam, Butterworth-Heinemann. 

Bauder, H., & Matheis, C. (2016). Migration policy and practice: interventions and solutions. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.

Klein, M. (2010). The Shift: Israel-Palestine from Border Struggle to Ethnic Conflict. London, Hurst.

Khalili, L., & Schwedler, J. (2010). Policing and Prisons in the Middle East: Formations of Coercion. New York, Columbia University Press.

Takeshita, C. (2012). The Global Biopolitics of the IUD: how science constructs contraceptive users and women's bodies. Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press.

Singh, A. I. (2001). Democracy, ethnic diversity and security in post-communist Europe. Westport, Conn. [u.a.], Praeger.

Paleri, P. (2008). National security: imperatives and challenges. New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co.

Thomas, A. R., & Vaduva, S. (2015). Global supply chain security: emerging topics in research, practice, and policy. New York: Springer, [2015] ©2015                      

Feminist Theory

Introduction

Feminist theory, also known as feminism can be described as political, cultural and economic movement aimed at promoting equal and legal rights for women and men. It focuses on promoting gender equality and equal rights between men and women. The movement campaigns for protection of equal women rights since women were neglected in the past few years. Feminism develops sociological and political theories that advocate for gender equality for women and ensure the rights of women are respected. Feminist activists have campaigned all over the world and ensured the rights and legal rights of women are not violated. Such rights include right to own properties, voting rights, abortion rights, workplace rights, rights against domestic violence and harassment, rights against any form of discrimination against many other women rights. Therefore the feministic theory was developed as a result of the feminist movements that took place in the 1960s. Therefore this paper will focus on discussing the feminist theory and its effectiveness.

History of Feminist Theory

Feminist and other scholars have divided feminism into three important waves (Bryson, 2007). The first wave describes the movements that took place in the US and United Kingdom in the early twentieth and nineteenth century as women activists mainly fought for the rights of women to vote (International Development Research Centre, 2000). Initially, the movements fought for equal rights for women in owning property but later on focused on women’s suffrage since most women rights were violated thus being treated badly. Other activists such as Margaret Sanger during this time fought for economic rights of women as well as reproductive and sexual rights which had been violated before (Disch, & Hawkesworth, 2016). The second wave mainly campaigned for the legal and social rights for the women (Parrish, 2014). The wave began in the 1960s and ended in the 1980s. The wave saw the activists fight discrimination of all forms thus wanted equal social rights among women meaning that women would no longer be subjected to any form of discrimination. The wave aimed at educating women and helping them appreciating themselves and learning their political rights which they had been denied. This wave saw Women’s Liberation put into consideration since women had been given unfair treatment by the men (Parrish, 2014). The third wave was a continuation, and gave room for reaction as a result of failures that arose in the second wave (Lennox, 2006). The wave began in the 1990s and ensured that failures experienced in the second wave would be solved. The wave aimed at explaining that gender roles are equal and that there should not be specific jobs for men and women. The third face continues to date since it focuses on ensuring all the rights of women are failed and that there are no differences between men and women. The only difference is the different sex but the abilities and capabilities are equal.

Theorists Associated With the Feminist Theory

Rachel Speght was the first to come up with the issue of women’s rights back in 1597 and even published her work under her name. Olympe de Gouges was the second theorist who spoke not only on her behalf but other women as well and wrote on the Declaration of the Rights of a Woman and That of a Citizen (Littlejohn & Foss, 2009). She made people understand that man and woman were not the same but the woman was an equal partner to the man. She published her work in 1789 and made people understand the role of women. Mary Wollstonecraft published on the Vindication of the Rights of Woman which is an important idea in the fight for women’s rights. Her growing ideas on rights of women were cut short by her early death but her ideas on women are still important. Judith Sargent Murray did some works on the education, religion and politics among women. She is known for the writings on equality of education opportunities for women in her paper known as The Gleaner (Parsons, 2014). Frederika Bremer is another theorist who wrote something on socialism and feminism.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton initiated a movement in 1848 on women’s rights even with the opposition of her husband. She was opposed by most people but it did not hinder her from fighting for the rights of women. She is one of the mothers of human suffrage and is known since she was aggressive in fighting for the rights of women. Anna Garlin Spencer was known for her participation in women rights and published a book on women and the family. Woman’s Share in Social Culture is the name of the book she wrote in order to teach the roles of women in the family and society (Villaverde, 2008). Sarojini Naidu was the Indian woman to fight for womens righst in India and was the founder of Women’s India Association. Crystal Eastman came up with an essay in 1920 that paved way for her feminist and economic feminist theory. Simone de Beauvoir published a book, The Second Sex, which encouraged many women and taught women on their roles in the society (Connor, 2010).

Betty Friedan opposed feminists who took positions who made it difficult for the issue of gender mainstream. Gloria Steinem was a major figure during the 1969 movement that saw women fight for their rights. She was the founder of Ms. Magazine which began in 1972 and was the favorite spokesperson for the movement since journalist preferred discussing the issue of the feminist movement with her. She was however criticized for being middle class oriented. Robin Morgan is known for her participation in the feminist movement through writing. She wrote writings on feminism such as Sisterhood Is Powerful (Ferber & Nelson, 1993). Andrea Dworkin is another feminist who was against the issue of pornography since she argued out it was a tool used by men to control women and make them their objects. She argued out that pornography promoted sexual violence and harassment against women.

Social Work Knowledge Base

Feminist theory is used currently in gender studies where people are taught on the topic of gender equality and equity. The feminist theory is widely recognized thus taught as a subject in many institutions (Mann & Patterson, 2016). Women are currently not given equal treatment with men in the society regardless of providing they have equal capabilities with men. Women have been given education and job opportunities since they have proved they can perform in the education and employment sectors. Though the feminist theory is widely used today, women continue to face some inequalities in the modern society. For instance women are subjected to little wages in the places of work compared to men. Women are still subjected to sexual harassment and rape cases are on the increase. This shows that discrimination against women because their gender is still high regardless of feminism. The status of women in the society is not equal with that of men since women are considered subjects by men. Women do not enjoy equal political rights with men as well as legal rights regardless of the feminism movements. Feminism activists and feminist theory will continue remaining aggressive as long as discrimination and violation of women’s rights continue taking place.

Major Terms of Feminist Theory

Major terms of the theory include; social movement which means groups of people coming up together with the same ideas who want to achieve common goals. A feminist is a supporter of equal rights for men and women (Rakow & Wackwitz, 2004). Feminism is a policy that advocates for equal rights for women since their rights have been violated by the society. Voting right is commonly used in the theory and it means equal rights to vote. Activism is described as the policy set to achieve the set political and social goals. A woman is described as a female person who is an adult (Rakow & Wackwitz, 2004). Women continue to face discrimination even to date regardless of the movement. Workplace is a place where work is carried out. Women were and are facing discrimination in the places of work. The discrimination though is little compared to the past before feminism began. Equality can be described as the quality of having the same value or quality. Women suffrage can be described as the legal right to vote among women.

Major Assumptions of Feminist Theory

The theory assumes that women suffer some injustices because of their gender. The society has come up with gender divisions that all favor the male gender compared to the female gender (Palestini, 2013).

The theory assumes that women at all times are viewed by media houses as cleaners, house wives and domestic servants used to serve men. In real sense women have equal capabilities with men and should not be used by men as their objects (Biggart & Wiley InterScience, 2002).

The theory assumes that there are no men and women roles (Palestini, 2013). Both men and women can perform equal tasks since they have equal abilities and capabilities.

The theory assumes that only women are subjected to discrimination. Men too can be discriminated against but the theory focuses on fighting only for equal rights of women.

The theory assumes that women are denied equal legal and political rights (Palestini, 2013). Women currently are being given chances to vie for political positions and vote as well. In addition women can now own property.

The theory assumes that education sector is male dominated while girls are seen to even perform better than boys. Boys are seen to seek more attention from teachers since they believe they can do better compared to the girls (Kirschner & Martin, 2010).

Conclusion

It can evidently be concluded that the feminist theory has empowered women and women can now enjoy some rights they were denied in the past. The current woman is more respected compared to the past women since feminism has empowered the position of women in the society. Women are able to vote and vie for political positions. This was unlike in the past where politics were carried out by men. Women are educated and able to get formal employment currently. This shows that feminism has helped the current woman and empowered her. Women were viewed as inferior people in the past but nowadays they are able to express themselves and express their ideas. Women are capable just like men and thus their right should be upheld and respected.

References

Biggart, N. W., & Wiley InterScience (Online service). (2002). Readings in economic sociology. Malden, Mass: Blackwell.

Bryson, V. (2007). Gender and the politics of time: Feminist theory and contemporary debates. Bristol: Policy.

Connor, K. (2010). Gender and women's leadership: A reference handbook. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Reference.

Disch, L. J., & Hawkesworth, M. E. (2016). The Oxford handbook of feminist theory.

Ferber, M. A., & Nelson, J. A. (1993). Beyond economic man: Feminist theory and economics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

International Development Research Centre (Canada). (2000). Theoretical Perspectives on Gender and Development. IDRC.

Kirschner, S. R., & Martin, J. (2010). The sociocultural turn in psychology: The contextual emergence of mind and self. New York: Columbia University Press.

Lennox, S. (2006). Cemetery of the murdered daughters: Feminism, history, and Ingeborg Bachmann. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.

Littlejohn, S. W., & Foss, K. A. (2009). Encyclopedia of communication theory. Los Angeles, Calif: Sage.

Mann, S. A., & Patterson, A. S. (2016). Reading feminist theory: From modernity to postmodernity.

Palestini, R. H. (2013). Feminist theory and educational leadership: Much ado about nothing?. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Education, a division of Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

Parrish, M. (2014). Social work perspectives on human behavior. Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press, McGraw-Hill Education.

 Parsons, R. D. (2014). Counseling theory: Guiding reflective practice.

Rakow, L., & Wackwitz, L. A. (2004). Feminist communication theory: Selections in context. Thousand Oaks (Cal: Sage Publications.

Villaverde, L. E. (2008). Feminist theories and education primer: Primer. New York: Peter Lang.

Serial killer H. H. Holmes

Introduction

Holmes is one of the first serial killers across the American history in which he left a legacy of terror within the people in the country. During the given 1893 Columbian exposition, Holmes lured many of his victims into one of his elaborate murder castle. Born Herman Webster Mudgett in the year 1861, he became the first of the documented serial killers in regards to the modern America. Holmes confessed some of the 27 crimes or murders he committed in the country in which nine of them were specifically confirmed to have been committed by this serial killer. The killer may have rather killed more than even two hundred people and this is according to other sources since some of them were not confirmed. He had a hotel known as the World’s Fair Hotel in which he lured some of his victims in the hotel. It was located in about three miles west of the given 1893 Chicago World’s Fair.

Holmes, R. M., & Holmes, S. T. (2010). Serial murder. Los Angeles: SAGE.

Holmes is one of the known con artists across the country and a bigamist besides being the serial killer he was. In his early life, Holmes’s father was an alcoholic and used to frighten them as children and this led to the aspect of being a serial killer in his life. In many occasions, he was the best student in school and excelled in many areas where many of the other jealous students bullied him due to his excellence in academics. In one instance, the bully students made Holmes to a doctor’s office in which they made him stand face to face with one of the human skeletons in the doctor’s office. This led to young Holmes to be frightened but later on found it fascinating since they made the skeleton’s hands to be on the face of Holmes. This is the reason as to why he was cured of his fears and was fascinated to be dealing with such issues.

Kerns, Rebecca; Lewis, Tiffany; McClure, Caitlin (2012). "Herman Webster Mudgett: 'Dr. H.H Holmes or Beast of Chicago'" (PDF).Department of Psychology, Radford University. Retrieved 22 May 2015

Holmes after the experience became more obsessed with the given issue of death and later started the hobby of the dissecting of animals in the farm. His father was a farmer and this is the reason as to why he could dissect animals in the firm without the issue of fear. After completing his high school education, Holmes went ahead to do some teaching jobs in which he left out of dissatisfaction. Later on, he joined the University of Michigan where he enrolled in medicine and surgery. Since he was one of the best students in the school, he graduated after passing his exams in the university.

Mudgett, H. W., & Lake, M. (2016). Holmes: A serial killer in his own words. Media, PA: Parnilis Media.

While in the school, Holmes could engage in various scams like stealing cadavers from the given school laboratory and disfigured the bodies of the given victims to claim that they were killed accidentally and this could bring money to him. This kind of scams led to the serial killer to develop the habit of being serial in all levels in which he could ask for compensation from the bodies in insurance companies. His marriage to Clara split apart and later on went to live in New York leaving his son with the mother. After moving to the New York city of Mooers he was seen with one little boy and after a period of time he the people who saw him with the boy claimed he was missing.

Patrick B. Quinlan, death certificate, March 4, 1914, Portland, Ionia, Michigan. Digital image of death certificate

After being asked where the boy went, he told the police that the boy went back to live with his parents in Massachusetts. After all these incidences, no investigation was launched to confirm the truth of the matter and this led to Holmes left the town to find other victims in other parts. This was the first victim in which Holmes killed in his mysterious behavior and was documented. He quickly left the given time since he was yawning to kill another person in his daily operations since he had the passion to kill after being bullied in school and this might have traumatized Holmes and led him to commit the given felonies.

Holmes, R. M., & Holmes, S. T. (2008). Profiling violent crimes: An investigative tool. London: SAGE.

After leaving Mooers he went and found a job in Philadelphia where he made it in finding a job for himself and upkeep. He got a job in Norristown Town Hospital in which mysteriously he had to quit after very few days of work. He found another job in a nearby store in which he used to sell drugs to people in the town. He worked for a few days but a boy died after taking drugs in which he had bought from the drugstore.

Gelmini, David (9 February 2017). "Exclusive: Andrew C. Erin Talks Havenhurst". Dread Central.Retrieved 23 February 2017.

Holmes denied any kind of involvement with the death of the given child. This led to Holmes leaving the given town again to find other pastures across the United States. This means that Holmes was slowly becoming a refugee in his own country after committing the second felony of killing the young child with the drugs he had sold to him. Before moving to the next destination Chicago, he decided to kind of change his name to the already known Henry Howard Holmes.

Wilson, D. (2007). Serial killers: Hunting Britons and their victims, 1960 to 2006. Winchester: Waterside.

He did this to make sure that the previous scams he had committed and the victims he had killed their people will not make a point to catch up with him in the new city. Also, the police were not to catch up with him since he had a different identity and did not wish any person to notice that he had committed other serial kills during his stay within those towns. Another fact in which Holmes did was to marry three wives at the same time and this made him to be moving all-round the cities. Some of the divorces he filed did not happen or rather concluded and this made him to stay with three wives at the same time. In Chicago he stayed there with the family while attending to business for a while and at this time he did not make any other felony since he needed to first go slow not to be known or noticed.

Mitovich, Matt Webb (2016-11-18). "Timeless to Visit 1893 World's Fair, Casts Role of Serial Killer H.H. Holmes". TVLine.Retrieved 2017-02-14.

After arriving in Chicago, he looked for a job and Holton gave him a job in one of the drugstores and proved to be one of the hardworking employees of the store. Later on, the husband to Holton died and Holmes decided to buy the drugstore from the woman in which she agreed. After selling water to the sick and other drugs he accumulated the amount of money he needed for his operations and left the drugstore. He purchased a given empty space on the opposite of the drugstore where he built his three story hotel for his business. During the construction of the given hotel, Holmes was firing and hiring other employees to work in the construction of the hotel.

Howard, A., & Smith, M. (2004). River of blood: Serial killers and their victims. Boca Raton, Fla: Universal Publishers.

The main reasons as to why he did this was to make sure that he was the only one who knew the design of the building for his hidden agendas. He claimed that the employees were incompetent in all aspects and therefore made sure he sacked them after a given duration of time. The given murder castle was constructed with strange constructions around and did not want any other person to understand the given design of the house. During the given construction of the house, he met a carpenter with a criminal past by the name Pitezel who became the closest friend for the serial killer.

Gelmini, David (9 February 2017). "Exclusive: Andrew C. Erin Talks Havenhurst". Dread Central.Retrieved 23 February 2017.

 The district attorney described the carpenter as the tool in which Holmes used in order to commit the given felonies. Holmes hired mostly females to work in the hotel and preferred the female victims in his operations. One of the conditions for employment was file for a life insurance policy in which Holmes could be the beneficiary. Even the lovers of the females working in the hotel were compelled to have insurance policies for life and this is the business in which Holmes felt like doing.

Selzer, A. (2012). Inside the murder castle: Investigating Chicago's first serial killer, H.H. Holmes. Woodbury, Minn: Llewellyn Publications.

The rooms of the given hotel were fitted well with sound proof fittings in order to allow Holmes to commit whichever felony he wished. He killed the victims through placing them in the rooms with chambers to allow them suffocate and die of hunger and thirst. The main purpose of doing this to his victims was that Holmes had a lot of connection to many medical schools in the country and he could sell some of the bodies to the schools for experiments.

The Backyard Traveler. "Exploring Illinois by Rich Moreno: The Site of the Infamous Murder Castle". exploringillinois.blogspot.com. Retrieved 12 December 2014.

 The house was fitted with many of the various units of destroying evidence in which Holmes proved to be very clever. Some of the rooms were fitted with pits of acid where he could dump some of the bodies of the victims he killed. In other rooms, there were fitted with furnaces in which he could make sure the bodies of the victims are burned to ashes to prevent any evidence from coming out.

Gunn, L. M. (1999). Male serial killers and their victims: An examination of social class.

The connections he had gained since in school led to him making business with the schools by selling some of the bodies to them. First he could claim life insurance from the insurance company so that he can gain money from the operation. This made him have more funds to create the murder castle where he could trap the females and their lovers in the rooms and kill them. This serial killer is one who was documented to have killed many of his victims but in the real sense, many of the deaths by Holmes were not confirmed after investigation. Some of the victims were dissected and some flesh pulled out of their body and this was one of the passions of Holmes to dissect his victims all through.

Larson, E. (2004). The devil in the white city: Murder, magic and madness at the fair that changed America.

One of the documented witnesses a Mistress Julia Smythe who was a given wife to an employee in the drugstore became the next victim for Holmes. Holmes first has an affair with the lady before the husband noticed and stopped working for the drugstore and went away leaving Julia and his daughter behind. After a short period they went on with the relationship until one day Julia told Holmes that she was pregnant. This led to Holmes being angry while Julia pressed to be married by the serial killer and this was not the plan of the given killer.

Richards, C. E. (2000). The loss of innocents: Child killers and their victims. Wilmington, Del: Scholarly Resources.

 Holmes planned the manner in which he will murder Julia since he did not want to get married to the given woman. Since he was already planned on what to do, he wisely calculated on the next move he was going to take. This led to Holmes making some conditions to the lady that if he was going to marry her she should get rid of the child first. So she agreed for the abortion in which Holmes was to give some drugs to her on the eve of Christmas. Holmes them murdered Julia by means of overdosing her using the abortion pills he administered to her on that day. Holmes did not stop at this point but rather went ahead and killed the daughter to Julia on unknown circumstances where she used their bodies to articulate their skeletons.

Glenn, Alan (October 22, 2013). "A double dose of the macabre". Michigan Today. Ann Arbor: Regents of the University of Michigan. Retrieved June 8, 2016.

After the neighbors asked on the whereabouts of the two Julia and her daughter, Holmes claimed they left to attend a relatives wedding in their home in Iowa and this went on uninvestigated. The serial killer went ahead and hired Mr. Chappell who was to take the body of Julia to articulate on its skeleton. He first had to chop off the hands and later take the body for further modelling of the skeleton. This was the first job in which Holmes hired Chappell to work on it in regards to making a skeleton and he paid him a good amount.

Amanda Gunther (13 May 2013). "'Murdercastle' at Baltimore Rock Opera Society by Amanda Gunther".Retrieved 6 September 2016.

On the day, Chappell was hired for a second job for a body of a man to make a good skeleton on it and he paid Chappell very well. The hiring and relationship between the two became sour after the third time when the given serial killer decided to hire Chappell to finish the given job of making the given skeleton and did not pay him due to financial problems Holmes had.

Schmid, D. (2006). Natural born celebrities: Serial killers in American culture. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press.

Another victim though not well confirmed was a woman she met in Boston when on a business trip in the city. Minnie Williams lived in the city of Boston where she worked and Holmes introduced himself to be Henry Gordon. They started the issue of dating but since Holmes had to return to Chicago, the relationship had to stop. Later on, Minnie came to work in Chicago and decided to look for Holmes and they rekindled their relationship. This went on for a long time and the serial killer offered Minnie a job in the hotel. After a given while, Minnie brought her sister to come and work for the serial killer and there they started having a relationship with them both. On one instance, the serial killer send Annie the sister to Minnie in his office vault to bring him a file.

Franke, D. (1975). The Torture Doctor. New York: Avon. ISBN 0-8015-7832-9.

While in the vault, Holmes came in and closed the door and opened a gas to kill her inside. This was another victim for the serial killer that was documented in the history of the United States. Minnie also vanished without people knowing where she was but according to records she was one of the victims of the serial killer. At some time, the man he had hired after killing Julia and her daughter kept the third skeleton and waited for Holmes to pay him. This went on until the arrest of the serial killer in which he (Chappell) cooperated with the police in the investigation to net down the given serial killer. He had transferred the property of the William daughters to his name and planned on moving out of Chicago to find other places to live during the given World’s Fair.

Ramsland, K. M. (2006). Inside the minds of serial killers: Why they kill. Westport, Conn: Praeger.

The economy was under panic in the 1893 when the World’s Fair was in Chicago and this made the serial killer to move from that city to Texas. In Texas, he stayed to live in the properties he had acquired from the William daughters back in Chicago. His mind was set in constructing another castle in Texas but after the start of the construction, he had to abandon the operation for other needs and business. After this time he was moving in and out of United States and Canada. Disappearing and re-appearing but the only murders that were documented for the serial killer was the ones for his long friends and the carpenter Pitezel.

Robert Bloch. "AMERICAN GOTHIC". Kirkus Reviews.Retrieved 16 October 2015.

He murdered this carpenter and three of his children for his satisfaction and this were the almost coming to be caught by the police. In 1894, Holmes was arrested for smuggling goods which were mortgaged and selling them in which it was not the real crimes he had committed. While in the jail before being bailed out, he started a conversation with a prisoner who gave him a name of a lawyer who would help in defrauding a given insurance company to get a lot of money in which the lawyer accepted but the insurance company did not pay terming the issue suspicious.

Kit, Borys (10 August 2015). "Leonardo DiCaprio Teams With Martin Scorsese for 'Devil in the White City'". The Hollywood Reporter.Retrieved 13 January 2017.

The money he had promised to pay the given cellmate Hedgepeth after giving him a lawyer was a lie and this infuriated the cellmate a lot. After some time with the lawyer, the serial killer planned to fake the death of Pitezel in which instead of faking it he killed him. He later cheated the wife to Pitezel that he had moved to London and he will be back of which it was not true. The fallout between the two cellmates led to Hedgepeth to tip the police on the serial killer. This happened in 1894 when the given cellmate decided to revenge on the serial killer concerning the manner in which he manipulated people and killed them. The police on the other hand took action on the way in which they will handle the case for the serial killer.

Borowski, J. (2000). H.H. Holmes: America's first serial killer. Chicago, IL: J. Borowski.

Forensic experts during the trial for the serial killer had many of the operations made in finding the manner in which they will uncover the several insurance scams that the serial killer had committed. This means that the killer did not have the murders only but had many scams dealing with insurance. The police did not hurry in getting to arrest Holmes before committing other murders like the Pitezel family.

America's Serial Killers: Portraits in Evil (TV Series 2009– ) - IMDb IMDb › title

At the first instance, the serial killer was charged with the issue of insurance fraud since they did not know about the other crimes he committed. During the time he spends in custody, the serial killer admitted to the police to killing several other people ranging to 27 people. This was not the exact number of murders in which Holmes did during the time in which he committed the murders.

Joanna Robinson. "American Horror Story Just Gave Us a Glimpse of Leonardo DiCaprio's Next Big Role". Vanity Fair.Retrieved 16 October 2015.

People claim that they are over two hundred murders all said to have been committed by the serial killer. If this is true about the given figures, then it means that the serial killer Holmes is far much clear from the rest of the modern killers we have today. He has surpassed other serial killers in the murders he committed across the United States. Police had to visit the Murder Castle in which the serial killer had built in Chicago to get more information of the truth of the matter. Therefore this serial killer is one of the worst to be documented in the American history registering many kills compared to any other serial killer across the United States.

Mitovich, Matt Webb (2016-11-18). "Timeless to Visit 1893 World's Fair, Casts Role of Serial Killer H.H. Holmes". TVLine.Retrieved 2017-02-14.

 He dealt with insurance scams also in which they landed him to his arrest during the time he did not pay any amount he had agreed after his cellmate found him a lawyer who could help him in defrauding several insurance companies in the country. The manner in which he pulled and netted some of his victims was through the issue of having a relationship with the victim and later killing them. Children were many of the victims of the serial killer thus making him the first to be documented across the United States.

Borowski, J., Estrada, D., & Mudgett, H. W. (2005). The strange case of Dr. H.H. Holmes. West Hollywood, Calif: Waterfront Production.

The book asserts that murder in American has a long history. When H.H. Holmes was arrested in 1894, the issue of murder became a concern following the Holmes murder case which was ranked high among all murder cases. During this period, the public interests and America in general named him a star in the American popular culture. Not only did they make him a celebrity but they also introduced a debate to decide whether murderer in America was archetypal or aberrational.  In addition, American citizens were interested in understanding how the murder cases are interconnected with violence and national identity. During the debate, it was believed that Holmes’s brutal crimes are due to greed or madness. Since he was an exemplary businessman, his murders were connected with moneymaking schemes.

Colliflower, W. W. (2013). Monsters of medicine: The lives of five serial killer physicians : is there a common thread?.

In 1893 when the Columbian Exposition was opened, H.H. Holmes squalid life disentangles.  During this period he tried to use fake names and bank accounts to   issue funds from illegal sources.  Chicago place faced challenges in trying to maintain law and order   in dealing with these cases. Later, he did absurd actions by burning the castle and caused damage to many properties. Despite the fact that he caused the fire, he claimed $6, 000 from insurance company.

Johnson, S. P. (2011). Trials of the century: An encyclopedia of popular culture and the law. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO.

 In 19^th century, the Holmes’s evil acts and murder trial was seen as a national obsession by American public. Given that Holmes was brilliant person, he used to steal money from creditors and many cases of murder were made for profit. His cases of murder increased when he was working at drugstore in 1886.  The owner of the drugstore who was known as Holton died of cancer and Holmes decided to buy the whole store from Mrs. Holton. However, Holmes was taken to the court for failing to pay the money they had agreed with Mrs. Holmes. Later, Holmes killed Mrs. Holton and said that Mrs. Holmes relocated to California. The financial gain which he extracted   from illegal acts was used to establish castles.

Miller, S. J. (2006). Devil's disciple: The deadly Dr. H.H. Holmes. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse.

 Holmes’s castle was known as the “murder factory” where he kept corpses.  Inside the castle, police found 200 bodies in 1895. Many of the dead people were his employees who later become   his victims. Holmes confessed that the devil was in him and nothing could prevent him from committing murder. In the castle, drugstore was located in the first floor and he could kill people in the other floors where no one was   aware of the business going on directly above.

Martin B. John (2017). The Master of the Murder Castle. A classic of Chicago crime. Retrieved from Harper’s Magazine 201       

            The article asserts that the murder castle was a nineties building which looked awkward. In the interior, there were various secret passageways and the total number of people who were murdered in the building is unknown. However, it is believed that a large number were women and they were killed by being beaten to death, gassed and other acts. Holmes was known as the ‘monster’ since he was a great criminal by murdering many people not only for profit gain but also for other unusual things. In 1894, policemen forced the Holmes to open the door in the castle and a man was found dead and was killed by explosion.

Brown Jerrod, Hickey Erica & Harris Blake (2015). H.H. Holmes One of America’s First Recorded Serial Murderers. Vol. 1, Issue 2

 The article defined Holmes as a criminal who engaged in different illegal behaviors such as insurance fraud, murdering and cheating women to be his lovers. After the castle was completed, Holmes enjoyed high profit since tourists could take rest in the castle.  In 1894, he was detained and charged for defraud of Life Insurance Company. Later he was imprisoned in Moyamensing. During his trial, there was credibility that he had killed 133 people. In 1896, he was killed and prior to his hanging, he could not show any concern to his imminent demise but rather he instructed on how he will buried.

Benzkofer Stephan (2017). Chicago's first serial killer. Retrived from  Chicago Tribune.

The article asserts that Holmes who was the first serial killer killed innocent people who used to visit World’s Fair tourists in Chicago.  In 1893, the business was booming in the White city and during this period Holms enjoyed advantage of welcoming people to his Murder Castel where he could conduct the illegal acts. There before, America had not experience such murder cases similar with Holmes murder. The history of Holmes is remembered in the popular culture.  Today, Holmes is known as the “ The Devil in the White City” and a person whose story is disturbing.

Gibson, D. C. (2010). Serial killing for profit: Multiple murder for money. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger/ABC-CLIO.

 The purpose of this book is to show the reader how Holmes was not only a killer but was also a person who engaged himself in illegal behaviors for money matters. The author states that Holmes was famous in 19^th century and he was the great American murderer compared with other criminals like Jack the Ripper. His murderer cases were discovered when he killed three children and at this time the public showed the interest toward the murder. The author provides important information which shows how Holmes developed up to the point of becoming a murder. In his childhood, Homles was a strange child and his behaviors were odd compared with other students at school. He was unpopular and he could not socialize with people. Under his personality, Holmes was an ingenious criminal though he was known as the brightest person in the town.

Gibson, D. C. (2010). Serial killing for profit: Multiple murder for money. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger/ABC-CLIO.

 Year 1896 marks the crime histozry in U.S. This is the period when Holmes was hanged  and even though criminals  such as Jack the Ripper are remembered in American history,  people’s mind reflect  on Holmes evil acts. Since childhood, Holmes was an unfortunate moniker who gained his education through insurance scams. It is important to note that in the castle, there was a laboratory with equipments which he used to dissect human bodies.  He could sell the human skeleton to the medical schools. 

 Philpot Chelsey (2007). Peering into the Darkness: The First Serial Killer.nhmagazines. com

Philpot asserts that there were many murderers in U.S but Holmes was the great killer and the article argues that he derived these activities from American’s Gilded Age and used them as strategies in his dark trade.  The author provides important information to show how Holmes could entice people to enter in his Castle. He named the castle as “The World’s Fair Hostel” and visitor could not know what happens inside.  Apart from enticing visitors, Holmes used charm to deceive women and to defraud insurance companies.

Miller P. Frederic, Vandome F. Agnes & John McBrewster. (2010). H.H.Holmes.  VDM Publishing

 The author of this books states that Holmes confessed his illegal acts and admitted that he killed 27people. In 1893, many articles were published in the newspaper and his notorious cases were presented in the articles. Many people were interested in these crimes and Erik Larson wrote a non-fiction book that talked about the World’s Fair and murder with Holmes. Despite the fact that his father was a disciplinarian, Holmes was a criminal and a child who had sociopathic behavior. He did not only show cruelty to children but he also to animals.

Schechter Harold. (2008). Depraved. Simon and Schuster.

 Schechter asserts that there are many people who are human predators but only few can be called legends. The author asserts that the reason as to why serial killers behaviors become fascinating, it is because their behaviors express the sociopath appetites and darkest impulses.  Their deeds show primordial evils and in other way they tend to resist the culture. The book introduces the history of Holmes and asserts that in 19^th century, there was a wicked person in America who expressed Titanic energies and caused social change. This period was remarkable in that business was booming and the rule for success controlled America.  However, the author asserts that Holmes was hungry for the business. Though Chicago was known as a land of success and wealthy, criminals made it a poor place through expressing his prodigious energies for the acquisition of wealth.  Even though ‘the Great White City’ could lead to much development, Holmes made it ‘the Castle’ which represented pride.

Taylor, T. (2013). Murder by gaslight: The authenticated history of Dr. H.H. Holmes, his insidious murder castle, the World's Columbian Exposition & the horrors of gaslight era Chicago.

            The author asserts that the Gaslight Era comprised the illegal acts such as crime, corrupt and more in U.S.   Chicago was among the states where killers and World’s Fair was in rise.  H.H. Holmes was a criminal who was embraced in Chicago but later modifying the place and made it a devious scheme and bloody murders.  The author asserts that in Chicago, Holmes built a convoluted hotel and in 1893 when World’s Fair was created, the rooms in the building were completed and the building was designed in way that not one could understand except Holmes.

Miksanek Chris. (2015). H. H. Holmes: A Blotch on the White City: Period Accounts of Herman W. Mudgett, America's First Serial Murderer. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform    

  In this book,  Miksanek asserts that  Holmes  stained the White City   through his horror acts. Though there were many murderers, Holmes was well known for murder and torture.  His cases were tarnished   and several authors showed their concern and published books based on his murderer.  He is referred as the great serial killer because the murderers who were there before did not cause many cases of murder like Holmes.  In 19^th century, Holmes invaded in Philadelphia, a place which was booming due to development and wealth.  He enjoyed advantage where he bought a drugstore and opened a castl

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America's Serial Killers: Portraits in Evil (TV Series 2009– ) - IMDb IMDb › title

America's Serial Killers: Portraits in Evil (TV Series 2009– ) - IMDb IMDb › title

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Brown Jerrod, Hickey Erica & Harris Blake (2015). H.H. Holmes One of America’s First

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Publishing

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