The politics behind voter turnout

Introduction

Nations across the world govern themselves through governments elected by citizens of that nation. Officials wanting to hold government positions make their desires known, campaign to encourage citizens to vote for them then wait for the voting to take place at a set date. While getting voters to support a candidate is important, the success of the election process is greatly determined by the voter turnout. Voter turnout is calculated by the percentage of citizens who are eligible to vote and do so during elections. While most adults are considered to be eligible for voting, countries have different policies such as discrimination in the form of sex, religion or race which may make people ineligible to vote. While voter turnout was prominent in the past, some countries are experiencing lower voter turnouts while that in other countries remains ever high. Whether low or high, the nature of voter turnout is determined by various factors such as indifferences within a country, contentment, economic, cultural and demographic factors to mention a few.  While high voter turnout is encouraged, low voter turnout is seen as lack of confidence in the government, government systems and the candidates vying for the government positions. Although different countries are run the same, most of them implement measures to ensure a higher voter turnout. This paper will therefore attempt to answer the question on how the governments’ approach in regards to elections affects the differences in voter turnout between the United States and Brazil.

Literature review

            Most, if not all, countries consider low voter turnout to be undesirable and put a lot of effort in determining what factors cause it so as to come up with ways to increase the turnout during elections. Despite various studies being conducted to help explain why a low voter turnout occurs, scholars remain at odds as there is no specific reason that can be pin pointed as the cause for low voter turnout in all nations. According to Kanazawa (2003), high voter turnout is seen as a sign that citizens agree with the government systems in their country thus proving its legitimacy. Such ideologies have resulted to dictators presenting fake voter turnouts to prove that citizens agree with their methods of governance. Others go to the extent of making voter turnout mandatory so as to ensure that a high voter turnout is maintained in all elections conducted. Various forms of conflict take place in different governments when it comes to elections (Kanazawa, 2003).

When a government is considered to be illegitimate or opposition parties feel that they are treated unfairly, they may incite citizens to boycott the voting process until their needs are adhered to.  While most people remain civil and hold peaceful boycotts, there are cases where people get violent and even go to the extent of threatening those who vote so as to scare them out of supporting a government that is alleged to be unfair (Kanazawa, 2003). Since voter turnout is seen as a reflection of people’s support for the current government, low turnouts reflect indifferences and disenchantment that people may have. It demonstrates the view that people have of the party representatives vying for government positions and their unwillingness to support them. Although it may be a good way to implement change, it could result to an unequal representation of people in different population groups. As a result, wrong leaders may be elected by the few who show up to vote if the elections do take place regardless of the low voter turnout (Kanazawa, 2003).

            According to Desilver (2016), voter turnout is measured by treating the number of votes that are cast during elections as a percentage of citizens who are eligible for voting. The estimations are often calculated by estimating the number of people who are old enough to vote. The figures are however hard to authenticate because eligible voters may fail to vote due to factors such as imprisonment, ailment, citizenship and other legal barriers. Governments therefore try as much as they can to ensure that those who are eligible and can vote make it to the polling stations. In the United States, all citizens who are eligible have a responsibility to vote. In 2012, 71 percent of American citizens had reached the voting age and therefore eligible for voting (Desilver, 2016). The country has a policy where individuals register for voting and then go to the polling stations to vote. Since registration is a personal decision, those who register are more likely to vote because they feel a sense of responsibility hence the decision to register.

            Though this may be the case, the voter turnout in the United States has continued to depreciate regardless of the high number of eligible voters. Despite 87 percent of American citizens being registered as voters, only 57 percent voted in 2008 when Barrack Obama was elected president (Desilver, 2016). This means that a huge majority of American citizens did not vote and therefore attributed to the low voter turnout in the country. Brazil on the other hand has a voter turnout of on average 80 percent which is based on the measures that the government takes to ensure that eligible voters cast their ballots during elections. Other than making voting compulsory, the government employs various means to ensure that Brazilians have access to the polling stations and there are very few hindrances that may prevent them from casting their votes (Keyes, 2013).

Analysis

            The voting system in the United States is different from most democratic countries in that voters are required to register before they are allowed to vote. in most countries, the registration process does not exists since eligibility occurs automatically once a citizen meets all the requirements necessary to be a voter (Black, 2014). In such countries, the government knows the address, names and ages of its citizens and therefore provides polling stations in close proximity of those that are eligible to vote. In the United States however, the election process has two stages where the eligible voters have to register early in advance and later on cast their ballots during the day of the election. Although voting is not mandatory, United States citizens have a responsibility to register so as to be able to vote when the time comes. While some people may be willing to vote, the two step process involved could be a reason behind the low voter turnout in the United States (Black, 2014). This may be caused by the fact that though people may be willing, they may feel that going to register is taking up too much of their time. Since registration is a requirement, it locks out all those who are eligible but did not register from the ballots and reduce the voter turnout in the process.

            Another problem that comes about due to voter registration is the errors that occur in the process. Citizens who go to register leave knowing that the process was successful and await elections. However, some technical problems may have occurred during the registration which could prevent the individual from voting. While some issues can be resolved immediately, there are those that are more complicated and the individual becomes ineligible to vote. The registration process has a lot of problems that play a major role in determining the type of voter turnout in the country. The process often involves filing of paper applications by eligible voters. In the years between 2006 and 2008 for example, over 60 million registrations were processed for people registering to vote (Black, 2014). After filing the paperwork, the information is fed into a database which keeps records of those registering. Since the process is done manually, there is a high probability that errors will occur especially due to the large number of applications that are received. There is also the requirement that voters inform the election office whenever they change their addresses. However, people may forget to do so and this could result to them not being able to vote (Black, 2014). There is also the requirement that people who are dead be removed from the systems. Due to the huge amount of work, election office employees may not be fully capable of changing all these information thus creating a system where some of the records kept are invalid.

            To help reduce the challenges that are brought about by registration, third party groups step in to help with the process. Even though the goal is to help ease the burden of registration, the third parties face various challenges in various stages of the registration process. The parties are also prone to making mistakes such as validating registrations, updating any change in address of those registering not to mention the various cases of registration fraud. Since the third party assistance is offered by various political parties, their goals may be biased since they want to register voters that will vote for them (Black, 2014). This means that the parties could either register most of the voters that they believe will vote for them while convincing others to do the same. Another problem occurs as a result of the time period that the registration process takes place. Often times, the registration is conducted close to an election. During this time, the staff responsible for registration are often overworked, understaffed and pressed for time. Since they are required to approve as many registrations as possible, the staff may not be as thorough and may end up creating problems that could prevent citizens from voting despite their attempt to register (Black, 2014).

            While voting is a two stage process and voluntary in the United States, the opposite applies in Brazil. Citizens in Brazil do not have to register as voters for them to be able to vote during elections. However, voting is mandatory and every eligible is expected to show up to nominate their vote. Other than being mandatory, those who do not show up to vote get fined and further face more serious consequences (Black, 2014). Voting was made compulsory in Brazil in 1988 and policies were made to govern voters and how to deal with those who did not vote. According to the constitution, citizens aged between 18 and 69 and are literate are legally required to vote unless valid reasons prevent it. Those aged 16 or 17, people above 70 years and illiterates can volunteer to vote therefore face no penalties if they fail to do so.

            Even though voting is mandatory, there are exceptions that are allowed such as failing to vote due to illness or travel. Citizens are however required to request to be exempted from voting through formal means due to such reasons. If the request is not granted, and one does not show up to vote, they are required to pay a fine of between 3 and 10 percent of their regional minimum wage (Cepaluni & Hidalgo, 2015). Those who fail to pay the fine are banned from participating in public bidding, civil service exams, working for the government, getting passports, attending public university and even acquiring loans from banks owned by the state. Most Brazilians who fail to vote opt to pay the fine rather than suffering from the other consequences as they are more severe. Since the average monthly wage for Brazilians is 500 dollars, the fine they are required to pay only costs them an average of 0.4 percent of the income they receive on a monthly basis. The penalties for however are more severe as they prevent the individual from accessing important services offered by the government such as passports and bank loans (Cepaluni & Hidalgo, 2015).

            Whether living in the country or abroad, all Brazilians are required to vote or risk facing harsh penalties or monetary fines. As a result, Brazil has a very high voter turnout simply because citizens do not want to face the charges or because they are eager to vote for those vying for different government positions (Prince & Yazbek, 2014). In the period leading up to elections, candidates vying for different positions get access to the voters through television airtime given to each candidate. Other than decoupling money from the politics involved during elections, giving candidates airtime also ensures that the voters have an opportunity to engage the politicians in discourse so as to assess their intentions and what they will do for the country and its citizens. Although voting is mandatory, the government in Brazil still makes attempts to encourage people to vote willingly so as to ensure that they benefit positively from the high voter turnout.

            In Brazil, the winner of a presidential election is based who achieves an absolute majority plus run off. Therefore, more than two political parties can offer their nominees to vie for presidency. The United States on the other hand decide the victor according to the first person past the post, a system where the candidate receiving more votes wins (Prince & Yazbek, 2014). When electing the president and vice president, votes are cast and then tallied state by state while matching them to the congressional delegation of the respective state. Although the first past the post method that the United States uses is easy to implement, there is a probability that some candidates could win without getting majority support from the public. President Barrack Obama, for example was the first president to win roughly 51 percent of the popular votes two times in over five decades. With such a system however, it is possible for a president to win an election and govern a country where most of the citizens do not support him (Price & Yazbek, 2014).

Summary

            Voter turnout is essential as it determines who will hold various government positions. Because of its importance, different countries take different approaches to ensure that as many people as possible show up during elections to vote. In the United States, the government has made voting voluntary but invests in various methods and campaigns to encourage people to vote (IDEA, 2011). Brazil on the other hand made voting compulsory to ensure that there is always a high voter turnout during elections. In both countries, voting is not just a right but also a responsibility that all citizens must uphold (IDEA, 2011). The ability to vote is a freedom given to all citizens and they should therefore vote to elect governments that will ensure that their rights are not infringed upon. While such freedoms give people the right to vote or decide not to, citizens have a responsibility to vote and they should do so whether it is compulsory or not.

            Other than the high voter turnout that Brazil enjoys, the mandatory voting policy also ensures that people are well represented and the legitimacy of the government is enhanced in the process. The candidates who win after elections are determined by majority of the population since most of them cast their ballots. Another advantage is that the government addresses the needs of everyone in the country regardless of what impact they have in making political decisions (IDEA, 2011). Compulsory voting also helps to reduce the influence and power that lobbying groups have. This is because it is more difficult for the groups to vote themselves into positions of power since most, if not all eligible voters elect their preferred candidates. When few people vote, it becomes easy for special interest groups to persuade the voters to elect a certain individual. It is however difficult to influence a large population since everyone will have their opinion on whom they prefer to vote for (IDEA, 2011).

            Despite the various benefits that Brazil benefits from the high voter turnout achieved through mandatory voting, it also suffers from its negative impacts that the United States does not have to worry about. Voter turnout is used as an indication of the legitimacy of a government (IDEA, 2011). This however is not the case in Brazil because the turnout is forced and the government simply hides behind the illusion that high voter turnout creates. Since a group of people who show up to vote are forced, the votes may simply be cast so as to avoid the fines and not because one is interested in voting neither do they support those they vote for. It is therefore difficult to determine whether the voter turnout is as a sign of the government’s legitimacy or because of the mandatory voting. Mandatory voting also promotes ignorant votes where citizens vote just for the sake of it (IDEA, 2011). People fail to vote because they either do not want to support a candidate and the party nominating them or because they have no interest in politics. While such people can be forced to vote, it is impossible to force them to have interest.

Conclusion

            Voting is the best way to ensure that the most ideal candidates get elected into office. Whether compulsory or by choice, citizens have a responsibility to ensure that only candidates with the countries best interest at heart are elected. In Brazil, the voter turnout is very high due to the fact that voting is mandatory. The United States on the other hand conducts voting on a voluntary basis where eligible voters cast their ballots if they choose to do so. As a result, America gas a lower voter turnout compared to Brazil. Although the desire to vote is influenced by different factors between the two countries, both governments do all they can to ensure majority of their  citizens show up to vote. In doing so, they ensure that the government elected continues to safeguard the freedoms, rights and the interests of all their citizens.

References

Black E, (2014) “Why is turnout so low in U.S elections: We make it more difficult to vote than other democracies” retrieved from, https://www.minnpost.com/eric-black-           ink/2014/10/why-turnout-so-low-us-elections-we-make-it-more-difficult-vote-other-   democrac

Cepaluni G and Hidalgo D, (2015) “Compulsory voting can increase political inequality: Evidence from Brazil”

Desilver D, (2016) “U.S voter turnout trails most developed countries” Pew Research Center

Friedman S, (2012) “American voter turnout lower than other wealthy countries” The Huffington             Post

International Debate Education Association, (2011) “Debate: Compulsory voting” retrieved         from, http://debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate:_Compulsory_voting

Keyes S, (2013) “Seven voting reforms other countries have used to boost their turnout rate”        retrieved from, https://thinkprogress.org/seven-voting-reforms-other-countries-have-             used-to-boost-their-turnout-rate-87926709a576#.goljwj7zu

Price J and Yazbek M, (2014) “Democracy in two nations: Comparing elections in Brazil and the            U.S” The Aspen Journal of Ideas

Satoshi Kanazawa. "A Possible Solution to the Paradox of Voter Turnout." The Journal of           Politics.

China's One-Child Policy

            Though the child policy that was introduced in China had faced a lot of relaxation, it has controlled a huge number of populations.  The policy resulted from the social conflict concerning the aptitude of it being closed and isolated by the Chinese economy to make it independent.  The policy was introduced in 1979 so as to lessen the social, economic and the environmental predicaments in the China Republic and the one child policy which was referred to a government policy (Howden, David &Yang 354). The policy responded positively in the reduction of the physical condition care services and it also led to the lessening of the congested sanatoriums and gave the parents a chance to bank for their sequestration.  The Child strategy was also referred to as the family setting up rule and was introduced to slow down the populace increase and mainly to manage the magnitude of the country’s population.  Based on the policy, many couples in China are only allowed to give birth to only one child.  More on the birth controls, the rule also pushed the lawful marriage age to 22 years for the males and 2o for the females (Howden, David &Yang 355). 

            Those parents that did not follow the policy faced the disciplinary and the financial penalties where the birth of the second child also attracted the monetary fine to the couple.  The whole extended family with a second child also faced discrimination as they dealt with political instances.  Those women who also became pregnant for several months were also forced to abort the child.  The Cultural change in the 1966 to 1976 was the actual trial that was meant to revive the besieged economy of China (Howden, David &Yang 357).  The era faced an explicit economic failure.  This problem increased due to the poor running by the People’s reservoir of China as they abridged the buying authority of the Yuan on the higher rise levels. The policy had its main effect in reducing the population of the country which also minimized the country’s economy.  The policy was the cause of the failed central policies of the China’s government.  The economy effect comes in through the labor shortages in the country as the country needs more laborers in order to fill the economic space (Howden, David &Yang 368). 

            Though China has made its increased revolutions on the one child policy, is continuation is not on the federal strategy in the future.  This policy is seen to have some future negative and positive results which will bring certain challenges in the country.  When the policy was introduced in 1979, the Chinese government created a market reforms program as the country was one home of a quarter of the world’s population.  Based on the policy, the Chinese federals had to seek permission to get married and to have children (Nakra &Prema 134).  The policy had some regulations that were used to control the Chinese families.  The state family planning agency had their targets and policies that were provided at the county levels to establish the family planning implementation strategies.  For many years, the country has enforced the policy whereby it put limits to the urban families to have one child while those in the rural areas are allowed to have two under specific conditions.  This is controlled by the couples’ financial incomes, access to housing and schooling of the children and the health care (Nakra &Prema 136).

            The policy was implemented as a birth control program through political mobilizations and some administrative controls.  The policy has been seen to depreciate the economy of China between 1979 and 2010.  Due to the country’s flash to modernization, the Chinese government has restored their financial system by breaching invented manufacturing locations to the overseas speculation, private businesses and advancing upper schooling.  China has currently become the second largest global wealth with a higher increase speed in every year.  The quick growth of the China’s economy and urbanization has continued to grow since then.  This is because the country’s urban population has increased.  The China’s invented infrastructure, the motivating demographics and growth of market potential has increased the cash flow and products from the multinational firms in the world.  The implementation of the policy has benefited the citizens of the country and the business globally.  The unplanned results of the policy and in its maintenance has reduces the fact that it is meant in developing and maintain an enduring economized society.  Due to the fact that the policy made China become of the most educated society in a quick instance, the economy of the republic developed as they put a lot of money in the education of one child which was easier (Nakra &Prema 138). 

The One child policy is likely to negatively affect the free enterprise of China in the later future.  This is because the young adults are more able entrepreneurs and with the country having controlled births the entrepreneurship rate will decrease.  Young people have low personal capital as their promotion is hindered by their larger legion.  Thus in the developing countries and with fewer people, they are less capable of becoming the future entrepreneurs.  The main effect of aging based on entrepreneurship can become economically important for the innovation of the economy.  This has been a main implication of policy for China where it s still moving on with the one child population policy.  The effect of aging on the Chinese entrepreneurship will create a mature economy where it will also depend on the innovation to partner with other grown economies (Liang &James 85). 

            The effect of the young size on the country’s entrepreneurship is huge due to the country’s changing from an economy replace rate.  This will have an effect on China as the country’s growth rate is lesser than that of other countries and its aging construction getting bigger than that of others in later years.  This will lead to the effect of the aging of the Chinese economy rate. This will be caused by their reduced supply of labor that will make the country more demographic extra meaning that the labor supply based on the total population of the country will start to lower.  This will have a negative effect on the productivity and the retirement pensions though these negativities can be alleviated by increasing the retirement age.  The increase of the retirement age will increase the supply of labor thus reducing the old age support.  Therefore, the economy of China will depend on the entrepreneurship and the innovations where if the policy is cancelled today, the more children born will become the future entrepreneurs and innovators of China.  Due to lack of future entrepreneurs, the Chinese economy will have to face some risks in the near future such as the tax filings which will have negative impacts and face a halt in the economy development as faced by Japan (Liang &James 92).

            The China’s one Child policy continues to form and cause disagreements and misinformation. These challenges have also developed several myths such as the fact that Zedong opposed the efforts to limit the China’s growing population this is because the China’s population increased even after his death.  The establishment of the policy led to the lessening to the China’s fertility thus preventing million births.  The level of fertility decreased after the establishment of the policy leading to decline in births which can be accredited to the growth of the China’s economy and not coercive of the birth limits. Though China has a huge population which multiplies within a short time, the country is able to find a solution which is the production solution. The country is known to have the largest population thus it would be better if they minimize the number of births.  On the myth based on Mao, he did not encourage more birth rates but promoted a program of birth control (Whyte et al 145).

             Despite the myths by Mao on the fact that the ancient  believes that there was a large growing population which was not the main problem in China, but he was still one in charge of the dramatic shift from the permanent birth controls.  The economy of China grew due to the population control.  The higher birth rates increased cause lack of employment opportunities and poor living.  The birth control programs were based on the government and were not voluntary; it was done through campaigns so as to meet the federal government birth control targets.  China would have gotten a more progressed economy in lowering the fertility rates with the version of one child policy which was an option that would reduce the human suffering.  Despite the coercive strength of the control campaign that was implemented by the government, there has been a rapid economic growth since the 1980’s which needs some credit as the number of births nave been reduced due to the country decline in  the fertility rate.  If the republic will follow these myths, the truth fact is that the growth rate of China will drop and the economy will not control itself (Whyte, Martin King, Wang Feng, and Yong, King, Feng & Yong 156). 

            There has been a research on the consequence of one child policy on the aged people in China. The research showed that many parents from the one child families are in fear of being abandoned by their children at their old age.  Some of the elderly people prefer living in the care institutions though it has been restricted.  As the population of China ages, there has been an amplified call for expanding the services and the options to the customary mode for the rural elderly.  The effect on the economy comes in when the China government uses a lot of their finances taking care of the elderly in the institutions.  In the previous generations, the eldest children in the family would take care of their elderly parents.   After the implementation of one child policy; one child would be responsible of taking care of six old people in addition to their families (Gustafson, Kiira & Huang 25). 

            This shows that the China’s government mainly focused on the finances which were needed on the family level.  Some smaller families had a lot of savings as they provided for smaller number children thus one kid family spent a small amount of their revenue.  Despite there being many limitations on the one kid policy, there has been a focus on how the next generation of the elderly people would be given the rural pensions, the medical and their savings which is seen to diminish the economy.  The country will therefore use a lot of their finances in building care institutions while there will be the need of expanded services of the elderly in the rural China.  When the children that will be born out of the new policy enter the work force, the Chinese economy will have the income effects of the policy revolution as the ratio of the retirees to the working aged people become more unbiased bringing less pressure to the staff taking care of the elderly people (Gustafson, Kiira & Huang 35). 

Works Cited

Gustafson, Kiira, and Huang Baofeng. "Elderly Care And The One-Child Policy: Concerns, Expectations And Preparations For Elderly Life In A Rural Chinese Township." Journal Of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 29.1 (2014): 25-36. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 Nov. 2016. 

Howden, David, and Yang Zhou. "China's One-Child Policy: Some Unintended Consequences." Economic Affairs 34.3 (2014): 353-369. Business Source Complete. Web. 10 Nov. 2016.

Liang, James. "Will One Child Policy Reduce Entrepreneurship In China?." China Economic Journal 5.2/3 (2012): 85-95. Business Source Complete. Web. 10 Nov. 2016.  

Nakra, Prema. "China's "One-Child" Policy: The Time For Change Is Now!." World Future Review (World Future Society) 4.2 (2012): 134-140. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Nov. 2016.

Whyte, Martin King, Wang Feng, and Yong Cai. "Challenging myths about China’s one-child policy." China Journal 74 (2015): 144-159.

Happy Land Social Club

Introduction

            The happy land fire was a firebombing that killed almost 87 people who were locked in a social club which was named Happy Land.  The communal club in the Bronx was located at 1959 Southern Boulevard in the New York City in 1990. The fire took place after a quarrel between Julio Gonzalez who was a Cuban immigrant and his ex-girlfriend Lydia Feliciano.  They had already broken up and had both outwardly gone to the same club.  The girl worked as a coat check girl and apparently tried to discuss issues so that they would get back together. At the very time in the club, the girl was not interested in taking him back and this created the argument.  After Julio was kicked out by the club bouncers, he found a container in the street and filled it with a lot of gasoline which he had bought from Amoco gas station.  He then went back to the club and set fire to the single and only club exit. 

Review

            According to (Becker & Dutelle, 2013) the Eighty seven people were confirmed dead due to the illegal Bronx in the social club.  They were burned to death in a minute flash in an early morning.  The man was said to have set the fire with gasoline after the quarrel was later arrested by the police.  All the affected victims were all under 25 years and were all dressed for a town night.  They were all trapped screaming and crying in the dark in the two story social club.  Almost all the victims died of smoke inhalation but the authorities were compressed in the stampede of the door. The building was hit with a dictatorial vacate order for lack of exists and for improper lighting and was being destined.  On the incident day, the boy had argued with his girlfriend who said that she had had enough of him.  The boy tried to fight his way back to win the gal into the club but was refused by the bouncer.  Gonzalez had already lost his occupation at the standard lamp factory and was needy and had no friends.  The passion exists had been congested to so as to stop the people from inflowing without reimbursing the enter charge. 

            Based on the confirmation done by (Bukowski, Spetzler & Building and Fire Research Laboratory, 1992) on the terrible incident that happened; only some persons runaway by contravention the metallic entrance over one door.  Ganzalez went back and removed his clothes, soaked them and slept.  He was later detained the next day after the forces investigations interviewed and leant from that night’s argument. 

            The structure that contained the club was achieved by the Jay.  The club’s owner and the manager were found responsible and were found not illegally accountable meanwhile they had strained to near the stick and expel the occupant.  After the boy dropped his matches, the flames spread quickly from the entrance from the entrance through the first floor and up the stairs.  The smoke affected the victims and they were found with drinks in their hands.  One of the firefighters who acted quickly to the fire said that some of the victims seemed to be sleeping while others looked like they were in shock as confirmed by (Blumenthal, 1990). 

Society impact

            The incident had some societal impacts that involved the population of the Bronx where the building of the Happy Land Club was located.  It was located in a place with various cultural people. Many of these people were Hispanic and the African immigrants who earned low income.  The Honduran community at the period of the happy land fire was not large but the members knew each other.  The immigrants who did not have proper certification to evade the exile reserved a little outline.  The domestic memberships had carried some doubts and the manner of the unlawful settlers and would waste to talk to the police activities as they minded for their family members.  This was a societal problem as the fear increased and the necessity to belong controlled by the innovative Americans to the minor structure of the club.  They would have found their communal contact and material from home and could appreciate their good time (Becker & Dutelle, 2013)

            I believe that the Happy Land Social club happened through revenge from a man who turned away from the club.  The fire is seen to have lasted for about five minutes but caused a real effect on the staff workers, the community and the city.  It becomes dangerous in understanding the development of the fire since it became ventilated in its control.   At this point, the burning control gets skillful by the obtainability of the air that is needed for the burning despite the amount of the oil vaporization. Thus the burning rate in the club was influenced more by the ventilation then the features of the fuel imposed. In each of the plans implemented the aptitude to alleviate the life loss was evaluated.  According to my views,  I guess that the cost is an important determinate of whether any plan is real where the high costs would result by building the owners to fulfill with the puzzle orders.

Conclusion

            While it is the actual problem of the club had developed for a long time.  The fact that the three mayors had seen the problem and it still exists is a proof that the officials reacting to the action are not the real problems.  Before the expansion of the task force, the knowledge of the violations that was based on the authority of the police section may sometimes get away and not to be acted on.  The club had been shut down several times by the police inspectors as it was seen as a fire trap.  The club had no exits, no sprinkles or emergency lights and that the reason as to why it responded negatively to the fire. 

References

Bukowski, R., Spetzler, R. C., & Building and Fire Research Laboratory (U.S.). (1992). Analysis of the happy land Social Club fire with Hazard I. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Building and Fire Research Laboratory.

Becker, R. F., & Dutelle, A. W. (2013). Criminal investigation. Burlington, Mass: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Blumenthal, Ralph (March 26, 1990). "Fire in The Bronx; 87 Die in Blaze at Illegal Club 

Civil liability

            Response

            It is quite evident that America is on the process of becoming a police state and it is through the various amendments, that the American citizens are protected.  This has however slowed down the process of the America becoming a police state. The various actions that the police officers are undertaking without punishment given unto them, clearly indicates that the nation is moving towards a police state. Police officers are regarded as the law enforcers but they are however the law breakers and they do it without accountability and no punishment is accorded unto them. Some of the things that these police officers do may seem to be safety measures unto the citizens but it’s true that not all of them are. For instance arresting a person for suspecting that they are terrorists and without any restrictions on the number of days that they should be detained may seem safe to the public but there is no basis for the justification of the suspicion. The shooting of unarmed citizens with no punishment and more to that these officers are given paid leaves makes the situation even worse. Mass surveillance on the American citizens is not right and this has led to private invasions unto the citizens lives which are a violation of the fourth amendment (Gentile 2011). The key elements of the U.S. Code Title 42, in the section 1983 involves, every individual, who is a subject or is subjected to cause, any individual who is deprived of their rights are all liable in filing a lawsuit in an action at law as well as in the suit in equity (Gentile 2011). 

References

The Dream Act and Homeland security Articles

Excerpt: The 2000 census teaches us several interesting facts about the way Lati-nos are contributing to the changing face of the United States. First, more legal immigrants arrived in the decade of the 1990s than in any previous decade in U.S. history. The economic boom (or more accurately, the stock market bubble) of the Clinton years attracted large numbers of people from around the world, many of whom would discover only later that household incomes did not rise during the same period. (Mariscal, 2005, pg 40)

Homeland security and The Dream Act should work together to protect the immigrants and to impose security measures to those who oppose the policy and to those who create serious threats to immigrants.  For many years, Latinos have faced many political and economic challenges, discrimination and racism (Mariscal, 2005).  It is important to note that a higher percent of Latinos were born in United State but only a small number has gained the identity.  The interesting fact is the Latinos have changed the United State in remarkable way.  For example, the immigrants who arrived in U.S during 1990s developed the economy (Mariscal, 2005). The appalling thing is that despite the fact that immigrants have struggled to develop the economy and to live a better life, they do not get a quality education.  Immigrants are much interested in having an opportunity to develop the economy, educate their children and work hard to build a strong society.  However, they are disconnected with democracy and equality.  U.S should  support The Dream Act and the Homeland Security should recruit the Latino youth in military services  and through providing them with education and involving them in community services, Latinos will create a strong community  which  in future will have peace and justice (Suare, 2010).  The important point is that United State should first offer Latinos with opportunities to get education, to access health care and to participate in economic activities.  They should be given life chances and help them to reach their goals. The Dream Act will play a significant role of eliminating the education barriers and provide Latinos with an opportunity to enter in legal workforce.  I believe that if immigrants will be recruited in military services, they will play a significant role of defending the country from war (Suare, 2010).

References

Suarez Fernando del  Solar (2010). An Open Letter to Latino and Latina students and all leaders of

immigrant rights organization.

Mariscal, Jorge (2005). "Homeland Security, Militarism, and the Future of Latinos and Latinas in the

United States." Radical History Review Issue 93 (Fall2005): 39-52.

Weekly Questions (2)

Q1

The resources available during terrorist attacks includes the local government that plans, prepares, and mitigate and communities such as red cross, churches and children’s disaster services that help in daycare services and assist the families once the crisis occurs (Avery et al, 2015).

Q2

The agency has been able to keep up with the constant security barrage by perimeter security that includes light evaluation, security force, and perimeter protection. Internal security has been enforced through lock/key control and theft control procedures. The agency has also concentrated on proprietary information, persona; security and emergency procedures that have greatly reduced the computer attacks (Avery et al, 2015).

Q3

One of the dynamics is that the agents are likely to stick out similar to a proverbial sore thumb. In a closed ethnic community, all individuals are likely to know each other making it easier to spot outsiders and become suspicious of them hence making it extremely difficult to perform surveillance without being detected. The second dynamic is the actions of the agents may cause some discontent in some part of the community making the community not to realize that they are terrorists in the community.

Q4

Resources such as evidence on camera, social networking, VeriChip devices, phone records, blogs, personal diaries, IP address, club memberships and ID’s may benefit the surveillance team (Avery et al, 2015).

Q5

Working in assistance jobs and internships are opportunities for polishing interrogation skills. Another huge step is understanding people of my interrogation skills as well as meeting counselors and going online (Starrett, 2015).

Q6

The personality of a person plays a major role in deciding the best approach. Technical skills also play a role whereby a team approach requires one of the interrogators to be a rapport and the other confrontational while in solo approach the interrogator must be able to tackle all the aspects of the process. Moral, ethical and legal considerations take up an equally important role (Avery et al, 2015).

Q7

The innate signs include irritability, instincts, motivation, kinesis, Tropism, taxis and reflexes. An untruthful person will sit and move the chair while a truthful one won’t. The untruthful person tends to change the angle of the chair in order to hide the abdominal area so that the interrogator may not notice the changes (Avery et al, 2015).

Q8

Denial is the process of stating that something is untrue. It occurs when they may freeze their body in one position such as cross legs, sit on their hands and maintain a rigid posture as they are not easy on themselves (Avery et al, 2015).

Reference

Avery, T., Byram, D., Davis, D., Michelson, R., &Starrett, P. (2015). Homeland Security Principles, Planning & Procedure. LawTech Publishing Group.

Starrett, P. (2015). Interview & Interrogation with Eyewitness Evidence. LawTech Publishing Group.

Comparison of Political Parties

The past republicans and the federalist parties are very similar with the present parties in different ways.  In one instance both the modern and the past parties hold a strong believed in constitution explanation.  The past parties believed in restriction of law to limit the authority that is given to the ruling government which is similar to the modern parties who believes in limited government parties (Scaros, 2011). In addition, both the past and the modern parties wished for a better explanation of laws to easy the abilities of the citizens.  The federalist parties in the past believed in investing in national programs which are similar to the present parties (Scaros, 2011).

Both the republican and the federalist parties in the modern era and the past held the belief of limited media speech in order to maintain a good image for the government. They additionally believe that developing foreign policies is significant for development (Scaros, 2011).

There is a huge similarity of the problems that separated Americans in the 18th century and in the modern era.  This is mainly because in the eighteenth century Americans were divided by racial discrimination and economic inequity (Scaros, 2011). This is still the case today as individuals are still affected by inequity and discrimination which drives the division of citizens.  In the past, the parties worked mainly in attempting to establish economic quality through developing policies.  They believed and still believe that the formulation of foreign policies is significant as it fosters development on a national level (Scaros, 2011).  Policies to addresses the issue of race were highly encouraged which the parties believed would yield social-economic equity throughout America.  The similarities are still presents as the parties in the past and in the present laid their focus on public interests.

            Reference

Scaros, C. E. (2011). Understanding the Constitution. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Abraham Lincoln

President Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation is a primary source that stated all people held as slaves in United State will be recognized and be given their freedom. President Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation persuaded that the Executive Government will be designated in the state in order to keep people in United State in rebellion respectively. With Emancipation Proclamation president Lincoln commanded on the measure of the war in which it is against the government and the authority of United State (Ford, 2004). The Gettysburg address is a primary source authored by Lincoln that conceived in liberty and it was dedicated to all men to indicate the equality of all men in United State. Lincoln anticipated that the great civil war in United State was to text whether the nation can endure the war. The high dominant of the President Lincoln regarded that the purpose of dominant in Lincoln’s thinking was an acceptance of address on the route of Gettysburg (Elmore, 2009). 

Lincoln’s perception of liberty and equality

President Lincoln believes that liberty begins with economic freedom. This belief was a motivation to Lincoln’s emancipation proclamation. Liberty needs to be nurtured because it is a fragile concept as Lincoln thinks of it. Lincoln perception of liberty declared that spread of slavery can be deprives the republic of United State which can bring doubt of freedom which can tend to increase slavery. President Lincoln thinks that liberty work as justice in the concepts in United State whereby men were degraded by other men which makes slave be a product in a way of praising. The time Lincoln concerned emancipation source he realizes liberty pursuit to be protected. With the protection of liberty Lincoln thinks it can brings change in United State by enhancing freedom from slave (Morel, 2015). Lincoln of equality dedicates the preservation of unity in the United State. Equality was a passion that Lincoln thinks about as he based on principles of government. President Lincoln thinks of how experiment of democracy can work effectively without destruction of equality. The equality perception by President Lincoln helps in decreasing of slavery in United State (Burton, Podair & Weber, 2011).

 According to Morel (2015) Lincoln placed the principles of self-government that were used to measure the freedom in the society. Principles that used to measure freedom were extent that optimizes individual liberty and the other principle was extent to which decision were made and process of controlling. These two principles made President Lincoln to view the foundation of freedom. President Lincoln perception of liberty brings unity between the white and black soldiers which make white soldiers to stop making black soldiers slaves. According to Burton, Podair and Weber (2011), Lincoln perception of equality thinks it will be a motivation to his Emancipation Proclamation primary source. Lincoln ideas on racial equality which boost the human dignity hence lower the ideals of slavery in United State.

The Reason of Lincoln to placed much importance on the destruction of slavery and the continuation of one nation.

Most of people were slaves especially black Americans which make President Lincoln to focus on destructing the slavery by enhancing unity in the nations. In United State the lack unity whereby hatred was created between white American and Black Americans. President Lincoln places so much importance on destructing slavery and continuation of one nation in order to bring the black and white people in order to bring unity and to overcome hatred. With unity Lincoln believe it will helps to lower the level of slavery and fight so a maintain brand ambition the one of Lincoln principles. Unity in United State, it conveys equality between black Americans and white Americans making Lincoln to place more importance on destructing slavery so as to value of continuation of one nation (Oakes, 2013).

Because President Lincoln believed that slavery is a wicked that brings the nation backward and he plays an importance role to destruct the slavery in order to bring love in United State. Lincoln believes that love will promote peace in the country and destroy slavery. Lincoln also thinks that slavery attack United State which brings evil and so far can destruct democratic nation making Lincoln to place more important to destruct slavery so as to unite nation with love. Love is what come is Lincoln minds that can completely destruct slavery and make nations to work together as one (Foner, 2010). 

The examples from the both the Emancipation Proclamation and the Gettysburg Address demonstrate both civil liberties and civil rights are first, continents forth brought the new proportion of equality of all men in the nation (Ford, 2004). The second example of civil liberties and civil rights are demonstrated from the Emancipation Proclamation and the Gettysburg Address is by placing of the battle within large arc at Philadelphia which brings unity between the soldiers at Gettysburg. The third example of civil liberty and civil rights from both the Emancipation Proclamation and the Gettysburg Address is liberating of slave by painting strokes bolder which referred to the equality of notion which brings aspiration of civil liberty and civil rights between the nations (Elmore, 2009). 

References

Elmore, A. E. (2009). Lincoln's Gettysburg address: Echoes of the Bible and Book of Common Prayer. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

Ford, C. T. (2004). Lincoln, slavery, and the Emancipation Proclamation. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers.

Morel, L. E. (2015). Lincoln and Liberty: Wisdom for the Ages. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky.

Burton, O. V., Podair, J. E., & Weber, J. L. (2011). The struggle for equality: Essays on sectional conflict, the Civil War, and the long reconstruction. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press

Oakes, J. (2013). Freedom national: The destruction of slavery in the United States, 1861-1865. New York: W.W. Norton & Co

Foner, E. (2010). The fiery trial: Abraham Lincoln and American slavery. New York: Norton.

National political polls

                        They do not always represent reality because they may predict results that will contradict the final results. One example of this is the poll conducted in 2012 which predicted that Mitt Romney who was the Republicans’ nominee would win against President Obama (Ceaser, 1993). This was not the case when the final results were announced as President Barrack Obama won. Public opinion polls have failed greatly in recent years causing embarrassments that even led to an obligated leading firm to carry out an internal audit to find out the cause. Surveys are usually carried out in election years by some Research Centers. They focus on the issue preference of the people, commitment during the election, opinions about the candidates, voter preferences and views of the campaign. Most polls also include the identification of the parties, the behavior of the voting in the past and how voters react to events (Ceaser, 1993).

Election polls are seen to attract a lot of attention for their capability to foresee the results of elections. The surveys are important in helping the citizens and journalists in understanding the meaning of the elections and campaigns. They are also important in showing the kind of issues are important among other things. They also show how the qualities of the candidates may affect the decision of the voters and the kind of support there is for certain policy changes (Schuman, 2008). Voter preferences are determined through certain features of questions that show several choices. This includes the candidates, mention of party affiliation and the randomizing of order of presentation. Surveys are also carried out through follow up questions for the voters who do not express initial choice. This helps in obtaining a preference. The voters who support one of the candidates are usually integrated in the tabulation of voter preference. The last issue in looking for the preference of the voter is asking them whether the respondents will at all the times answer honestly when questioned about their choice (Schuman, 2008).

            Polling methodology for many years was being carried out through telecommunications or face to face. There are various techniques and methods that are used and are accepted widely in most areas. For many years innovations in technology have been seen to influence methods of survey like electronic clipboards availability and polling that are based on the internet. Other methods include ballot, verbal, and processed styles which may be conducted effectively. Other types contrast this as they may be complicated and they include complicated matrices, orthodox procedures and systematic. Web polls are conducted through the citizens who want to participate and not the use of a scientific sample of the population and are therefore not considered professional. Currently, statistical methods are to be employed to exploit the content of social media for representing and predicting polls (Moon, 1999).

Methodology involves three kinds of polls and one of them is the benchmark poll is initially taken in a campaign before a candidate his bid for the office. The other one is the brushfire which is conducted between the first announcement and the last poll. It may be taken according to how competitive the race is. It may also be conducted according to how much money the campaign will spend. The other one is the tracking poll which is repeated at intervals. This may be conducted after one week or month and it uses the recent data and discards the older one (Moon, 1999).

Sampling is carried out through internet or sample of populations that are likely to have sampling errors. This is because samples may be very small in size or may not represent the population. It is also very expensive and takes a lot of time to survey everybody. This is the reason why samples are relied on in order to determine the opinions of every citizen. A          scientific poll that is reliable should have a large sample that has enough people to make sure that there is statistical accuracy. It should also have a selection of representative respondents. It shows that if a poll is set to represent the public opinion of Americans then it should not include only ten people or white males.  This would not be reliable because news reporters would rarely mention the details of the sample or how it was carried out (Walden, 1996).

The readers and viewers will only take the results of the poll as facts only. This shows that the probability of errors is very high because the journalists can twist the source and depict the results in a way that is not accurate. Margin of errors are also very common when calculating statistical percentages. This may be corrected through relying on the averages of the polls. Inaccuracy may also be due to nonresponse bias where some people do not answer strange calls or refuse to answer. The rates of response have been seen to decline by ten percent in current years. Response bias also affects the survey results as the answers given do not show they truly believe (Walden, 1996).

References

Schuman, H. (2008). Method and meaning in polls and surveys. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

Moon, N. (1999). Opinion polls: History, theory and practice. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Walden, G. R. (1996). Polling and survey research methods, 1935-1979: An annotated bibliography. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.

Ceaser, J. W., & Busch, A. (1993). Upside down and inside out: The 1992 elections and American politics. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield.

POLITICAL SCIENCE- NATO

            Fifteen years ago in the Summit in Rome, NATO started its post-cold war revolution as they also implemented a new planned approach. By then, the cooperation had not started their process and for many years now, it has been known that the trending irregularity in the military supremacy between America and its NATO associates a serious predicament in the transatlantic security connections.  The partners who would not associate on military basis, they risked political divisions as well.  Thus retaining those associates and their capability meant meaningful partnership to the usual operations which maintained a main chance.  The past events proof how the military revolution in its own is not enough (Sandler& Hartley, P23). 

            For instance the transformed character of NATO, its new missions and the new foundation of the security that needed the associates to approach NATO and the revolution in a more complex way. If the association wanted to sustain its role as the main structure for the intercontinental management and the common exploit, it required to balance its military revolution with a huge move towards the more frequent political debate.  This means that NATO needs to be more based on the political issues.  There were two steps that were founded by NATO which led to an increasing demand on the operational involvements in and outside Europe.  They also founded a design of the ever closed political and the active cooperation between the NATO and the United Nations.  This was based by the decisions made by the NATO ancient ministers in 1992 where NATO would prepare to support the peacemaking actions under the UN Security Council consultant (Sandler& Hartley, P27). 

            Currently, the processes used by NATO on its political and military revolution are closely linked.  These operations have become the main mover for the enduring adaptation of the NATO’S military skills in their planning and consultation processes.  During this era, the political and the military revolution demonstrated through the growing partnerships and the growth of the expeditionary forces such as the NRF which has contributed widely to the capability of the Associates to play a role to the efforts based on the global peace and protection.  Not many people in Rome would have thought that the cooperation with its unmatched knowledge in processing the main missions that would be so widely committed later in Europe.  Many of the NATO’S growing processing roles showed the shift in the global events rather than some inside grand design (Sandler &Hartley, P34). 

            The main reason as to why NATO’s processes and their revolution have developed since the Summit in Rome where such flexibility is rooted under the political and the military engagement which was founded since 1949.  The bequest of the partnership will continue providing the motivation so as to address well the operational and revolutionary challenges.  The NATO’S involvements in the war in Bosnia in 1995 and in 1999 had an enduring effect on the post-cold war nature of the cooperation where it defined the limits of the common actions on the external boundaries of the NATO’s traditional collective defense promise. These operations helped in the foundation of a plan in the political and the military operations between the NATO and the non-NATO partnering nations that had turned to be the huge NATO’S processing cooperation.  The operations that were in Balkans also influenced the transformation of the NATO’S control plans (Sandler &Hartley, P38).

            The new NATO military structure was approved in the Prague Summit in 2002, where it emphasized on the components and the military plans which were designed to carry out the operations that were not involved in the defense commitments.  The need of advancing the connection between the NAC led in the 1996 to the foundation of a new system on the provision of the political and military engagement for managing crisis.  Currently in the connection with the Military group, the PCG plays a good role in the military council based on the NATO operational involvements where the military group and the NAC are devoted to the management of the plans.  These operations in Balkans influence heavily the revolution of the NATO’S command and the control arrangements.  The current NATO management plan and the Prague summit in 2002 put a lot of emphasis on the joint commands where it reflected the lessons that were learnt from the command plans and for the management operations that has developed with time. The reason for the NATO to become more political is due to its current and the future military processes (Couloumbis, P102). 

            These processes are long and short term missions that are featured by the connections between the military and the civilian actors.  These processes need NATO to have a closer connection with the other global participants and the NGOs.  This needs NATO to make their voice in the political basis that is under the aim of sustaining peace and not to be demoted to the role of just a military group provider.  The war in Kosovo was a good reminder of how fast the NATO troops would become hostages and cause unresolved political issues.  These riots in Kosovo caused the creation of the contact groups on the future of the location where the NATO had a huge political influence and to its military role.  This takes it to the suggestion that NATO needs to express their political plan to help them shape the setting based on the military operations.  The success of the NATO shows the different initiatives that promote the regional cooperation in Europe showing that the cooperation is capable of playing that kind of role.   Where NATO is involved as a cooperative security group, it was important to stay connected to the national political approach (Couloumbis, P127). 

            This is based on the NATO’s connections with its associate countries mainly those in Caucasus and in Asia.  But ii is applicable to the association for developing the connections with the nations in the Middle East where the technical military involvement can have their political influences.  The NATO’S political focus calls for a connection with the main national feature.  For the years to come, NATO needs this context by developing the excellent skills within the organization.  The other reason why NATO has a political influence is that from the revolving the institutional setting and the European Union where it happened as a personal independent military actor. The European Union has different military aspects of the most reflective institutional change based on the security community since its foundation.  This shows that some of the NATO constitutes now plan them in a basis that it also covers security and performs its own communication with the Washington (Couloumbis, P133).

Conclusion

            The processes that made the cooperation are the revolution and the political basis where the interaction between the revolution and the operations are planned to become enormous and made NATO becomes more engaged in the process as they support the global crisis management efforts.   Much has been done accomplished based on the NATO revolution since the Summit in Rome.          

Work cited

Couloumbis, Theodore A. Greek Political Reaction to American and NATO Influences. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998. Print.

Sandler, Todd, and Keith Hartley. The Political Economy of NATO: Past, Present, and into the 21st Century. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Print.     

Medtronic in China: Where “Simpler” Serves Patients Better

1. Assess Medtronic’s decision to develop and market the new Champion heart pacemaker in terms of the following reasons for new-product success: (a) points of difference, (b) market attractiveness, (c) bad timing, and (d) economic access to doctors and patients.
2. The new champion heart pacemaker was designed to be used by the Chinese. It consumed less power, it lacked a dual chamber stimulation and stereo escaping leads. It was designed this way in order to favour the Chinese market, through being cheap and easily affordable, and easy to work with (Case D-10).
3. The heart pacemaker was cheap, going at $1000 which was half the price of the ones in Chinese. This consequently attracted many customers to it. Moreover, it was convenient and easy to use because it was mainly designed for the Chinese market.
4. The company did only invested on the new machine, and forgot about the sales and marketing of the pacemaker, this made the company to realize huge losses after the completion of the new machines.
5. The product was cheaply available for the patients, but the main problem was the lack of knowledge of using the products that the doctors lacked. This majorly disadvantaged the company and it therefore needed to hire physicians who could train other physicians on how to use the products.
6. Discuss the steps of the new-product process as they relate to the Champion pacemaker.

The company designed a machine which could be easily accessed by people in less developed countries. Secondly, in order to reduce the cost of manufacturing the product, different components were removed (Case D-10). Thirdly, the company set up a manufacturing plant in China in order to effectively manufacture the product. Finally, it hired a sales force, and physicians in order to help in the sales and teaching physicians on how to use the products respectively.

3. New-product development is important to a company like Medtronic, but it is hard work, and often leads to failure. How can a company encourage its employees to take initiative, make a profit, and be ethically and socially responsible?

A company can encourage its employees to take initiative and make a profit through allowing them to come up with decisions and discussing them before actually putting them into practice (Case D-10). This consequently helps in boosting the morale of the employees and thus making them to believe in themselves.

4. Relate Medtronic’s decision to sell pacemakers in China to its corporate mission statement. How does the decision relate to these Medtronic stakeholders: (a) shareholders of Medtronic stock, (b) Medtronic employees, and (c) Chinese patients?
5. a) The decision related to its shareholders in the sense that they are able to affect the society positively through their goals which is to support those in pain.
6. b) The decision also relates to the company’s employees through giving them a chance to come up with new ideas to help develop the company (Case D-10).
7. c) Chinese patients are able to benefit from the company, as it is working according to its mission statement.
8. Medtronic chose to design and build a new low-priced, highly reliable, reduced-feature heart pacemaker in its Shanghai plant. What are the strengths and weaknesses of this decision from (a) a marketing viewpoint and (b) an ethical viewpoint?
9. a) The company will be able to attract many customers, since they will be able to purchase the machines as locally made. Moreover, the company will also be able to save the costs of importation of the goods from the US to China. In order for the company to be able to reduce the cost of the product, it will need to reduce some components in the machine and thus making a low quality product (Case D-10).
10. b) The product is mainly manufactured for the Chinese market, and thus making it hard for people from other countries to purchase it.

Reference

Case D-10. Medtronic in China: Where “Simpler” Serves Patients Better

Use of Power and Politics in Organizations

Power is used in most organizations since people want to use in order to enable them share responsibilities and indeed ensure the set goals and objectives are achieved in time (Fairholm, 2009). Politics go hand in hand with power in most organizations since people are working in order to complete the same purpose which is success. In most cases managers misuse the power since they do not include employees in the process of making decisions. This habit at the long run cause conflicts in the organization and can even result to failure. People seek power in the organizations so that they can generate ideas and decisions which need to be followed by those who are not in power (Fairholm, 2009). The people in power ensure they delegate duties to their junior ones since authority should be distributed with the organization if the organization wants to succeed. Most people are motivated and ensure they remain powerful in the organizations since the environments are suitable for those in power.

Power and politics in my organization are used by those in power as they delegate duties to other employees and make the strategic decisions. Executives ensure that they remain in power in order to guide other junior employees. Distribution of power is enhanced in my organization since managers include employees in the most important meetings and ensure they are involved in the decision making process.

However use of power and politics have caused conflicts within my organization since managers chose the people to promote thus other people tend to complain especially where managers are unethical and favor some people. Employees are confused at times since they are not given clear objectives by those in power. Conflicts are solved when employees are given clear guidelines and objectives they are supposed to accomplish. Enough resources in the organization reduce the rates of conflicts thus organization should ensure they have enough resources in terms of money and human power.

References

Fairholm, G. W. (2009). Organizational power politics: Tactics in organizational leadership.      Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger/ABC-CLIO.