The importance of grief

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The importance of grief

Psychology: Grief as necessary

                                                            Introduction

            As a human being, we are inclined to experience loss of the loved ones at some point in life. Because of that, it implies that grief is always a normal way of reacting towards the loss or death of our loved ones. In this case, grief mainly encompasses a wide range of feelings from anger to deep sadness. The mechanism of adapting to such a significant ultimately varies dramatically from one person to another. This scenario always depends on the beliefs, relationship, and backgrounds of a person towards the deceased.

            Conversely, an individual’s style of grieving, whether instrumental (cognitive) or intuitive (emotional), is one of the contributing factors.  As we all know, there are many ways of mourning the loss of the loved one. The suffering and the pain a person experiences sometimes is overwhelming. Suffering the loss of the loved one and recovering from such a situation are some of the difficult thing a person does. To the majority of individuals who are experiencing grief, there is the need of offering them additional support because people have different ways of handling their grieving moments.  Because of that, it means that there are types of grief which requires professional intervention, for examples prolonged grief, traumatic grief, or complicated grief. All these forms of grief are fundamentally associated with deaths which are violent, traumatic, or sudden events in which several deaths occurs. For that reason, therapy is considered to be the ultimate means of moving an individual forward from these types of grief.

Main body

1. Grieving thoughts and behaviors
2. Model of grief

III. Grief syndromes

1. Bereavement and grief culture
2. Importance of seeking a grief therapist
3. Conclusion and recommendations

Discrimination Based On Gender and Disability

Hate crime is an issue that has been in debate for centuries, with frequent complaints of discrimination from the marginalized groups. Discrimination can be defined as treatment, proposal to treat an individual unfairly because of personal characteristics such as gender and disability among others as protected by the law (Wang, 2009). Hate crime came as a way of this minority groups developing a sense of shared solidarity, these communities found their strength in the campaigns and fights for equality together. Gender and disability discrimination are two concepts that fall into the hate crime concept. Gender discrimination has particularly been brought about as a result of unequal powers between men and women with the patriarchal society.

Discrimination based on Gender

Gender inequality is an insult to human pride, a trial to the decree of law and an hindrance to growth. Gender discrimination happens when an individual is treated unpleasantly and viewed negatively because of their sex and most especially when it comes to women (Abendroth et al., 2017; Arekapudi, 2018). Denying women their equitable places in the society and denying them equal right of entry to education, justice and livelihood is wrong, it means depriving the societies of the abilities and potential of half of their members (Kaur & Singh, 2017; Dixon, 2014). On a global measure, women are the main preys of rape, domestic abuse and violence in the male-controlled societies where they are often marketed for sexual abuse.

Traditional gender roles reduced women to be just mothers and properties of men hence making them to be viewed as less intelligent (Abendroth et al., 2017; Arekapudi, 2018). Today, women have proved that they are just as intelligent and capable as the men by taking up male dominated careers and excelling in them. This has however not reduced the issue of discrimination on women, at the work places women are forced to deal with discriminative actions such as being passed over for promotion because of pregnancy (Verniers & Vala, 2018; Dixon, 2014).

Discrimination of women is viewed in regard to wage gaps, the median annual women earnings are about $ 10.086 less than that of the men’s. The proportion upsurges for the female personnel who are between the age group of 25 and 34 years thus demonstrating that the older and the younger women go through worse situations in matters of pay inequality (Arekapudi, 2018). The females in this age gap earn 90% of the men’s incomes though this is still a lesser amount than equal (Kaur & Singh, 2017; Wolfe, 2018). The saddening fact is that women earn less even in the child care job categories that are predominantly occupied by the women, with most of them earning about 95% of the men’s wages.

2010 Equality Act section 2 illustrates that it is wrong to discriminate against an employee on the basis of gender. A case example of gender discrimination is that of Tesco that is currently facing a discrimination lawsuit based on claims that the company pays more for male dominated roles. The female workers accusing the giant supermarket claim that they are normally paid, 3 Euros less than their male counterparts doing the same jobs which is against the 201 Equality Act (Britton, 2018). The male workers are said to earn about 11 Euros per hour while the female workers earn 8 Euros an hour. Tesco is currently running to a 4 billion Euros bill for the lawsuit (Britton, 2018).

Discrimination based on Disability

It is estimated that about 470 million working age population in the globe have some form of incapacity (Kruse et al., 2018). These forms of frailties vary in the nature of deficiency as well as the grade of harshness, issues such as sexual characteristics, age and monetary status all effect on their position in and admittance to the employment market (Koepke, 2018; Kruse et al., 2018). disability as defined by the law includes; total or partial loss of bodily function or a body part, people with HIV or hepatitis C, people with mental disorders and other conditions that may cause one’s learning to be slow. It is against the law to discriminate an individual because of disability that one has or is thought to have. In general, people with incapacities grieve and experience common forms of judgement. They tend to agonize high redundancy rates and they are often confronted with biases concerning their output and they are often barred from the employment market (Koepke, 2018; Wang, 2009).  In the UK, it is estimated that 52% of the all the people with incapacities do not partake in the employment force (Ameri et al., 2018). In Australia, the typical staffing cost of an incapacitated worker is 13% higher than that of a worker devoid of disability which means that most firms prefer not to employ people with disability to avoid these extra costs.

The income gap of the women with disability is Australia is 44% greater than those without incapacities, for the men with infirmities; the gap is 49% greater than those of the non dis-abled men (Kruse et al., 2018). This indicates that disability greatly factor in low earnings which is unfair and illegal according to laws against discrimination. They tend to face discrimination at the hiring stage, where most of the people that mention having a disability in their CV do not get called to interviews even when they are fully qualified for the positions that they apply for (Ameri et al., 2018). Discriminations worsen with age as well as gender, women with disabilities have fewer chances of finding jobs as compare to the men and they are more likely to agonise both bodily and sexual exploitation.

Section 15 of the Equality Act 2010 illustrates that it is wrong to discriminate against an employee because of a disability. A good case example of discrimination against persons with disability is In the case of Sadeghi v TJX UK. The claimant Mr Sadeghi accused his employer of unfairly dismissing him based on his disability from his duty because of a minor mistake that he had done (‘Redman Solicitors’, 2014).  It was held that Mr. Sadeghi was wrongly dismissed and discriminated against on the basis of his disability. Though the clamant had done some wrong, section 6 Act determined that his employer was wrong to dismiss him as a disabled person (‘Redman Solicitors’, 2014).

2010 Equality Act

There are laws that have been amended to help protect against gender and disability discrimination including the 2010 equality Act, which is against any form of sexual or disability discrimination. Under this legislation, it is termed to be illegal for people to discriminate, victimise and harass other people on the basis of gender or physical ability (Equality Act 2010). The act goes further to illustrate that at the work place people should be treated equally irrespective of their gender or abilities in all aspects of their work. The Equality Act 2010 requires employers, educational authorities and service providers to make the necessary adjustments to allow persons with disability to do their job, participate in education and access goods and services that they require (Equality Act 2010).  A good illustration of this is where schools are always to make voice recognition software packages for the student computers in order to help students with physical disabilities to cope effectively.

 There are some exemptions that have been included in the Equality Act 2010 in regard to discrimination against people with disability. It may not be termed to be against the law if an individual with disability was deterred from participating in some activities that a real risk to their health and safety (Equality Act 2010). It is also not termed to be discriminative if one’s job contract was terminated because they could not adequately perform their job even after reasonable adjustments to the work situations were made.  All people irrespective of their genders or abilities have the right to equal opportunities in education and job opportunities.

Deterring people with disabilities and women from getting proper education greatly affects their living standards as well the economy because these people do not get the chance to excel. When it comes to job opportunities, not giving these people equal job opportunities deters development. Economies grow faster when more women work because they always work extra harder to prove that they can do it and hence better results (Wolfe, 2018). A gross abuse of power, sexual abuse and other negative energy directed to women and people with disability can greatly undermine their economic empowerment and career prospects.

Conclusion

The issue of discrimination based on gender and disability is something that needs to be greatly looked into to help change the biased society. International and national actors have over the decades tried to show a commitment to increasing employment, job retention and return to work opportunities for people with disabilities but more still need to be done. National approached to combat discrimination based on gender and disability need to be better implemented because they greatly reflect on the shift from moral model to a right based approach, focusing on the social inclusion and the removal of structural inequalities while at the same time providing access to the labour market.

References

Abendroth, A.-K. et al. (2017) ‘Women at Work: Women’s Access to Power and the Gender

            Earnings Gap’, ILR Review, 70(1), pp. 190–222. doi: 10.1177/0019793916668530.

Ameri, M. et al. (2018) ‘The Disability Employment Puzzle: A Field Experiment on

Employer Hiring Behavior’, ILR Review, 71(2), pp. 329–364. doi: 10.1177/0019793917717474.

Arekapudi, N. (2018). Why gender equality starts with a change in the law. Retrieved from

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/05/over-100-countries-still-bar-women-from-working-in-specific-jobs

Britton, A. (2018, February 07). Women launch £4bn law suit against Tesco for equal pay.

Retrieved from https://www.mirror.co.uk/money/women-launch-4bn-law-suit-11983600

Dixon, K. (2014). Feminist Online Identity: Analyzing the Presence of Hashtag Feminism.

            Retrieved from https://www.theartsjournal.org/index.php/site/article/view/509

Equality Act 2010: Guidance. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/guidance/equality-act-2010-guidance

Kaur, A. And Singh, N. (2017) ‘Changing Behaviour of Society Towards Women

Empowerment’, CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, 8(2), pp. 20–23. Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=123155753&site=ehost-live (Accessed: 19 December 2018).

Koepke, A. H. (2018) ‘Adverse Employment Actions Based on Associational Disability

Discrimination’, Florida Bar Journal, 92(8), pp. 52–56. Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=131386162&site=ehost-live (Accessed: 19 December 2018).

Kruse, D. et al. (2018) ‘Why Do Workers with Disabilities Earn Less? Occupational Job

Requirements and Disability Discrimination’, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 56(4), pp. 798–834. doi: 10.1111/bjir.12257.

‘Redman Solicitors’ (2014). Employee, who suffered from depression/anxiety and was

dismissed, wins case for disability discrimination and unfair and wrongful dismissal. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.redmans.co.uk/employee-who-suffered-from-depression-anxiety-and-was-dismissed-wins-case-for-disability-discrimination-and-unfair-and-wrongful-dismissal/

Verniers, C. and Vala, J. (2018) ‘Justifying gender discrimination in the workplace: The

mediating role of motherhood myths’, PLoS ONE, 13(1), pp. 1–23. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190657.

Wang. (2009, April 02). Hate Crimes and Everyday Discrimination: Influences of and on the

Social Context. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1367882

Wolfe, L. (2018). Gender Discrimination, Sexual Misconduct, and Court Cases. Retrieved

from https://www.thebalancecareers.com/gender-discrimination-against-women-and-men-3515719

 Effects of Poverty on Children

Poverty in America is defined in a statistical manner where dollar amounts are assigned to definite variables such as family dimension and structure. This forms a least fiscal amount that is required to offer the sufficient basic requirements for a household. Any family that falls short of the specified number is termed to be poor. There are two divisions that are used to define poverty and this includes situational poverty and generational poverty. Situational poverty is where there is a sudden decline in resources for instance if the breadwinner dies, after a divorce or after one has lost his or her job (Sharkins, Leger & Ernest, 2017). This type of poverty comes with psychological impacts but it is generally considered to be temporary. Generational poverty is when a family has been experiencing social economic problems for more than three generations without any changes (Sharkins, Leger & Ernest, 2017). Children are delicate and they are affected by the living conditions around them one of them being poverty.

Statistics of children living in poverty

Almost 20% of the children that are existing in the United States that are below the age of 18 years living in poverty as current statistics indicate (Sharkins, Leger & Ernest, 2017). Poverty is however not about the numbers; the multifaceted issues that influence the children that live in poverty manifest themselves physically, socially and psychologically. Classification of children fall under the three classifications, poverty and the multitude of the complicated issues that are associated with it can have very devastating effects on the development of children and their education (Flouri & Midouhas, 2016). Almost 13 million children within the United States live in poverty which translates to one in every six children and this numbers continue to increase with time. The numbers are even worse for minority communities where (Sharkins, Leger & Ernest, 2017) indicates that one in every three African Americans children lives in poverty. The Hispanics is estimated to represent about 58% more of households that are living below the poverty levels.

Effects of poverty on child development

• Effects of poverty on youngsters’ social and education life

The psychological effects poverty on children is both stressful and damaging to the development of the child. Children that are living in poverty often feel ashamed of their situations and they are often humiliated by their status in the society (Evans, & Schamberg, 2009). As they grow older they develop insecurities as they start to understand that their worlds are different from those of their peers. This brings along some damaging negative feelings that cause the developing child to have low self-esteem, diminished self-efficacy and also educational gaps that can be observed rights from when they are in kindergarten. These children that are brought up in poverty tend to lag behind in academic performances because they do not have the necessary resources to help them have comprehensive studies (Flouri & Midouhas, 2016). The burdens of the family status and the stresses of trying to make ends meet for them often cause these children to lack proper attention that is needed in schooling thus affecting their academic performances.

• Psychological effects of poverty on children

Poverty has often been linked with stressors such substance and alcohol misuse. Living under deficiency can create astonishing quantities of pressure, hatred and irritation for parents which can in most cases central to viciousness. The children that are brought up poverty are always at high risks of experiencing mistreatments for instance physical, sexual and emotional abuse that greatly affects their psychological status (Evans, & Schamberg, 2009). The sad fact is that despite all this known stressors and the effects that they can have on children, there still exists a colossal gap between the children that need both mental and physical healthcare treatment and those that actually get a chance to receive it.  Over 50% of the children that are living in poverty always expect mental health needs but only 16% of them actually receive this help. If not taken care of, the stressors of abuse, neglect and violence on children caused by poverty can lead to serious mental and emotional damage (Sharkins, Leger & Ernest, 2017).

Most impoverished homes are likely to be those from single parent households. It is estimated that 72% of children that are living in poverty comes from single parent homes where a female is the head parent. With the limits of generational poverty, mums are likely to have petite to no prenatal attention to children and poor nourishment (Flouri & Midouhas, 2016). These poor parenting skills are always as a result of insufficient income to meet the needs if the child since the mother is expected to take care of the child and still get a job to sustain them which can be very difficult. The psychological stress of being unemployed can lead to stress on the parents causing him or her to abrasive on the child (Cuthrell et al., 2010). Parents that are under stress establish less fostering, reduced honest worry for fit growth of a child and little care for educational development on a child. The effects of careless and insufficient childcare due to poverty can central to teenage misbehaviour, inadequate and inadequate education and poor well-being practices. Short of any proper direction and training, the cycle of deficiency and abuse can rear itself and hence generate a whirlpool of generational poverty (Cuthrell et al., 2010).

• Poverty effects on nutrition for children

Poverty has a great effect on the children’s nutritional habits. Positive nourishing practices are significant for young evolving minds and physiques of children. Malnutrition can cause serious detrimental effects to reasoning, memory growth and linguistic ability (Flouri & Midouhas, 2016). Improper nutrition is something that is at epidemic proportions among children that are impoverished within the United States. Research indicates that over 12 million children consume diets that are below the recommended nutritional allowance (Flouri & Midouhas, 2016). Lack of important nutritional diet needs have negative effects on the developing brain of a child and it can also lead to development of learning disability meaning that this is an issue that exposes the potential limitations for the impoverished children.

United States spends billions trying to provide public assistance to the poor which include provision of free public education to make education available to everyone including the poor. Not much is however done to deal with the issue of malnutrition for these children because when they go to school without having proper nutrition, their chances of understanding what they are taught is weakened by poor nutrition (Evans, & Schamberg, 2009). Programs that have been created to help with food issues for the poor children are often times not effective because the funds are misused by the administrations that are supposed to distribute them.

Conclusion

Children are the future generations, this are the leaders of tomorrow. If they are not well nurtured, there is the risk of the world bringing up weak generations that are not economically capable. Governments all over the world need to look into the issue of children living in poverty and find ways to help them with the required nutritional needs, healthcare needs and educational needs to help them lead fulfilling lives that will help them change their family’s poverty status.

References

Bennett, M. (2008). Understanding the students we teach: Poverty in the classroom. The

Clearing House, 81(6), 251-257. http://www.heldref.org/pubs/tch/about.html

Cuthrell, K., Stapleton, J., Ledford, C. (2010). Examining the culture of poverty: Promising

practices. Preventing School Failure, 54(2). doi: 10.1080/10459880903217689

Evans, G., & Schamberg, M. (2009). Childhood poverty, chronic stress, and adult working

memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of

America, 106(16), 6545-6549. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0811910106 

Flouri, E., & Midouhas, E. (2016). School composition, family poverty and child behaviour.

Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(6), 817–826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1206-7

Sharkins, K., Leger, S., & Ernest, J. (2017). Examining Effects of Poverty, Maternal

Depression, and Children’s Self-Regulation Abilities on the Development of Language and Cognition in Early Childhood: An Early Head Start Perspective. Early Childhood Education Journal, 45(4), 493–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-016-0787-9

Understanding the concept of Happiness

Happiness is the complete and sufficient good for human beings. Aristotle illustrates that material wealth and comfort contributes to human beings living a fulfilling life but not basically a happy life. One can have a life where he or she has everything in regard to material wealth but they are still not happy because they do not feel like they accomplished everything that they wanted with their lives. Happiness is striving for excellence and achieving that excellence at the end without any sense of regret.  ‘He is happy who lives in accordance with complete virtue and is sufficiently equipped…throughout a complete life ‘(Aristotle & Ross, 1101a10), happiness as described by Aristotle is an end goal, one can only be defined to have lived a happy life if he was at the end if his life living excellently in a life that is morally and fundamentally right according to his needs. Happiness is all about working hard in life, achieving one’s life goals and living a successful life where one feels that that they have achieved all that they have ever wanted in life without any regrets (Jacobsen, 43).

Happiness and pleasure is often confused. People live their lives trying to satisfy their own pleasures and those of other people which can be defined as a pleasure prison. Living in pleasure prison does not make one happy because pleasure is something that is temporary while happiness is something that is sustainable in one’s life time (Wild, 256). Pleasure is one time event that can be seductive and at the same time addictive and this is why the obsession of human beings in seeking pleasure is destroying both their mental and spiritual wellbeing. Pleasure is an experience and that is why people engage in experiences such as drinking, drug use, sex or watching games and movies to try and find pleasure and it destroys their lives. Pleasure is something that is short lived unlike happiness which is a chosen path in life (Wild, 259). Pleasure can basically be described as a small section of what true happiness is all about.

The soul is the part of a human being that consist the mind, the character, thoughts and their feelings. Aristotle defines the soul as a sort of natural surroundings that defines change and it rests in living bodies for instance plants, animals and human beings (Aristotle & Ross, 412). He uses the concept of form and matter to describe the relationship between the body and soul illustrating that an ensouled living body is in some way an informed matter. The soul is what forms the active abilities of beings performing vital functions that are naturally performed naturally by organisms of its kind. This is the reason why when an organism engages in certain normal activities for instance movement, thought and nutrition among others is because it does this in virtue of the system abilities which is its soul. ‘The soul neither subsists without a body…. For it is not a body, (Aristotle & Ross, 414), Aristotle illustrates that he soul cannot be defined as a physical thing because it is a system of abilities that are manifested and possessed by the body of a suitable structure. The soul is what motivates one to work hard in life and to act in a morally accepted manner so that they can attain some happiness.

Happiness comes from the soul; it is the dominant drive of human life (Han, 294). Everything that people do in their life is meant to help them attain some sort of happiness. There are those people that believe that becoming wealthy and owning millions will make them happy and there are others who just need a job to make them happy. It is the path that one chooses to follow in their quest for happiness that will determine whether one will end up living a happily fulfilling life. Human beings are rational creatures which makes it impossible for them to attain happiness without virtue. Virtue can be defined as the quality or trait that is good and admired in the society and can help one attain happiness (Han, 295). Moral virtues are cultivated through an individual’s ways of upbringing, if a person is brought up with the knowledge of the importance of kindness, then that individual will grow up with the urge to always be kind and generous to other people because that is what is right and it hence becomes a habit.  Thus habit plays a great role in shaping an individual’s character. Virtue is related to happiness and the soul in the sense that one must want to do good in order for him to feel some happiness. If a person shows generosity but feels bad about it, then that does not qualify to be called virtuous. A person is virtuous if the good thing that he or she does comes from within his soul and it makes him feel happy doing it.

It is correct to say that happiness is the greatest good because it comes from doing something genuine for a life time without being forced by anyone or anything. Happiness as earlier defined is the success of doing good and achieving brilliance in one’s lie out of doing good. One cannot be forced to be happy; this is something that is long lived meaning that to endure happiness; one has to ensure that there is continued superiority (Jacobsen, 44).

Pleasure and happiness as earlier illustrated are two different things. Pleasure is short lived and it brings along addiction while happiness is a lifelong concept. People should refrain from pleasurable actions and strive to attain happiness in their lives. It would then be a wise idea to drop and give up a pleasurable action in order to find one’s path to happiness. Actions such as drinking, sex, eating junk foods are all pleasurable action that helps people experience some sense of joy and pleasure but they do not really bring happiness. These are things that one gets bored of with time and if not, they destroy an individual thus preventing them from achieving a greater sense of happiness.

                                                                                                                                                   Aristotle defines pleasure as an activity that is neither good nor bad. Pleasure comes from engaging in an activity that one is not hindered from (Aristotle & Ross, 1152). Something is defined to be intrinsically good when it is valuable because of what it is but not for other relational reasons. People mistake pleasure to be something that they really need but they forget the effects that pleasure has on their lives. Pleasure as advised by Aristotle should not be desired for its own sake but rather when it stimulates actions of a healthy nature. Pleasure is instrumentally good with the ground that they are the chief sources of actions and so they can be used to produce virtuous activities (Aristotle & Ross, 1152).  The choice to desire a certain pleasure should be dependent on how that pleasure was produced but rather not because of how that pleasure functions.

Works cited

Aristotle, , and W D. Ross. The Nicomachean Ethics. , 2017. Print.

Han, Hyemin. “Purpose as a Moral Virtue for Flourishing.” Journal of Moral Education, vol.

44, no. 3, Sept. 2015, pp. 291–309. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/03057240.2015.1040383.

Jacobsen, Bo. “What Is Happiness?” Existential Analysis: Journal of the Society for

Existential Analysis, vol. 18, no. 1, Jan. 2007, pp. 39–50. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=24478440&site=ehost-live.

Wild, John. “Pleasure, Happiness and the Common Good in Adler’s Ethical Doctrine.”

American Journal of Economics & Sociology, vol. 2, no. 2, Jan. 1943, pp. 255–260. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=15368072&site=ehost-live.

Introduction

Seen in the light of gradual change and development in the moral fabric of the society, it is intriguing to witness the behavioral adjustment and drastic tolerance toward sexual activities once termed immoral. The dramatic move to allow homosexuality and even bestiality in some countries captured the full attention of lawmakers all over the world. States such as Finland and Sweden legalized bestiality while other nations still hold their high moral ground on the issue as unacceptable. Furthermore, Denmark is an example of a nation that passed a law, allowing people to have sex with animals, as long as the animal remained unharmed. In the 16^th century, bestiality was unacceptable and punishable. This essay seeks to look into the history of bestiality coupled with reasons why people carryout or perform the act. In addition, the paper carries out an in-depth analysis on the attitude of bestiality in the present society, differences between bestiality and zophilia.

Bestiality And Zoophilia

Bestiality is a grave crime and rarely spoken of in most communities. In India, the sexual act might carry a heavy penalty (Earls, & Lalumiere, 2009). Psychiatric literature does not pay attention to the act despite of emerging evidence revealing a good number of people practice bestiality. In some communities, bestiality cures sexually transmitted illnesses but in reality, members of that particular society love the act and cover it through dubious myths.

One of the main reasons individuals give for engaging in zoophilia or bestiality is the attraction toward an animal or nonhuman things (Earls, & Lalumiere, 2009). The two words often mean the same thing. It implies an interest in sexual intercourse with an animal. Most of the times, zoophilia and bestiality occur interchangeably. However, some scholars claimed that zoophilia is attraction a human may feel toward an animal and bestiality refers to sexually penetrating an animal. In fact, scientists consider utilization of an animal for fulfilling sexual desires a mental disorder. To be more specific, zoophilia is a mental status in which an individual continuously exhibits attraction toward an animal. On the other hand, bestiality occurs when a person has intercourse with an animal. People with zoophilia may fail to have sexual intercourse with the animal hence zoophilia does not automatically translate into bestiality. Many studies reveal that individuals who commit the act of bestiality have no favorite animal and a person with zoophilia can feel attraction towards both a human being and an animal. There is no clear information on causes of bestiality.

Bestiality in ancient communities

Sexual relations between man and animals, an activity termed bestiality existed since ancient times in each location and tradition around the world. Ancient paintings, statues, folklores reveal the existence of bestiality in early societies. Based historical information, bestiality is as old as the human race, and valid sources proof its embrace and influence among prehistoric people. According to historians, the sexual act between a man and an animal commenced almost 40,000 years ago (Earls, & Lalumiere, 2009). The unearthing of carvings showing humans engaging in sex with animals are in various prehistoric temples signaling early man’s interaction with the act. For example, archeologists believe that bone rod found in a cave in La Madeleine, showing a lioness licking a human penis or vulva is an indicator of bestiality in the early society. To explain further, archeologists’ findings unveil bestiality in Babylonia and Mesopotamia. At other times, according to archeological findings, dogs used to maintain continuous orgies for several days.

Numerous reports suggest that bestiality trials in Europe, between 16^th and 18^th century proved that the act was a popular practice among average Europeans who lived in at time. Tales of animal birthing beasts looking creatures spread far and wide. Linking sexual transmitted infections with human sexual relations with animals was also persistent among ancient Europeans. In summary, bestiality is as ancient as human history, accepted in various early communities for various purposes.

Social factors that cause and perspectives on bestiality in both modern and ancient communities

 In some American states, such as Texas, a man or a woman can buy an animal from a pet store and then use it for sexual pleasure as long as no harm comes to the animal. The same rule applies in Finland and the beautiful landscapes of Hawaii (Earls, & Lalumiere, 2009). Thus, bestiality is not as rare as people think. Statistics on bestiality estimate that around 8% of men and 3.6% women had practiced the act once or more than twice in their lives. However, some scholars disputed the statistics as baseless and unfounded. Later a research by Morton Hunt claimed that 4.9% men and 1.9% women have sex with animals at least once in their lifetime.

Sexual deviance among modern and even ancient communities relied on the rules set on social interactions between human and other nonhuman elements. Social interactions determined what people could and could not engage in (Boggs, 2010). However, the in the present times, bestiality is a taboo and rarely brought up in conversations and never acceptable within any public domain just like acts such as masturbation. For illustration, the 2 century records instances of tremendous amounts of bestiality. As times passed, so did the attitudes and views on bestiality and by 16^th century, it became an illegal practice shunned by most communities around the world. In the 17^th century, religious leaders in Columbia stipulated rules allowing a two-year sentence on people who found engaging in sexual relations with animals. Therefore, bestiality was a taboo and religious leaders portrayed it as a supernatural act that would cause distraction.

In addition, bestiality was or is an unacceptable sexual practice. As explained earlier, bestiality threatened the natural rules of life hence was against god and norms of man. One of the ways it broke natural rules is that society thought that humans could bring fourth an offspring after having sex with an animal (Earls, & Lalumiere, 2009). Bestiality awakens emotional reactions among members of public and most individuals refer to it as disgusting and even demonic. Tales of bestiality are even in the Bible where one of the Ten Commandments warns against sleeping with animals, as the act is unclean. Consequently, the act was ungodly and threatened normal social order.

Statistical information Bestialities

Over the years, psychologists categorized bestiality based on specific animals. A cat is aelurophilia and sexual relations with a dolphin is delphinophilia (Boggs, 2010). In 1970s, John Money asserted that bestiality behaviors occurred due to lack of an alternative outlet for sexual tension. Thus, the only option was to penetrate animals. More so, people who normally engage in the behavior often seem to suffer from a mental disorder.

Research conducted in early 2000s, in the advent of internet use shows that some people seek help after discovering that they had sexual relations with animals. Besides, internet integrated people and many social media groups immerged to talk about the strange sexual preference (Boggs, 2010). Even though the internet brought the thoughts and perspective of various people under one platform, it also gave voice to the practice as people can share videos of the act and even organize events and fund raising in support for the practice. Currently, all peer-reviewed researches on bestiality gather their information from online platforms and non-health sectors. All the researches have the same conclusion and that is, people who have sex with animals do not have any other outlet or alternative but some prefer animals. The other reasons people give for bestiality hinges on loneliness and lack of love from the society. Thus, lack of affection pushes people toward animals (Boggs, 2010). For example, Hani Miletski’s assessment unveiled that out of the 93 people who practiced bestiality, only 12% of them had sexual relations due to lack of a human partner and 17% engaged in the act because they were too shy to initiate sex with other people. More so, 67% females have sexual relations with animals because of attraction toward the animal in question or because that particular pet wanted sexual relations with the female in question. Miletski sample revealed that 87% of men and 100% females preferred sexual encounters with dogs. The rest of the sample indicated 81 % men and 73% women favored horses as sexual partners. Lastly, only 8% of the sample wanted to halt the behavior. Furthermore, reports published before the year 2000 depended on scientific and medical information pointed out that most people who practiced the act were not mentally challenged or in need of any particular medical attention as an effect of bestiality.

Gaining Insight on Bestiality and social reactions

 In some societies, practicing bestiality falls under sexual abuse and carries a heavy penalty (Ferreyra, 2016). Bestiality is a taboo issue and due to the little assessment carried out in the area, there is no fundamental understanding of the practice, which in turn makes the public shy away from the topic.

Sexual contact between a man or woman with an animal varies greatly depending on factor stimulating or driving the act. For example, arousing sexual feelings from watching pornographic content, touching and even caressing are part of bestiality. In addition, absence of enough profile of people perpetrating the act limits leaves scholars remain with old findings. Bestiality is common among white men aged between 30 and 50 who asserted that the first encounter happened at 13 years of age (Ferreyra, 2016). Absence of a common demographic or pattern in terms of race, societal status and even level of education makes it difficult to find the actual underlying cause of the practice. Most studies fail to verify on greys areas such as age and rely on pseudo-scientific methods hence facts cannot apply across the board.

As stated earlier there are no medical procedures or treatments for dealing with bestiality meetings or humans with that particular sexual preference (Ferreyra, 2016). In most bestiality cases, Psychiatrists inform that bestiality is a paraphilic action but the underlying cause is not mental illness. In fact, there is no specific treatment rendered for bestiality. America and other western nations made bestiality a crime. The enactment of laws prohibiting bestiality helped regulate the behavior. An estimated half of the American population deems bestiality a distasteful act and judges usually suspend cases pertaining bestiality or defer sentencing.

Currently, experts have no mitigation measures against bestiality or equipment to foretell if one’s conduct may lead to bestiality (Ferreyra, 2016). This is because few bestiality cases come under the radar of the authorities hence few sentences and in the end, law enforcers will deal with fewer cases during their tenure in office. The positive thing relies on gaining insight on the association between human and animal.

Health risks associated with Bestiality

Leptospirosis occurs when a human have sexual relations with dogs and horses. The bacteria infection, on arrival in the human body can lead to Meningitis consequently cause death in 10% of reported cases. Another infection linked to bestiality is echinococcosis caused by a parasitic worm found in dog feces (Ferreyra, 2016). Rabies is a severe disease that might arise as a result of from dog and even horse saliva. More so, rabies is viral in nature and attacks the nervous system of the infected victim.

            Apart from infectious diseases, other risk factors arising from sexual contact with animals relate to penile cancer. 44.9% of people who practice bestiality have a higher risk of penile cancer than the rest of the population who have a normal sexual preference (Ferreyra, 2016). In fact, other sexual illnesses may arise from the penile cancer according to scientists. According World Health organization, bestiality has numerous risks but health systems all over the world do not take keen interest in catering to the needs of victims falling sick from illnesses associated with bestiality thus can eventually lead to death of the people who engage in the activity.

Impacts of bestiality

Most people practicing bestiality claim to be happy and fulfilled with the act. From a clinical perspective, there is nothing experts can do after one starts having sexual relations with animals. The only way out is a firm motivation to stop the destructive behavior but desirability will remain even if one does not make contact with animals. Bestiality can grab the attention of psychologists and educators for a number of reasons (Ferreyra, 2016). Most people carry out the practice in secret and it results to depression and separation from the rest of the society. Nevertheless, perpetrators cannot reveal the practice unless they trust the other person. Health caregivers need to be free and confidential with persons with such challenges and cater to their needs accordingly. Simply put, when experts make an effort to gain understanding on issues surrounding bestiality it might reduce the incidences all over the world.

Bestiality and Legal issues

A legal attempt to throw out a law prohibition sexual relations with animals failed to achieve its desired effect on judges in Germany. The case undertaken by a man and woman who felt the need to have sexual relations with animals claimed that Germany’s laws go against the rights of self-determination (Ferreyra, 2016). The federal court maintained its stance on the laws and did not move an itch to compromise the law and give room to bestiality. The judges asserted the protection of the animals as he main reason behind the prohibition. The reaction of the judges is an indicator of the attitude of the society toward the act. Some parts of the society suggest that their religions do not allow the practice and it is an indecent act. Each person who coerces another individual to commit sexual relations with an animal is guilty and may end up in prison for more than ten years. Committing the offence in front of a child aged 16 years old or below may carry a life sentence. Every person has a responsibility of keeping animals safe from harm and fulfilling their desires through other means and preserve ethics that goes with preservation animal rights.

An unrecognized problem

Sexual relations with an animal is one of the common cultures but unspoken of in many communities around the world. Even though the law heavily punishes the practice based on ethical and religious standard, the era of information led to more logical views about the bestiality (Ferreyra, 2016). A keen look into bestiality reveals that criminal codes and laws enacted to safeguard animals have certain loopholes in terms of the manner in which they pursue and punish such acts. Occasionally, sexual contact between a human and animal carries the term fornication with a beast. Gravitating toward erotic relationships between animals and humans does not entail aspects of voyeurism. Thus, the concept of bestiality is not simple but intricate due to the varying contacts between man and animals. The in between subgroups formed within bestiality can blur the actual act and cause confusion. Hence, to stay within the relevant topic, one needs not to differentiate or organize bestiality into sub categories.

Bestiality Perception

In ancient times, sexual activity between man and animal occurred all the time and formed part of traditions and religion. Members of communities considered it over time as a fundamental rite of passage among some societies (Bonefeld, 2012). For example, the Fulani communities saw it as a process of reincarnation and one would transfer their spirit from their bodies to the animal they penetrated. Although most sexual acts have extensive recording and documentation, bestiality remains a mystery and a wonder to many scholars and even through the eyes of the public. Media coverage on the subject is a rare.

Legal discussion in the past

From a legal perspective, judges use various methods of dealing with bestiality case. (Bonefeld, 2012) Possibly, the first time bestiality appeared under law was under the Hittite laws dating back to 1300 where men practiced it and not women and carried a heavy penalty.

Current legal position on bestiality

Present criminal laws distinguish between law and ethical views and goes on to leave to responsibility to community members and among elderly people (Bonefeld, 2012). Over the past centuries, countries such as Russia rubbed of laws that dealt with bestiality in their criminal laws. Hence, bestiality becomes relevant and punishable when people harm animals during the practice.

Conclusion

 Bestiality refers to humans having sex with animals. From time immemorial, humans practiced bestiality due to varying reasons. Sections of the society used it as a rite of passage while others claimed it heals certain venereal diseases. Whatever, the underlying cause, individuals practiced the act. Psychologists claim that there are no consistent statistics on the prevalence of the act. However, some facts unveil some truths about bestiality. There is no specific treatment toward people practicing bestiality and health systems all over the world rarely pay attention to illnesses arising from bestiality practices. Hence, people practicing sex with animals suffer from depression and even isolation from society.

Reference

Earls, C. M., & Lalumiere, M. L. (2009). A case study of preferential bestiality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(4), 605-609.

Boggs, C. G. (2010). American bestiality: Sex, animals, and the construction of subjectivity. Cultural Critique, (76), 98-125.

Bonefeld, W. (2012). From humanity to nationality to bestiality: A polemic on alternatives without conclusion. ephemera, 12(4), 445.

Ferreyra, J. (2016). Deleuze's Bêtise: Dissolution and Genesis in the Properly Human Form of Bestiality. Comparative and Continental Philosophy, 8(1), 26-36.

Introduction

‘Everybody Hates Chris’ is a television show based on the youthful life of Chris Rock. The show narrates his experiences and struggles at a white dominated academic institution in Brooklyn and the stereotypes faced by his family. Hence, the show views the characters in terms of community labels on race, which in turn helps the viewers gain insight on racial identities. More so, through the cast and their occupations, the television show limits stereotypes. For example, Chris’ father is a hardworking man, working various jobs to make ends meet for his family. Chris’ mother is no different from the father and works multiple jobs too. This essay will carry out an in-depth analysis on stereotyping black people as belonging to the low class in Brooklyn in the 1980s. In other words, the essay will touch on race, gender, and class.

Reason for associating black people with low class

Identifying the black race with poverty or lower social class standards is not a new phenomenon. The insistent inequality faced by Black Americans seems to disadvantage black communities in every corner they turn. Poverty and black community seem to go hand in hand. For example, the Rock family moves from the ghetto into an apartment in Bedford- Stuyvesant. It is vital to note that Bed-stuy is a low class location (Kellner et.al 67). Young Chris is positive about his new neighborhood until he realized that it is an all-white community. Chris anticipates the stereotypes he will face within the white dominated community. In addition, both of his parents work multiple jobs, an indication of cheap. Julius tried his best to conserve finances and avoid unnecessary expenditure (Season 1, episode 2). In other words, the struggles of black families tend to influence and push forward the notion that they are low class.

Black Americans borne in poverty or a low social class are likely to inherit their condition. It is not easy moving up the economic ladder for African Americans compared to other races such as Caucasians. One of the factors responsible for this observation is work place discrimination and high rates of imprisonment (Kellner et.al 134). For instance, Miss Morello tries to relate with her black student by pumping a fist associated with civil right movements of the 1960s. More so, during Christmas, she brings food to her student’s humble home. Her character points out perceptions surrounding black communities. Poverty and lack of a good education are hallmarks within any black community (Season 2, episode 3). Researchers claim that even after attaining an undergraduate education, blacks do not get access to financial chances vital for securing their future and expand wealth status. Hence, Miss Morello naturally treats her black student in line with society perceptions of black people.

The Black American community made significant strides from fighting for voting rights to the right to hold equal position in the society. However, the struggles are still common among most Black societies. In the 1980s, black Americans accustomed themselves to the daily disrespect and racism (Shapiro et.al 112). Discrimination often reflects on their low class position in society. Poverty leads to disenfranchisement coupled with lack of proper empowerment. Either racism can be subtle or plain obvious. Economist Lawrence confirmed that poverty rates among Black Americans was at its highest during the 1980s. In the television sitcom, Chris’ hardworking family demonstrates the critical analysis of Lawrence (Season , episode 1). In the show, the walls have graffiti, gangsters are roaming the streets depicting the poor neighborhood in which Chris, and his family calls home.

In the face of the gruesome reality of poverty, Black Americans adjust their lifestyles based on the perceptions white people have on them. They share unseen rules on how to navigate a white dominated country. On the other side, racism becomes more expressive and open toward black Americans (Shapiro et.al 131). Although the American society hinges on equal opportunities to all of its citizens, the situation on the ground suggests otherwise because the results of racism are clear whenever researchers analyze black communities. Moreover, blacks have to work twice as hard to get anywhere in life. For illustration, Rochelle is a strict and proud mother. She does not disrespect, which makes her switch from one job to another. Her attributes are stereotypical of any black mothers as being ruthless and unfeminine (Season 3, episode 5). Among African Americans, experience is a valuable tool and information acquired over the years of interaction with white people shapes their thoughts actions.

Navigating White Societies

Navigating white dominated societies is a difficult task. After the civil right organizations, in the 1980s, American legislations tried to incorporate mitigations reducing the racial disparities experienced in most American communities. For instance, proper housing, better school facilities in order to improve the lives of Black Americans amidst myriad of challenges they faced (Shapiro et.al 201). However, even if African American move from low class and assimilate into middle class, what many term as white space, there is a need to upgrade the life of low class African Americans. In the show, black children need access to quality education for the sake of having a proper foundation in life and get equal treatment. Chris gets into a fight with a school bully but the school bully beats him up and he loses (Season 3, episode 2). However, his schoolmates assume that he did more damage because of his race. Carusso lost but Chris seems more violent than his aggressor due to the color of his skin.

In spite of climbing the economic ladder, most blacks reside and educate themselves in Black dominated neighborhoods. This seclusion acts as a protection from harassment. When blacks enter white dominated spaces, at times, they face unfair treatment and sometimes arrested due to their race. Thus, while entering a white neighborhood, blacks are more careful to avoid attracting unnecessary trouble and attention to themselves. When black Americans interact with white people in a white dominated surrounding, they never give up trust easily. They assume whites are insensitive toward racial issues (Shapiro et.al 115). In the family situation comedy, Chris explains the trouble of studying in a white dominated school. In one of the episodes, Chris enlightens the manner in which his classmates treat him due to his color. Classmates treat him as an object of beauty rather than a normal person (Season 1, episode 2). Some classmates find his hair texture strange or ask racist questions on whether he knows Gary Coleman or he raps, for the sole reason he is black. In the end, they end up racially discriminating him.

Most Americans are conversant with the social challenges encountered by black Americans (Season 4, episode 1). For example, Chris’ classmates assume he has lose moral values, violent and poor. These notions mirror the opinion and attitude of white people toward low class blacks. Nevertheless, the belief that blacks are inclined toward violence is nothing strange. For centuries, being black was a crime and constructed along the lines of irresponsibility (Coleman, et.al 84). In the present society, blacks lead in teenage pregnancies, single mother families, and high rate of unemployment among other vices. Consequently, the low class has to integrate and survive.

 Racists claim that blacks are genetically inferior to other races and social problems were just a byproduct of their inferiority. Moreover, supporters of this point of view argue along the lines of black are genetically wired to partake in violent crimes and other unacceptable traits than whites (Coleman, 103). The above perspective seems to appear in some episodes of the show, ‘Everybody Hates Chris’ Chris seems to think that if he fails in school he may end up in a gang or worse(Season 4, episode 14). The whites and Chinese are smart while black kids are slow learners. Miss Morello intentionally makes racist remarks on the grade Chris scored in school but Chris ignores them to save his skin.

In the 1980s, low class black Americans had a distinct life especially among the urban class. The culture among low class blacks permits low ambitions, aggressive males, and single mother families as part of normal life. In addition, low class blacks have an abnormal family arrangement. Even though unemployment is an issue, a dysfunctional family plays a major part in facilitating poverty within the community. In fact, absence of a functional family is the cause of an ever-growing poor low class. For instance, in the show, Chris fights for respect both in his family and in the outside society (Boyd & Nancy 92). His parents harass him and his younger brother is more visible than he is(Season 4, episode 18). All material things he wishes to possess are out of his reach. This scene outlines the daily challenges faced by lower class Black American citizens and their options in terms social acceptance. Thus, the show portrays a dysfunctional family and lack of discipline among black people.

 The rationale behind low class blacks possessing traits limiting their own achievement and bear responsible over their own misfortune from one generation to the next is unfair and baseless. This is because the argument portrays poverty as a result of the thought processes of an individual rather than an unfair system that isolates and marginalizes black Americans from accessing essential amenities such as quality education and health care. It seems like poverty and family patterns are Siamese twins (Shapiro et.al 141). Family passes values and the man acts as the head and breadwinner of a family. When women bear the role of being the head of the family, shouldering every economic needs and catering the emotional needs of her children, it takes a negative toll on the family. Therefore, the situation comedy depicts Chris’ family in terms of a surviving to stay afloat even though both parents work multiple jobs to make ends meet. In addition, Rochelle claims that unlike other black women, her husband works two jobs to cater for the babies needs and she is quick to anger when she finds her children engaging in gambling or other vices such as taking drugs. Thus, through her roles, racial identity and perceptions come alive to the viewers.

Only a small percentage of blacks who grew up in a poor neighborhood, end up carrying the same behavior into adulthood. Poverty is not a culture passed from one generation to another. More so, poverty entrenches itself in the surrounding of blacks. In other words, poverty is not genetic neither is it responsible for behavioral patterns (Coleman, 89). It is for this same reason Chris has strict parents who want to shape him into a responsible adult rather and disapprove stereotypical norms encountered in the society today. In fact, Chris’s parents are disciplinarians in an attempt to shape him into a young upright black man capable of making it in life and pursuing his own goals without the supervision of adults (Season 3, episode 8). His mother runs things in the house.

There is a sharp contrast between Caucasian and black individuals. Consequently, blacks are ignorant on white culture and whites have no clue on matters pertaining black Americans. The borderline that differentiates beliefs and values taints any chances of bringing the two races together. Whites and blacks have lived separately for many years (Coleman, 88). However, in modern times, urban settings are integrating races resulting to challenges between members of various races. Black people train themselves to avoid conflict and evacuate any residence that racially discriminates against their culture. For further illustration, white people may subtly discriminate against black people by linking them to poverty even when they know little about them and their backgrounds (Season 2, episode 3). Julius, Chris father is a security man. Although Julius is a cool man, Chris cannot afford to joke with him. Even after falling sick, Chris father still works. Most importantly, the family rarely interacts with member of the white community. Hence, the distinction remains in the separation.

 Common fact is that family structure is a central element that sustains poverty among low class Black Americans. In the 1980s, six out of ten kids, were from single parent families. For any black person aged 25 years to 34 years, divorce rate is higher than white communities are. Hence, black children are likely to grow up in dysfunctional families than their counterpart white people (Boyd & Nancy 76). A family where the mother is in charge raises a black community in which youths are a product of female ideals and notions. On the other hand, focusing on single parent marriages tend to perpetuate the message that poverty is against the backdrop of poor single parent women who do not get any assistance from men. Chris younger sister symbolizes the struggles of a single woman. She is ready to defend her dignity and tells on her brothers whenever they break rules of the family. In other words, she is a pain to her brothers (Season 2, episode 7). She often gets whatever she asks for due to her manipulative skills that make people around her easily gain trust. At the end of the day, she single handedly caters to her needs and interests without.

Conclusion

 All in all, the television show succeeds to demonstrate themes such as disintegrated families, poor work principles, and lack of a proper intellectual system to facilitate decision-making. The situational comedy ridicules the struggles of low class Blacks as they live their day-to-day lives. For instance, when Chris’ mother takes him to a professor to discuss on his university plans, the professor asks about her heroin habits. The professor adds salt to injury by asking if she is in relation with more than one man. This scenario points out lack of intelligence and bad taste. The comedy covers almost all stereotypes but fails to indicate the cause of actions taken by black Americans.

Works cited

Banks, James A. Cultural diversity and education. Routledge, 2015.

Boyd-Franklin, Nancy. Black families in therapy: Understanding the African American experience. Guilford Publications, 2013.

Coleman, Robin R. Means. African American viewers and the black situation comedy: Situating racial humor. Routledge, 2014.

Kellner, Douglas. Media/cultural Studies - Critical Approaches. , Peter Lang Publishing Inc 2009.

Shapiro, Thomas, Tatjana Meschede, and Sam Osoro. "The roots of the widening racial wealth gap: Explaining the black-white economic divide." Research and policy brief (2013).

Season 1-4. Everybody Hates Chris (2005-2009). Retrieved from https://www.cbs.com/shows/everybody_hates_chris/video/2156659850/everybody-hates-chris-everybody-hates-g-e-d-/

 Emotional intelligence

• Introduction

            Emotional intelligence is defined as the ability to note and control ones emotions and also identifying the emotions of others and finding a way to manage them as well. The term was introduced by John Mayer and Peter Salavoy and was later made popular by Dan Goleman. In defining emotional intelligence, the researchers argued that EI involves a person’s ability to understand their emotions and that of other people and then finding a way to manage how these emotions affect the way people interact with one another. Emotional intelligence therefore means that people not only have the ability to identify their emotions but also see how the impact they have on their behavior as well as the impact they have on others, whether positive or negative, and how they can manage their own emotions or that of others to achieve a positive outcome especially in the workplace. In the case of Uber, the transport company can rely on emotional intelligence to not only identify how emotions affect performance but also come up with ways to motivate its employees and help them achieve their personal objectives as well as the overall company goals.

• Emotional intelligence and motivation

Since emotions greatly contribute to the attitude that employees have towards a specific task or their job in general, management can find ways to appeal to the employees emotions and motivate them to be more committed and efficient. The self management building block of emotional intelligence could be of great help in assisting managers to enhance employee performance and create better job satisfaction (Goleman, 2009). Through self management, managers can identify factors like adaptability, positive outlooks, and emotional self control as well as how to become achievement oriented. Since emotional intelligence is both about the emotions of an individual as well as those from people the individual interacts with, managers can identify similar traits in employees and come up with ways to utilize them to motivate employees.

Managers can use the positive reinforcement approach to influence its employees and resolve the issue of confidentiality currently being experienced in Uber. With the advancement in technology, the company has to keep on updating its software so as to ensure the data exchanged with customers is safe and secure (Goleman, 2009). Since these changes will require employees to keep improving their skills, adaptability will be an important skill and management should focus on creating a positive attitude. Through positive reinforcement, the company can reward employees that are quick to learn new tasks. If, for example, new software is introduced, employees can be given bonuses depending on who fully learns to use it first and uses it to create transparency within the organization (Goleman, 2009). This will not only resolve the issue at Uber but also help employees adapt to the changes within the organization with a positive attitude.

• Emotional intelligence and social skills and decision making

The core concepts of emotional intelligence include; emotional awareness; the ability to work the emotions; and the ability to manage the emotions accordingly. These concepts, if well utilized, can greatly enhance the social and decision making skills of members in a team as they make people more aware of how they affect each other (Boyatzis et al, 2017). Emotional awareness makes people aware of not only their emotions but also those of other people. This helps to assess the state of mind a person is and as a result, makes it easier to engage with people in respect to what mood they are in. people who are aware of their emotions as well as those of team members are more likely to get along as they will interact in a way that is considerate of each other’s attitudes.

In relation to the ability to harness the emotions, managers can come up with ways to assign tasks to employees depending on the state of their emotions. Those who are troubled by emotions or stressed should not be assigned demanding tasks or responsibilities that require a lot of thinking (Boyatzis et al, 2017). Through emotional intelligence, managers will have an easy time making decisions especially when assigning duties. Lastly, managing ones emotions can be very helpful in improving social skills and decision making. Managers can teach employees how to calm themselves and others; when to cheer on each other and also how to keep emotions from interfering with job performance. Decisions will therefore be made without the bias of emotions and employees can peacefully coexist with one another as they respect each other’s emotions.

• Effective teams

To be successful, members of an organization must work as a team when trying to meet the company objectives. Managers must therefore ensure that the teams in the workplace possess the attributes that will be beneficial to the organization. One of the attributes that an effective should possess is clear goals (Wheelan, 2014). Goals are important as they communicate to employees what is expected of them and the role they play in meeting the company objectives. To develop positive team dynamics, the manager should make employees part of the goal setting process. If employees are involved in setting up goals and objectives, they will be more committed to bring them to fruition as they will feel responsible for something they started.

In addition to clear goals, defined roles are an important part of successful teams as they make it easier to assign duties and enhance accountability. When employees understand what they are required to do, they are able to commit to their duties because it is clear what input they add to the organization. Managers can engage with employees to assess their strengths and weaknesses before assigning roles (Wheelan, 2014). Doing so ensures that employees are assigned roles that they can carry out. Employers can also use training to enhance the skills and knowledge that the employees possess and this will go a long way into enhancing their overall performance.

• Reward systems

            In the case of uber, the most efficient reward system will be one that is based on an incentive plan aimed at rewarding employees because of both their behavior and their performance. The incentive plan will examine the attitude and commitment that employees have so as to determine their behavior as well as their overall performance in the workplace. Employees will be rewarded depending on how well they fulfill their jobs (Eerde, 2015). Performance reviews will therefore be conducted on a regular basis to compare employee performance. In relation to behavior, customer feedback as well as information from other employees will be used to determine the behavior of individuals while at their places of work. Those who qualify will reserve incentives such as gift vouchers, recognition as employee of the month, salary increment and even retreats depending on the impact that their performance and behavior has had on the overall company objectives (Eerde, 2015). The aim is to reward individual not only to appreciate their good work but also to encourage others to emulate their attitude towards work. The incentive plan will therefore be an ideal motivational tool as it will encourage those rewarded to maintain their good performance while still encouraging others to follow in their footsteps so as to get rewarded.

• Conclusion

Emotional intelligence is an important tool in management as it helps managers to not only control the impact that they have on employees but also how to utilize their emotions and motivate them to become better at their jobs. Emotions greatly affect the attitude that employee shave towards work and how well they perform their duties. By learning how to identify and manage employees’ emotional state, managers are in a better position to motivate employees as they will present instructions and guidelines to employees in a manner that is easily acceptable to them. Managers are also able to assign tasks and delegate duties to members of a team with the knowledge of who is best suited to perform specific tasks and the best people to put in a team. While it may be difficult to identify employee emotions at times, emotional intelligence is a trait that managers should possess and be able to pass it on to employees so as to assist in meeting the overall company goals and objectives. Managers must also be aware of their own emotions as identifying and managing them will make them better suited at performing their jobs and influencing others positively.

References

Boyatzis R, Davidson J, Druskat V,  Goleman D and Kohlrieser, “Building blocks of emotional   intelligence: Emotional self awareness, a primer” More Than Sound, retrieved from,             http://mindfulleadershipconference.com/wp-content/uploads/Dan-Goleman-Emotional-     Self-Awareness.pdf

Eerdie V, (2017) “Motivation and reward systems” Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, retrieved from, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313993584_Motivation_and_Reward_Systems

Goleman, D. (2009). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.

Wheelan, S. A. (2014). Creating Effective Teams: A Guide for Members and Leaders.

                        Gender roles in the 19^th century and their implications

One major goal of feminist literature is to help determine the kind of voice that women have in the society that has over the years been dominated by the men. Women have always been viewed to be unimportant as compared to the men and this is one reason why the world in most case is always presented in the male point of view. Both Chopin and Gilman’s try to illustrate the plight of women in the society through their works where they present their characters as female protagonists that are victims of the male dominated society. This is a society where the freedom of women is limited because of the traditional gender roles; women are expected to be bow to their husbands while taking care of their homes. Women just like men have their needs and they need to be given a chance to have a life outside their normal housewife roles, women need to find their own identities in order for them to feel contented with life.

The authors’ relations to the themes in their works

Both the stories are partly based on the past experiences of the authors who use the stories to tell the plight of many women that were unsatisfied with their role in the society during this era. Gilman brilliantly constructs the short story ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ to convey the psychological downfall of women during that time. The short story is partly based on Gilman’s life and the problems that she faced throughout her life including mental breakdown. Though there were few women that were content with their roles during this time, many of them like Gilman faced the attributes of suppressed feelings that led to the major concerns for instance the control on women and mental health issues for the women. Chopin in ‘A pair of Silk Stockings’ maintains a predominant theme of woman’s conformism, sexuality and protagonists in marriage just like is the same with Gilman. Being a widow and taking care of young children, Chopin greatly swayed her writing on women in the society and she acted as the power of speech of many women during that era whose voices were silenced. Chopin through the themes of her works was not ready to allow her life to be meaningless, she showed the world that she could be a mother and at the same time have a career something that greatly motivated many women during this era.

Impacts of male domination on women in the 19^th century

Both ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ and ‘A pair of Silk Stockings’ were written in the late 19^th century, a time when the men dominated the society and the women had to do what the men required from them and that is taking care of the home and the children (Bittel, p. 109). The 19^th century was a time when female writers like Gilman and Chopin were struggling to tap into the emerging feminist consciousness among the women with America. Women during this time were beginning to realize their place in the society and they were getting fed up of having no identity outside of their marriage and motherhood roles. When the industrialization period began, the role of women in the society was beginning to shift. Women were starting to realize that they can be more than just homemakers (Bittel, p. 114).

The husbands control over their wives is illustrated in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ where the protagonist suffering from a mental illness is forced to stay in a closed room with her husband diagnosis of her ailment as just temporary (Gilman, p. 8). The protagonist insists that she has a more serious ailment but she has no power to do anything about her own ailment because the society has rendered the men to be the decision makers.  The diagnosis by John serves as a restraint on the behaviour of the protagonist, this diagnosis that is backed by her brother helps to name the reality and considerable power that the men have over the women during this time. The diagnosis is an allegory for a man’s will being forced upon the women unwillingly and unfairly.

The protagonist feel trapped in her life and because she is not permitted to speak to her husband she discloses her thoughts to her journal that she keeps in hiding because her husband do not like the idea of her writing. The protagonists is not allowed to speak or even think about her illness by John her husband which is just another illustration of the male dominance in the society during this era (Gilman, p. 26). The narrator is a powerless woman that cannot even control her own ailment and science in this case is used to define the condition of the woman. This is a reflection of the society in the late 1800s where matters of science and medicine were only controlled by the men, because were not viewed to be as intelligent. ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ helps to show the way that women in this period were controlled by the image of women being destitute and the supposition that men understand what is in the long run best for them. John in this case does not give the narrator the chance to control her treatment, a good illustration of this is when she complained and suggested that the wall paper be detached because it does not make her comfortable.  John in this case refused without considering her argument illustrating that she was just assuming it (Gilman, p. 32). In this case the wallpaper sources the narrator discomfort but the male power figure who is  John has the ultimate say and the wallpaper could not be removed because he said so.

Role of motherhood effects on women in the 19^th century

All through history, there has been a presentation of women getting subjected to specific gender roles of motherhood and the concept of housewife (Bittel, p. 115). But women have over the years challenged these roles from the likes of Susan Anthony who campaigned for the voices of women to vote all the way to Oprah who challenged these roles to show that women can be just as great and even better business women in the world. Chopin through her story has given a voice of hope and courage to think outside of the normal female gender roles. In her story ‘A pair of Silk Stockings’, she uses metaphors to indicate how women often fight to struggle to do their role as mothers and wives but also desire to have their own time. Mrs. Sommers after having the role of a mother needed some alone time where she could feel some lightness of freedom. Though she is at the beginning of the story brought out as a woman that deeply cares for her children, she is also shown to want some life for herself (Chopin, p. 55).

The concept of men looking down on women during this period made them feel like they needed to have more responsibilities as well and this also made them want to enjoy their wants selfishly. When Mrs. Sommers receives the fifteen dollars, she is eager to please her children and also satisfy her own needs (Chopin, p. 55). She is brought out as a character that has repressed needs and wishes that later on take control of her and shrink reasons and leads her to surrender to the pleasure of pleasing herself.  When she if first presented in the story, she is an organized lady that who never acts on impulse and she never thinks of anything beyond her immediate life as a mother and a martyr. She often sacrifices herself to the mere extent of depriving herself of the minimum amount of necessary nutrition and of any time that is dedicated to her personal needs. Because all requirements that would help preserve her fit and gratified are overlooked on a daily basis, she enters a state of disinterest from her own body and actuality which then leads to this unconscious behaviour that is no longer determined by any enthusiasm other than the safeguarding of her children’s comfort (Chopin, p. 56)

The inner delicacy and expensive tastes that Mrs. Sommers displays during her shopping is an illustration and proof of the fact that she was not completely settled into the impoverished widow life style that she had been imposed on by her unfortunate circumstances (Chopin, p. 57). In the course of her escaping the needs and wants of her family, Mrs. Sommers was able to achieve self-discovery and was able to reiterate the ease of her former life and this is illustrated when she acquires two magazines that she used to read before she got married (Chopin, p. 57). The short story illustrates the burdens of motherhood for women that deprive them of their true identities. Women in this era as presented by Mrs. Sommers were deprived of the luxuries and their rights to be individuals rather than objects and subjects that are just dedicated to the needs and wishes of other people.

Conclusion

Both the protagonists in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ and ‘A pair of Silk Stockings’ rebel against the constraints that are imposed on women by means of social institutions such as marriage. In the end of the short stories all the characters are brought out as women that have understood their roles outside their homes and they all feel like they have been released from their captive lives. The protagonists in both these texts are white, urban middle class women who have become isolated from the politics of choice and they all feel trapped within the household sphere and male dominated society. The two short stories help to address the few feminist issues that were particularly relevant at the need of the 19^th century. Many feminists during this period were focused on criticising the exclusion of divergent versions of female experience. The two texts help in offering a limited perspective on issues of women during this period and also portray the social status of the American women.

Works cited

Bittel, Carla. “Woman, Know Thyself: Producing and Using Phrenological Knowledge in

19th-Century America.” Centaurus, vol. 55, no. 2, May 2013, pp. 104–130. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/1600-0498.12015.

Chopin, Kate. A Pair of Silk Stockings and Other Stories. Mineola, N.Y: Dover Publications,

1996. Print.

Gilman, Charlotte P. The Yellow Wall Paper. Boston: Small, Maynard, 1899. Print.

Family Caregiver support for the elderly

Introduction

            The topic on family care giver support groups for the elderly has become a common issue amongst United States citizens in the United States and other countries across the globe. The Population of the United States, for example, is made up of a significant percentage of people aged 80 years and above. The group is characterized by people who have cognitive impairments or find it difficult to undertake various physical activities like walking, bathing among others. Since the number of elderly people is constantly increasing, there is a significant gap between the demand and supply for family caregivers which mean the situation will continue to worsen if a solution is not reached. There is also the issue of the nature of the American families whereby most people do not have children, are divorced or have fallen off with family members and therefore lack caregivers in their old age. Although care giving is seen as a moral obligation, family caregivers are at risk of financial constraints and mental risks and must therefore be provided with the resources and assistance needed to make care giving a less tasking obligation than it already is.

Rationale

            The responsibility of taking care of the elderly has a lot of challenges as it involves taking care of another person on top of carrying out other duties. Most family caregivers have to take on the responsibility of looking after the elderly in the family and still take on their duties and responsibilities. While taking care of an elderly is more of an obligation than a duty, family caregivers find it challenging because they also have to handle responsibilities from their places of work as well as the family (Brito et al, 2018). In today’s society, family caregivers must also learn medical and technical procedures that are involved when taking care of old people. Taking care of the old involves the use of various medical and technological devices, giving medications, monitoring the symptoms, noting side effects that may come about as a result of taking specific medications among other tasking requirements (Brito et al, 2018). The strain of taking on these responsibilities combined with the emotional stress caused by seeing a loved one in such a helpless state makes family care giving more challenging and family caregivers need all the help they can get if they are to offer the best level of care to their loved ones.

            In some occurrences, care giving brings about a sense of confidence which could give one a sense of purpose to those that find taking care of others fulfilling. In such a scenario, the caregiver places a lot of emphasis in improving their skills as they strive to give the best level of care to the elderly. While such outcomes do occur, they are rare as care giving tends to take a toll on the caregivers due to the added responsibilities it creates (NASEM, 2016). Various researches conducted on the effect of caring for the elderly suggests that caregivers are more likely to experience anxiety, depression, and emotional distress and even tend to isolate themselves from society compared to non caregiver families. They are also more likely to have poor physical health, high stress hormones and are more likely to suffer from chronic diseases. The effect is however different depending on the duration the care giver spends with the elderly; the most affected being those that spend longer hours with elderly people suffering from other medical conditions (NASEM, 2016). This is especially because the caregivers tend to be strained as a result of their economic status; they tend to believe that those under their care are suffering even when they may not be; have no option but to take care of the elderly person; and lack social support.

Objectives

            The main objective is to demonstrate the challenges that family care givers for the elderly face and what can be done to make care giving easier. Since the number of elderly people that need caregivers is on the increase, there is need to create  platform that will see family caregivers get the help and support they need to assist the elderly without being affected by the added responsibilities. The goal is therefore to demonstrate how giving assistance to family caregivers through monetary support and training will reduce the negative outcomes associated with family care giving.

Practical considerations

            Family caregivers often have to readjust their schedules to fit care giving into their daily routines. Often times, the caregivers are employed and have to find a way to balance employment, social life and taking care of the elderly. Since most of their time is spent at their workplace, finding time to take care of the elderly requires people to spend less time working and this reduces the amount of money they make (FCA, 2018). Others may even lose their jobs in cases where employers are demanding and this negatively impacts their finances. Other than losing jobs, there is also the risk that those who remain employed miss out on promotions, bonuses as they have to spend time taking care of the elderly instead of promoting their careers. With the need for medication, equipment and other services that the elderly need, financial needs keep on increasing and losing a job of missing out on a promotion adds on to the strain associated with family care giving for the elderly.

Procedures

            The first step to assist family caregivers for the elderly should be to enact policies that offer financial assistance to family caregivers. A good example of this would be to offer paid leave to family caregivers so as to give them time off work to take care of the elderly without incurring any form of financial loss (Eden & Schulz, 2018). Employers can also be instructed to offer special work schedules for family caregivers to allow them the time needed to take care of the elderly without fear that the added responsibilities will affect their work. The financial assistance and freedom provided will ensure that family caregivers have the time and money needed to take care of the elderly and therefore reduce the amount of stress caused by financial constrains.

            Other than offering financial assistance, society needs to have a better understanding on the challenges involved when taking care of the elderly. While taking care of the old is a family responsibility, the state of the family unit especially in the United States should focus on assisting the elderly not only for family members but also members of the community. When taking care of the elderly becomes a societal responsibility, the responsibilities are likely to be shared and this will greatly reduce the amount of stress caused by taking care of their needs (Eden & Schulz, 2018). Family caregivers will have added assistance financial, emotional and physical to help in handling the duties and responsibilities. In such a scenario, the burden of taking care of the elderly will be shared and the likelihood of caregivers suffering from stress and depression will reduce.

Evaluation

            The effectiveness in offering assistance to family caregivers can be assessed by observing the mental and physical state of both caregivers and the elderly. Financial records for caregivers will give a depiction of whether the assistance given by society and the government has had any impact on the care givers income (Gross, 2011). If successful, the caregivers should have the same or better income compared to the period before they became caregivers. The records will thus prove that offering services to the elderly in no way affects the income of the caregivers. Another tool that can evaluate the effectiveness of the assistance given to caregivers could be the statistics on the number of caregivers seeking medical and psychological assistance associated with offering assistance to the elderly (Gross, 2011). A decline in the number of caregivers suffering from emotional stress will be a good indicator as it will mean that the implementation of policies aimed at helping the caregivers is successful and that they have lesser issues to stress over.

References

Family Caregiver Alliance, (2018) “Support groups” retrieved from,           https://www.caregiver.org/support-groups

Gross, J. (2011). A bittersweet season: Caring for our aging parents{u2014}and ourselves.

In Schulz, R., & In Eden, J. (2016). Families caring for an aging America.

National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine, (2016) “Families caring for an aging             America, The National Academies Press, retrieved from,             https://www.nap.edu/catalog/23606/families-caring-for-an-aging-america

Nunes, Daniella Pires, Brito, Tábatta Renata Pereira de, Corona, Ligiana Pires, Alexandre, Tiago             da Silva, & Duarte, Yeda Aparecida de Oliveira. (2018). Elderly and caregiver demand:        proposal for a care need classification. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 71(Suppl. 2),          844-850. https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0123

My Great Desire to Join the Guidance Counselling Program

The first time that I entered a guidance counselling office was back when I was in my junior year due to my deteriorating academic performance. During this time, my life was falling apart because of the things that I was going through in both my school and home life. At school, I was getting bullied because of my ethnicity, coming from a single family things at home were worse because I never had any connection with my mother who was always away working to try make ends meet. I felt hopeless and life was meaningless until I met the school counsellor. I felt alone and miserable but thanks to the counselling that I got, my life turned out well and I was able to join college where I pursued human services because I always felt that my passion is with listening to people and helping them out.  My school counsellor always listened to my problems and I felt that I had someone that I could trust and talk to whenever I had a problem and this is what triggered my desire to become a guidance counsellor.

I believe the greatest problem that is faced by students is bullying, I experienced that and the stigma almost destroyed me. I remember one time when I was in 2^nd grade one of the students stuck gum in my hair and then went ahead to cut it, I was so humiliated with no one to help me not even my teachers or even the administration that was equally discriminating. It is for this reason that I detest any kind of discrimination, I am an advocate for every individual who gets ill-treated and I am always ready to stand with them and encourage them to fight on with life and avoid the negative energy. I am a humble and honest individual and this makes people feel safe around me; in my family, I am referred as the best person to seek advice from when one is going through an issue because I am always ready to listen and offer sensible advice.

Though I have not been able to complete my graduate degree, I have 15 years of human service experience in the higher education capacity where I offer guidance to candidates that are joining the higher education institution. This job gives me the chance to interact on a personal level with these young people that are trying to pursue their life goals. It makes me very happy when I inspire their lives and they later come back to thank me with their success stories.

As a mother of teenagers, I understand the way that young people reason and view life. I understand that sometimes they just need someone to listen to them without judging them and I know that this is what I want to do for the rest of life. My unfortunate experiences as a young person have given me the understanding of how difficult life can be for some students in both at school and at home leading them hopeless. I believe that I have the charisma to help such students and change their perspective about life through guidance and counselling. I hope that you will consider my greatest desire to help the young people regain hope for a better future.

Analysis of the four research paradigms

Research is a systematic way that is used for enquiry and investigation whereby data is collected and analysed on the basis of which the results are interpreted and the conclusions are drawn. The research paradigms refer to the research frameworks that are derived from the belief system about the knowledge of the information (Dash, 2005). In this context the research paradigms that will be analysed include; positivism, critical, pragmatic and interpretivism.

The first paradigm is Positivist paradigm, this paradigm was first proposed by Auguste Comte.  Comte hypothesized that investigation; reflexion and purpose that are based on understanding should be the foundation for understanding human conduct (Lather, 2006). Positivist paradigm comprises a procedure of investigation that is used to explore interpretations and also answer queries. It is basically used to examine for cause and influence relationships in nature, it is the ideal research method that attempts to understand observations in terms of actualities and quantifiable units. The research that is found through this paradigm depend on on rational logic, invention of theory, testing of those hypotheses and offering processes descriptions and mathematical equations to derive conclusions (Mackenzie & Knipe, 2006). The paradigm purposes at providing clarifications and making forecasts that are founded on assessable results. Positivist paradigm essentially refers to the researcher’s effort to explicate the phenomena that they are reviewing in the most efficient way possible. The results that are assimilated through this technique should be relevant in other circumstances by inductive implications (Lather, 2006). There are four assumptions that are connected with this paradigm and they include; determinism, empiricism, parsimony and generalizability. The research methods that are applied in this paradigm include; trials and tests because these are approaches that can be evaluated and used to sustain a theory (Hustler, 2005).

The second paradigm is interpretivist paradigm, this paradigm came about in the 20^th century where Wilhelm Dilthey greatly influenced its tactic as he illustrated that the investigation of the topic matter in natural sciences is dissimilar as compared to social sciences because people as compared to innate entities can understand the surroundings and themselves (Torrance, 2005). The paradigm opposes positivist paradigm in that its essential objective is to recognize the subjective world of mortal knowledge. The method attempts to understand and deduce the subjects that are being studied by figuring out what they are thinking (Onwuegbuzie, 2000). The emphasis in this case is located on considering the subjects and their examination of the world around them. The paradigm suggests that realism is communally assembled and hence its description as a constructivist paradigm. In this paradigm unlike in positivist paradigm, theory does not come first before the research but rather follows it so that it is based on the data that is created by the investigation. Data in this paradigm is collected and examined in a manner that is dependable with grounded theory. This paradigm adopts four basics including; subjectivist epistemology, relativist ontology, a naturalist methodology and a balanced axiology (Elliott & Lukes, 2008). Unlike in positivist paradigm, interpretivist paradigm does not permit for simplification since it encourages the study of a small quantity of cases that do not relate to the entire populace. Interpretivist paradigm includes research approaches such as focus groups and study records which allow for many variables to be documented (Cousin, 2005).

The third paradigm is Critical paradigm, this paradigm originated from the critical theory that is attributed to Karl Marx, George Hegel and Paulo Freire whose focus was on eradicating prejudice in the society (Lather, 2006). Unlike in the other two discussed above positions its investigation in matters of social integrity and it pursues to address the dogmatic, societal and financial issues which central to social repression, struggle and power assemblies at any levels that they may transpire (Mackenzie & Knipe, 2006). The paradigm is also commonly known as transformative paradigm because of its role in altering the policies so as to be able to challenge social domination and mend the social impartiality in the overall. This paradigm is comparable to interpretivist paradigm in that it recognises that exploration is not worth free, it illustrates that research is all about actively challenging clarifications and standards in-order to bring about variation. The paradigm just like in interpretivism uses study approaches such as interviews and debates that tolerate association and they can be cautiously organized in such a way that there is no discrimination (Creswell, 2003).

The last paradigm is Pragmatic paradigm, this paradigm is different from all the other paradigms in that it advocates for mixed methods as a practical technique of understanding human performance. The philosophers that came up with it argued that a mono-paradigm orientation was not good enough, a world view that provides approaches of study that are viewed to be most suitable for reviewing the phenomena at hand is what is needed (Saunders et al., 2012). The most important and distinctive feature of this paradigm is that it rejects the distinction between realism and antirealism which is the major debate between positivism and interpretivism paradigms. Pragmatic paradigm advocates for an interpersonal epistemology meaning that relationships within a study are determined by what the researcher sees is right and appropriate for that study (Elliott & Lukes, 2008). The paradigm advocates for the exploitation of the best methods available as long as the method used is effective.

References

Cousin, G. (2005). Case study research. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 29(3),

            421–427.

Creswell, J.W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods

            approaches, (2nd edn). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Dash, N. K. (2005). Module: Selection of the research paradigm and methodology. Retrieved

on November 9, 2018, from http://www.celt.mmu.ac.uk/researchmethods/Modules/Selection_of_methodology/index.php.

Elliott, J. and Lukes, D. (2008). Epistemology as ethics in research and policy: The use of

            case studies. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 42(S1), 87-119.

Hustler, D. (2005) in Goldbart, J. and Hustler, D., ‘Ethnography’. In Somekh, B. and Lewin,

1. (eds). Research methods in the social sciences. London: Sage Publications.

Lather, P. (2006). Paradigm proliferation as a good thing to think with: teaching research in

education as a wild profusion. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19(1), 35–57.

Mackenzie, N. and Knipe, S. (2006). Research dilemmas: Paradigms, methods and

methodology. Issues in Educational Research, 16(2), 193–205. Retrieved November 9, 2018, from http://www.iier.org.au/iier16/mackenzie.html.

Onwuegbuzie, A.J. (2000). Positivists, post-positivists, post-structuralists, and post-

modernists: Why can’t we all get along? Towards a framework for unifying research paradigms. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Educational Research, Ponte Vedra, Florida.

Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. (2012) “Research Methods for Business Students”

            6^th edition, Pearson Education Limited

 A sense of place and achievement of the American dream

The American Dream is the chance for every individual to pursue their dreams in regard to careers, irrespective of their social class, beliefs or ethnicity as long as they are willing to work hard. Abraham Lincoln is a good example of what an American dream is truly is, this was a man that came from nothing but believed in himself and he became an American president (Winger, 2001). The American dream is the opportunity for every person to work hard in what they feel that they are good at and become better at it in order to attain happiness and also prosperity at any place they wish to be without any discrimination.

A sense of place has a great impact on the achievement of the American dream. Over the years, people all over the world have always perceived America to be the place where you can achieve any dream that you want and this is the dream destination for everyone seeking to attain the American dream. This is because the American society allows for all the cultures no matter how peculiar they may be to prevail without any sort of discrimination (Kiger, 2017). Many of the new career choices such as choreography, modelling, Musicians and fashion design among many others that have come to be accepted as actual careers in the world all began in the American Society.

This is unlike in other continents like Africa for instance where discrimination of some people for instance homosexuals limits their ability to pursue their chosen career paths. The American Society has created a platform where different ideas are accepted and explored before any negative judgements are made and hence creating an opportunity for every individual to accomplish their dreams. The chance for people to be themselves at their chosen environments is what makes up the American Dream.

References

Winger, S. (2001). Lincoln's Economics and the American Dream: A Reappraisal. Retrieved

from https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0022.106/--lincoln-s-economics-and-the-american-dream-a-reappraisal?rgn=main;view=fulltext

Kiger, P. (2017). How the American Dream Works. Retrieved from

            https://people.howstuffworks.com/american-dream3.htm