Week 8 Discussion- SOC301

  The following factors influence social mobility;

Motivation and hard work- people, not only desire for a better life, but they also want to improve their social status. In the social stratification, people work hard to fulfill the desire. Since social mobility causes changes in the stratification hierarchy, people are motivated to work hard to attain greater status and wealth (Rotberg, 2000).

 Education-people moves from one place to another to obtain higher education to be in a position of climbing a higher social and economic ladder. Education will help individuals occupy higher paying jobs and higher social status.

  Social structure-factors such as economic expansion forces people to move from one place to other to provide technical skills required for job completion. The economic expansion also forces people to find skills and training which will help gain higher economic rewards and higher position (Rotberg, 2000).

 Industrialization- this is a factor that influences the social mobility in that since the period of Industrial Revolution, there were new social systems where social status was defined according to the level of skills and training. Thus, people moved to industrial towns for vocational training and search for jobs.

 Modernization-the advanced technology has made people shift from the tradition occupations to great opportunities and new jobs where they apply scientific knowledge and technology. People discard the pre-modern and enter the modern society where they apply modern ideas and knowledge that help them climb a higher social and economic ladder (Rotberg, 2000).

Sin and deviance

To understand how sin and deviance are related, it is important to understand their meaning. First, sin is a state when a person does against what God calls good. On the other hand, deviance is a state where individual violates what the society calls well (Goode, 2015). The relationship comes in when good behaviors are defined to be the behaviors that conform to what the society and God defines good and, evil is what both God and society define as evil.   Both sin and deviance involve a free choice to do what God and society call evil or good.  However, sin and deviant differ in that on sin, a human being encounter definitional burden in trying to understand the true evil and false evil. Also, there is a burden of choice and burden of acceptability which forces the human being to make a choice and accept responsibility (Goode, 2015). On deviance, human beings can differentiate between good and evil as they act as a definitional authority. They have a definitional responsibility, decisional responsibility and admission responsibility to choose between good and evil. 

References                

In Goode, E. (2015). The handbook of deviance. Hoboken : Wiley-Blackwell

Rotberg, R. I. (2000). Social mobility and modernization: A Journal of interdisciplinary history reader. Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.: MIT Press.

 Rape Victims and their Rights 

The Current Research and Prevalence of Rape Cases

Sexual violence occurs all over the world. Despite the fact that in some countries there have been minute studies carried out regarding the problem, accessible data imply that in some countries, almost one out of four women may go through sexual violence by a close partner and about a third of teenage girls describe their first sexual incident as being enforced. Sexual violence has an insightful impact on physical as well as mental wellbeing. Rape causes physical damage and is linked to increased risk of a variety of sexual as well as reproductive health tribulations with both instant as well as continuing effects.  The aftermath of rape on psychological health can be as severe as its physical effects and might be evenly lifelong. Deaths as a result of sexual violence are mostly due to suicide, assassination or HIV infection. Compelled sex might generate sexual fulfillment on the part of the performer, though its causal rationale is often the appearance of poor and supremacy over the battered person.  Time and again, men who sexually intimidate a spouse consider their actions lawful since they are already in a relationship.

Options Available To the Victim of Rape in the Civil Court

Victims of sexual assault are entitled to file court cases against the person responsible for the rape case in a civil court. Despite the fact that any kind of sexual assault incident can generate a criminal persecution which can result being in the penitentiary, fines, audition and other sanctions alongside the defendant if a certainty is achieved, a civil lawsuit is typically the only way that a sexual assault victim can get financial compensation and justice for the harm experienced. In so far as providing evidence for the defendant is legally responsible for the assault, the incidence can develop an illegal tribunal and the victim might have a better chance to succeed in the proceedings (Easteal, Levy-Peck & McOrmond-Plummer, 2014).

In rape cases, there are advocate programs that offer victims information regarding the variety of alternatives available to them and support their verdicts. Advocates are dedicated to maintaining the highest levels of privacy in their contact with victims. In the same way, civil proceedings are used to provide the victim with a chance to justify their individual privileges. Civil suits presented by victims serve both to accurate indemnities from perpetrators as well as to give confidence to potential third parties to agree to adequate crime deterrence procedures. However, the performance of this tactic is worldwide difficult as it calls for national or global laws conceding authority and governments and organizations that are willing to prosecute the offenders. While some states have laws facilitating this kind of trial but is not available in others (Easteal, Levy-Peck & McOrmond-Plummer, 2014). Additionally, while some countries have presented charges against armed forces officials, the evolution of these cases to audition has been made tricky in some countries by the threats and assassinations of eyewitnesses.

The Type of Committed Crime

The mentioned case is a spouse/partner rape.  This kind of rape occurs when the other half or partner has sex with the other partner without their consent. This takes account of the victim feeling pressured, endangered or compelled into participating in any sort of sex when the other person does not desire or is physically enforced into it. Partner rape could come about to men as well as women of any age, background or sexual personality. This kind of rape is generally part of a current abusive correlation but might occur at a remote event within a relationship that is if not deferential and identical. The assault could occur between a woman and man or associates of a similar gender (Yllö & Torres, 2016). People doubt how unnecessary sex with someone formerly or presently cherished could be considered as rape.  In the same way, victims of spouse rape feel painful cataloging their experiences as rape and their associates as rapists. Regardless of whether the experience is branded awful whether informed to the police, support is on the other hand always available.

Need For Creating a Constitutional Amendment

Yes, there is need to create a constitutional amendment to assure the victim her rights in court. The rights should consist of those of justice, respect, self-esteem, being capable of defense devoid of denying legitimate privileges and not being deprived of by the state (Easteal, Levy-Peck & McOrmond-Plummer, 2014). Additionally, the rights should be rational not to leave out the victim from public events relating to the wrongdoing or to be heard at any discharge, appeal, sentencing owing consideration of the victim’s compensation and safety. In this particular rape case, the privileges of the victim were violated because she was not given the right to be heard and treated with dignity.

The Legal Rights of Victims

All states, as well as national administration, have conceded rules to set up victim privileges. The rule requires that the victim have information, security as well as a partial responsibility in the criminal justice procedure. Victim’s privileges are reliant on the laws of command where the offense is examined and put on trial. It is thus necessary in this rape case to allow for legal rights against the person responsible for the assault (Easteal, Levy-Peck & McOrmond-Plummer, 2014).

An Amendment to Protect Victims in This Condition

Many rape cases reported to the police are withdrawn from the justice system given that complaints vacate or lack clear proof to give testimony. Concerns have been articulated which are backed up by undependable proof, that allow those charged with rape remain unidentified for the period of investigation. It is thus very important to create an amendment that protects victims with no evidence (Easteal, Levy-Peck & McOrmond-Plummer, 2014). Most of the times, victims of rape are threatened or even have the same thing done to them again since they lacked enough proof to take the perpetrators to court and have them charged. These rights would on no account effect or conflict with the constitutional rights of criminal in the structure given that they would only be protecting the victim and the perpetrator of the rape.

Some of the Constitutional Rights That Could Be Assured To the Victim In This Case

Right to Be Treated With Self-Respect

It is the right of the victim to be taken care of with courteousness, justice, and care by police force as well as other official is through the criminal justice process. The victim should present statements to allow offense victims for the managerial duration, on punishment or parole to depict the consequences of assault in their life. The victim’s repercussions declaration should take account of an account of psychological, monetary, physical or disturbing damage the victim experienced in consequence of the assault.

Right to Be Well-Versed

This privilege is intended to guarantee the victims necessary information to put into effect their civil liberties and try to find services and resources accessible to them. The victim has the right to be given information about her privileges as well as reparation, available services, and resources, how to contact criminal justice representatives as well as what is in store in the system (Hines, Malley-Morrison & Dutton, 2012). The victim is also entitled to notifications o important events in the case.

Right to protection

The victim has privileges to defense from intimidation, coercion or reprisal during unlawful proceedings. In accordance with the rule, the victim might receive a number of safety measures such as police escorts, witness defense programs, repositioning as well as preventive orders.

Psychological and Financial Impacts for Victims in This Type of Situation

The ordeal consequential from a rape assault or simply ill-treatment can have an insightful as well as the distressing consequences on felony victims as well as their relatives. The ordeal is likely to alter the victim’s approach regarding the earth as just a position and flee them with innovative as well as tricky approaches and effects that they might not recognize. Psychological impacts might include distress, fear, feelings of emptiness, feelings of lack of sensation, perplexity, defenselessness, apprehension, annoyance, and fury, difficulties in trusting nature or others, sadness, fright symptoms, nervousness disorders, inability to give attention t among many more others (Hines, Malley-Morrison & Dutton, 2012). Financial impacts would include prescription and treatment drugs, physical rehabilitation, work-related treatment, mental health therapy and loss of pay as a result of incapacitation, treatment or taking time off from work to seek mental health management.

References

Easteal, P., Levy-Peck, J. Y., & McOrmond-Plummer, L. (2014). Intimate partner sexual

violence: A multidisciplinary guide to improving services and support for survivors of rape and abuse.

Easteal, P., Levy-Peck, J. Y., & McOrmond-Plummer, L. (2014). Intimate partner sexual             violence: A multidisciplinary guide to improving services and support for survivors of rape and abuse.

Hines, D. A., Malley-Morrison, K., & Dutton, L. (2012). Family violence in the United States:

            Defining, understanding, and combating abuse.

In Yllö, K., & In Torres, M. G. (2016). Marital rape: Consent, marriage, and social change in

            global context.

Sexuality and aging

Introduction

In the simplest of terms, sexuality is the manner in which a person perceives or goes about to express their sexual nature. On the other hand, aging is the gradual process of getting old that comes with time. It is common knowledge that sexual desires fade with advancement in age. Although it is good to accept sexual change that comes with age, it is similarly vital to note not all hope is lost. As the number of older adults aged 65 years old and above increase, it is significant to discuss their sexual lives and measures they can take to improve their sexuality at this crucial age. This paper will discuss the steps older adults, aged 65 years and above can take to improve their sexual lives. In addition, it will examine the importance of the sexuality and indicators of sexuality in the presence of seniors. Most of the arguments against strengthening sexual of seniors centers around assumptions and taboos due to their status in the society.

Counter-arguments

The most common counter-argument against improving the sexual nature of seniors focuses on ethics (Whitbourne, p 95).Most people in conservative societies argue that sexuality is of no importance to the older adults and they perceive it as unethical and a taboo. Moreover, a community does not have the slightest ideas why an elderly would want to improve their quality of life through sexuality. Secondly, people look up to older people due to the achievements garnered over their lifetime. In light of respect and credentials of older adults, the public assumes that they cannot be sexually active and develop a negative attitude toward their sex lives. Contrary to popular belief, some older adults usually are sexually active even at the age of 65 years and above. Thirdly, the public forms myths around the sexual lives of seniors. Tales such as seniors leave sexual activity at a certain age due to sicknesses are just a myth with no foundational basis at all. In short, counter-arguments often assume that seniors do not have sexual needs and due to the status acquired in the society, it would be uncouth and embarrassing to bring up matters sex at that age. People avoid the embarrassment of discussing seniors and sexuality, as most of them are parents and guardians to the young generation (Whitbourne, p 205).

In response to the counter-arguments, seniors remain sexually active even at their advanced age. The fact that the public is uncomfortable discussing the idea of elders having sex does brush away the fact that senior people have sex.In fact, there is no evidence to show that proves sexuality stops at a certain age. It is all assumption coupled with fictional events. Studies show that 87% of married couples aged between 60- 89 years of age are still sexually active (Hillman, p 127). On the other hand, retired seniors are not that far behind. The survey above proves that sexuality does not reduce aging and even if the vice versa is true; there exist corrective measures to ensure that the sex life of an elderly is normalized. Just as sex is a healthy activity in youths, it has a similar effect to senior adults. In addition, sexuality does not center on sexual intercourse alone but romance acts such as massage, bathing together and other intimate forms of intimacy (Hillman, p 78).

My argument

Sexuality is important to every human as exemplified by a study conducted below. A survey took 430 senior adults aged between 60-89 years old. The sample composed of 271 women and 99 men. The people who took part in this exercise considered themselves as healthy.42percentage of the participants were couples in marriages .35% had a university degree. This study deducted that quality of life involves the ability to carry out various activities in life but sex has a role to play in the health of the elderly. Couples prioritized sex as a means of maintaining good health. The study also revealed that sexuality does not slow down with age and it was a matter of choice and interest than the effects of advancing age. The satisfaction that comes because of an intimate relationship is good indicators of functional health status. Sexual activity is a form of exercise that keeps diseases at bay and reduces stress due to the release of hormones such as endorphins. Endorphins are painkillers that occur naturally within the body and reduce pain within the body of elderly individuals. Thus, due to the health benefits that come with sex, old people should engage in the act (Hillman, p 113).

Lack of sex in the lives of elders can be a sign of poor health (Hillman, p 54). For the body to respond to stimuli and engage, other body parts in intercourse, vital body functions come into play. The mental status of the individual should be active and functional. The coordination of brain and other sexual organs signify the overall health, functionality, and ability to carry out various activities in the life of an elder (Hillman, p 87).

Regarding emotional stability, as an individual attains the age of 50 years and above, they become unstable emotionally. This emotional instability brings about depression, which can develop unwanted illnesses such as pain and stress-related pain. Nevertheless, engaging in sexual activity is one of the ways stress and depression escape the body. Sex keeps the mind busy, away from various stressful thoughts that may lead to depression in the long term (Hillman, p 178).

In men, ejaculation reduces chances of getting prostate cancer. This benefit is notable to senior men (Schiavi, p91). Medical experts advice that elderly should ensure that their sexuality remains standard even as they age. Not to mention, physical activities that come with sexual activity retains the joints and other physical parts of the body due to the movements during the act. Thus, sexuality maintains the physical condition of elders.

It is a fact that age affects sexuality. Nevertheless, the effects of age on sexuality are not uniform across the board. This variance gives medical experts the chance to come up with unique ways of capturing the challenge and rectifying it before it gets out of hand. On the psychological level, old women may lose confidence due to faded beauty. On the other side, men are usually afraid of erectile dysfunctions that come because of old age. Because of these psychological tendencies, they decrease their sexual activity (Zal, p 123).Due to advancement in medical research, many corrections make sexual fulfillment easier and attainable at an elderly age. First of all, some medicines can rectify sexual problems that come with age.

A part of cardiovascular fitness and releasing the pain that comes with having sex at an advanced age, no matter the age, humans are sexual beings and advanced period does not change the fact (Zal, p 34).Elders have sexual desires just like their young counter parts. Their sexual needs are not different due to their age. Sexuality remains with a persona as they age and its expression is not that different from the young generations.

Lastly, in my honest point of view sexuality expresses itself mostly within an intimate relationship surrounding. This implies that an elderly with an active sex life is likely to be in a relationship with another person. The development of a relationship washes way loneliness and caters for a social need such as food, security, social conversations and needs, and requests. Thus, these relationships foster good qualities, inputs ordinary skills that in turn elongate the life of an elderly individual. The existence of a sexual partner does nurture the social sector and the health sector of an elderly individual. The general quality of life of an elderly individual improves with a relationship built on the intimate ground with their partners. The existence of personal l relationship points to or translates to the ability to carry out daily activities in life, independence, liberty, and accessibility to overall physical well-being maintenance due to the presence helpers (Schiavi, p 163).

Conclusion

Sexuality in elders can improve due to modern day medicines technology. Sexual activities at an elderly age are helpful and have the same effect just like in young people. It reliefs pain and keeps an elder physically fit. The activity also coordinates vital organs of the body during the sexual activity. People assume that sexuality becomes useless with old age but recent research reveals the contrary. Sexuality occurs within an intimate relationship. An intimate relationship provides companionship, friendship, and assistance to older adults.

Works cited

Zal, H M. A Psychiatrist's Guide to Successful Retirement and Aging: Coping with Change. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2016.

Whitbourne, Susan K. The Aging Individual: Physical and Psychological Perspectives. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 2002

Hillman, Jennifer. Sexuality and Aging [recurso Electrónico]: Clinical Perspectives. Estados Unidos: Springer New York, 2012

Schiavi, Raul C. Aging and Male Sexuality. Cambridge [u’s.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1999.

Quantitative Article

Following the gap in research about commitment in marriage, this article seeks to address two research questions. This includes, “does commitment stabilize marriage?” And “does commitment motivate interpersonal behaviors?”(Schoebi, Karney & Bradbury, 2012). Adequate research and review on past work on commitment in marriage have been used effectively within the article (Schoebi, Karney & Bradbury, 2012). This supports the need to carry out the research about satisfaction and commitment in marriage.

The abstract of Schoebi, Karney & Bradbury, (2012), paper summarizes on the content about commitment and satisfaction elements in a marriage. From the onset of the article, one can quickly identify with the content in the rest of the article. The introduction describes the topic of commitment in marriage and satisfaction and how these two elements affect stability or change in marriage. In addition to that, the introduction, statement of the problem and literature review is consistent with the research questions designed at the onset of the article.

The article, however, fails to state its research design comprehensively. The methods and procedures are effectively described with the right size of samples to undertake the study. The research design is quite suitable to address the topic questions. Measures of data findings are well described hence making the findings to be more reliable and credible. Proper participant selection was carried out and clear explanations of sampling strategy were given. Dependent variable: number of divorce. Independent variable: commitment and satisfaction and there were no extraneous variables in the article. 

Detailed results are given. Conversely, conclusion of the article gives an overall generalization that is justified by the analyzed data. The researchers have however failed to offer substantial interpretations of results. Reasonable discussion of the findings is given. The research questions were effectively answered. There is no evidence of any ethical violation. Lastly, the researcher does not fully state the implication and application of the research. It has contributed greatly in my field of study in school. Moreover, the article fails to identify limitations in the work and also the limitations in the research design.  

References

Schoebi, D., Karney, B. R., & Bradbury, T. N. (2012). Stability and change in the first 10 years of marriage: Does commitment confer benefits beyond the effects of satisfaction? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(4), 729–742.

Reflection on Homosexuality

Introduction

            Homosexuality is a romantic intimacy or behavior among individuals of the same sex. Nowadays homosexuality has led to marriages of people of same sex where it is legally and socially accepted by the two individuals who have the same biological sex or social gender. Some countries have accepted and agreed on the marriage of the same-sex marriage while other nations do not recognize the marriage. Homosexuality discrimination is treating the individuals in lesser compared to those who are not. Homophobia refers to showing hostility or fear towards gay or bisexual individuals or referred to social ideologies that stigmatize homosexuality.

            Those people who practice homosexuality can be affected physically and mentally by negative beliefs and attitudes. Negative attitudes and beliefs cause gay and bisexual individuals to be rejected by friends and families thus creating discrimination and violence between them. Homophobia and discrimination towards gay and bisexual people can significantly affect their lives, for instance, they will be limited to access a quality health care, and they will not feel free to talk about their sexual orientation thus causing stress and suicidal thoughts. Young people who are gay or bisexual are most affected by homophobia and discrimination which leads to violence for instance there are harassed and bullied and teased. The effects of stigma and discrimination can be reduced by family and friends by joining together to say no to acts of discrimination and homophobia and show support to the victims (CDC, 2016).

            In conclusion, gays and bisexual individuals are trying very hard to be accepted in social and cultural groups in schools and also in their society. They go through many hardships, and some suffer physically and emotionally. According to the legal matter concerning homosexuality, many schools have equipped themselves to address this matter. However given the higher number of legislation for the rights of homosexuality to protected, discrimination and homophobia has remained a threat.

Reference

CDC. (2016). Stigma and Discrimination. Retrieved From: https://www.cdc.gov/msmhealth/stigma-and-discrimination.htm

 Reflection on Ageism Article

Introduction           

            Ageism is a process where individuals are discriminated or stereotyped because of their old age, and it involves making positive and negatives comments about them. The positive comments examples include that old person is sweet and good, wise and adorable while the negative comments examples include all old people are tedious,  they do not know how to drive well, idlers and they are not sexual.

            Social workers have to address the ageism problem by learning and getting knowledge about the aging process, and this will help them to achieve their goals. Social workers can help the older people to have a healthy romance life by respecting their romantic matters.  Also, social workers should be willing to move beyond what there are used to do and hold critical social aspects to help the aging group and be able to work with older people.  The social worker should encourage the aging individuals about romantic issues by ensuring them that old age does not talk immunity to sexually transmitted diseases. Social work professionals should create a friendly environment where they can discuss love issues with older people (Amanda, 2009)

             In conclusion, everybody is surrounded by ageism, and we all have the ageist attitude. The problem is that people make judges and make bad comments about the whole group of the old people not realizing that old people should be valued because they are unique and valuable being. When the old people are devalued in the society, then it makes people treat as a minority group and disrespect them. Ageism problem can be addressed by recognizing ageist language and attitudes among people and ensuring that there are opportunities in the organization even for the older people.

 References

Amanda.S,B.(2009). Love and Ageism — A Social Work Perspective. Social Work Today

            Vol. 9 No. 1 P. 12

Deviance

            Deviance is an act or behaviour which goes against community’s social expectations. Each community or sub-community has its norms, culture, practices et al. community’s values guide all these, rules and regulations (Aggleton, 1987, p. 3). Whenever any member decides to act against this set these values, rules and regulations, he or she is referred to as a defiant member. Each community has its unique way of punishing recalcitrant member. For example the member in subject can be evicted from that society together with his family members. In early years before slavery was abolished, chiefs in Africa used to sell defiant members in the society to traders who transported them to America where they worked on farms. Deviance strengthens community’s conformity with rules, laws and regulations. This is because if a member of that community happens to be deviant toward community’s values, the elders or those members who give the mandate of protecting its values and norms reminds everyone in the tribe about the laws using the example of the defiant guy (Dugan, 2002, p. 15). Deviance also strengthens bonds among the community social lifestyle. This is because members of the community tend to have a healthy relationship when evicting or dealing with a defiant member. They seem to gang up together and hold hands to one another and give a hostile reception to the rebellious person. Despite most people view deviant’s members within the community a negatively motivated or repellents to the standards, values, and norm of the society, the act of deviance can also result to liberation and change of community’s perceptions to certain criteria. For example, Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, Marcus Garvey, Frank Du Bois among others were regarded as deviants members by the then ruling regimes, but due to their actions, they liberated the black race from slavery which was a plus. They also made their ruling regimes to recognize that the black race is also a humanity race just like theirs (Pfuhl & Henry, 1993, p. 30).

Several reasons make people be deviants within the community. Some of these reasons are the living conditions of some members of the community. This is because when a specific group of individuals feels segregated by others, they tend to repel any decision made by the other group. Such is because they don’t feel attached to the community. This makes them collides, and be viewed as opposers. Poverty is another reason which makes people deviate. Such is because the rich keeps on getting rich and poor remain in their status quo. The poor start developing a notion or perception that the rich makes them stay in such a state. The result is they repel and diverge their ideas to go against the rich. The rich on their side view them as deviants (Tomasson, 1985, p. 25). Apart from community social life, an act of deviance can also be a personal lifestyle. Such behaviours start when an individual develops a negative perception of another. One of them is when an individual becomes a chauvinist. He perceives and believes that male superiority is the strongest compared to female. This makes him repel any idea coming from any woman whether it’s right or wrong. The same applies to the lady who chooses to be feminists. The other category is when an individual feels superior to the other. He regards the other as inferior. Just like feminist and chauvinist, he or she handles the other persons view with rejections. Some people became deviant because their parents, guardians and role models are one. It motivates them as they find it pleasant with them (Wilkins, 2014, p. 52).

We can conclude that being defiant can result in a positive result or negative one. It is a state of mind. The fact that matters is how your intention and perception is toward the act. Therefore members of community, religion or any other race should not negatively give their deviants’ members with a harsh reception and treatments. They should first scrutinize their motive before passing their judgment. Others become deviant becomes their seniors are such therefore they also end up becoming one. The environment they have been living in had made them so, and sometimes it can be had to change them from such a situation.

References

Aggleton, P. (1987). Deviance. London: Tavistock.

Dugan, H. (2002). Deviance. Ann Arbor, MI: Michigan Feminist Studies.

Pfuhl, E. H., & Henry, S. (1993). The deviance process. New York: A. de Gruyter.

Tomasson, R. F. (1985). Deviance.

Wilkins, L. T. (2014). Social deviance. Place of publication not identified: Routledge.

ETHNICITY & REPORTING

An example of immigrants groups that may be reluctant to report victimization is Asian and Hispanic immigrants. They fear being detained and deported and this attitude affects them negatively since they become more vulnerable to all sorts of abuse such as sexual assault, domestic violence and more. The reason that may cause the reluctance is that the immigrants are alienated due to race differences, they are bullied, and they form conflict with natives (Davis, Lurigio & Herman, 2012).  It is important to understand that the situational and demographic characteristics of the immigrants make them vulnerable to victimization. Immigrants and natives develop both primary and secondary conflict, and the former occurs when immigrants and natives share a physical border and when the different races present diverse values and norms. The latter conflict arises when a subgroup of the dominant groups presents different norms and values. The dominant groups believed that the immigrants migrated to America due to a lack of resources and as they settled in the cities, the level of crime and delinquency increased. Due to the conflict that exists between immigrants and natives, immigrants are less likely to report victimization. The language barrier also creates misunderstanding; immigrants believe that the criminal justice system is indifferent, they have a distrust of the authority, they fear retaliation, feel powerlessness, fear being labeled as illegal residents and they believe that the justice system does not value their needs (Bucerius & Tonry, 2014).  The majority of the immigrants have experienced ineffective and dishonest police in their country, and this is a factor that may hinder them from reporting.  For example, immigrants who live in neighborhoods with high crime and antisocial behavior lack of social cohesion and develops a sense of helplessness in reporting the crime (Davis, Lurigio & Herman, 2012).

             The law enforcement should improve immigrant assimilation into U.S culture through showing effort in different areas such as language proficiency. Since language is a barrier in reporting the victimization, the law enforcement agencies should develop English facility and training to help the immigrants become active participants in the U.S. Another area that the agencies should put effort is on assimilation (Bucerius & Tonry, 2014).  It is essential to help the immigrants assimilate into the U.S culture and more importantly adjust to the cultural heterogeneity through attending community seminars, cultural activities and more. The governmental and community organization should ensure that immigrants can access to services and equal treatment for them to develop a sense of belonging. The law enforcement agencies should also ensure easy access to assistance by providing immigrants with phone translation services, shape the attitudes of the immigrants and help them understand how the justice system operates and lastly, provide long-term funding to assist the immigrants in accessing the services (Bucerius & Tonry, 2014).

References

In Davis, R. J., In Lurigio, A. J., & In Herman, S. (2012). Victims of Crime. Thousand Oaks : SAGE

Publications

In Bucerius, S. M., & In Tonry, M. H. (2014). The Oxford handbook of ethnicity, crime, and immigration.

The Truth about Lying

Lying has its own truth that is only known by the one lying. The truth is usually considered to be a virtue in the society while lying is highly convicted as an immoral act that affects the interactions between persons. However, it is widely accepted that that standard lies are part of life. This norm is not rejected in the society today as long as the lies are not aimed at generating self-gains. There are four different unique lies that dominates the modern society but rather than how lying leads to destruction, this lies work in enhancing relationships and making individuals interactions steadier. Harris (2013) brings out a rather controversial subject because to most people there are no safe or beneficial lies because lying is unethical. However, no one can deny the fact that lying is prevalent in the society. The lies are classified into protective, peacekeeping, social and protective lying. The objective of writing the essay was not to support that lying is good but to demonstrate the suitability of each in varying situations. The author utilizes the controversy in order to trigger thoughts and the use of simplified terms to allow the readers to gain an understanding of the subject by backing up claims with real-life examples.

Lying is inevitable when carrying out daily operations. Lies are utilized for different intentions which leads to the classification of positive and undesirable lies. Lying that is driven by the motive to only benefit self is referred as immoral while lying in order to protect or guard relationships is positive because the intention is not a selfish one (Harris, 2013). Lying is sometimes justified if the motives are grounded in rationality. The author engages her audience by asking rhetorical questions that aim at triggering thoughts since everyone has a lying encounter. Harris (2013) holds that lying is one of the most complex aspects of life because those that lies are haunted by their decision and it is not something that is planned rather it emerges based on situations. Lying creates a moral complexity since people understand that lies are not good. The author offers sufficient and well-organized claims. All the supplied facts are appropriate and adequate for justifying the raised claims. This is mainly supported by the real examples that are common to everyone that generates the truth about the arguments.

The subject is very informative because it creates awareness and familiarity with the lying subject. In that, the author begins by highlight what is known about lies and transitions to the unknown thus making the discussion a credible one. In that Harris (2013) argues that lying can be effective and morally justified when utilized in varying situations that demand the response. Harris (2013) notes that lies can protect people and cause no harm only when used accordingly. However, lies are in most cases harmful because those that are being protected develop the impression that since the truth was hidden from them, then the motive was not ethical.  For instance, one might consistently offer lies to someone close on the ground that finding the truth will hurt them more but at the end mistrust and weak works dominate. This counterclaim demonstrates that both sides of lying hold their benefits and harm and thus it is the responsibility of every person to make informed decisions. Lying is not something that is taught or observed but in most cases, it develops based on an individual’s choices. In that morals must be fully incorporated in deciding since the selection has effects on all those that are involved. The fact that Harris (2013) essay utilizes a persuasive strategy in detailing the description shows that so much has to be considered. Through the approach, the views regarding the subject are provided but also creates an opportunity for people to be individualistic in such choices.

Most individuals believe that social lies are acceptable and required. Every person is fueled by the desire of fitting in within certain social setting and since perfection is something that is unachievable lies will create an enabling environment. In maintaining relationships these lies are a necessity. Without such responses relationships are likely to end aggressively thus creating damages. Lying socially means that an individual is courageous enough to guard others from petty embarrassment and pain. This means that one has to oppose their standards to guard their social relationships. On the other hand, peacekeeping lying is mainly intended on compromising, avoiding any form of arguments or conflicts (Mearsheimer, 2011). In that the lies creates a form of shelter from pain or being accused as the source of the incurred loses. This lie is very rationalized, planned and organized to suit the needs of everyone. In this context, it feels wrong that the other person has to be pushed away from the truth but the fact that peace and stability is achieved equalizes the norm. for instance, if one gets to work late based on the fact that they overslept, it is apparent that they will lie that something very urgent came up to protect themselves and to ensure that the other party is not irritated.

Protective lies are very common in general since they seek to guard others. These refer to the lies that one will tell based on the conviction that the truth is more destructive (Žižek, 2006). In this case, lying is influenced by the fact that some values are more important when compared to the moral wrong that is associated with lying (Saul, 2012).This lie is positive and it leads to no harm because it is not aimed at offering any personalized gain but the act is more appropriate since it mainly benefits the person that is being lied to. In that, while lying the existing trust is preserved thus maintaining healthy relationships. Trust keeping lies, on the other hand, are entangled because they involve having to lie to an individual on behalf of another based on the made promise that one will never betray their trust. In this case, the liar becomes involved in the act which affects trust when the person realizes that he was the only one who was kept away from the truth.

In summing up, it is evident that lying is a common norm in the modern society and is inevitable. Lying is usually influenced by different reasons and intentions. The lies that seek to fulfill personal needs are accounted as unethical while lying to protect others and self from hurt, conflict, and arguments are justified. Lying is a moral wrong and thus making the decision to lie means that the situation must be thoroughly evaluated. In this context, it is evident that lies can be positive and damaging at the same time.

Reference

Harris, S. (2013). Lying. [Opelousas, Louisiana]: Four Elephants Press.

Mearsheimer, J. J. (2011). Why leaders lie: The truth about lying in international politics. New York: Oxford University Press.

Saul, J. M. (2012). Lying, misleading, and what is said: An exploration in philosophy of language and in ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Žižek, S. (2006). The parallax view. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Victims of domestic abuse

Questions1

Individuals undergoing domestic maltreatment hide the fact under a cover of circumstances. Whether the injury is physical or emotional, most victims stick to their situations. Moreover, threats form the perpetrator  of the abuse demoralizes the victims. Hence, it is necessary to address the following ways of reducing their plight.

In my opinion, Linda should admit the fact that she is in an abusive relationship. The realization will ease off the burden and take away the need to blame herself. An emergency number helps her respond anytime the husband threatens her or her child. Most governments have specific institutions that handle domestic abuse. When a victim calls these institutions, officers use geographic programming systems to locate the victim. Linda is responsible for ensuring her safety .First, she can decide to divorce her husband and get help from social workers before she can fully recover from trauma caused by the abuse (Sanderson, 2008). Her husband abuses both Linda and her son. This relationship is not healthy and can result in psychological damage in the long term. Therefore, relocating with her child will help to calm down the situation as she looks into other ways to fend for her child. Even if the child will end up at a care center, it is better than being in an abusive family. Assurance of confidentially can ease her situation as it will prevent her husband from further abuse. Linda can try to reach out to her extended family members for financial support. Family members can offer emotional support to her, provide shelter and food (Sanderson, 2008).  

An example of a real-life story

Roia Atmar lives in Western Australia. She established an institution, which caters to women escaping from abusive relationships. Roia was once a victim of domestic abuse. One-day her husband poured turpentine on her and set her whole body on fire. She suffered severe injuries from the burns from the incident. Hence, that incident opened her mind, and for the first time, she realized that she should leave before it was too late for her. After leaving the abusive relationship, she established the institution to accommodate other women (Sanderson, 2008). 

Question 2

Linda's husband falls under the differential association category (CRJ4OO1 W4 readings). This theory stipulates that when a perpetrator commits domestic violence, the underlying reasons for his action may be presently there in the situation or they may exist in his experiences. There is a connection between a perpetrator's past and his present actions. The theory explains clearly, a reason for him abusing his child and wife. In addition, everyone around him knows he is ill tempered. Any deviant behavior acquired or learned consciously or subconsciously affects the future of an individual. Peers are some of the groups that facilitate the spread of criminal act according to differential theory. At the tender age between adolescence and adulthood, children can acquire various behavior. Counseling of young adults helps to guide young people through a journey of life (CRJ4OO1 W4 readings).

Question 3

Linda cannot take the blame for not initiating any step or legal actions against her husband. First, domestic violence victims generally become weary and emotionally drained due to their situation. Most of them have low self-esteem inflicted on them by their abusive partners. More so, Linda depends on her husband entirely for her upkeep and that of her son. She cannot risk breaking her family. She has no options left. Therefore, it is unfair to lay all the blame on her. All she needs is support form family or neighbors who witnessed her husband beating and abusing her senselessly and take an action whether Linda likes it or not. Linda's situation is needs immediate attention from local authorities or her neighbors. The neighbors can decide to take necessary lawful action against Linda's abusive husband and offer support to the wife. People typically think that if they were in the victim’s shoes, in this context, Linda, they would leave at the first signs of abuse. What they fail to acknowledge is that moving is a process and cannot occur at the push of a button (Hague, Harvey, & Willis, 2012). Emotional reasons manipulate the victim's mind. The victim of abuse usually thinks the abuser will change with time but that never occurs. Attachment to the abuser can be another reason for staying. A relationship built on emotional connection between two people can have adverse effects when it becomes abusive. Linda may not have necessary skills to earn her decent leaving. This lack of required skills can make her husband acquire custody of the child as soon as Linda files for divorce. On the other hand, the perpetrator of the crimes can be the only source of support .Consequently; if Linda leaves, she will be socially isolated (Hague, Harvey, & Willis, 2012). he factors mentioned above can hinder her from taking any necessary actions against her husband. Despite these factors, the primary solution for her problem still lies with her taking the first step of recognizing the abusive relationship is not fruitful to her and the son.

References

CRJ4OO1 W4 readings

Sanderson, C. (2008). Counselling Survivors of Domestic Abuse. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Hague, G., Harvey, A., & Willis, K. (2012). Understanding adult survivors of domestic violence in childhood: Still forgotten, still hurting. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Animal Rights

Introduction

            Animal rights mean that animals are entitled to be treated well in consideration of their best interest, irrespective of how they look or whether they are useful to the human. It means being able to know that animals should not be used by people for entertainment purpose, clothing, and experimentation. Animals are sentient creatures and have many important ways just like humans, and they feel pain, pleasure, learn, remember and experience emotions. What they feel and happens to them is very important to them. Animal’s right protects them from suffering unjustly. The paper analyses the types of the animal rights.

            Animals are entitled to live free from human-induced pain such as hunger, thirst, fear, disease, and frustration. Animals suffer the same way the human beings suffer, and they feel pain, fear, frustration, loneliness, and pleasure. Whenever people do things that will interfere with animal needs, then they should know it is their responsibility to take the animals into account. Animals have the right to existence, good health, nutrition and proper home and their rights should not be exploited. Over the last years, people have been creating awful twinge, anguish, and demise upon animals due to different reasons such as their appearance and texture of their skin, games such as amusement in hunting for their flesh meat (Hile, 112).

            Animals have the right to choose their lifestyle. Animals have been used in laboratories to do research, and thus their rights have been exploited. According to the rights of animals, they should not be used for testing as a specimen. This is because some of the outcomes can be dangerous or can lead to death. Animals have the right to live without their lives interfered with at any time. For example, people keep cats, dogs, and monkeys in their homes as pets and this is like holding the said animals’ captives in homes and not freeing them to do what they want (Waldau, 116). Like human beings, also animals needs to be allowed to live and do what they think or feel is good since they have senses as human beings.

             Animals have right to life, and therefore people should stop killing them to get food and other human use. Individuals are not supposed to hunt animals for food at all cost and animals should not be used as a form of entertainment or tourism purpose where there are taken to zoos. This is argued that animals have the same fundamental rights as human rights and they are supposed to be treated with dignity and respect. Hence, animals are living creatures, and people should stop using them for entertainment or using them to achieve their needs.  Animals also have the right to reproduce this will help to pass their genes to the next generation. Animals have the right to express their normal behavior such as searching for food, grooming and building nests (Linzey and Paul, 184). Also, animals have the right to equal consideration for their interest. People should stop inflicting pain on animals unnecessarily, and there are supposed to take the animal interest into account and treat them with respect.

             In conclusion, animals are living creatures, and there are parts of our environment. They need love, food, and shelter and as responsible people, we should take care of the animals and make sure that they are protected from abuse and killings. Use of animals for testing, clothes, and experiment should be minimized. Also, the government should put strict laws to punish those people who harm and kills the animals without giving a reasonable justification for committing the crime. No one should kill any animal if it is not a threat to the community.

Work cited

Hile, Kevin. Animal Rights. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2004. Internet resource.

Linzey, Andrew, and Paul A. B. Clarke. Animal Rights: A Historical Anthology. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005. Internet resource.

Waldau, Paul. Animal Rights: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Print.

Helicopter parenting

One unique feature that makes the work of Whitbourne popular is the specific subject matter on social issue ‘Helicopter parenting'.  Her article is informal simply because she intends to attract a general readership using informal tone. She writes this article with a purpose of promoting her point of view on parenting. Her audiences are helicopter parents-those who over control and overprotect their children and indulgent parents-those who provide few rules and have low expectations for their children (Whitbourne, 1). The author meets the expectations of helicopter parents since she supports that parent-child bond increases emotional support and parental involvement helps children during the transition to adulthood. This popular source has an effective structure in that the author introduces the general audiences to the topic and she takes her position for the audience to get the picture of the entire topic. The source contains a sense of purpose where audiences learn the significance of the topic and its implications (Whitbourne, 1).

 Whitbourne uses the work of Fingerman to make her work credible. For instance, Fingerman and her team conducted a study where parents and children were involved. The participants reported on parental involvement and support and how it affects their lives. The findings showed that children who received intense support from their parents experienced better outcomes, higher life satisfaction, and defined goals (Whitbourne, 1). The strategy that Whitbourne uses is employing finding based on other researchers. This is a real-world example and the use of a persuasive tone makes the non-technical audience understand the point of view.  Whitbourne's work is credible by first, being empathetic through viewing both sides of helicopter parenting and second, by using credible evidence from other views on a benefit of helicopter parenting. However, she needs to be more credible by employing some strategies as Fingerman does. For instance, Fingerman conducts an empirical test to gain knowledge through observation. Fingerman and her team gain a qualitative data where parents and children give their reports and opinions (Whitbourne, 1). Whitbourne would accomplish more credibility by collecting data and presenting unique perspectives on the discussed topic. Through data collection, her work would appear more credible since the audience is not interested in quantity but quality information (Whitbourne, 1).

Work cited

Whitbourne K. Susan.  The Myth of the Helicopter Parent.   Sussex Publishers, 2013