Questions and Topics We Can Help You To Answer: 

Read Epicurus, Letter to Menoeceus and then Lucretius On the Nature of the Universe, Book I, “Nothing Exists Per Se Except Atoms and the Void” section and Book III, “Proem” section then jump down to “Folly of the Fear of Death” section. Epicurus offered a very different picture of the universe and the place of humans in it than did either Plato or Aristotle. Epicurus, followed by the Roman poet Lucretius centuries later, tried to offer a way for humans to be happy by teaching them how to remove the major obstacles to their happiness, superstition about the gods and the fear of death. Prepare the question, “Is anyone capable of happiness according to Epicurean philosopy? Aristotle excluded women and slaves and barbarians from full happiness because they were not capable of the excellence of soul that free males in the polis were capable of. What about Epicurus? Were there similar exclusions? Is there any reason you can think of that someone who believed the soul was composed of atoms might believe that happiness was not reserved for free males only?”

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In the sections called "Human Life as in Death," "Sin and Death," and "Resurrection and Life," Augustine discusses the way that human beings, while they seem to be alive, are really dying. You could read this as an attack on Aristotle, who believed that the soul (psyche in Greek) was the force of living in the organic body. Augustine is saying to Aristotle: "psyche is not able to really keep the body alive because the body will eventually die. Therefore there is something wrong with the psyche. You, Aristotle, thought that the psyche couldn't keep the body alive forever because of the organic matter of the body that you thought was imperfect. But I don't think it's the fault of the matter of the body. The fault is not with the body, but with the psyche. What is wrong with psyche is what I call sin. The psyche is no longer able to keep the body alive the way it should be alive, which is to live forever." So, Augustine thinks that something more than psyche will be required to keep the body alive forever. He calls it "spirit", which in Latin is "spiritus," and he says that it is more than "soul", which in Latin is "anima" (a word that translates the Greek word psyche). The spirit can keep the body alive forever, but its power to do so is not "natural." According to Augustine, when Adam was created, he was like us, with a psyche that was able to keep his body alive forever. But after he sinned, his psyche lost that power, and therefore his body died. But the psyche cannot recover its power any more. It has to be replaced with the "spirit." What are the powers of the spirit according to Augustine? How is it possible for spirit to keep the body alive forever?

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Augustine is criticizing what Aristotle believed about the psyche. He says that the psyche has actually lost its original nature, which was to be able to keep the human body alive forever, when Adam sinned. Then the psyche lost its power to keep the body alive forever, and it could never get that power back. God therefore has to replace the psyche with the spirit, and the spirit will keep a "spiritual body" alive forever. When Augustine criticized Aristotle's doctrine of the psyche, he also criticized his doctrine of the polis. Remember that Aristotle believed that the human psyche could naturally exercise the moral virtues that make it possible for humans to live together in a polis. But Augustine now says that the psyche lost its originally perfect nature when Adam sinned, and that not only means that the psyche can't keep the body alive forever. It also means the psyche can't exercise the moral virtues required to live together in a polis, or a republic as Augustine calls it. Human beings can only live together when they are kept under control by a stronger power, a ruler. The strongest ruler is the Emperor of Rome. This is what Augustine calls "the city of man." But there is another polis, another city, the "city of God." This is the city where the psyche has been replaced by the spirit. The perfect spiritual city will come into being when human history ends and God lets Christ rule over the spiritual kingdom. Until that time, however, the "city of God" is waiting on earth and living in hope and faith. The picture of this waiting polis is similar to what Plato said about the perfectly just city in the Republic. There is no private property and no private families. This is the Church according to Augustine (composed of the truly faithful and spiritual people waiting for Christ to return as King.) Aristotle said that people living in the polis could be happy if they exercise the moral virtues, and Plato said they could be just if they obey the philosopher king. How, according to Augustine, can the people of the city of God be happy and just? Is it by practicing the moral virtues? Or is there another activity of the spirit that brings happiness?

Questions and Topics We Can Help You To Answer: 

On criollos and capoeiras: notes on soccer and national identity in Argentina and in Brazil

Questions and Topics We Can Help You To Answer: 

In Vitoria's treatise "On Just War," Vitoria makes some rather strong demands upon any State that wants to go to war against another State. The war must be based on just reasons and it must be fought justly. One of the questions Vitoria addresses in paragraphs 20-27 is what happens when a State has doubt about whether it is just to launch a war. I want you to read this section closely and apply the principles that Vitoria proposes for the following case: One State (A) fears that another State (B) is preparing to attack it. State A thinks that these preparations are happening in secret buildings, but State B says this is not true, and it lets neutral observers into the country to look for the weapons that State A says it is building. The neutral observers find no evidence, but the question is still open. State A decides that it State B is still hiding the weapons and just stalling until it is ready to attack State A. State A launches the war with a preemptive strike. What would Vitoria say?

Questions and Topics We Can Help You To Answer: 
These are  the sources you have to use ( no outside sources)...

Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972), and E.Helly and L.Navia The fundamental Questions: A Selection of Readings in Philosophy ( Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 1997) any edition Philosophy (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 1997) any edition.

It has to be 6 pages 

“WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF SOCIAL ETHICS?” Points to remember:


1. Are social ethics universal and absolute or local and relative?
2. Is “cultural relativism” valid?
3. Difference between culture and habits (bad and good) of various peoples, nations etc.

Questions and Topics We Can Help You Answering; 

Explain why you agree or disagree with the following statement.  “American society today has much the same value system as that of the world state. The major difference is simply that the world state is much more efficient in achievingthose values than is our society.” If not, what is it about our value system that is different?

Questions and Topics We Can Help You Answering; 

This essay should include a clear statement of purpose, the central claim(s) to be addressed, and a sample of the kind of arguments that will be used to support the claim(s). A working bibliography containing at least 5 philosophy essays on your topic should be included.

Also, my professor told me my ideas were all over the place and were not organized so my paper didn't whole any weight. She also said I condraticted myself a lot and that I needed to state my plan in my intro. I also need use mostly plato's views to write this paper and use more valid sources.

Questions and Topics We Can Help You Answering; 

From among the following philosophers and philosophies of human nature, choose one and critique his work which we studied and discussed in class: Freud, Schiller, Lorenz, Kierkegaard, Heidegger or Sartre. Remember again that this is an exam not a research paper. You are only allowed to use your class notes, memory and your textbook; Nothing from any outside sources.
Points to remember:
4. Review the work
5. Discuss the positive and negative points in the work
6. Explain why you agree or disagree with his hypotheses and pronouncements

PS.
Sources of Human behavior: Scientific Approach
a. Freud and Psychoanalytical Approach
b. Lorenz and Ethological Approach

Sources of Human behavior: Existential Approach
a. Nietzsche and Social Darwinism
b. Kierkegaard and the “Protestant Work Ethic”; Prejudice and chauvinism

Sources of Human behavior: Existential Approach ; The Stoics and Stoicism. 
a. Sartre and the twilight of a concept; Current views on Existentialism and Human Behavior
a. Stoics (Epictetus, Seneca, Cicero) and the Stoic approach to Human Behavior; Martyr syndrome revisited

Questions and Topics We Can Help You Answering; 

Choose a contemporary moral issue in our society and apply the ethical principle of Utilitarianism to approve and be in favor of this moral issue. You must pick a moral issue that you strongly agree with and apply the utilitarian claims to back up your arguments. In addition, you must apply Bentham's Felicific Calculus. 
The paper must be done in MLA format with a minimum of 500 words (quotes are not included in the word count). You must read Chapter 2 and watch the Week 3 Lectures before you do this paper. You must use at least 3 sources from LIRN, in our library. This assignment is due on MARCH 19TH. Not applying Utilitarianism or the Felicific Calculus results in an automatic F. 

Utilitarianism is the ethical theory that the moral worth of an action is only determined by its contribution to overall utility . It is thus a form of consequentialism , meaning that the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome-the ends justifies the means.

use week 3 lectures below : 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBdfcR-8hEY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdtWu4Cqx1Y

and  chapter 2 is attached

Questions and Topics We Can Help You Answering; 

This assignment is based on Chapter 4 from our text.  
Read Chapter 4.  Constructivism is a perspective on learning that emphasizes the active construction of knowledge by individuals.  The theory has been applied  to the study of reading as an explanation for the way which readers comprehend information during the reading process.  In this chapter, six constructivist theories were presented:  Inquiry Learning, Schema Theory, Transactional/Reader Response Theory, Psycholinguistic Theory, Metacognitive Theory, and  Engagement Theory.
For your discussion answer the following:
Paragraph 1 & 2:  Pick two theories and for each describe how it is reflected in reading instruction and reading research.  Each should be a separate paragraph.  
Paragraph 3:  Share your thoughts on how this these theories can inform the way you will teach reading.

Questions and Topics We Can Help You Answering; 

Describe Charles Darwin’s contributions to science and psychology. What were the external influences of his time
(1800s)?