• Competition
•             Industrial regulation refers to the directives imposed by the government in sectors such as banking, transport among many others (Laudati, 2001). Guidelines are imposed to monitor prices and quality of product to protect consumers and ensure do not get exploited. It is done to check creation of monopolies. Monopolies are firms that singly own a given market time in the provision of goods and services. However, much as these bottlenecks seem beneficial to the economy but they also have limitations. For instance, they affect price allocation as well as market entry and exit. They tend to scare potential investors leaving few participants in the market. The regulations are imposed in the form of quotas and tax credits (McConnell, 2006).

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•            Supply Chain and Logistic Management model – Vale
• Demand for the products
•             Iron Ore Company its potential clients comprise of the structure manufacturers specializing in the making of diverse frames ranging from mass construction of bridges to the small involvement like domestic equipment. The finished products will be in diverse sizes of iron rods made for different purposes including the construction (Bode, Wagner, Petersen & Ellram, 2011). The pool of the clientele is concentrated with almost each work entailing construction and requires products from the iron ore finished products. However, the demand is seasonal having two peak times when the demand is high, since it is the time when building and construction of houses takes places. This is due to climate being conducive for construction work at then. The potential clients involve the manufacturing companies (sheet and rods making), wholesalers and private contractors specializing in building (BODE, Wagner, Petersen & Ellram, 2011).  

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• Introduction to the fund
•             PAMS
• An introduction
•             Prudential Asset Management Limited was originally established in 1994 top take part in investment activities that ranges from stock trades to collective investment schemes in (Singapore) . Though the outfit was officially launched in 1994, the company started trading later in the year 1996. The company has experienced unparalleled growths in leaps and bounds over the years. The company record shows that the company's assets base was S$51.28 billion as of June 2010. This translated to approximately $40.4 billion discretionary funds in Asia

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• Validity
•             Validity is a term that academics use to refer in to various perspectives. While referring to the system of certain measurement in a writing obligation, validity refers to the ability or being able to assess the measurement of the intended object. However, while defining validity in the coding systems, it refers to the closeness of the fit that the categories included in between the phenomena might be pointing. At last, validity can refer to the extent in to which the method used in testing is able to measure what it claims to be able to measure. There are two methods of measuring of validity, namely:

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• • FINANCE
• The 1980s recession was a period when the entire world was affected by recession. Developed counties such as United States and Japan were similarly affected though they exited from it much earlier than other countries. The recession mostly started from the late 1970s but cascaded into the 1980s. The major effects of the recession led to the United States facing a number of economic crises such as; the debt crisis that rocked Latin America and the financial meltdown that met the savings and loan industry (Armstrong & Blackwell, 2005, pg.136).

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• European Debt Crisis
• Introduction
•             The European economy started to shrink since 1930 although the real GPD indicated significant decrease by 4% in 2009.     The projected shrink of the year 2009 is the worst that the European Union has ever experienced. The main cause of the debit crisis in European Union resulted due to a combination of various complex factors. One of these factors was easy credit conditions that the Union offered during the period 2002-2008. The conditions encouraged high-risk lending and borrowing practices that lead to debit crisis. The other cause of the debit crisis was international trade imbalances that caused a slow economic growth in countries that are members of the European Union. The depreciating rate of Euro creates the main question of whether it will remain the currency in the European Union or not.  

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• How general a depiction of rationality is the “rational utility maximize”?
•             Utility maximization is as a state in which a person derives maximum satisfaction from consuming a good or service. It can therefore be viewed in terms of increasing and decreasing utility, which will therefore in portray the economic behavior of increasing utility for consumers to encourage the consumption. Total utility therefore means the aggregate satisfaction that an individual derives from consuming a substantial amount of good or service in economy. It is hence, viewed that a person’s utility can be related to the satisfaction he gets in the end. Utility decreases when a person is deprived of a particular good or service. Taking an example of food, a person’s utility increases when one has not eaten for a long time and is therefore craving for food, however, as the individual continues to eat, his utility goes on increasing as his level of satisfaction increases, commensurate with the person becoming full. His desire for food decreases once he is satisfied has had enough of the food and does not want any more of it. The total amount of utility that an individual deprives is commensurate to his level of satisfaction (Weber 1920).

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• Risk Analysis Capital Budgeting
• Introduction
•             Capital budgeting entails making various decisions in the management of an organization with the aim of determining expenditures on assets. In most cases, these particular expenditures are those that the management expects that their cash flow might extend within a period of about one year. Capital budgeting is a significant process in the management of an organization because it acts a control tool. This is because all capital expenditures that an organization expects to inquire within a certain period require large investments. However, most of these expenditures tend to be limited by availability of funds. Capital budgeting plays a significant role in influencing an organization’s ability to achieve the set financial goals.

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Organization Dividends

Abstract

                Shareholders in an organization are entitled to receive dividends from a company’s profit at the end of the financial year. However, the dividends ought to be declared by the management of the company in order for the shareholders to get their share. This means that dividends are not compulsory and shareholders always get those that the directors of the company have recommended. In most cases, dividends are declared at the general meeting of the company. Various companies have a set constitution on how dividends ought to be shared among its shareholders. Moreover, certain states have by-laws of which companies ought to follow when sharing dividends among the shareholders. This paper illustrates various issues related to dividends that are enacted by companies for the well-being of shareholders.

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International Project Finance

Commercial law take

Completion risk

               Completion risk entails the concept of whether the project can be completed on the recommended period and within the set amount of budget . Completion risk is also known as Cost Overrun risk or the construction risk. Three common terms employed in order to allocate the completion risk. One of the concepts is cost-of construction. This entails the fact that the cost of completion tends to be fundamental to the financial liability of the project that is under construction.

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