Questions and Topics We Can Help to Answer
Instructions:

Write your response by utilizing the fact/analysis/opinion/question format. Answer the question with factual information and citations from the course readings. Follow the factual response with several sentences of analysis. Next, include your own thoughts and opinions reflecting on what you have learned. Finally, ask a thoughtful question that might inspire further discussion or challenge others to think in a different way about the topic. 

Topic is: Summarize the most important issues Neiberg discusses about studying WWI.

Questions and Topics We Can Help to Answer
Instructions:

As many European monarchies and empires transition into becoming nation-states in the nineteenth century, what become of European citizens and residents that are Jewish? Discuss their civic rights or lack thereof, and the repercussions of such into the political and diplomatic realms.

Questions and Topics We Can Help to Answer
Instructions:

Review the following 3 discussion and respond to each with 125 words. 

Article 1.
In this weeks forums I will address the ramifications of the Gallipoli offensive conducted by the British, ANZAC, and French forces during World War I. Gallipoli is a narrow peninsula that overlooks the strategic strait of the Dardanelles which controlled the entry and exit into the Black Sea. In and of itself the actions at Gallipoli were not a primary concern originally for the Entente powers. The primary objective was to clear the Dardanelles of Turkish forces thus providing the Russians an outlet to the Mediterranean Sea with an ability to move it's troops to areas of necessity on the Western Front of elsewhere abroad.(1) However this proved to be disastrous so the Gallipoli offensive was conceived to tie up Turkish forces on the the peninsula to prevent them from being used to reinforcing other fronts.

  It was hoped by Winston Churchill and others that a successful operation on the peninsula would garner new allies in the form of Greece, Bulgaria, and Romania as well as provide assistance to the Serbs. (2) However, from the beginning Gallipoli was a series of tragedies in the making. First among these was the entirety of the operation depended on precise interaction between naval forces and the ground forces landing on the beaches of the peninsula. This did not occur because the both the Germans and the Turks had anticipated the possibility of an assault at Gallipoli. Shortly after the troops were landed on  25 April, 1915, German submarine operations sank two British ships, the HMS Triumph and the HMS Majestic which caused the British navy to send away their capital ships to prevent further loses. (3) This meant that ground forces on the beach would not have sufficient naval artillery coverage. Furthermore there where other difficulties that were just as significant. The maps for the operations were not accurate, the terrain was steep and difficult to surmount, and the lack of aircraft made naval artillery fire and reconnaissance spotty at best. (4) All these factors slowed the advance till the assault became stagnant trench warfare.

The overall ramifications of Gallipoli had various negative effects for the Entente powers. This assault did not accomplish any of the perceived objectives that the allies wanted to accomplish. Adversely it became a meat grinder which needlessly denied troops that could have better served the Western Front or in fighting in Mesopotamia. Additionally due to the failures to capture the Dardanelles or territory on the Gallipoli peninsula, the British image of superiority within the Middle East was shattered which led to problem in the region for the British and French in the years to come.

As for the positive side of  Gallipoli, it galvanized the national identities of  the Australia and New Zealand through the gallant efforts of the ANZAC forces. It also provided a coherent legitimacy for the Turkish National identity, providing the faltering Ottoman empire with a sense of pride through this victory and canonizing a Turkish national hero in the form of Mustafa Kemal, (Ataturk). (5)

Article 2

The decision to mount the attack on Gallipoli carried with it, the great prospect of not only eliminating troops and supplies that could be sent to the main western front, but also a chance to destabilize the Ottoman Empire, and threaten Constantinople. If the operation was a success, the British believed that it would allow them to secure both water and rail ways east into Russia. The Russian army, was ill equipped and poor trained by the days standards, but the Allies felt that if properly equipped and armed, the Russians massive numbers would be enough to help defeat Germany and the Ottomans. 

            The difficulties of mounting such an invasion had been outlined by many of the senior commanders and persons involved in the plan, and no one had previously envisioned a successful way to take the Dardanelle’s with either naval or ground forces. Winston Churchill was anxious to get back in the fight, and even more so to get the British Navy back into the bulk of the fight instead of just the Navy. The plan called for a joint naval and army invasion, precision coordination between the forces, and a great deal of luck. In essence, even on the drawing table, everything in the plan would have to be executed and performed perfectly for there to be any chance of success. The Navy would bring in the troops, who would then be needed to attack and take the enemy guns and positions overlooking the narrow channel, so that the ships could continue on and support the land forces. In concert with the navy’s need for these positions to be taken, the army and land forces of British, French, and Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, or ANZAC, would desperately need the support of the large guns that the naval vessels could bring to support them. Both elements were in complete reliance on each other in order for success to be achieved. To add greater difficulty to the proposed mission, the Germans were aware of the attack, and along with their Turkish allies, were able to greatly reinforce and prepare the battlefield prior to the Allied attack. 

            As should have been expected, early in the battle, things did not go according to plan. The channel was heavily mined, which cost the allies ships, and the HMS Triumph and HMS Majestic were sunk by German submarines. After the loss of these ships, the order was given for all capital ships to withdraw, which left the ground forces with only the support of the much smaller naval guns on the allied destroyers. While most of the landings went fairly quickly, in the ANZAC section, the Turks, led my Mustafa Kemal, would be quick to attack and counter the landing forces, leaving them with the best option being to pull back and land again elsewhere, only the navy was unable to pick them up and support them. The battle of Gallipoli would be a learning lesson on the needs of air support, close communication, and better training for both the men and the officers who led them. While a major loss for the allies, Gallipoli would have a lasting effect on the war and the future in a few key areas. Winston Churchill would nearly be destroyed by what was seen as his own personal failure, and Gallipoli would be a great piece of the forming of the Prime Minister who would later lead England through the Blitz in WWII. This battle was also seen as the first time that both Australia and New Zealand were truly recognized as their own independent or, “grown up” nations. A major lasting outcome for the Ottoman side of the battle, would be the hero status and reverence given over to Mustafa Kemal, for his leadership and determination during the battle. Mustafa would go on to be a key figure in the establishment of Turkey as a nation independent of imperial masters.  

Article 3

Hello Professor and Class,

World War I saw the inclusion of the Ottoman Empire in late 1914. It became apparent the Ottoman Empire was supporting ties between the Triple alliance and consequently became a target by the allies. The Ottoman Empire held a strategic sea road block to Russia called the Bosphorus Strait which connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea. The allies sought to acquire the Dardanelles, or the peninsula of Gallipoli, to open access to Constantinople (Ottoman Empire capital), Russia, and potential allies in the Balkans. 

There were expected repercussions for the success or defeat according to both the Western allies and the Ottoman Empire. Each wanted allies in the Balkans and the battle for Gallipoli would potentially sway countries to join either side in the struggle.[1] Greece’s participation and its army’s capabilities (given its proximity to the Ottoman Empire) were what initially triggered Great Britain’s interest and pursuit of the Gallipoli peninsula.[2] Achieving the land mass would open stronger communication ties between Western allies and those countries who were in the Balkans.

Western allies viewed the acquisition of Gallipoli as strategically important, but not solely on perceived assistance from Balkan countries. Gallipoli would give access to a land invasion of Constantinople which was the capital of the Ottoman Empire. A quick surrender of the Ottoman Empire would free up troop movement and allow for more reliable supply line between Western allies and Russia who were both fighting Germany.[3] Germany realized this incredible threat and assisted the Ottoman Empire in defending Gallipoli from Western invasion.[4] Had the Ottoman Empire failed in defending the Gallipoli peninsula, Western allies would have taken Constantinople and ended the Ottoman Empire’s contributions to the war.

The invasion of Gallipoli had many ramifications for the Western allies. It was a defeat by the “Sick man of Europe” who had successfully prevented the acquisition of the Bosphorus Strait. Gallipoli was considered a major victory for the Ottoman Empire who held its capital, sphere of influence in the Balkans, and the Bosphorus Strait which prevented a Western supply line to Russia. A side result from the campaign was the forging of the Australian identity based on their fighting at Anzac Cove on April 25, 1915.[5] The war was to be continued elsewhere for the remainder of the war. Thank you

Questions and Topics We Can Help to Answer
Instructions:

There are three categories of representatives. You must choose one representative from each category. This means that you debate will include one representative from the Pre-Classical era, one representative from the Classical era, and one representative from the Post-Classical era. Your choices are as follow

Category A (Pre-Classical) 
Gilgamesh
The Egyptian Scribe (Amenemope)
Solomon

Category B (Classical)
Socrates
Aristotle
Jesus
Cicero

Category C (Post-Classical)
Abu-Bakr al-Razi
Thomas Acquinas
Boethius

You should be creative in how you conceive hypothetical dialogue, so preparing an essay in script form is encouraged. Some important questions for your debate representatives to consider while thinking about what “The Happy Life” entails, include the following:

What is happiness?
Is it possible to find happiness in this life?
Does happiness emanate from extrinsic (outside) or intrinsic (inside) rewards?
Can one be selfless and still be happy?
Is happiness a permanent or fleeting state of being?

Questions and Topics We Can Help to Answer
Instructions:

What should an art museum be in the 21st century?
Your essay needs to address the following issues and questions based on your readings and in- class lectures. The points below should give you a clear idea of the information that needs to be covered, however, your paper should not read like a list of questions and answers. Your paper should be organized as a coherent essay with an introduction, a body, and a conclusion explaining a clear thesis statement.
1. According to Karsten Schubert, what are the typical characteristics of “the new museum;” what gets prioritized, and what gets sacrificed? What are the potential problems that arise when museums behave too much like corporations? How does LACMA (The Los Angeles County Museum of Art) reflect the strategies of “the new museum?”
2. In Bogumil Jewsiewicki’s article “Museums for the People?” how does the context of Lubumbashi show the need to re-think the purpose of the museum? How does Jewsiewicki (in the project Memoires de Lubumbashi) attempt to adapt the Lubumbashi Museum in a way that responds to the specific needs of the people living there?
3. Describe the current museum boom in China: how many museums have been built, who is building them, and how are they being run? According to Winnie Wong’s article, what is driving this boom? In what ways do these new Chinese museums reflect Karsten Schubert’s discussion of “the new museum”?

In developing your essay, make use of your lecture notes and the assigned readings for this section. Your essay should draw on specific examples from all of these readings. A strong paper will convey understanding of key points in each of the following essays/databases and will incorporate relevant concepts and details in addressing issues in the questions listed above.

Questions and Topics We Can Help to Answer
Instructions:

Andrew Jackson and his role in American history

Questions and Topics We Can Help to Answer
Instructions:

Review the following 4 discussion and respond at least 125 words each) Include original ideas.

1. Article 
Evaluate what motivated the Germans to initiate unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic in 1917.
Before 1917, The German Navy had been indecisive on how to conduct operations at sea against the British.  Prior to the war, they had found themselves in an arms race that saw them competing against Britain in the production of Naval vessels in terms of both quality and quantity.  By the outbreak of the war however, there were questions among the powers that be whether to use their surface vessels, referred to as the High Seas Fleet, or to engage more in the direction of undersea warfare with submarine campaigns.[1]  The traditional surface warfare at sea saw some success for the Germans early on.  German gunnery and an emphasis on quality over quantity had made them a force to be reckoned with, having sunk several British ships in a few engagements.  The British however had maintained a control of the seas overall.  Finally though the Germans moved to resume an unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic in January of 1917.[2]  Prior to this, Germany had been hesitant because they feared that this policy would drag America into the war so submarine warfare had been sporadic.  As American President Woodrow Wilson hesitated to declare war though even with the sinking of several American vessels by German subs they began to resort more and more to this style of war.  General Erich von Ludendorff advocated the increased use of U-Boat attacks, even with the threat of American intervention under the assumption that “U-boat warfare would bring England to her knees within six months, well before a distant and unprepared America could field an effective force in France.”[3]  Soon submarines were having incredible success in hindering supplies from reaching England and France, sinking half a million tons of allied shipping per month, which caused incredible rationing in England and France.[4]  Unrestricted submarine warfare by the Germans was used because it worked, frustrating the morale of the allied forces while crippling their supply lines.  

2. Article 
Evaluate what motivated the Germans to initiate unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic in 1917.

The most important aspect of nation at war is its economy. A nation needs production to supply its population with essentials and it needs capital to finance its production. If either come under strain then the nation can become incredibly vulnerable to outside invaders. Economics has played a major role in warfare throughout history which is why Germany initiated unrestricted submarine warfare. 

Germany’s naval strength was inferior to Great Britain’s throughout the duration of the war. Great Britain exploited Germany’s naval disadvantage and it formed a blockade of Germany’s Northern Sea ports.[1] Germany could not match Great Britain’s blockade and therefore used its navy sparingly. The effects were drastic on the Germany economy because it could not import essentials supplies like Great Britain. Inflation was destroying the economy because of the blockade and Germans, as well as Austrians, began to starve.[2] It was only a matter of time before the war effort would be lost because of the condition of Germany and its leaders knew this.

Germany strategic planners sought to cause the same effect on Great Britain and therefore introduced the doctrine of unrestricted submarine warfare. Major backers of the idea were Hindenburg and General Erich Von Ludendorff who thought Great Britain would suffer and pursue peace after six months.[3] Germany viewed the unrestricted submarine warfare as a way to inflict economic strains on Great Britain in retaliation to Great Britain blockading Germany’s ports. However, this resulted in the United States severing diplomatic ties with Germany because Germany was sinking all naval vessels that were headed to Great Britain and France.[4] Eventually, it would be a major reason for why the United States entered the war against Germany.

Germany’s desire to equal the war exhaustion between the two powers is what motivated Germany to initiate unrestricted warfare. Putting strains on the population and economy would put massive strains on Great Britain’s ability to conduct war. Germany was already experiencing a starving public situation and it desired to inflict the same punishment on Great Britain. Therefore, Germany would possibly be able to settle the war on better terms with a war weary nation than an enemy more capable of war. 

3. Article

The Doughboys is a term used informally, but has a strong history. Used to describe members of the American Army and Marines during WW 1, but some references can be found during the Mexican-American War as early as 1846. From the readings, I was surprised to learn that a majority of the American forces were conscripted. As such, its reasonable to assume that their initial thoughts would be of occupation and stabilization of the battlefront that they were being sent to.

Reading the war plans and anticipation of the American forces, especially what Pershing wanted, it must have been difficult for them to accept the static trench fighting. American war plans looked to be more mobile and forgo trench warfare all together. If this had happened, the war could have gone much differently.

Some of the conscripted troops who traveled to France expected a mobile form of warfare. It’s hard to believe, but some of the more senior amount the ranks had actually fought in the American Civil War! This form of warfare would prove to be unexpected.

The general mentality was positive for the troops deploying to France and hopes for glory. From the reading, it is apparent the majority of troops were inundated with initial confusion, uncertainty and for several, a rampant outbreak of venereal diseases.

Once deployed to the front lines, entire formations were assigned sectors in trench lines and, per pervious posts, lived in deplorable conditions. Constant threat of death, disease and a general shortage of most necessities. This was a complete opposite of the glory that most Doughboys expected

4. Article

Describe how the fighting was different than what many Doughboys anticipated.  

With the eventual deployment of American forces helping the allies in defeating the Germans, Austro-Hungarians and others, the United States would prepare a Expeditionary Force and send them to France. After the political tug of war dealing with conscription or volunteer force the American force "doughboys" arrived in France. Commanding officer General Pershing (Commander in Chief of the Expeditionary Force) was not particularly happy with the trench warfare style of combat that was being played out. He believed in the "open warfare" which he learned from West Point that he attended in the 1880s. [1] He was still trying to use the tactics that was used during the Civil War and had no place in the new type of warfare of WWI.  He was not happy with the defensive tactics that the French used (trench warfare) where it was a hide and wait till you are attacked type of campaign. [2] Pershing preferred the mass amount of offensive formations and take the enemy head on driving forces out of their positions. [3] This would have annihilated the American forces by the barrage of artillery and the enemy hiding in trenches taking shots at incoming American soldiers. The American soldiers were under the impression that the type of combat would be reminiscent of the Civil War and what they got was a trench style and defensive tactics that played out the whole war. I believe this was the turning point of the United States in terms of warfare and how military tactics would be from then on. Gone were the days of Civil War with men standing in front of each other shooting back and forth.

Questions We Can Help to Answer
Instructions:

Write a 4 page essay on the impact John Locke and Age of Enlightenment thinkers had on American culture and philosophy? Did they inspire the American Revolution? How?

Instructions: This essay must have an introduction, body and conclusion. Please cite your information by using footnotes. This should be written as an essay, 12 font, doubled-spaced, please source your material with footnotes. (Please don’t just answer the questions, this is an essay.)

Analyze the ideas behind America’s founding documents be reading the declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. (These documents are at the back of your textbook or you can find them on the internet.)

Identify the ideas of various Enlightenment thinkers who influenced America’s founders.

Describe the philosophical positions of John Locke.

Analyze the idea of a social contract, as well as the idea of the principle of individuation.

How did this harken back to the Glorious Revolution that occurred a year before Locke's Two Treatises of Government was published?

What did John Lock propose in the Chapter Of State of Nature?

What was John Locke's and the American founding founder's (Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Thomas Paine, etc.) view on Government, Republicanism and Country Ideology?

Are we as American Citizens and Resident Aliens really free in the United States? 

Do you think we are born free? Why?

Are some rights earned and some granted? Why or why not?

Does the ideas exposed in the American Declaration of Independence and Constitution relate to John Locke and other Age of Enlightenment thinkers?

What were as the advantages and disadvantages of declaring independence from Britain?

What role did African Americans play in the American Revolution?

What impact did the philosophies of John Locke and the Enlightenment thinkers have on enslaved Africans?

Questions We Can Help to Answer
Instructions:

U.S. Work and Labor Before the End of Reconstruction 
Second Paper Assignment
“As the industrial revolution developed in the United States, traditional patterns of work were disrupted and replaced by more ridged, structured, factory-based workplaces. The older notion of the “Artisan Republic”—in which craftsmen could aspire to the status of a master within their given field—was threatened. American workers resisted this change.  In what ways did Americans seek to maintain these older traditions of work, and how successful were they?” (Question courtesy of Professor Francis Ryan)

Drawing on material from the lectures and assigned readings, write a paper of roughly 1500 words (or 4-6 double-spaced pages) in response to the above essay prompt. Use clear and precise language in your essay and provide ample evidence to support your claims. Also make sure to cite your sources. 

Questions We Can Help to Answer
Instructions:

Book Review:  Each student is required to write one book review. The student will choose a non-fiction book of at least 300 pages that deals with any aspect of the course (from the Puritan era to Reconstruction).  The review should be 4 to 6 pages in length (double-spaced) and should include a brief background of the author, a summary of the book’s main thesis, an analytical discussion on whether the author accomplished his/her objectives, any bias that the author may have, and your overall opinion of the book.  If you choose to include direct quotations from the book, be sure to cite the page number from which the quote(s) came.  Students will need to receive prior approval of the book before beginning the review assignment.  You may select a book from the “Selected Bibliography” that is located on the Selected Bibliography Module on Canvas, but you may also select a book that is not on the Bibliography list. Students are not permitted to review the same book, so the sooner you make your selection, the better the chances of getting your first choice.
The font size of the print should not exceed 12 and the margins should be one (1) inch around the perimeter of the review.  The book review will be evaluated on:

•    Substance, summary, and discussion of the book selected (70%)
•    Grammar, spelling, etc. (15%)
•    Overall evaluation of the book (15%)
    
    The book review should contain a title page that includes the title of the book, author, publisher, place of publication, date of publication, and your name. The title page is NOT to be considered one of the 4-6 pages of the review.
    
    The book review selection is due on November 30 and the book review is due on November 30 and should be submitted online through Canvas. Note: submitting papers through Canvas automatically directs them to Turnitin.com. Please be aware that papers with more than 10% similarity are considered highly suspicious for plagiarism if there is no documentation. DO NOT copy and paste information from any website and submit it as your own work. This is considered plagiarism and is a form of cheating. Any evidence of this will result in failure of the assignment and possible failure of the course. 
•    The primary daily assignment in this course will be the essay reading assignments that will be discussed during class. Students are expected to read the assigned readings prior to class. Unit tests may include material from the reading assignments that may not be discussed in class. See the course schedule for the reading assignments. 

Questions We Can Help to Answer
Instructions:

Look at this image of the Mona Lisa and think about all the possible reasons why this painting is so important. What do you think Leonardo tried to create with her, why did he want to keep it all his life, and why we are all so moved by it.  As you all include your opinions we will come up with the main reasons why this painting is so popular and loved.

Your responses to each discussion prompt must be approximately 200-250 words unless otherwise specified. Your response must have a clear, well-formulated thesis; sentence structure, grammar, punctuation, and spelling count. Your response should be insightful, thoughtful, and analytical. 

Please do not plagiarize!! Use your own words!!!

Please use references

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaccio
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietà_(Michelangelo)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling

Questions We Can Help to Answer
Instructions:

America Before 1877 (European Expansion)