Comparative Politics is a book that helps students understand the complex world of politics and help them enhance their critical thinking skill with regards to the political matters around the world and the social aspects. The key thing is to understand to understand different countries with respect to their political regimes and how the leaders’ decisions affect the civilians’ way of life and the nation. the book equips students with different ways to make better more informed decisions when it comes to public policy and foreign policy. Understanding their different sates, nations and institutions equips readers with vast knowledge of how political hierarchy works. Since most nations rule through democracy, Klesner explains all the factors that help in making a nation democratic and how political participation and culture helps to create a democratic model nation.

Regime can be defined as a set of rules or protocols that dictates the form of governance in a given country. It describes the procedures of ruling. On the other hand, the states a set of apparatuses that ruler have at their disposal in order to implement their policy choices. The government is a group of people elected or selected that have the mandate to control the different states at a specified time. Whereas institutions are formal bodies created by the state, for the state for addressing the political issues (Klesner 2014).

The government type is stipulated by the regime type of a given country, the government on creates states that that have different institutions of the government that help in attaining the goals set out by the government. Institutions are legally sanctioned bodies that help in ratifying a set of practices and regimes. Though governments continually change states remain through the different successions. Though the state, institution, government and regimes are conceptually distinct they are not mutually exclusive and they always interact with each other. For a country to run smoothly there should be trust between all these branches. (Klesner 2014)

Statecraft is not just a game. It is designed to help students understand the world dynamic as it stands presently. The students are faced with challenges in their country and opportunities that will help them gain power, wealth and ability to improve their nations. It is important that all students follow a code of ethics and ensure that they do not destroy other students since the main aim is to have global peace. Global peace can be achieved if all countries and their leaders should respect the political regime of the other nations whether it is democratic, constitutional monarchy, communist totalitarian or military dictatorship.

Since every country has an obligation to improve its quality of life index by improving their health, safety, education, culture, environment and welfare, it might get a little competitive but it is important that each country has a moral code of ethics as they do this. As they exercise their rights and freedom, it is important that they try to prevent international problems that could create a war. To deal with any problems that might be there between the nations, it is important to balance diplomacy so a s to survive. Countries whose political regime is military dictatorship should ensure they respect territorial boundaries.  Statecraft is a model that reflects the real world and therefore the theory that anything goes cannot be followed since in the real world rules and regulations are enhanced to ensure healthy international relationships.

Reference

Klesner, J. L. (2014). Comparative politic; an introduction. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Education.

The position of John. C. Calhoun in his time

John. C. Calhoun was a learned fellow of the United States, he was one of the leaders in the government. He had several stands that affected the running of the government and even the position of its people. He was a man who really encouraged people not to lose hope in any way, he always saw the positive effects of fighting for what was good and valuable for the country. He encouraged his people to match forward and meet their enemies with fortitude of upholding their place at every risk. This is great confidence that should also be embraced today to ensure that individuals and government setups makes significant steps towards their destinies and visions. There was a great need for an aggressive spirit to binge so as to ensure significant changes towards their goals.

            Calhoun’s thought was that the weak, the young and the thoughtless if given a chance to be free he predicted that they would extend upwards gradually to a point they would be strong enough to obtain political control (Patrick, John , Pious, $ Ritchie 122). For this reason he urged his people to be courageous and move on to what they purposed to achieve. He always worked towards defending slavery, he developed a two-point defense. One was political which catered for the rights of the minority. The other one was bring up an argument that slavery was an institution that benefited all who involved in it. His argument was that both the slave and the master of those slaves who were the nation itself benefited from allowing slavery into the country (Patrick, John, Pious, $ Ritchie 568). Currently slavery is not applicable because there is much advancement causing this to be extinct.

            He recognized intellectual and political leaders to the last breathe of his life. He was a man who so much believed that intelligent people are of great help to all around to a nation and its people in relation to its goals. He was so much committed to developing the intelligence of people to the fullest (Patrick, John, Pious, $ Ritchie 188). This would assign him a unique role in the history of America in diverse aspects. Intelligence is key to date as it is what governs all activities in our century. He set a pace to which people still adhere to ensure positive run of their dealings. His position is still significant to date in a way but not as perfect because people could not take his all. 

Work Cited

Patrick, John J, Richard M. Pious, and Donald A. Ritchie. The Oxford Guide to the United States Government. Oxford [u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press, 2001. Print.

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE, POLITICAL OUTLOOK AND BUSINESS IMPLICATION

Executive summary

The island is located off western coast in the central Africa, it is a country with a mixed economic system. In the early sixteenth century the country was colonized by the Portuguese and it is by then that slave trade was widely staged. However, in the early 1800’s century it became one of the world best Cocoa producers and by 2005 together with Nigeria, the country agreed to do a joint exploration of oil shores (Global Edge, 2016). Manuel Pindo da costa is the head of the state, the State allowed multi party’s election through constitutional amendments in the year 1990 (Global Edge, 2016). Additional, it declared the rule of only two terms in office for the president of the republic. Unfortunately, the country political and economic outlook looks very uncertain as this emanates from a number of factors present in the country.

Corporate default prospect stakes are high the business environment is surrounded by a lot of troublesome weaknesses which makes the viability of business environment lesser. Notably, the difficult in the business environment would make infiltration of mega business problematic. Similarly, the corporate availability of financial vital financial information is a rare thing and if available it is not what you can totally rely on (Global Edge, 2016). Apart from an impulsive collection of debt the country also experiences intercompany transaction due to the major risk surroundings it given the environment shaped by the political and economic risks. Sao Tome and Principe heavily depends on public aid whilst the economy entirely depends on fishing and agriculture. The banking sector is still weak and underdeveloped with non-performing rising up to 18% (Global Edge, 2016). Nonetheless, it has got substantial oil shores apart from the developed sector of tourism.

Reference

Global Edge. 2016. Retrieved from http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/sao-tome-and-principe

Justice Systems

Chapter 10
1) Identify two types of remedies against government wrongdoing and the differences between them, and give examples of each.

The two types of remedies which are against the wrong doings are, exclusionary rule and civil suits alleging offences. If a person is treated badly by the police officers or otherwise the prosecutors, then that person has the right to sue the police in the civil court. If they are found guilty, then the complainant can get damages awarded (Viebig, 2016). On the other hand, the wrongdoings of the government may be punished through weakening the legal position of the government in a case against the affected party.
2) Identify and explain the rationales behind the three justifications for the exclusionary rule.  Which justification does the U.S. Supreme Court adopted to apply the deterrence justification?

Constitutional right: it is a fragment of the constitutional rights which is against the irrational seizure and compelled confessions and the privileges to an advocate and the due process of a law (Viebig, 2016).

Judicial integrity: it acts in protecting the nobility and trustworthiness of the courts (Samaha, 2014).

Deterrence: it mainly acts in preventing those in authority from law breaking. The Supreme Court has consequently relied on deterrence as the only way of rejecting valid evidence, since 1989 up to date (Viebig, 2016).
3) State the narrow scope of the reasonable, good faith exception to the exclusionary rule.

In most cases, the police consequently act against the fourth amendment which is commonly known as goodfaith. Good faith consequently relies on the reasonable reliance rather than to the subjection of good intentions. The court therefore recognizes the exception to the fourth correction exclusionary rule (Viebig, 2016).
Chapter 11
1) Summarize the Bivens v. Six Unnamed FBI Agents case, and explain its significance.

This is a case whereby the Supreme Court of the U.S ruled that, an obscure cause of action occurred for a person whose Fourth Amendment freedom from irrational search and commandeering had been dishonoured by federal agents. The victim of the deprivation had therefore the right to sue against the violation of the amendment itself (Viebig, 2016).

Thus this prevents the authorities from violating the law thus harming the citizens. Hence it made it easy for people to be able to sue the authorities against the violation of the law (Samaha, 2014).

2) Identify and describe the differences between two kinds of state civil lawsuits against individual state officers.

The two kinds of state civil lawsuits are: State Tort lawsuits and U.S Courteous rights Act lawsuits. State lawsuits mainly involves a single individual officer. On the other hand, civil rights act includes the agencies (Viebig, 2016).
3) Identify two elements plaintiffs in 1983 actions against state and local law enforcement officers have to prove.

The two plaintiffs are: the individual exposed plaintiff for steering which occurred under the state law colour and this behaviour underprivileged the plaintiff of the freedoms, rights or immunities assured under the federal laws or the constitution. The country and the officials may tamper with the federal rights in two dissimilar ways. After the enforcement of the state laws, or laws which are likely to go against the state, and the local authorities deny the victims the federal rights. Thus the officials’ deny the victims their rights through acting in accordance to the colour of state law (Viebig, 2016).
4) Identify and describe the stages, possible dispositions, and disciplinary actions in internal review procedures.

Report the allegations of professional misconduct

Each and every person has the right to inform the authorities about any professional misconduct of any official members of the government (Samaha, 2014). This suspicion should then be discussed with the relevant authorities.

Inquiry

An inquiry will be set in order to look at the problems associated with the relevant authorities. This consequently allows the inquiry to look into the matter carefully before coming up with solution (Viebig, 2016).

Chapter 12
1) List the reasons that affect whether police drop cases or take them to prosecutors.

Conducting Investigations.

Laying a charge to the accused (Samaha, 2014).

Referring the accused to the prosecutor.
2) List and explain the importance of the reasons behind the decision of prosecutors to charge, divert, or drop criminal cases.

Trial, this allows the accused to prove his or her innocence in the court before the judge finally renders the judgement (Viebig, 2016). This makes it easy for the court to either prove the suspect to be guilty or innocent. Trying the accused in the court also allows him or her to be able to enjoy his or her constitutional rights which allows an accused person to be tried in a court of law before judgement being rendered.

Sentencing, the judge is the only one who can be able to render the verdict according to the crime committed. Hence the suspect will be sentenced according to the crime committed thus making a just sentencing (Samaha, 2014).
3) Explain the difference between probable cause to detain a suspect and probable cause to go to trial.

Probable cause is mainly a level of evidence which is above mere suspicion but is otherwise less than what is actually needed in order to be able to convict a person. Thus if the probable cause of a certain criminal activities cannot be based on evidence, the person is then subjected to be detained. On the other hand, if the probable cause cannot be weighed or otherwise is conflicting, then it makes the suspect to go on trial (Viebig, 2016).

Reference

Viebig, P. (2016). Illicitly obtained evidence at the International Criminal Court.

Samaha, J. (2014). Criminal procedure.

WAR ON ISIS

            Understanding the history to which the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, the rationale to why it exists, its wants and demands and the rationale to which they commit terrible attacks having attacked Paris recently is important in getting knowledge on ISIS.  This group is believed to have started in the year 1999 in a different form and for the past sixteen years and has been formed and as well has helped to form the Middle East physical and ideological disagreements (Sekulow 27). The group is as a result of Syria’s civil conflict and they considers themselves as a theological empire which governs vast tracks of land both in West of  Iraq and as well as East of Syria. ISIS also consists of commitment of varying major Islamic assemblages everywhere in the world who controls own- pronounced capitals (Rasheed 2). In these areas which they governs over the group has recognized a supremacy of terror with entrenched slavery as well as rape, genocide inclusive of ethnic cleaning of territories in which the group governs. The group has further hit their revenge to other territories beyond their boundary territories. ISIS represents one of the strongest, most powerful and richest terrorist groups that have ever existed (Sekulow 27). In the present times this group gets their funding from the various extortion structures in the territories to which they govern (Rasheed 3). However in the earliest times they used to get foreign donations for funding their operations and this is what turned them to grow from the poor group into a monster organization it is currently.           

            The establishment of the ISIS took place in four stages from the branch of Al-Qaeda and ISIS in Iraq and Syria. Its first stage led to the formation of Al-Qaeda in Iraq which waged terrorist guerilla conflict against the Americans. The second stage occurred when the Islamic State in Iraq which protected several Jihadi organizations that continued conflicting with the Shiite’s population as well as with the Americans in the terrorist guerrilla conflicts (Rasheed 4). They were later weakened at the end by the invasion of the Americans. In the third stage, they were later strengthened and the creation of another stronger group that is the ISIS also took place in this stage after the United State withdrew their support from Iraq. The last stage is where the ISIS started its military success where they took over the second biggest city in Iraq, Mosul. The ISIS also established their governance over the eastern Syria and they made Al-Raqqah their capital city (Rasheed 3). Since then states such as the United States has declared widespread campaign whose aim is to wage against the ISIS and the war is currently being struggled against.

            President Barrack Obama has implemented strategies in Syria and it has thus this strategy has been the evolving process. In the beginning of his plan he did promise to bring the United States war to a completion as well as scaling back the military involvement in the Middle East.  The president therefore sought to deploy more American militants who have been trained so as to form powerful airstrike campaigns so as to curb the extremist ISIS group (Savage 9-11). He also ensured that the Americans operations are well funded and that the US militants are trained and that they are not to be positioned in the front line in Syria.

He also promised of Americans expansion and continuous support against the Islamic State and those in the battlefield should ensure that they degrade and also eventually destroy the ISIS. He also deployed American advisors who would help in the Syrian rebel training band with an objective of totally destroying the group.

            Obamas strategy to help combat the ISIS war has yielded so much fruits though the ISIS has continued to build resistance but it has in general made efforts. His strategy is way far essential as United States has really used so much of their political and economic power to ensure that they have helped in solving these wars. Any terrorist war against a given territory is a concern to the United States who has worked hard in making the world a peaceful place to be in. Obama has taken terrorists attack of the ISIS to be quite a serious issue and an immediate issue in which all seriousness in handling the issues is required. Obama has thus been able to understand the benefits that dissolving the group and destroying its totality and that’s why they are working hard in ensuring that they take part in being part of the solution. The power in which the United States has over any other nation is way much of relevance in their war as they are able to fund themselves and acquiring the required equipment powerful for war. It is so sad that the ISIS war has occurred for so long and without rest and with so much involvement but yet again so many people have died while loss of property has been witnessed. This is what has basically led to the United States involvement.

References

Rasheed, Dr A. Isis: Race to Armageddon. New Delhi: Vij Books India Private Limited,   2015. Print.

Savage, Charlie. Power Wars: Inside Obama's Post-9/11 Presidency. , 2015. Internet        resource.

Sekulow, Jay. The Rise of Isis: The Coming Massacre. , 2014. Internet resource.

The role of ombudsman in protection of human rights in UK and how to apply it in Saudi Arabia

Introduction

The office of ombudsman was founded in the Parliamentary Act in 1967 as a new kind of public official whose responsibility was to investigate citizens’ complaints about the cases of government officials’ maladministration. Statutory powers were given to the statutory office holder in order to access information, to require witness’ attendance and outright privilege to put forward protection for his reports. The maladministration included any bias, inattention, neglect, incompetence, delay, ineptitude, arbitrariness, perversity and so on. Initially, the concept of ombudsman was meat with a lot of criticism being viewed as a constitution innovation incapable of ensuring government accountability. The office however has continued to date and to continue to carry out investigations on maladministration cases in U.K (Ayeni, 2009). In this paper we look at the role played by the ombudsman to ensure the rights of the citizens are not violated. The study also looks at how the ombudsman model can be applied in Saudi Arabia, a country that has no such office put in place by the law of the land.

Literature review

The role of the current ombudsman office has evolved into a human right function which is linked into the primary character of the statutory office. This role can be confirmed right from where the meaning of the term ombudsman is derived to mean a trusted individual whose role is to prevent violation of human rights, authority’s abuse of powers, unfair decisions, negligence and maladministration so as to enhance public administration and to make the actions of the government open. (Ayeni, 2009) The individual is also tasked with the role of ensuring that government’s servants become more accountable to the public members. Thus the ombudsman does not undertake the work of human rights as an additional function but as a very important for its basic existence. He in short an independent, unbiased officer or a committee of officers put in place by the constitution to supervise the administration. Usually, his responsibility is to deal with the complaints raised by the public on injustices, human rights and matters that relate to corruption. The constitution gives him the power to carry out investigations, report and provide recommendations about cases concerning an individual, the procedures used by the administration and changes that are necessary for the systems. The ombudsman does not charge for the services provided to the public and can readily be accessed by the citizens (The Law Society, 2016). This is necessary for all the public members to lodge a complaint concerning the violation of their rights without any hindrances.

The human lives are affected by the ombudsman since the aim is to ensure that the principles of justice or fairness are promoted across all the facets of the society. In protecting human rights, the office basic function include guarding the rights of a person while they are dealing with the people trusted to implement public power. The office also comes up with recommendations on the right redress in case it has been found that the rights have been violated. In order to ensure these roles are performed appropriately, the office provides assistance to the parliament in order to exercise control over the executive arm the government so that it can engage in impartial, and proper administration. The aspects that relates to human rights entitlement include the person’s gender, sexuality, race, nationality or other features that defines human beings. The entitlements involves access to various things like fair trial, food, shelter and absence of others like arbitrary detention and inhumane torture. It is the function of the ombudsman to ensure human dignity is maintained through respect for an individual’s rights (Steinerte & Murray 2009).

In the case of Saudi Arabia, its history has experienced emergence of various kinds of civil society organisations with an aim of ensuring human rights are respected. Their efforts, however, have been hindered by the institutions of the modern state. The Kingdom’s constitution has no provisions to particularly support to freedom of assembly or association (ICNL, 2013).  According to a 2014 Human Rights Watch report on Saudi Arabia, the country continued with trying, convicting and putting into prison the political nonconformists and activists calling for human rights observation on the basis of their peaceful activities. There has also been cases of human rights lawyers being detained and later being convicted on unclear charges due to their peaceful activism (Human Rights Watch, 2015). In absence of human rights groups and a constitution that does not provide for various basic rights like freedom of association, there need to be a system or model that can fill this void. There is a need for a change in the constitution to allow the inclusion of statutory ombudsman office that will make the government institutions especially the executive arm are accountable for their actions or  lack thereof. This should be done in consideration that the very organs of the government that is normally mandated with ensuring that human rights are not violated, which are the courts and appeals tribunal continue to hinder the crusaders of human rights. Also the officials always refuse to have human rights and political groups registered a situation that leaves members prone to prosecution for what is claimed to be unregistered organizations. Also Saudi Arabia does not allow public by people of religions apart from Islam which systematically leads to discrimination against minority groups of Muslim religion which include Ismaili and Twelve Shia (Human Rights Watch, 2015). The presence of an ombudsman office would ensure that the human rights organisations and political groups are registered and the prosecution of officials who have neglected to register the groups. The office would also receive complaints from minority groups on how their freedom of worship and association are violated. There are numerous cases of detainees, who include children, encountering violation of their rights of fair trial and due process. There also cases of arbitrary arrest, ill treatment and torture in the detention areas (Human Rights Watch, 2015). These are the kind of the inhumane actions that an ombudsman office would be mandated to deal with.

In conclusion, it is important for Saudi Arabia’s constitution to be amended and a statutory office of ombudsman to be provided for. The office holder should be given autonomous authority so as champion for the upholding of basic human rights and give guidance to government institutions on their responsibility in ensuring that they perform their duties while maintaining human dignity. This is necessary especially in era where laws are being revised to cater for new challenges such as terrorism. The ombudsman will ensure that changes will not result to human rights violation on pretence of fighting emerging issues.

References

 Ayeni, V. (2009).Ombudsmen as Human Rights Institutions: The New Face of a Global Expansion. London.2-26

Human Rights Watch (2015).World Report: Saudi Arabia Events of 2014. Retrieved from: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/saudi-arabia

ICNL (2013).NGO Law Monitor: Saudi Arabia. Retrieved from: http://www.icnl.org/research/monitor/saudiarabia.html

Steinerte, E., Murray, R. (2009).Same but Different? National human rights commissions and ombudsman institutions as national preventive mechanisms under the Optional Protocol to the UN Convention against Torture. 1-9. Retrieved from: https://www.hrc.co.nz/files/7214/2550/8359/Steinerte__Murray_year_-_National_human_rights_commissions_and_ombudsman_institutions_as_NPMs_under_OPCAT.pdf

The Law Society (2016).The role of the Legal Ombudsman. Retrieved from: http://www.lawsociety.org.uk/support-services/risk-compliance/regulation/legal-ombudsman/

US Government Vs Bangladesh

            In Bangladesh the political system is footed on multi parties as a form of democracy.  The president therefore acts as the states head while the prime minister is responsible for  charges of the government as he holds the actual power (1).  Criticism from the political parties towards the government is often received in Bangladesh because of the existence of strong opposing partiers.  In this sate presidential elections are conducted after every 5 years after which the president appoints a prime minister. The prime minister is responsible for selecting the cabinet members. There are approximately one hundred political parties in the nation and only about five are active (1).

            The political system in Bangladesh is different from that of America. This is due to the fact that Bangladesh is ruled by a parliament that is based on multi party government system (1). On the other hand America is ruled by a parliament whose basis lies on two party systems. Elections and contests in America are generally between two main political parties. The American system of government therefore acts as both democratic and republican party. Another difference between the political system in both nation is that I the United States elections are conducted after every four years.  And there is only one opposition party because the contesting parties are only two.  Criticism is generally not received towards the government by the opposition as much as it is received in Bangladesh.  The law of family is rooted in religion while that of United States in based on constitutional law. However the constitution of both Bangladesh and America are similar in that they are founded on the basis of English law (1).

            References

Government and Political Parties. Retrieved from http://www.bangladesh.com/political-parties/

The relation between the federal government and the government of Texas

The national government of U.S has the overall power over all of its states Texas being one of them. Similarly, Texas government has the overall power over all of its cities. The two governing bodies have many similarities only that one is under the other. The setup of the two governments is based on the structure of their constitutions whereby the laws are analogous. The way Texas and Texas cities relate is analogous to the relationship between the federal government and the state of Texas in the following ways (Zimmerman, 1995).

The first section of the constitution defines the freedom and sovereignty of the state. Texas being an independent state, it is free to maintain its welfare and resources but it is subjected only to the constitution of the federal government. In the reconstruction of the constitution in 1861 and later 1869 on the bill of rights the new section 1 was amended and the supremacy of the federal government was stressed. The principle of supremacy of the federal government was placed in section 2 of Article IV of the U.S constitution. This was to imply that any laws on the bill of rights of any state were not supposed to contradict the federal government’s laws of the Supreme Court of the United States (Ruud, 1958).

Both constitutions have embraced the republican system of governance whereby the power of the state lies in the hands of the citizens. The judge Dillon of the Texas Supreme Court comes to disagree with the criminal appeals in the case between Brown and the City of Galveston quoting the constitution in section 2 that says that all power of the governments is in the hand of the people and all the free governments are based or founded by the people’s authority (Zimmerman, 1995). This is done through free and fair voting whereby the majority wins the political stand.  This gives the citizens sovereignty meaning that all its powers are exercised for the benefit of the citizens. From the extrajudicial perspective, section 2 was particularly cited for Texas which had attempted to revise the constitution through the constitutional convention. In Article IV section 4 of the U.S constitution, it guarantees a republican form of government to all its states and so Texas is not exceptional. This had to be so because even the federal government is also republican.

In the education sector, the Supreme Court sat in their efforts to find a single vote that would pass the denial of funding the rich schools. This was meant to drive away putting favors of the financial body to the wealthy schools. This is further explained in section 1 of Article VII. Since it is difficult to make a prediction of the development under the Equal Protection Clause, it was concluded that this clause would be used under certain instances under the explanation of section 19 of the constitution (Zimmerman, 1995). Following the decision of the supreme court of the U.S, Texas was made to follow it in invalidating laws but it would still it would not invalidate them under the Fifth Amendment’s (Ashcroft, and Barbara, 1983).

The Texas constitution has its structure which is similar to that of the federal government. Article 1 section 1 of the constitution starts by defining the sovereignty of the state of Texas subject only to the constitution of U.S.  This implies that the same way that the United States is independent, the state of Texas is independent also. This shows how the two governments correlate (Ruud, 1958).

The constitution of Texas has highlighted the rights and the duties of the citizen just like the way the constitution of the federal government highlights the rights of states and their responsibility in the federal government. The constitution has a long column that highlights the bill of rights and the freedoms of the citizens. Article 2 clearly puts how the separation of powers should be distributed within the government. This would help in preventing the government’s intrusion in facets that should be out of boundary for the government. In a similar way, the federal government has the separation of powers throughout the states. Both constitutions divide the powers into the high and the low levels. For the federal government, the states including Texas are subordinate to it just as the counties of Texas are subordinate to it (Ruud, 1958).

The mode of making amendments to the constitution has been written clearly on Article 17 in the constitution. This is carried out through the legislature and also dependent on the voters’ approval. In the convention of 1974 the amendments of this article was done but the passing of the amendments were dependent on the voting of the citizens (Ashcroft, and Barbara, 1983).

Conclusion

From the comparative analysis throughout the paper, the relationship between the state of Texas and Texas cities is analogous to that of the Federal Government and the State of Texas. Just to summarize the similarities of the two relationships, cities are subordinate to the state of Texas just as Texas is subordinate to the federal government. The division or the separation of power for the federal government is distributed to the states while the separation of powers of the state of Texas is distributed to the cities.

The two governments have used the republican form of leadership. This gives the citizens of Texas State to make the final decision in form of voting. In a similar way, the states have the final say on the decisions that the federal government shall make. Since the citizens have all the powers over the state, they also have the power over the federal government and so the supremacy of the people is the most important in the United States of America. Both constitutions have laid out the privileges of the citizens and their duties. In both constitutions, a list of bill of rights has been outlined. It has also been seen that the federal government is more supreme than that of Texas because Texas’ decisions have to be approved by the federal government.

Work Cited

Ashcroft, Robert R., and Barbara Kyle Balfour. (1983)"Home Rule Cities and Municipal Annexation in Texas: Recent Trends and Future Prospects.". Mary's LJ 15: 519.

The Constitution of 1787, especially Article IV.

Ruud, Millard H. (1958) "Legislative Jurisdiction of Texas Home Rule Cities." Tex. L. Rev. 37: 682.

Texas Constitution, Article XI.

Formun Üstü

Zimmerman, J. F. (1995). State-local relations: A partnership approach. Westport, Conn: Praeger.

Formun Altı

Why neither Donald nor Hillary Should Win the Presidency

Donald and Hillary are determined to win the presidency of the United States. This will be decided by the views of Americans themselves about them. Americans have reasons as to why neither Donald nor Hillary should win the presidency.

For Donald Trump

According to the views of Americans, Donald is not popular with college educated voters of whom they are necessary for any candidate to win (Pace & Swanson, np). There is an increased disdain among Americans of various races, location, gender, and political persuasion about Donald. He is being saddled with unpopularity which is now his great setback to win the elections. A bigger percentage of people including his republican voters have the similar unfavorable view about him. He has been rated with unfavorability and this rate has up to 70% and this is according to a new AP/GfK poll (Pace & Swanson, np). This opinion has been shared by majorities including men, women, conservatives, moderates, liberals of all races. Even in regions where he won the GOP primaries, he is still being viewed with unfavorability. Most of his comrades the whites with no college education that are famously known as his loyal voting blocs also have a negative opinion about him. This makes him to be questioned of how he could gather up support to help him win the presidency (Pace & Swanson, np). Due to this perception there are claims that, Trump is at a risk of being denied the nomination because the grassroots party campaigners doubt his capability to win due to the high rate of dislike. Therefore the negative view from his party members makes him to be less trusted as the perfect candidate to effectively compete in the election. Trump also has a negative description as many people described him not to be civil, likeable, and compassionate compared to other competitors against him (Pace & Swanson, np). This does not mean that his rivals are being preferred to him but Donald is being viewed with a high negative perception compared to other competitors.

For Hillary

Hillary as any other candidate intending to win the presidency for white house has views that support and those against her. According to the information released by media, Hillary was published by negative stories that can affect people’s response to vote her (Leopold, np). Firstly, she is always focused on fake scandals than her counterparts. Half of the Americans said that Hillary is not honest. Hillary is also rated with a high rate of being unfavorable just as her counterpart Donald. Hillary is also as more popular among whites than Trump which makes racial and ethnic polarization rise for her. Among white voters, Hillary shows a net negative especially to college educated white women who also have a negative view of her. The media claims that Hillary’s policy and character flaw may let her down creating a gap for the republican candidate to go through (Leopold, np). Americans still hold Hillary‘s previous sins where she supported free trade agreements that made American jobs die off affecting the americans. She was also in favor of the Iraq war which was a misbegotten according to its history (Leopold, np). Hillary compared to her counterpart Trump is less good in dictating engagement terms. This makes it hard for the democrats to stay confident that their candidate will succeed at setting that agenda.  Despite of her strength in her democrat party, those are some of the issues that some people hold to disqualify her from winning.

Work cited

Leopold LES, 10 reasons why Hillary isn’t a lock to win the presidency in a general election, March 18 2016.

Pace Julie & Swanson Emily, Americans overwhelmingly view trump negatively, April 7 2016.

American Presidency Elections

            I support Hillary Clinton who should be the American state president. I explain this based on her 2003 account which is her existence history.   After I read her history, I stopped questioning myself on why a lady could run for a presidential seat. Clinton was not only meant to be the first lady which is an approach that has a political influence, but she was meant to lean in.  Clinton is a lady who is much reliable, in her life history, she explains how she ran for a student president against several men but unfortunately she lost. She explains that this did not discourage her but it hurts her when her opponents told her that she was really stupid thinking that a lady could be elected as a president.  This shows irony in forecasting her future but in the upcoming elections of 2016, she is likely to rewrite her history.  Supporting Clinton is much essential as it is explained that running an official campaign since high school is a proof of what she is.  She is a perfect politician based on the plans, choices and constructed optics. When I focus on her personal traits as a feature of a president, she is familiar with defeat but is not afraid to get back to the presidential battle field.  As a U.S senator and a cabinet secretary, she knows how to negotiate and challenge her opponents. Having her as a president, it is true that we will have the most essential experience.  Hillary is a woman who also understands alien program.  She is aware that the world has changed so it is easy for her to create her case as she has served as a State secretary while the world was alternating its influence.  She has already travelled for more than 112 countries thus she is the most universal travelled secretary of the state in the history. She has attended the famous political meetings and has spent most of her days in airplanes (John, 260).

            She is expected to be the most prominent woman president as she focuses to the women and human rights as serious for the American security interests. She is aware that the federal security has to be more than the army should.  The United States needs a leader who understands nuanced mediation and who can form on Obama’s heritage.  Hillary is viewed as that leader.  She is a leader who is qualified to be the president.  She is bold enough as she was one of the presidential candidates to talk amenably about race and issues that are based on the Black lives movement only after the killings in an incidence in South Carolina.  She supports the Latinos and other aliens to have the citizenship of America.  She knows that women rights are also human rights and this proofs that global warming is real.  Hillary has proved that she is a candidate who can take tough battles and get things done.  She is seen to campaign without losing hope while she connects with the voters across the whole country and gives a positive agenda in which everyone is proud of. She is a longtime supporter for the women rights where she protects reproductive rights and access to health services for women despite their income level.  She is aware of the child care, salaries of workers and not just the women issues (Peggy, 135). 

            Giving my vote to Clinton won’t be a loose; she has many accomplishments which are well known.  Her grace and self-esteem and her nature of life will make the American state proud.  Inspiring my family members to vote for Clinton is that she is a long time lady suffering from disgraces; first she is shamed by her cheating husband and is later defeated by her own party on the presidential elections.  She was also rejected by Obama to be his running mate. Through all these humiliations, we can say that it is her time and she deserves the seat.  Due to her highs and disgraces, the ethnic media forces believe that it is her time now.  Her prove that she can manage sanders despite her courageous personality, she is confident that she can win her opponents.   Hillary is an experienced woman as she has worked in the neighborhood.  She has worked in alliances and the White house. With her working in the foreign affairs, that makes her the most qualified candidate to be the president.  While she was a lawyer, she helped in several investigations of some presidents and has helped in reconstructing the New York City creating a negotiating period deal between Israel and Hamas. Several Americans believe that the alien living in the county unlawfully should be permitted to stay and made the citizen of the state.  Clinton has a plan to avert gun violence as she wants to form more assessments for the gun owners.  She wants to protect the ill people from having guns and keep attack arms off the streets (Peggy, 170).    

Reference

Noonan, Peggy. The Case against Hillary Clinton. Place of publication not identified: HarperCollins e-books, 2010. Internet resource.    

Podhoretz, John. Can She Be Stopped?: Hillary Clinton Will Be the Next President of the United States Unless. New York: Crown Forum, 2013. Internet resource. 

POLITICAL EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTEST IN NORWAY

Summary

The drained water from the company was a source of derailed of junk food industry in Norway.

The majority of people prefer having safe and healthy environment compared to the employment opportunities it would have come with.

Introduction

Environmental reformation had stared not until the concept of selfish politicians introduced mining.

Norway having individuals who love the environment is so willing to do

Anything to keep their environment clean and healthy

Problem statement

The environment that we live in is imperative thus our responsibility to maintain it.

There have been environmental protests in Norway that causes the cause for alarm to investigate what are the protests for, the government reaction and the policies made after the agreement (Caruthers, & Rodriguez, 2009)

Research question/objectives

How did the government respond to the protests?

• The government made all means to sale the idea of benefits they would reap such as employment.
• They rebelled opinions coming from the ministry of fisheries.

Which policies were made after the protests?

• All gas emitting companies to find a better option of minimizing and regulating th amount of gas being emitted.
• Liquid waste emission to be reduced in terms of number of chemicals and toxins before draining them.

Examine the causes of the environmental protests?

• The combination of the environment and policy in Norway
• Introduction of mining company which would kill the junked food industry

Literature review

The mining company has benefits of employment and income, but

Environment conservation is the first priority (Yearley, 2014).

From the work of researchers, there was something left out that is the environmental protests by the Norwegians (Dryzek, et al. 2014).

Research methodology

The study site is Norway country which has undergone environmental transition through the acts of the government.

Data was gathered by issuing

Questionnaires to the top government officials, those involved in making environmental

policies, the citizens themselves and the tourists in the country.

Conclusion

The reasons for their objection were to protect the environment from the pollution of any kind.

The other political leaders focused their minds on the project as they saw employment opportunities and a lot of income without considering the effect on the environment.

Recommendation

• The citizens should fight for the preservation of the environment by addressing the government.
• The policies made about climate condition should be adhered to.
• All countries should join hands in preserving the environment by controlling pollution

Reference

Yearley, S. (2014). The Green Case (Routledge Revivals): A Sociology of

Environmental Issues, Arguments and Politics. Routledge.

Dryzek, J. S., Downes, D., Hunold, C., Schlosberg, D., & Hernes, H. K. (2003).

Carruthers, D., & Rodriguez, P. (2009). Mapuche protest, environmental conflict and

social movement linkage in Chile. Third World Quarterly, 30(4), 743-760.

U.S NAVY

            The cold war period challenges the social historians due to the harsh inequalities amongst the practices of diverse communal crowds.  For numerous people, it created humble eras as a flow of customer properties that was commencing an influential appliance of invention to its competence. The U.S entrepreneurship during the era made it possible for a standard way of living unrivaled in the humanoid account. Based on globalization managing with industrial failure, trade shortfalls, and ecological challenges and soaring costs of energy, the distant period apparently unforced seems almost an illusion (Brown, 2007).

            The dimer side of the cold war must be spotted.  The postwar inflamed fright and distorted the radical process and shrunken knowledgeable and social life. Nuclear fear affected the national essence in many ways. The period of the cold war also challenges the historical understanding due to the piercing difference between its authenticity and the prejudiced tone of a political culture that ignored many aspects of the truth.  The unforeseen change would modify the political scenery, despite the victory of the presidents who led the regime by then (Dalby, 2011).

             Although there was a strong budget, there were still greater forces that restricted the whole influence of the president’s time in his office.  Globalization thus is an orientation to the growing dependence on the world marketers over earlier personal market. It still remained political until 2001 when America, despite not having any army action in its borders was unexpectedly criticized at the milestones of its largest cities. There were delays in actions that were meant to handle the natural disaster which made the local leaders quickly disapprove the national efforts of dealing with the calamity. This disparity increased serious questions from the public about the national government’s interests in the protection of lower class inhabitants in other parts of the country based on future natural calamities (Richmond, 2010).

Reference

 Brown, A. (2007). Perestroika and the end of the Cold War. Cold War History, 7(1), 1-17.  

Dalby, S. (2011). Ten years after: September 11th and its aftermath. Geographical Journal, 177(3), 198-202.  

Richmond, Y. (2010). Cultural exchange and the Cold War: How the West won. American Communist History, 9(1), 61-75.