DB Forum 5

            The world has been growing rapidly across the globe thus enhancing integration of different states and the results has been brisk development for the past years. With this kind of development since the world war two, there has been establishment of different theories such as the modern and dependency theories which have tried to explain the correlation between different nations and the rationale behind the variation in development between third world countries and the developed countries. There are some differences between the two theories but the major difference between the two theories is based on the relationship between the developing nations and the developed nations. The modernization theory tends to believe that all areas develop through related stages of development meaning that the underdeveloped areas are in a similar condition with that of the developed countries and in helping the underdeveloped states out of their poor conditions is to increase their speed towards the path of development. On the other hand, the dependency theory argues out that the developed states impose relationship with the developing countries with an aim of maximizing their benefit for instance, the movement of resources from the poor nations to the wealthy nations hence they are able to gain control and are able to enhance the dependency of the peripheral states to the core ones. Peripheral states represent the poor and underdeveloped nations which are often overexploited by the core states which represent the wealthy and developed states ( Klesner 2014).  There are several factors that result o chronic underdevelopment in these countries, such as poor infrastructure, poor technology, poor governance and inadequate educational facilities hence unskilled labor and reduced industrialization.

References

Klesner, J. L. (2014). Comparative politics ; an introduction.

Group assignment

Diplomatic negotiations

Diplomacy stands to be accepted by all nations as the mainstay and the key process of establishing good relations among different states around the globe. We have therefore come to this international summit to pass our thoughts through negotiations which we believe are the most important but hardest to master aspect of diplomacy (Parsi, 2012). This is a group from the United States’ Office of Foreign Missions (OFM) who will conduct diplomatic negotiations between the United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran on the matters of abolishing the nuclear weapon production and use. We all know that the diplomatic international relations between these two countries are at a critical juncture after an unstable historically troubled relationship had cherished (Entessar & Afrasiabi, 2015). This is a golden chance that neither Iran nor the united states can afford to pass up because we have come along with a list of a thousand benefits and implications that both countries would love to take pleasure in. It is very clear that the two nations are currently lacking a diplomatic relation and instead of exchanging their ambassadors, the United States maintains its own interests at Swiss Embassy while Iran, on the other hand, maintains a corresponding interest at Pakistani Embassy in Washington D.C (Simpson, 2016). The relations between the two nations have a worrying historical background with so many of their opinions differing which makes the relationship to be “cold”. With this regard, the United States sent us to represent its plea on a nuclear deal which aims at limiting the nuclear weapon capabilities and all its disastrous consequences (Parsi, 2012). This discussion will, therefore, provide a detailed step by step negotiation strategy that will establish a relation that exists with other countries on a long-term basis. 

It would wise for us to consider the impact of using the nuclear force both to the environment and the humans. From the basic knowledge of nuclear firearms, they are incredibly dangerous and disastrous weapons, especially in the current modern society. They have the capacity to poison entire regions because of their emissions such as radiations, destructive unstable isotopes, and fallouts. Scientists have confirmed that when these emissions enter into the human and animal food chain, both the sea life, human life and all dimensions of life get endangered (Simpson, 2016). The effects are life-long and pass on to all preceding generations. From the history of America, it is evident that most citizens who were born before 1970 are prone to cancer because they carry Strontium 90 in their bones. Much more destructive consequences of using the nuclear force exist which keep the world unsafe every day. From this perspective, I would, therefore, like to respond to my colleague who holds that nuclear weapons are safe. They are too dangerous to serve as arms of maintaining law and order among other security measures. We should keenly consider how destructive the nuclear weapons are to the adjacent world because they are only safe to the arm holders. It is, therefore, our plea that the republic of Iran should seek other alternative firearms for the sake of global welfare and the future gen generation. There is also no any moral justification that could support massive threatening of cities and countries and the overall planet using the nuclear weapons. The destructive nature of the weapons is, therefore, a threat to the future and all the development strategies and plans could be drained in a matter of minutes (Simpson, 2016).

It has been our interest as the government of the United States to enhance our national security which can only be established through the process of stabilizing the strategic balance between the republic of Iran and the United States. This treaty will limit the nuclear arms production and use by deploying at least 15,000 warheads and ICBMs whom we all know are heavily equipped with nuclear armaments (Entessar & Afrasiabi, 2015). The treaty we shall agree upon will lead to the determination of the armed structure such that as much as nuclear arms exist,the two nations will maintain a safe and secure environment that supports innovation and other industrial developments. The new strategy will also allow transparency and visibility so that various mitigate risks such as mistrust, surprises and miscalculations are done away with (Simpson, 2016).

On the same note, the main interest of the United States has been to maintain high levels of security commitments. We have already turned up for the strategy because we have significantly reduced our nuclear arsenal by 50% within the last fifteen years. This has been through the deployment of strategic nuclear weapons and much more reduction strategies are already in place. So far the United States has cut down its nonstrategic nuclear weapons since 1991 by 90% to the highest levels seen during the ODSNW move. In exchange, United States has substituted the nuclear weapons with other arms that can easily adapt to change and also those which are responsive to the industrial and infrastructural development to improve the existing capabilities (Entessar & Afrasiabi, 2015). There are therefore two reasons only that make us maintain the nuclear forces. The first is since the international environmental security is highly unpredictable; the United States shall apply the nuclear forces for the purpose of bringing back international order. This would help the world handle the security complications when peace seems negligible (Simpson, 2016). The second application would only be used for a unique and specific purpose of supporting the United States’ national security. Basing on the purpose of the nuclear forces, it is evident that the United States is not relying on the nuclear weapons to maintain security standards. The republic of Iran, therefore, ought to deploy and minimize the massive destructive arms for the sake of future security interventions (Entessar & Afrasiabi, 2015).

I would also strengthen our emphasis concerning the flexibility of the nuclear weapons. They are usually less prominent but their application is more of massive destruction. Just as the United States maintains the nuclear firearms for various specific purposes, we would also require the government of Iran to specify a policy that will limit their use and also their production. The united states will, however, carry forward in serving two main necessities; one to use the nuclear weapons to deter any acts of aggression and two; offer assistance of deterring concerts of general-purpose forces and other major attack conventions. United States will also use the nuclear weapons to support deterrence by taking hold of risky targets because its power to deter cannot be compared or duplicated by any other weapon (NETANYAHU, 2016).

The United States is currently seeking constructive relations with every nation around the globe. We are considering the industrial base and ways to boost the growing economic power that will become our stronghold in supporting the various strategic objectives on a global basis. We all know that the global economic development is dependent on the kind of relation that exists between us and all the other nations and therefore our diplomacy will definitely affect the world economy. Various reports have singled out that trade and immigration policies are also reliant on the international relations that we shall establish at the end of this summit. The use of nuclear weapons in the United States has significantly undermined democracy (Simpson, 2016). These weapons have been the major reason for the consolidation of the executive branch’s power and the creation of “imperial presidency” has been noticed. The investment in the nuclear weapon has also been a contributing factor why other basic social needs had been neglected.  In addition, the use of the nuclear weapon goes against the requirement of the international law which provides that the possession of the mass destructive instruments is illegal. We are therefore negotiating to ensure fairness and safe environment from all the dimensions of life (Entessar & Afrasiabi, 2015).

Lastly, the interest of our government is to prevent similar experiences that have been experienced from nuclear bomb blasts in the history of the world. We, therefore, invite Iran to join hands to prevent a repeat of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; which killed over 129, 000 people and other effects on the environment and the future generation (NETANYAHU, 2016). A similar experience was that of Cold War whereby nuclear arms were intensively used between the United States and USSR during the World War I. By signing a treaty on the boundaries beyond which nuclear weapons should not exceed, we shall have answered the most frequently asked question on whether nations should possess the nuclear weapons. Safe and secure political environments are more productive because they affect all the other sectors such as economic development are dependent on how peaceful a nation is. This diplomatic negotiation will, therefore, become a baseline of our relationship with numerous benefits expected to result (Simpson, 2016).

Conclusion

As a board of politicians in various states of America, we strongly believe that Iran can be won back because we have domestic politics that are potential in derailing a peaceful negotiation. With this regard, we shall first create a mutual understanding of the chary and suspicious in bringing current relation. We have a duty of employing PD to as the safest tool that we shall use to hurriedly better the relationship between the two countries. Using the PD strategy we shall gain all the required potential to reach a diplomatic solution to the crisis of nuclear weapons among other differences that exist between U.S. and Iran.

The Iranian government finally got convicted and yielded to our negotiations. The diplomacy was not a straightforward task which implies that much intelligence was employed in order to fully convince the Iran government to adhere to the treaty we made. Some of the factors that contributed to the win-win achievement were the use of advocates. The selected few but intelligent politicians provided a shuttle diplomacy which is a semi-independent way of intermediating (Matz, 2004). We also had objective criteria which were able to frame our thoughts from the basis of facts and arguments that are goal oriented. As much as the negotiations were run and driven well, we were able to build a golden bridge which shows how beneficial the treaty would be to the Iran and its citizens. For instance, safety and security are global necessities which both negotiating nations need. Iran will even enjoy the benefits because the current challenges that result from the use of nuclear force will be diminished. The national threat would have reduced by a significant percentage. The conversation ended with Iran sounding victorious in the negotiation. Our advocates also used code words which ensured that criticism was very polite. No arguments were encountered because all the discussions were very frank (Matz, 2004).

Our argument was majorly reflecting the violation of the international humanitarian law which warns against the killing of civilians and the long-term environmental effects that would befall the globe. It is also a reality that there are no safe hands in handling the nuclear weapons but we gave room for controlled use and production because even the United States has maintained a certain number of controlled nuclear weapons. This has played an important role in convincing Iran that our diplomacy is for good will and not to paralyze their capability. The various concerns that were raised by the opponents were intelligently responded to from various detailed angles of explanation. Comparison between reality and facts was monitored and therefore all the arguments were argued from facts. For instance, one advocate presumed that nuclear weapons were a useful tool to deter a terrorist. It was our duty to emphasize that the weapons place the country on more vulnerable conditions than before.

References

Parsi, T. (2012). A single roll of the dice: Obama's diplomacy with Iran. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Simpson, K. (2016). U.S. nuclear diplomacy with iran: From the war on terror to the Obama administration.

Entessar, N., & Afrasiabi, K. L. (2015). Iran nuclear negotiations: Accord and détente since the Geneva Agreement of 2013. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

NETANYAHU, B. (2016). WHY IRAN MUST NEVER BE ALLOWED TO DEVELOP NUCLEAR WEAPONS. Vital Speeches Of The Day, 82(5), 134-136.

Ahmad, A., & Snyder, R. (2016). Iran and multinational enrichment in the Middle East. Bulletin Of The Atomic Scientists, 72(1), 52-57. doi:10.1080/00963402.2016.1124663

Matz, D. (2004). How Much Do We Know About Real Negotiations? Problems in Constructing Case Studies. International Negotiation, 9(3), 359-374. doi:10.1163/1571806053498814Bottom of Form

Political science

Political media is seen as a source of comedy and fake news from the politicians. The Daily Show has a large following due to the content concerning politics being aired. The Onion is a news satire website that commands a number of people. The media plays a very important role by identifying politicians and the latest political trends. Fake news tends to help those who greed for power sabotaging and hindering the transparency of politics (Stange, 2006). With fake news, the wrong impression is given out the people resulting in poor decisions being made.

The shows are filled with political information that one is willing to share in order to gain a following and have a competitive advantage over others. The shows in order to get a joke in the show one have to be aware of the political trend at the time. In the present day audience follow politics are they follow celebrities and sports in order to get the inside joke (Jaime, 2008). The daily show is more politically acknowledged by the views since it is able to big the most influential people on the show and discuss on various issues (Jaime, 2008). Jon Stewart can only be seen as a political mentor to those who do not pay keen attention to politics but he is seen to be a corruptor of the youth in his role. Trevor Noah can change the trend by shedding more light during the show to assist the youths.

Jonathan Haidt discussed the moral roots of liberals and conservatives in order to give a greater insight of politics and the government. It is true to say that Haidt addressed the moral roots of why people feel differently but a lot can be done to make the moral values more effective (Haidt, 2008). The moral impulse cannot be described as fully complete since an educational step of the moral impulse should be considered. Haidt's research can be used to bridge the political divide so that a clear understanding can be established through other incentives have to be pulled together to make it a success (Jacobs, 2009).

Reference

Haidt Jonathan (2008) The Moral Roots of Liberals and Conservatives; Retrieved from             https://www.ted.com/talks/jonathan_haidt_on_the_moral_mind

Jacobs Tom (2009).Moral Authority; Retrieved from https://online.ivytech.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-  34664094-dt-content-rid-79723781_1/courses/POLS101-01H-H1-       201610/Morals%20Authority.pdf

Jaime J W (2008); laughing on the inside. Retrieved from   https://online.ivytech.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-1255238-dt-forum-rid-           79724637_1/courses/POLS101-01H-H1-       201610/Laughing%20on%20the%20Inside_Macleans_2008%281%29.pdf

Stange M Z (2006). The Daily show; retrieved from https://online.ivytech.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-   1255238-dt-forum-rid-79724636_1/courses/POLS101-01H-H1-  201610/Daily%20Show%20Generation%20-            %20USA%20Today%20Article_2006%281%29.pdf

Discussion board reply

From trompenaar’s model of culture, Brazil shows very notable contrasts with Netherlands, UK, and the USA in all dimensions. This significant contrast can be attributed to the country social and political development. It is true to say that the Brazilian people have a different view of relationships and social environment differently the people in other nations. As a result of the culture different from the Brazilian people the way they relate, work and see life values is different from other nation (Curlette, & Kern, 2016). The table shows that the Brazilian people to have clear rules and procedures that will help them develop strategies in order to develop an interpersonal relationship. The UK, USA, and Netherlands, on the other hand, show a strong respect for rules and regulation that shows a strong sense of duty. Brazil is seen to generally focus on the overall health and the well-being of the larger group while the other countries show a great concern for individual health than that of the group placing great value on personal lives (Curlette, & Kern, 2016).

Brazil reflects an affective nature as they are considered to be emotional and they can express their feelings freely. The opposite is true that people in the UK, USA, and Netherlands prefer to be calm with any emotional display (Farran et al, 2016). Brazilian culture accepts a hierarchy and tends to defer their responsibility to authority figures while the other countries personal success emphasizing that each person should contribute to the society. From the research, it is true to say that Brazilians are not goal oriented as there is a low drive to personal achievement while in the other countries people are engaged to enhance success in each person (Farran et al, 2016). It is true to say that the United Kingdom, the United States and Netherlands are highly individualistic, focus on achievement while Brazil is highly unison and they tend to look after the well-being of a large group than that of an individual.

Reference

Curlette, W. L., & Kern, R. M. (2016). In Support of Empirical Research in Individual     Psychology. Journal Of Individual Psychology, 72(1), 1-3. doi:10.1353/jip.2016.0003

Farran, L. K., Lee, C., Yoo, H., & Oller, D. K. (2016). Cross-Cultural Register Differences in      Infant-Directed Speech: An Initial Study. Plos ONE, 11(3), 1-14.   doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151518

            Corporate Governance

            Question 1

            Corporate governance best practices include building a qualified, strong directors board and evaluation that is based on the general performance.  This, therefore, means that the director’s board should entail individual’s directors who hold adequate knowledge and enough expertise which is relevant to the particular business. They should, therefore, be competent and qualified with strong integrity, intelligence, skills, and diverse backgrounds and with adequate time to commit to the given responsibilities.  This can, therefore, is accomplished by identification of gaps in the current director’s characteristics and qualities.  Developing an independent and an engaged director’s board is also essential as it simplifies familiarization with the duties. Therefore there should be an evaluation of the board with continued assessment (Banik,  Das, & Bhaumik, 2015). 

Another practice is defining responsibilities and roles.  This involves establishing clear accountability boundaries among the chair, board, executive management and the CEO.  Director’s subgroups are therefore given certain responsibilities through the creation of a mandate for every committee member as well as the board.  Written descriptions of positions should also be conducted which is essential in developing separate roles for each group (Banik, Das, & Bhaumik, 2015).

            The next practice is to emphasize on ethical dealing as well as integrity.  This mean that the directors are not only required to declare their  general interests on conflicts  and also refrain from the matters of voting but to hold a compete for integrity  culture when dealing with the business.  Performance evaluation and making principled decisions in regard to compensation should be practiced.  This involves the board  establishing  performance  targets that are measurable, setting  fees for directors  which eliminate  the conflict of appearance  and developing an independent  compensation committee  to oversee and develop  plans of compensation. Lastly, corporate governance should be fully engaged in risk management that is effective.  This means that the company should assess and identify risks regularly that they are bound to face. This includes operational, environmental, legal, and financial and market-related risks (Clayman, Fridson, & Troughton, 2012).

            Question 2

            Accounting standards are important in comparability, transparency, relevance and audiences.  Comparability is vital to the accounting standards role as it is the universality which is responsible for bringing to the keeping of financial records.  Governmental and nongovernmental organizations are required to follow the procedures of accounting which are the same generally.  This, therefore, results in the development of simplicity in the comparison of the financial standing.  Transparency, on the other hand, is the other significance of accounting stands as they are generally developed to enforce full organization’s transparency.  The process of accounting, as well as the principles, is designed to ensure that the organization is capable of leaning to the direction of being open and the mode of choosing how to deliver information.  Transparency is, therefore, essential and mainly in public entities. Accounting standards are effective in limiting the flexibility and the freedom of all the entities to utilize clever accounting in moving items (Clayman, Fridson, & Troughton, 2012). 

            In regard to relevance, accounting standards work to helping entities in providing relevant information in all the potential ways.  This, therefore, ensures that the information that is generated by the organization is desirable and therefore the observers are more interested in examining it.  The information provided by accounting standards   is clear and fair as it represents the present standing financial of the general operation. This, therefore, means that the organization is faced with difficult in the attempt of misdirecting the observers in fooling them with inadequate data. The general significance of the standards of accounting depends on the general value that it generates for the different audiences who observe and develop critical decisions.  The absence of standards of accounting in an organization would thus make the general work of the audiences more complex (Clayman, Fridson, & Troughton, 2012).

            Question3

            Essential steps of removing a directors board are raising concern, following the legal rights, evaluation of the performance (Wasserman, 2012). This involves the general observation of the negative impacts caused by the director’s board.  This, therefore, requires the majority votes from the board in order to satisfy that the board is not effective.  The issue should, therefore, be handled by the corporate law of the organization based on the given responsibilities and the provided evaluation of their general performance. Voting the board out of the organization is an essential step because it requires that majority of the members to be convinced of the inefficiency of the board (Wasserman, 2012).

            Raising concern and making all the members understand the issue can be achieved through ensuring that all the members are fully able to face the obligation in an equal way.  Failure of taking qualification share should also be a step of getting rid of the director’s board.  The compensation set is also essential as the rights of the directors have to be considered this is therefore guided by the given board contract which demonstrates their employment terms. Their director’s removal, therefore, does not affect their general rights of compensation in regard to the employment terms. Unfair dismissal may, therefore, provide the board with a ground to stand against the dismissal because of the violation of their basic employment rights which may general relation conflict (Wasserman, 2012).   

            Question 4

            Board members diversity is development. The diverse population is effective in generating reliable and relevant decisions that are aimed at improving the general performance of the organization. This implies that the diverse population is associated with different expertise and skills that are essential in developing solutions to the existing issues (Fernando, 2010).

            Proper management of diversity is associated with improvement in the ability of the board to develop decisions making process and enhance the capability of the organization in building abettor reputation through conveying commitments that are essential in equaling opportunities as well as inclusion.   In the board developing diversity should be grounded as a social priority and not based for those reasons that are ignored often.  Diversity is also effective in ensuring that the social responsibility is well obeyed and achieved as it aims at ensuring equality (Fernando, 2010). Board diversity benefits the organization by ensuring that it is more effective in the part of making proper decisions, developed use of the pool of talent that lies in diversity and enhancing the reputation of the organization and the relation with the investors through the establishment of the organization as a responsible corporate. A diversified board is capable of making decisions that are more equipped as they are able to consider the involved risks.  Diversified ideas help in developing a dynamic and comprehensive range of solutions.  Since finding well-established members of the board tends to be a challenge the utilization of other groups helps in ensuring that the board is not characterized by the shortage.  This helps in earning trust and loyalty from the community which is essential in building a positive image (Fernando, 2010).

            Question 5

            The role of the independence board is to evaluate and access performance and the developed decisions.  This is therefore achieved by providing leadership, setting appropriate standards, reviewing the performance of management, setting standards and values of the company and ensuring that the obligations of all the shareholders are well understood.  The board is, therefore, responsible for reviewing the agreed objectives through monitoring performance. This is by ensuring that the developed standards of compensation are followed (Kershaw, 2012). 

            The board, therefore, constructs challenges that help in improving the developed decisions as well as strategies.  Additionally, it scrutinizes the performance management in achieving the provided objectives through monitoring performance reports (Kershaw, 2012).  The board also ensures that the financial information provided is accurate as it is responsible for maintaining corporate integrity through evaluation of the general management of risks in the organization. The board, therefore, acts as the defense for the organization against all other risks that are bound to occur. This is by ensuring that the image of the organization is not damaged. Moreover, the board is responsible for determining the reasonable remunerations levels of the directions that are on the executive board. This is achieved through the evaluation of their responsibilities and capabilities of developing decisions which are aimed at ensuring that improvement is achieved.  The general role of the independent board is to provide leadership that is based on entrepreneurship with effective control measures which allows the management and assessment of risks.   Additionally, their major role incorporates setting strategic values, standards, and objectives in ensuring obligations (Kershaw, 2012).

            Question 6

            Check and balances based on power regulation can be performed on the board and this starts with the perception that any individual might abuse the availability of power which may turn a good leader into a negative leader (Fernando, 2010).  Several measures are therefore developed to ensure that all the potential people to be affected by the decisions of the board group have legal injury protection, veto power that is over the developed decisions and decision input.  This helps in protecting the general rights of the minorities as well as for all the junior staffs that are involved. Checks on power abuse involve maintaining morality and self-power regulation.  The moral checks and authority do not depend on the enforcement of the law because they are guided by the conscience of an individual.  This is mainly because when moral authority is guided by the force of the enactment of a law it might be abused by the individual leaders who are ruthless and hungry in regard to power. In addition, this can be termed as an oppression and abuse of the individual’s minds which should decide on the rights deeds.  Self-regulation generally involves the production of more than what is consumed in order to enhance full development.  The concept of self-regulation is based on the acquired skills, knowledge, morality as well as character. The checks and balances that can be applied to the board of directors mainly involve the development of democracy which helps in ensuring that the individuals are self-regulated and self-motivated (Fernando, 2010).

            Question 7

            A successful CEO must be a credible individual.  When a CEO loses his poor his credibility it can never be regained. This, therefore, implies that when one has the credibility they are necessitate telling the general truth at all times without fail (Rezaee, 2008).   People should believe in the CEO all the times when he communicates to them about the developed objectives. This is because   few chances of delivering information that is incredible are required in losing the credibility totally.  It requires complex strategies to try and win the trust of individuals because distrust cannot be gotten a lead of completely.  This, therefore, implies that once the entire credibility is lost one can never be successful. Competence is the other characteristic of a successful CEO. One can never be credible and yet be a person who holds no competence.  This is because the individuals are fully capable of believing in all your objectives statements because they know that they are true but they actually know that the statements are wrong.  This is because without competence an individual is bound to make ill-informed statements of delivering information characterized by poor judgments.  This, therefore, implies that when those that the CEO is leading fails to believe in his judgment this generally mean that he cannot be able to influence their general behaviors.  This may develop the ignorance attitude thus eliminating the ability to understand and respond to the responsibilities (Rezaee, 2008).

            A successful CEO must also be a caring person. These, therefore, mean that those that he leads must believe in the messenger as we’ll as the delivered message.  When a leader has competence but he does not care about the general organization, the employees and the involved mission this means that he will not lead the organization to success.  Caring means that the CEO should place the organization above all other things. Placing self-interest above the organization demonstrates a lack of obligation towards the objectives and the vision of the organization.  A caring CEO is essential as he helps individuals in forming a commitment attitude based on the developed rules (Rezaee, 2008).

            Question 8

            A CEO should earn 300 times more than all the other employees. This is because he or she is someone who is generally in charge of the organization and this implies that he normally takes the vast majority of the business associated executive decisions (Hallock, 2012).  To be a successful CEO one is required to hold desirable social skills, and possess the capability of being an effective leader who is no afraid of developing decisions. The specifications of being a CEO are therefore complex and only a few individuals can sustain the.  The CEO is faced with the burden of the entire organization as he is involved in decision making of every sector.  E is, therefore, accountable for the failure and the success of the organization which means that he is always under great pressure.  The CEO is fully responsible for developing organization’s direction which means that he has to develop a strategic plan in his duties of leading, overseeing and guiding performances. The CEO position, therefore, comes with complex responsibilities with long stressful hours as the Company has to be prioritized above all other things.  Since it is the job of the CEO to ensure that all the responsibilities are conducted by the employees following the decisions, they require being appreciated in a reasonable way in terms of salary. This, therefore, places their salaries above the salaries of the other employees as their focus is based on the success of the organization. In addition, the rest of the employees are only involved in performance and not on other complex responsibilities of sustaining success (Hallock, 2012).

            Section Two

            Question 1

            The corporate should be governed by the board as its typical point of central governance (Stout, 2012).  The board is essential in creating a better relationship to the rest of the primary participants who are the shareholders as well as the management.  Several other participants are also included who are the consumers, suppliers, creditors and the employees. The corporate should thus be governed by the developed framework. The board should, therefore, ensure that it is fully involved in the acts of guiding, piloting and steering as its major responsibilities. The corporate depends on the success of the board as the develop decisions helps in maintain accountability (Stout, 2012).

            Question 2

            Accounting regulation matters because it helps in ensuring that the shareholders receive an accurate statement which is not characterized irrelevant data.  This additionally helps in enhancing the corporate image through maintaining transparency of data to the observers. This creates reliance and loyalty through the delivered information.  Regulation is also essential in comparing of financial statements thus drawing a well-developed conclusion based on the information analysis.  Financial accounting and financial disclosure are most essential standards of accounting as they are the general language that is utilized in communicating information situation of the corporation. The standards, therefore, determine the appropriate language that is to be utilized in communication (Banik, Das, & Bhaumik, 2015). 

            Question 3

            A board change is important in enhancing development (Stout, 2012).  This is because when the board  serves a company for a long term they  adopts the strategy of performing things their own way,  they only consider only those things that matter to them as essential and they only focus on the provision of better services to those that they are involved in providing services to. The tendency, therefore, fails in crossing the market base as innovation and better strategies of operation are not adopted. The directors are therefore required to serve based on the term of two years to ensure that their attitude towards development is not affected (Stout, 2012).

            Question 4

            Board directors should be evaluated through their member’s skills, age, independence, competence, diversity and the general size of the board. Independence of the board is required in maintaining cleanness which is the general accountability characteristic. When the board is associated with many insiders it is bound to be faced with issues of accountability as communication may be affected. The presented skills should be evaluated to ensure that the given responsibility will be accomplished effectively.  This additionally helps in increasing innovation and advancement through generating comprehensive decisions.  The board should, therefore, report to an independent board in order to allow its responsibilities and performance to be evaluated fairly (Bacchini, Caputo, & Dell'Utri, 2014).

            Question 5

            Outside directors should be used to eliminate the accountability and transparency issues (Thorndike, 2012). This is because inside directors perform responsibilities based on the strategies that are effective for them. They, therefore, fail in honoring and prioritizing the organization before everything else.  Outside directors work to ensure that fresh initiatives that are grounded in technology and comprehensive decisions are established.  Diversity matters because it helps the identification of business challenges and developing solutions through the creation of change.  This, therefore, helps in improving the organization’s financial performance as the presented skills help in developing the corporate performance.  Diversity is also essential as it assists in investing positive relation between the organization and the community (Thorndike, 2012).

            Question 6

            The risk is assessed in the corporation by identifying the involved threats, analyzing or the basic evaluation of all the risks that are associated with the threat and determining the most suitable ways of controlling and eliminating the threat. The process involves examining the corporate and establishing things, process, situations and other things that may result in harming individuals.  The identification is then followed by evaluation how the risks can be served and developing the best possible measures in overcoming the risks. Risks should be managed by the director’s board as it is responsible for developing decisions that provide guidance to the corporation (Kershaw, 2012).

            Question 7

            The moral responsibility of a CEO is establishing the ethical issues that are generated by technological advances in order to maintain the reputation of the corporation (Kershaw, 2012).  This responsibility involves developing reliable strategies of communication to all the involved individuals. This means that the corporation should be able to meet its social responsibility in an effective and reasonable way. The CEO should be measured by their ability to sustain their social skills, the capability of developing and implementing decisions, innovativeness, competence, expertise and the capability of placing the interest of the organization first.  This helps in ensuring that the CEO will enhance full growth and development t the organization (Kershaw, 2012).

            Question 8

            Fair compensation can be described as a just and reasonable payment in terms of the amount of money that an individual receives for the general work that they have provided or to be paid due to the loss or the occurrence of damages.  This is determined by the employment contract law which helps in evaluating what an individual is to receive. On the other hand, the compensation can be determined by the accomplishment of an individual based on the given responsibilities. Performance term is also crucial in determining fair compensation as that individual who has served the organization for the longer time period are bound to get more (Stout, 2012).

            Question 9

            I learned that corporate governance is the mode by which the organization policies itself.  It is a strategy of governing the corporation and it is purposed to improve the accountability capacity of the organization in avoiding the occurrence of massive disasters. Well managed corporate governance should work to ensure that it eliminates issues by implementing appropriate solutions that are aimed at providing maximum benefits to the organization.  Corporate governance is a business aspect that is essential as it helps in the distribution of responsibilities to ensure that performance is developed.  Corporate management, therefore, helps in setting objectives and guiding the organization how best they can be achieved (Brown, Hallenbeck, Baird, 2015).

            References

            Bacchini, F., Caputo, S., & Dell'Utri, M. (2014). New advances in causation, agency and moral responsibility.

            Banik, A., Das, G. A., & Bhaumik, P. K. (2015). Corporate governance, responsibility and sustainability: Initiatives in emerging economies.

            Brown, T. J., Hallenbeck, R., Baird, M. E., American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials., National Research Council (U.S.)., & Oasis Consulting Services. (2009). 21st century leadership and management techniques for state DOTs. Washington D.C: AASHTO.

            Clayman, M. R., Fridson, M. S., & Troughton, G. H. (2012). Corporate finance: A practical approach.

            Fernando, A. C. (2010). Business ethics and corporate governance. Delhi: Dorling Kindersley (India), licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia.

            Hallock, K. F. (2012). Pay: Why people earn what they earn and what you can do now to make more. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

            Kershaw, D. (2012). Company law in context: Text and materials. Oxford, U.K: Oxford University Press.

Rezaee, Z. (2008). Corporate governance and ethics. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.

            Stout, L. A. (2012). The shareholder value myth: How putting shareholders first harms investors, corporations, and the public. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.

            Thorndike, W. (2012). The outsiders: Eight unconventional CEOs and their radically rational blueprint for success

            Wasserman, N. (2012). The Founder's Dilemmas: Anticipating and Avoiding the Pitfalls That Can Sink a Startup. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Human Intelligence Activities

ISIS Terrorist Organization

            Red Cells have recently collected and disseminated information concerning a terrorist group named Al-Sham. This is a specialized military body with unique customs, beliefs and language and also contracted DOD specialists (Byman, 2016). The analysis done by the Red Cells digs deep into the origin of Al-Sham , how it is funded, the current state they are in, the kind of weapons they use and their future. This detailed analysis will help in exposing the enemy for the strategies of stopping terrorists’ acts to be done beforehand. Red cell analysis has coordinated the human intelligence program and the specialists to gather and has analyzed the information about the Al-Sham terror group from various perspectives that shall be detailed (Byman, 2016).

            Al-Sham which is referred as ISIS by the U.S government was formed in 2004 as a division of Al-Qaeda which is located in Iraq. It is part of the overall ISI organization. Al-Sham is known to be quite and this gives a suspicion that they might be collaborating with other groups in committing the terrorist’s attacks. From the research done by the Red Cells, Al-Sham is grounded in the Muslim faith in the denomination of TQJBR which follow the Muslim traditions to the latter. The other strong hold of this group is their funding. Their funding really sustaining which is comes from various illegal activities which include oil smuggling, counterfeiting and getting donations from the most corrupt charity bodies of the Islamic and also kidnapping for ransom. The study also has shown that France and Italy have paid approximately $30 million as a ransom kidnap demands from the Al-Qaeda. This was just an annual payment in 2005. They also earned over 200 million dollars through other corrupt means still in 2005 and their sustenance is hence assured (Byman, 2016).

            ISI generally has been gaining momentum since 2013 with very significant expansion of its power into Syria. With the already existing ISI groups in Somalia, Pakistan, Arabian Peninsula and Syria, the terrorists have gained full control over the Islamic community. Still under the systematic leadership of Abu Bakr Baghdadi, the groups have made an expansion of their goals with the main target being the attack of United States of America.

            It was wise also for the Red Cells to have an assessment of the current state of the ISI groups which Al-Sham. The recent studies have shown that the year 2014 has be a year of terrorism revolution by being the most unstable year politically over the last decade. Various countries such as Egypt, Syria and Arab Springs have had a drastic fall in their political stability. Cases of rape, kidnap, murder and other forms of harassment have been reported (Byman, 2016). There have been more than 6000 women and children who have been kidnapped and sold in several sex slavery bodies. Muslims also who do not follow the exact beliefs that are followed traditionally are also killed. These terrorist groups have proven ruthless from the step they have recently taken of making a “cultural cleansing”. This is an attempt to erode the cultural heritage of Iraq. This is a movement driven by the Muslim extremists who want to erase the identity of the true Muslim religion (Byman, 2016).

            The main weapon used by the ISI terrorist groups is the psychology of terror. They have ensured their omnipresence by setting small cell terror groups majorly in the United States. The members of the cells are actually citizens of U.S. who may not be easily noticed because they are born and brought out here. ISI has become unpredictable in the recent years than in the past because they are thinking and planning globally but act and implement locally. From a recent analysis done, 44% of the terrorists           are more than 30 miles away from their target (Byman, 2016). There have been small but organized groups that have spread across the globe with an aim of spreading the psychology of fear. This is majorly done with suicide bombs, random shooting and taking captives.

            The Red Cells also evaluated about the future of the ISI and the Islamic state. It has been found that they don’t have a particular reason why they carry out the terror attacks. The extremists have used a very powerful weapon of fuel sympathizers just as the Al-Qaeda has been doing (Pollack, 2016). The 2013 bombing at Boston Marathon it is evidence that the target of the ISI groups is to cause deaths and suffering of important people. The ISIS has recently walked in the street of Brisbane with an aim of beheading the civilians on camera. Though the plan was foiled, it has worried the government and gatherings have been regarded as dangerous zones for the ISIS attacks (Pollack, 2016).

            Red Cells have identified that the human intelligence programs are the best in monitoring the Al-Sham group by having a clear view on surprise attacks beforehand. It would work in identifying the lone-wolf sympathizers and other small cell groups that have been the great weapon for the terrorists. This intelligence body is able to collect a quality his profile information which can best help the arms forces in fighting against the ISIS terrorists (Harman, 2015). The human intelligence program has an important role to play in fighting the Al-Sham terrorists in the following ways. First, they are able to make a connection with the small cells and the sympathetic groups. They are also able obtain primary information that is reliable. It is also able to used specialized methodologies which are developed through sociology, anthropology and psychology (Pollack, 2016). This can best assist the government in understanding the conditions of the terrorists, their plans and any other agenda they might be discussing.

            The red cell also has recommended the best IC members in using the human intelligence program. Military occupational specialists, private intelligence specialists and other special a agents. There is also an important docket for Arabic and cryptologist and linguistics (Pollack, 2016). These can work best in reaching the terrorists and through the human program intelligence. There are also other special group o communication signals intelligence specialists who can work in collaboration with the other specialists in operating an undercover in the territory of the enemies (Pollack, 2016).

            The human intelligence program operators should be the frontline of the intelligence operations. This is because they are able to collect sensitive information about the Al-Sham. The information is gotten from the Islam refugees, the active members of the Al-Sham and various detainees (Pollack, 2016).

            The coordination of the human intelligence programs, the right members to conduct the move and all the other aspects of the undercover needs to be run under the right strategy (Harman, 2015). The proposed strategy involves cross translation of the information by various linguistics, processing of the translated information, after which the analysis can follow. Red cell analysis has provides a strategy that coordinated all these operations so as to ensure that the bodies involved work in harmony. Red cell analysis is an approach that ensures the understanding of the Al-Sham in various ways (Harman, 2015).

            First, it makes an attempt to think the way adversaries would think (Harman, 2015). The approach is based on assimilation whereby the members of the IC specialists are required to evaluate the social surroundings, their upbringing, their financial and other economic status religion and their beliefs. This approach also demands that the analysts should study the state of the Islam in an intent way and actually apparently becoming part of them. The Red Cell approach requires the members also to be open minded such that they are able to let go any pre-convinced notions about the Al-Sham (Pollack, 2016). With the procedures that the Red Cells analysis has put in place, misunderstanding, misleading of the information and inaccuracy are no longer a threat to the operations.

            The intelligence activities against Al-Sham have to embrace the various recommendations that have been proposed. First, the proposed Homeland Security budget for 2015 should be revised by the concerned agencies to ensure that all the resources that are needed are in place. Secondly, they issue of recruiting more military should be done which should be accompanied by a military training in various occupational specialties. The graduates of the MOS school should also be awarded as a motivation for the new recruits (Harman, 2015). The last recommendation was for the Department of Defense policy to make a consideration on the use of country nationals and the recommendation of its abolishment should be considered. This should seize until the Al-Sham militant groups are totally eradicated to prevent the issue of counter spies of the terrorists from extracting information that would cause the exposure of the state against its enemy (Harman, 2015).

Following the various lethal ISIS terrorist’s attacks in the United States,  the collaboration of the red cells, the human intelligence and the other partakers in this war against the ISIS need the collaboration of the government, research bodies and specialists. Systematic strategies that shall guide during data collection processes, analysis and implementation need a deeper and detailed analysis so that all the plans stand successfully at the end.

            Figuring first the extent of the ISIS attacks in the United States, terrorism concerns have surged with a large proportion of the government’s rating becoming more and more plummeted. A recent survey by the Pew Research Center shown that people who have positively commented on the performance of the government against terrorism has dropped from 72% to 46% (Byman, 2016). The ISIS terrorist organization has therefore changed the public’s agenda after having been ranked as the leading international danger for the United States. The presidency of Barrack Obama has been outweighed by the fact that he has not handled ISIS organization with the seriousness or urgency it disserves. From a speech delivered by Lister, it is evident that ISIS is a determined enemy. As much as the government plans to destroy them, they get more armed to capture and cause damage to materials of its adversaries. This calls for the government’s full support of anti-terrorist programs, strategies and all it takes to combat this organization (Byman, 2016).

            Among the many data collection programs that exists in the united states, NSA and PRISM (surveillance program) could perform the research more efficiently. NSA’s made a bulk and enormous data collection which conducted a successful and more efficient survey. NSA did a survey on phone numbers that are suspected to be held by terrorists which has been a 14 years course. It provided a detailed report of the owners of the Verizon phone company though this was done secretly. From a recent speech of January 2014 by president Barrack Obama, the NSA data collection program has had no evidence of abuse which meant that the program should improve its intelligence. The program can have a fruitful data collection research if more support and intelligence can be improved.

            The PRISM surveillance program can also be utilized in collecting important information about the ISIS terrorist group. This program could work very well with the NSA program by providing it with any relevant internet information and communications that are done online. The program was launched in 2007 and soon has shown its capacity to gather internet information concerning the terrorist groups. From the security and investigative documents, PRISM has been regarded as the top most and reliable source of raw intelligence that are used in the analysis done by the NSA. With the help of the Verizon communication company, the PRISM program is able to cooperate as many as 100 United States companies for a long time. The program is also specialized in bulk internet communications in such a targeted way (Byman, 2016). The advantage of working with this program is that it is able to cordinated most of the other data collection bodies such the Data Intercept Technology Unit and the NSA among others. The united state’s government executive branch has given the PRISm data collection program the authority that it may need to ensure that data is available to all the concerned programs that aim at combating the ISIS terrorist organization (Byman, 2016).

            From the recommendation of the red cell unit, the right members who should run the IC are the specialists in various fields of security program. The Military occupational specialists, who are the national defense for the United States, should be incorporated in the investigative programs. Militant officers would best work in their respective areas of specialization to uphold efficiency in the operations. The other important group would be crytopologists and linguistics who are adequately equipped with the these would work perfectly well with the human intelligence program to collect important information through expertise methodology. This includes assimilation, conducting interviews and spying over the ISIS territories. The IC members should have the top most specialized skills to allow quality and promising outcome on the human intelligence proceedings. Computer analysts, operational managers and communication analysts should be in the front line in making sure that the plans put in place are well run. Other personnel required would the planning, organizing and technical teams that handle each aspect with the intelligence it deserves.

            The data collection group and the members of the IC should seek to adapt very effective strategies of intelligence. This strategies should all aim at ensuring that the finest information got about the terrorists is submitted to the right authorities, and ensure that information about any security measures taken is concealed from them. One of this strategies is ensuring physical security of their own people by rereading crime-prevention checkups. These can also be done providing the pictures of the known terrorists to the relevant people and ensuring that the pictures are well displayed to the public areas to ensure that people view them. This will be very effective in that incase the faces are seen anywhere people can be alarmed and an immediate action taken.

            Under the same measure physical security survey should be reviewed, these surveys acclaims for action as a result of an area’s inspection of installations like communication barriers transportation barriers and others like the intrusion detective system barriers are protected from sabotage and any possible destruction (Pollack, 2016). Threat assessment should also be put into consideration as one of the strategies to ensure physical security. This strategy of corporal security must ensure balancing its coordination with equivalent emphasis on thwarting both felonious acts and above all the acts of the terrorists. There should be updates on the plan based on threat assessment continually to ensure the fin nest detail upcoming is captured. Thismeasure effectively help the intellectuals to get that which is necessary for them to combat any illegal action either from criminals or the terrorists.

            The other strategy that can be applied is ensuring operational security, where protecting information is the main source of success against the ISIS terrorists. This strategy demands for coordination in all action needed to ensure that the enemy or terrorist does not learn about any plans or operations. Whenever plans are being made they must ensure inclusion of measures to any potential terrorist from getting access to the information. These are information in areas like the human intelligence where they use people to get information about military abilities (Harman, 2015). This danger can be countered by using countersurveillance activities and also countering the intelligence ability.

            The other area where the enemy can adventure is to the signal intelligence which involves the signal emanation gear and systems of communication (Pollack, 2016). The problem here is that the enemy might affect the day to day communication activities of certain target areas for easy attacking. The only way to counter this by installing communication and information security. They can also can exploit is the operational array which the terrorists get to understand when there is an operation and when none exists. This can be solved by ensuring that there is no operation arrangement followed or rather mask the well-known by deception. This will help security operations to be effective whenever they are conducted against the ISIS terrorists (Harman, 2015).

            There is yet the personal security strategy which is operative in contesting terrorism. In this case it is clear that every person is vulnerable to terrorism threat for no one is immune to it. This is where terrorist make government’s representatives of the U.S, the big companies and assets in the country their bombing or sabotage targets. This can only be curbed by restricting the key personnel’s history data for it can of use to the terrorists to get to their homes and access their families. Sensitive areas can be denied direct access and ensure proper equipping of their entrances (Harman, 2015). This will help ensure security to the country’s property and key personnel that highly count in its support.

            The analysis process also incorporates various strategies that should be analyzed in order to combat terrorism attacks from the ISIS organization. For the fruitfulness of the work done by the skilled team of personnel, the team is supposed to identify its weak points for it to strengthen itself. On the other hand, the team should be having full account of the ISIS including their plans, their background information as well as their secrets. This can perfectly be done well by the trained specialists in the intelligence collection through various tactics. The data collection programs are the most important teams of this move because they are expected to provide primary data to the analysis team (Harman, 2015).

            The other analysis strategy would involve require the U.S to embrace trans-governmental networks. These networks can allow in working directly with other countries who are their counterparts. This would reduce the risk of over relying on the internal political which is of high level (Pollack, 2016). For instance, the United States immigration and Customs enforcement body should pair with its foreign counterparts to inhibit and track the movements of the terrorists. This is a strategy that is ought to be adopted by other bodies like the U.S. military, the treasury department, the FBI, NSA as well as the CIA investigators.

 From the overall analysis of the ISIS, I would recommend the United States to take some steps of willingness that will aim at establishing long-term commitment. First, the U.S. government should support that of Pakistan from which the ISIS organization comes from. This would help the achievement of the fight against Islamic extremists and seize their attacks. The most essential factor is for the United States to fill in the gaps that exists between it, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and other Islam dominated countries. By working with the international community, United States will have a guarantee of paralyzing the ISIS efforts.

The other recommendation suggests that the U.S. president should maximize the effectiveness of his authority to designate the governments who fail to cooperate fully in the fight against ISIS. The president should specifically designate Afghanistan and Syria through the secretary of the state. The governments will become reliable sponsors and further review should accompany the move. The United States should also seek to strengthen and empower the counter-proliferation efforts in opposition to weapons that are used to commit massive destruction by ISIS. This can simply be achieved by the expansion of the Proliferation Security Initiative as well as the Cooperative Threat Reduction program.

The last recommendation calls for the United States to put up a comprehensive strategy that incorporates economical policies, opportunities and openness of societies. This can only be boosted by the enhancement of the states’ coalition and cohesion to counter the ISIS terrorist organization. Careful consideration of these recommendations will assist the United States to overcome ISIS to a remarkable significance.

References

Byman, D. (2016). ISIS Goes Global. Foreign Affairs, 95(2), 76-85.

Harman, J. (2015). Disrupting the Intelligence Community. Foreign Affairs, 94(2), 99-107.

Pollack, K. M. (2016). Fight or Flight. Foreign Affairs, 95(2), 62-75.

            North Korea Confidential Critical Review

            In the 21st century, North Korea can be described as an intelligence black hole. The state is characterized by North Korea’s weaknesses like hunger, poverty, corruption and insecurity and the economic instabilities. According to chapter, one of the North Korea confidential, North Korea communities are atomized and this does not exist functionally outside of the institutions state.  There is a scarcity of food and state’s insecurity (Tudor, & Pearson, 2015). North Korea is a troubled community where individuals live under a constant violent dictatorship which is led by a sole family. The society is therefore not ensured of the well-being of the majority and ordinary individuals.  The single family that is in leaderships  relentlessly follows nuclear arms development which invites military clashes that are risky with richer, larger, liberal south  which prioritizes every individual in playing the  theater state role despite it paying  little that the services leaped to the overwhelming majority’s well-being (Tudor, & Pearson, 2015).

            Based on chapter seven, the society is characterized by instability, low economy, and corruption.  The famine fallout influenced the change of the ordinary individual’s lives as it resulted in unpredicted changes in attitude, livelihood of individuals as well as the governance in North Korea.  The society has therefore lost confidence in the ability of their state in the general provisions and therefore the entire societal population has started living a double life.  This is in that individuals are involved in double economic activities in order to be able to fully settle their bills.  As a result, these have thus resulted in negative impacts like the instability of the economy, minimal intelligence, and advanced corruption.   The society in North Korea is characterized by violence and exploitations of their human rights. This is accomplished through oppression by the state because individuals are not allowed to live their lives as the rest of the individuals in different states which have been liberalized (Tudor, & Pearson, 2015).

            According to chapter six, the society is characterized by economic issues which are based on political, economic and social changes which have shifted from the essential shift to the economic surrounding.  The cultural changes have developed to materialism where the individuals are limited by economic policies.  The government is fully unable to focus on governing policies in bettering the well-being of individuals and thus focusing on lifestyle changes. Communication is an essential part of ensuring that development is achieved, socially, economically as well as politically but it is limited in the North Korean society (Tudor, & Pearson, 2015). In the 21st century, communication has rapidly evolved and information can thus be distributed within the shortest period though for the North Korean information is limited.  This is oppression of human rights. The 21st-century society in North Korea is one that is associated with high level of poverty as innovativeness has been hindered. Based on the book the authors assert that the policies of communication limitations have influenced low economic development thus most individuals cannot afford to live comfortable lives. ‘’North Korean individuals develop thoughts for themselves yet they are states slaves because they are automatons’’ (Tudor, & Pearson, 2015).

            Based on the assertion of chapter five, the phase is essential in illustrating the political loyalty in North Korea which has resulted in the low quality of democracy.  Each day the individuals are involved in corruption in order to get a way through and also be able to acquire international films as well as international broadcasts (Tudor, & Pearson, 2015). The society only believes in the information that is provided by the state because they have no understanding about the outside world. They are therefore not thirsty for evolution despite their realization of the exploitation from the state.  Materialism is highly linked to the North Korean society because money is the equalizer as accessing things from the foreign world requires some money in killing the growing curiosity which is a personality risk in glimpsing the outside world which is illegal.  The society is characterized by oppression as the ordinary individuals are denied the right to accessing information which is a human right (Tudor, & Pearson, 2015).

            The society is additionally linked with dictatorship since the private sectors are not allowed to play any role and there is no existence of any market to talk about.  The state utilizes all the available tools in suppressing the private sectors leaders by utilizing the state’s unquestioned power.  This has thus led to the development of corruption In order to fill the existing market gaps between the private and the public sectors.  The ordinary members of the society live as hostages because they have to seek for   protection racket in order for their operations to be legalized by the powerful individuals.  This is contrary to the global nations which are characterized by democracy where they are provided with opportunities to be fully engaged in economic, political and social activities without fail (Tudor, & Pearson, 2015).

            According to chapter three, the reason as to why a single family remains in power is because the state utilizes its isolation and poverty as it striking weapons in striking the world. The nation security department seeks for political crimes. The North Korean society is designed to be competitive mainly because of competition does not imply conducting better jobs but it is related to the impunity ideology. Everyone one who wishes to live a better must, therefore, be against their neighbors in order to obtain better survival.  Remaining loyal to the state is the way forward of the state in maintaining the nation’s security which has contributed to instability and the government, therefore, has continuously revolved around a single family (Tudor, & Pearson, 2015).

            I agree with the evidence that is presented by the authors. This is because the North Korean society has not drawn any interest for changes despite the growing information about the oppression from the government.  Democracy has thus not been achieved and this is mainly because the states members have allowed the occurrence.  Individuals do not believe that they have the capabilities of leading the nation like the ruling single family (Tudor, & Pearson, 2015). 

            Based on chapter seven on social division, the presented evidence by the authors suggests that North Korean needs libel reforms.  One major sector that has remained constant in North Korea is the disregard utters that dynasty mafia ruling for the ordinary individuals ruling (Tudor, & Pearson, 2015).  This is the growing liberating reforms which are provoking.  Reforms in North Korea are still a taboo. This is because the reforming measures that are implemented in the state are more focused on sanctioning individual farmers in the countryside market rather than the government. This depicts an abandonment that is tactical from the government collectiveness in family’s favor in regard to farming which has a growing impact.  Despite the farmers having enough to feed the state, many homes have inadequate to feed and they consume half of what those individuals in South Koreans consume because change has not been embraced fully.  This is because the government has not legalized field research on agriculture. The farmers are not permitted to retain a larger share of their production and the large surplus is delivered to the state.  Policies to favor the laborers have not been effectively enacted and the government continuously exploits their efforts and continuous reforms have been announced before the year 2002 though nothing has been achieved (Tudor, & Pearson, 2015).

            Liberalization should, therefore, entail developing subsidies to motivate the workers by adjusting the market prices and aligning the state’s prices. This should, therefore, permit the farmers to sell their   small harvest to the marker in order to affect economic development. Even though the North Korean regime wants to improve the state’s economy it cannot accomplish this at the cost of developing nuclear weapons (Tudor, & Pearson, 2015). Additionally Lessening the state’s violence and repression in which the states remains in power may not help in delivering economic reforms.  Reforms must be achieved by developing the political system in the country because democracy is not achieved when a single family remains in power.  This is because the negative economic consequences in North Korea have been influenced by those individuals in power by limiting the capability of the society (Tudor, & Pearson, 2015).   The development of the North Koreans livelihood is bound to be limited even if the existing reforms are adequately enacted and maintained because the source of power remains the same. It is thus clear that the nuclear weapons productions are the major hindrances to a better relation between North Korea and the outside world and given the conditions of the program which depends on international aids the program is not bound to last. This is because despite the ability of the sanctions in bringing global sanctions down on the state the country has no interest in dropping them.

            Reference

Tudor, D., & Pearson, J. (2015). North Korea confidential: Private markets, fashion trends,         prison camps, dissenters and defectors.

Question: 1

According to Nate Silver, how do we know that race was a factor in the election of Barak Obama in 2008? 

In areas in the middle region of the country, places like Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, registered the lowest Barak Obama support. These places are having mono-racial neighborhoods therefore their voting is racially biased and that why he gathered low votes. During the exit polls conducted most people confirmed that race was one of the major factor that influenced their presidential voting. Some people dint vote for Obama simple because he was African American. States had cities in them or had multiple races, showed significant support for Obama as a presidential candidate. If the race of Barak Obama was not an issue to many people, then he would have won the election with a much higher support even in the “redder states” but this is not the case. Though as compared to the nineties people are more enlightened to matters concerning race, race is still shaping the political arena as was seen in the election of Barak Obama.

Question: 2

According to the video, why does the type of neighborhood you live in matter in the way you vote? 

Neighborhoods that are in States that are more rural often exhibit racially based voting. While neighborhoods in states like New York or California are more enlightened with regards to issues of racial based voting. According to a research highlighted in the video most rural areas do not have people of other race as their neighbors as compared to those people in big cities where about 80% confirmed that they had neighbors of other race. People that live in mono-racial neighborhoods do not have interactions with other people of other races and are therefore closed minded when it comes to their voting patterns. But people that leave in cities where there is interaction with people of the same race and of different race, when it comes to voting, they are a bit open minded about voting for people of other races.

Work cited

Nate Silver, (2009). Does racism affect how you vote? Retrieved from:

www.ted.com/talks/nate_silver_on_race_and_politics?language=en

Following the various lethal ISIS terrorist’s attacks in the United States, terrorism concerns have surged with a large proportion of the government’s rating becoming more and more plummeted. A recent survey by the Pew Research Center shown that people who have positively commented on the performance of the government against terrorism has dropped from 72% to 46% (Byman, 2016). The ISIS terrorist organization has therefore changed the public’s agenda after having been ranked as the leading international danger for the United States. The presidency of Barrack Obama has been outweighed by the fact that he has not handled ISIS organization with the seriousness or urgency it disserves. From a speech delivered by Lister, it is evident that ISIS is a determined enemy. As much as the government plans to destroy them, they get more armed to capture and cause damage to materials of its adversaries. This calls for the government’s full support of anti-terrorist programs, strategies and all it takes to combat this organization (Byman, 2016).

Martin Luther King Jr Objectives

Introduction

Martin Luther King still holds the best records of his great zeal and success in fighting for the combating of racism in both the United States and the entire world. The King said that he had a vision where he saw a society which people were treated depending on the race from which they originate. The efforts of the King and others who were like him in the battles for civil rights have changed United States and the ecosphere for the better. His vision had great effects by making the world more equal and gave the minority a chance to have a voice.

Initially in America the African Americans had no voice, they were oppressed because of their race. They were forced to use separate public utilities like schools, hospitals, roads while there were superior ones that were earmarked for the white people. They grieved discernment in occupation and accommodation upon the exploitation from the whites.[1] The African Americans were not in a position to exercise their voting rights fully. [2]It was in this environment that Martin Luther King Jr saw the possibility of having an America where both the black and the white living as equally. This was what really drove him into joining the contest for the privileges for black Americans.[3]

The King’s objective was racial equality in the country, he plotted a number of goals that tangled operations for equivalent civil liberties for the African Americans. The King become intricate in his initial civil rights movement in Montgomery where cars remained ethnically separated.[4] The campaign at last was a great success, his nonviolent tactics made the issue a national agenda. This gave the King and his allies a public chance to place their objections before the state’s center, he also used the chance to backer for other human privileges causes like paucity and worker’s rights. This led to passage of the significant civil rights legislation that helped reduce if not completely do away with the oppression and discrimination of African Americans to date[5].

References 

Smith, Robert C. 2003. Encyclopedia of African American politics. New York, NY: Facts On File. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=3010553.

2] DYSON, MICHAEL ERIC. "The Embrace. (Cover story)." New Republic 247, (January 2016): 34-43. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed May 26, 2016).

 Baugess, James S., and Abbe Allen DeBolt. 2012. Encyclopedia of the sixties: a decade of culture and counterculture. Santa Barbara, Calif: Greenwood.

Greene, Carol. 1989. Martin Luther King, Jr.: a man who changed things. Chicago: Childrens Press.

[5] YOUNGE, GARY. "THE SPEECH." Nation 297, no. 9/10 (September 2, 2013): 12-18. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed May 26, 2016).

DEMOCRACY

            John Caldwell Calhoun was an American statesman from South Carolina who was born in March 18^th 1782. He was as well a political theorist who is currently remembered in the contemporary world as the strongest man who defended the slaves and the advancing perception of the minority rights (Rafuse & Ethan 24). He stated his political profession as a autonomist, pacesetter, proponent of a strong state government and protective tariffs. He served as a member who represented the house and the senate as well. He later served in the capacity of the seventh vice president of the republic of the United State. He was later appointed as the Secretary of war and later as the secretary of the State.

            His position in the government enhanced him to be able to succeed in his plans. For instance in him being made the war secretary of President James Monroe he expected that in him accomplishing his role as the war secretary this facilitate him into presidency seat. This is quite applicable even in the contemporary world as most of the politicians are working hard in achieving their responsibilities so as to create a good picture to the public who would now vote them in to the government. It is after Calhoun formed a good picture while he was working in the Monroe’s cabinet that he was appointed the vice president due to the good image he had cultivated in the campaigns that took place in 1824. Also in order to meet his political goals in 1828, he switched sides where he was democratically made the vice president. All his efforts towards the southern Carolina were geared at influencing people to his side thus making the public to be on his side. This is similar even today as many politicians are using the same strategy of Calhoun in political career.

References

Rafuse, Ethan S. "He Started The Civil War." Civil War Times 41.5 (2002): 24. Academic Search             Premier. Web. 24 May 2016.

Evaluating the model of democracy of Nigeria

Arend Lijphart’s insights about the democratic systems have been reviewed severally and the contributions to other nations have been evidently seen in the patterns of democracy that he detailed in his book. Comparing Lijphart’s typology bases its system on consensus and the majoritarian systems which have refined and grouped or categorized the other forms of democracies and though it has not successfully adopted by all countries, some have established the pattern. It was first used in UK and the British spread its influence to the neighboring countries and those it was able to colonize. The democratic system of Lijphart has in many ways been embraced by the African countries among which Nigeria exists. The Westminster Model of Democracy in Nigeria will be evaluated to see how far this typology was able to reach (Lijphart, 1999).

To begin with, Nigerian government is centralized just as that of the United Kingdom is centralized. This is one of the characteristics of the Westminster Model of Democracy whereby the president is the head of state. The Nigerian government is influenced by the Westminster Model whereby its management and composition of the lower and the upper houses of bicameral legislature (Lijphart, 1999). The uppermost arm in the Nigeria’s government is the Supreme Court of Nigeria from which all judicial power is exercised.

Westminster Model is also characterized by the interest group pluralism. This is where the power is in the hands of the majority which is exercised through free and fair voting. From how Arend Lijphart defines democracy, it is government by and for the people and not the vice versa. Nigeria has been using the majority rule which is coded in section 299 of CAMA (Nwabueze, 1982). 

The Nigerian cabinet is the dominant and the executive branch in the government of Nigeria just as the cabinet dominates that of the UK. The cabinet members are chosen by the head of state who is the president and also they are supposed to report to him also. The cabinet of the government is composed of the majority and so they dominance is felt.

The multiparty system of government is also borrowed from the consensus system of Arend Lijphart’s typology. This is a system that allows different multiple parties to have a capacity of gaining a control of the government. This can be individual parties or through the coalition. The new approach of party politics was restored in 1999 whereby parties were liberalized. This allowed crowd partaking in political actions in the country. There are 50 or more registered parties in Nigeria with few dominating the political system (Nwabueze, 1982).

The other characteristic of the Consensus model is the executive legislation balance of power. Just as how the government of Swiss uses the formal separation of powers to make the executive and the legislature to be independent, Nigeria’s is the same. In the government of Nigeria, the executive power is vested on the president but there is separation of powers among the three arms of the government.

The democratic system of government also holds strongly the issue of bicameralism. As the1999 constitution of Nigeria provides, the National Assembly is consisted of a house with 360 members who are representatives. There are also 109 members of the senate and all these are headed by the president.

Nigeria has been greatly swallowed up by the Arend Lijphart’s insights on a democratic system in many other ways. This is as a result of the colonial influence by the British (Nwabueze, 1982). With the many changes it has brought, there are also problems such as limited choice for the competent ministers. The system has also been focusing more on the government and legislature hence diverting the focus that should be there for other sectors. This system has brought fusion between the legislative and the executive powers among other shortcomings.

References

Lijphart A., (1999) Patterns of Democracy Yale University press

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Nwabueze, B. O. (1982). A constitutional history of Nigeria. London: Hurst.

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