Tocqueville Perspective of How Associations Are Viewed In France Compared To United States
Tocqueville found that Americans joined together voluntarily in doing things compared to France where things were done by great landed aristocrats. According to Tocqueville, association in France is looked upon as a weapon which is to be hastily fashioned and always tried in a conflict (Tocqueville, 1835). An association is formed for a discussion but impending action exists in the minds of people constituting it. Actually, an army and time for speech helps to reckon up the strength and to awaken the courage of the host hence marching against the enemy. However, the right of association is differently understood in the United States. In America, citizens forming the minority associate begin by showing their numerical strength so as to lessen the moral power of the majority; secondly, in order to kindle competition thus discovering most fitted arguments to act upon the majority (Tocqueville, 1835). Therefore, in America, political associations are known to have peaceful intentions and they employ strict legal means always aiming at success through lawful expedients.
The difference in the view of associations between these two countries depends on various causes. France has parties which vary so much from the majority which makes it hard to acquire its support and these parties always assume that they are strong enough to contend against it. Therefore such parties form an association with an aim to fight but to convince. Whereas in America, individuals with opposing opinions cannot do anything against it, and all the other parties expect to win to their own principles (Tocqueville, 1835). Therefore, the practice of rights of association becomes risky, as great parties find it hard to acquire the majority.
References
Tocqueville, A. (1835). Political Associations in the United States, 1835, and of the Use Which Americans Make of Public Associations in Civil Society, 1840.
Due to the competition in global company, many businesses are interested in expanding internationally after maintaining the local customers. In modern world, internet and IT have created the path of entering in foreign markets. Developing an international presence is an important decision for organization expansion as it is the best path of gaining international opportunities and increasing sales and proceeds. Due to the saturated local market which lacks opportunities, organizations see the need to move into the new markets to search for new customers in order to increase income and market share. In addition, organization expands internationally to gain geographic advantage or in other word to develop synergies, develop effective international systems, boost capability and gain new talent. It is also important to note that operating in global level brings greater insulation as a result of economic downturns. Due to the high level of competition, organizations develop an international presence to expose their brands and gain recognition and maintain its operations. However, understanding the global markets is an important aspect in order to examine opportunities and risk. In international marketing, most organizations focus on customers’ needs and wants, best approach of meeting customers’ demand and meeting the set objectives. Thus, organizations must be well prepared to gain the competitive advantage and this can be achieved by following the controllable functions. According to the findings, there are important considerations which firms reflects on when moving the organization from local to global level.
Factors to consider when expanding abroad
Socio-cultural factors
Socio- cultural factors play a great role in understanding culture and language differences. Culture and language have a significant effect on business success. For example, the Coca-Cola Company expanded globally and it faced challenges since Chinese could not understand the real meaning of the word Coca-cola. The findings have confirmed that many businesses such as general motors, Pepsi Cola, Apple and other have failed in international market since initial they did not consider cultural factors before entering into the new markets (Nahata, Hazarika & Tandon, 2014). Thus, in order to operate effectively in international markets, it is important to recognize the significant differences in different countries. APSALONE & ŠUMILO, (2015) brings a new aspect of culture in international marketing and asserts that culture is an important environmental force which play role in peoples’ perception and behavior. In addition, culture has a signnificant impact on relationship marketing as it manipulates emotional process and social information and it helps to understand the usefulness of relationship marketing. Thus, managers consider the cultural dimensions in order to get an insight for implementing strategies and effectively evaluate the relationship marketing. Nahata, Hazarika & Tandon, (2014) asserts that cultural factors in international marketing are significant since they positively impacts international competitiveness in terms of improvement, productivity and cooperation. External environment do not affect cultural factors and this means that they are sustainable and they play a great role in providing competitiveness strategies in international marketing. Note that competitiveness is associated with affluence and potentials for organization development. According to the findings, cultural factor such as values and attitudes is a key determinant of international competitiveness since culture provides the organization an insight of providing mutual aid, knowledge transfer, entrepreneurship and productivity (Calabrese et al, 2015).
Growing the business in global presence requires a deep understanding of culture in order to evaluate and eliminate the intercultural impediments. Kumar, (2014) asserts that modern international business has introduced internationalized culture and it plays a great role in international presence as it eliminates the collision between cultural backgrounds. Cultural factors helps the business to understand foreign cultural in order to develop an empathetic approach of doing business. According to the findings, it is important to first understand your culture and how it fluctuates with foreign culture in order to have better negotiations (Kumar, 2014). The important point in understanding the culture is for running an effective communication process. Communication is an important factor in international business for face-to-face negotiation. International business requires a deep understanding of different styles of communication and be in a position to articulate. Having understood the communication of different culture it will be easier to communicate about the technology and products and be able to listen to what people say about the same. Understanding culture is also an important aspect in non-verbal communication. International business is slowed down by effective language and in this case non-verbal communication may have an impact on cross-culture interactions (APSALONE & ŠUMILO, 2015). Note that some culture uses body movement and hand gestures and all have unusual meaning. Thus, it is important to understand information accurateness and to read body language in order to negotiate effectively. Apart from negotiation, understanding culture is an effective approach of innovation. For a company to have a competitive advantage it must produce quality products and it must also focus on people, culture, management and inventiveness. Culture impacts innovation in that different countries have different eccentricity, masculinity and others and all these characteristics have different values. Thus, it will be easier to accelerate growth with respect to specific culture through understanding what they need (Nahata, Hazarika & Tandon, 2014).
Legal factors
In growing in global presence, firms consider the legal factors in order to understand the customers’ behavior as well as laws which affect the business operations. Both political and legal factor play a great role in global presence as they determines the success of a business. The first thing to consider is the measures of regional tax and other regulatory measures which are imposed by the government (Kirca, Bearden & Roth, 2011). Having a deep insight helps to promote organizational growth and to adapt to the regional business environment. Before integrating in international business, many organizations consider the tax issues as a one of the legal factors which affects the business. It is important to understand that tax can either support or limit business operations in that the government can increase and decrease tax. Other thing which organization needs to understand is that tax can be imposed to individual, company, fiscal balance and other areas and so business are interested to know the source where tax will be derived in order to be in a position of running the business effectively (Tianjiao, 2014). Trade policies such as monetary policies, government polices and more are also part of legal factors which impacts the business. In global presence, organizations understand the trade policies to decide whether the business will succeed or not. Under legal factors, politics can affect the business growth and organizations consider the political environment in order to have smooth operations (MOROZOV & TASKAEVA, 2016). It is important to understand the role of government in political environment since a stable environment will boots development and unstable environment will undermine. In addition, economic policies which are imposed by the government impact the business both positively and negatively. Favorable police promotes growth and unfavorable policies such as high costs of operations puts restrictions which hinders effective operations (MOROZOV & TASKAEVA, 2016).
Regulatory conditions provide an insight of legal aspects which determines the sustainability standards. Legal aspects help the business to apply marketing strategy and curtail the sanctions risk by understanding the regulatory system. Various countries have different legal system and they implement the business laws in different ways. For example, U.S has a unique legal system with common law and litigious society and court cases are costly and they hinder the marketing opportunities. On the other hand, Japan has a traditional legal system of code law with limited cost and uncertainties (Zeriti et al, 2014). Therefore, organizations consider such law in order to have a competitive advantage in international marketing. Some countries implements laws which hinders the organization ability in international marketing in terms of entry of good and health standards restrictions. Government also imposes rules based on genetic technology and rules based on reduction of imports and these hinder the development of economy in international market (Tianjiao, 2014). Thus, organizations understand both legal factors and political system in order to succeed in international market. Managers tend to understand the important of the system in order to gain an insight of how to operate in global presence. By having a deep insight, managers can choose to either pay no attention to the country rules or concur with the rules. Many firms consider the legal issues with an aim of understanding the jurisdictional disputes and this helps the country to identify which law to follow in case of any conflict. Under the legal matters, corporate also considers the ethical issues in order to understand the ethical route for effective operations.
Technological factors
In international marketing, organization considers the technological condition in order to understand the resources, skills as a well as changes required to sustain business operations internationally (Czinkota, 2007). Customers in global have changed and now they are technologically sophisticated and modern organization must implement technological innovation in order to satisfy the customers’ demand (Ireland, Hoskisson & Hitt, 2008).Thus, organization is interested in understanding the technological changes for them to reduce the risk which may occur in developing products. Technical improvements help the business to achieve sustainability improvements and it is also easier to implement standardized strategies of marketing which are significant factors in export markets. When planning to enter in international marketing, organization introduces the Information Technology as the key aspect to organization success. Organizations use IT as a tool which enables the global enterprise to have an effective coordination and communication (Šarapovas, Huettinger & Ričkus, 2016). Organization employs different strategies to maximum performance as well as operations. IT acts as a strategy and it impacts the organization performance positively in global level compared with organizations which lack a well defined IT structure. It is important to note that organizations ensure that there is an effective IT structure by focusing on availability of human resources (Czinkota, 2007).
Before entering in global presence, organizations ensure that there is availability of skilled and capable professionals and human resources in order to achieve its goals in international market. It also considers socio-cultural factors to ensure that there are powerful members who effective use the information technology (Czinkota, Ronkainen & Kotabe, 2009). Availability of technological infrastructure also matters since it helps to achieve a competitive advantage. In international market an organization must support local telecommunications in order to have a reliable communication network for coordination and integration (Kim, Hoskisson & Lee, 2015). In addition, an organization must support hardware and software merchants in order to develop compatible hardware systems. Last, the government must ensure well structure IT by developing a well defined legal system which supports the entrance in international market. Due to the rapid growth of technology, organizations must first understand the global technological patterns in order to apply effective way of technology utilization (Pick & Rasool, 2011). Having a deep insight of how to implement and utilize technology will limit the economic uncertainties. Organizations tend to focus on socioeconomic levels such as working age and education in order to understand the required technology to sustaining the economy.
Strategies that firms might use to reduce their exposure
Bromiley & Rau (2014) asserts that a strategy known as practice-based view (PBV) which is based on standards management practices such as introducing a apparent performance measure and eliminating poor performance can be applied in reducing exposure in global market. Firms must focus on specific practices and relate them with existing practices in the organization. On the point of practices, firms must evaluate the competitions behavior in order to apply the available techniques. PBV introduces new research topics which firms should use in order to evaluating performance (Bromiley & Rau, 2014). PBV helps the managers to understand the performance variation in public domain. Beck, Chapman & Palmatier (2015) brings other strategic concept and asserts that relationship marketing and loyalty programs are strategies which firms can apply in marketing activities. These two strategies help the managers to focus on different cultures and impose specific mechanisms which will benefit the particular cultures. For example, LP may focus on masculine culture and provide mechanism which they demand (De, 2006). In countries where there is resource inequality, RM and LP provide a substantial effects and a strong reputation.
Relationship between the findings and own experience from my organization
The findings relate and at the time contradict with my organization activities of growing in global presence. My organization considers different factors to ensure effective operation in international markets. It considers culture, technology and legal factors but it faces some challenges due to lack of clear understanding of these factors but the new findings have provided a deep insight of importance of considering these factors. My organization focuses on cultural sensitivity and communication style to ensure monetary gain and enjoy success in global arena. It also focuses on technological factors y ensuring that the organization has developed in terms of technology and understands the technological aspects such as changes and innovations in global (Pride & Ferrell, 2010). However, it fails to meet customers’ demand due to lack of strategic factors of market standardization and international marketing strategies.
Current literature to current organization
According to the findings, firms should go beyond and focus on standardization and performance in global market (Doole & Lowe, 2008). In addition, firms should focus on competitive strategies in order to achieve success. In this strategy, firms must apply differentiation and cost leadership and both are important factors in strategic management. These strategies will help firms to different itself from competitors and gain a competitive advantage through the use of superior information, effective distribution channels and other resources (Doole & Lowe, 2008). In addition, firms must understand the international culture in terms of cultural mindsets for technological development. Culture plays a significant role and so it is important to have general domains in order to capture the meaning of different culture. Firms must focus on strategy and innovation in order to implement economic and social value and boost the organization capacity. Technology and innovation should focus on improving communication, human capital, mobility and efficiency. In legal factors, firms must understand the legislative framework and its implication to human rights and business environment (Kvint, 2015).
Conclusion
Due to the rapid growth of markets, local organization tends to expand their business internationally to enjoy a competitive advantage. Growing in global presence helps the organization to build a relationship with global markets and to enjoy the economies of scale. However, entrance to global market requires a consideration of important factors which determines the success of a firm. Cultural, social, legal and technological factors play a great role of ensuring that the organization fits in global arena and it’s able to operate smoothly. By understanding the culture factors and technology, a firm is able to reduce its exposure since it will not only produce the required products needed with respect to specific culture but it will also apply strategic approach. Last, firms must apply the new approach in international marketing for better management. Not only culture, legal and technology will lead to success, but also understanding these factors in a deep manner.
References
APSALONE, M., & ŠUMILO, Ē. (2015). SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS AND INTERNATIONAL
The fight against terrorism is progressively been paralyzed because terrorists are taking advantage of the U.S. and World’s vulnerable financial systems to accomplish their illegal and crooked activities. Financial institutions have loosened their compliance to the rules and regulations that are presented in the USA Patriotic Act by failing to screen and monitor all the financial transactions and other money-laundering activities which are used to fund terrorists. The fact that the 9/11 terrorist attack by al-Qaida was partly facilitated by the successful money-laundering activities implies that banks are to be blamed for the attack[1]. The upcoming organization of ISIS which is the major threat to the United States is also taking advantage of the vulnerable conditions of the banking systems. In this regard banks are bad basing on how reckless they have acted towards playing their part in combating terrorism in various ways.
First, banks have intentionally loosened their financial controls. This has lead the disaster of money-laundering to flourish despite having witnessed the impacts of the 9/11 attacks which have lasted for more than 10 years. Loose financial controls therefore attract the risk of destabilization of the financial health. Once the countries become vulnerable financially, terrorists find it easy to conduct crimes, and major terrorist attacks because they are funded. Banks are also bad because they don’t want to be exposed as the ones through whom the terrorists have transacted with. This makes it hard for the DHS to discern where potential terrorist threats are in terms of finance[2]. Most banks hide to protect their reputation and the trust that have been built by their customers at the expense of the homeland security. It is surprising to learn that money laundering occurs regularly everyday across the United States according to the prosecuted investigations. This is a clear indication that banks are bad and a great threat to the national security[3].
The next complain concerning banks is that they withhold data. According to Thomas, Big data Problem is the biggest barrier in the fight against terrorists’ money laundering. There are trillions of money transactions that usually go through the world’s financial systems which go unnoticed. Banks at times withhold this data which could be used to track terrorists prior to their attacks. However, the main rationale for this weakness would be due to the lack advanced data mining-tools which could efficiently and powerfully drill into obtaining any suspicious transactions.
Banks have covered up their clients who have illicit intentions in a number of ways. First, banks have cherished the concept of underground banking which usually goes unnoticed. This occurs when a certain bank is forced to allow the terrorist transactions by criminal groups and gangsters.
Banks have also hidden secretly some overseas and offshore bank accounts which are not subject to the rules and regulations of the United States. This favors the interests of some terrorist groups who usually transact under the protection of their countries. Banks have therefore contributed to terrorism by opening secret offshore and overseas accounts[4].
Lastly banks have covered-up their clients by keeping silence when a suspicious transaction has been made. Banks fear to break up the trust it had for a long time built hence prefer to let go the terrorist’ transactions. This automatically weakens the efforts of the law enforcement agencies because it is like a chess game[5].
Reference
Thomson Reuters, 2013 Technology in the Fight against Money Laundering in the New Digital Currency Age.
[1] Thomson Reuters, 2013 Technology in the Fight against Money Laundering in the New Digital Currency Age.
Thomson Reuters, 2013 Technology in the Fight against Money Laundering in the New Digital Currency Age.
Thomson Reuters, 2013 Technology in the Fight against Money Laundering in the New Digital Currency Age.
[4] Thomson Reuters, 2013 Technology in the Fight against Money Laundering in the New Digital Currency Age.
[5] Thomson Reuters, 2013 Technology in the Fight against Money Laundering in the New Digital Currency Age.
The most important objective in homeland security is “preventing terrorist attacks within the United States” (Miskel, 2008). This is because; this objective is tied with their mission and vision of having a safe country from terrorists’ attacks through implementing strategic plans and efforts. The prevention requires great effort from the entire society such as federal government and private sectors to prevent the terrorist attack. Preventing terrors attack is the main objective and the department is responsible for this through providing support to national security. The homeland security ensures security through preventing unauthorized acquisition and the importation of nuclear materials (Miskel, 2008).
The most difficult objective to achieve is that of “reducing America’s vulnerability to terrorism” (Miskel, 2008). This is because, violent Islamic terrorist groups like al-Qaida have the power to attack the America and the groups are compelled by an undiminished strategic plan. Despite the fact that most terrorists were killed in September 11, the Islamic group has a top leadership which has the core capabilities to attack the Homeland. Al-Qaida has formed a strong collaboration with regional terrorists groups which are capable to attack America. Al-Qaida also has a host group in U.S which poses potential threats to the Homeland security. For example, Hizballah is an Islamist militant group in Lebanon and it may attack the Homeland security (Miskel, 2008).
The most important objective which falls under the responsibility of DHS is “Preventing terrorist attacks within the United States” (Miskel, 2008). This is the founding principle as well as the highest propriety. Prevention efforts are needed from families and communities, local government and private sectors and there should be availability of resources in order to fight terrorism. It is responsible of ensuring that America is a safe country through fighting crime, passing law and preparing the country in case of natural disaster. It is also responsible in managing border security, cyber security and counterterrorism.
Part 2
Science and Technology
The electronic scanner has improved airport security in that the full-body scanner is able to detect packages which may be hidden by the passengers. I t has improved the detection performance and the machine is an operational cost savings. In addition, the new technology is sensitive to environment and it has improved security as it is able to detect metallic and nonmetallic illegal imports. It has controlled the Cyberphysical attacks by fixing X-ray emitters with computer system then detecting security threats (Elias & Library of Congress, 2009).
Electronic scanner will prevent another hijacking since the machine is detecting dangerous substances and has a high-energy X –rays which contract a highly realistic image. The machine has a sound security measures and an advanced technology. The investment made in added security measures does not worth the passengers impact since that the machine is associated with health risk. For example the high-energy X –rays uses ionizing radiation which may leads to health risk. For example, the high-energy rays are associated with low-dose radiation and the exposure to radiation increases the risk of cancer (Elias & Library of Congress, 2009). Apart from health risk, the machine does not offer maximum protection since it is unable to discover low-density materials like liquids and other explosives which are hidden. Therefore, still there is need for improvements in order reduce potential risk which may due to lack of maximum protection.
Reference
Elias, B., & Library of Congress. (2009). Airport passenger screening: Background and issues for Congress.
Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
Miskel, J. F. (2008). Disaster response and homeland security: What works, what doesn't. Stanford, Calif:
The purpose of this memo is to inform you of the challenges that our transportation system is facing due to the critical infrastructure and the governance and the operation in the borders. The department of is responsible for protecting the borders and the territorial waters together with the transportation system by a way of centralizing the information sharing and the track databases with the monitors in all aspects. There is an essential problem of controlling all points of port entry due to the numerous activities that take place such as the inspection of the containers before they leave. The visa system is also a challenge due to domestic transportation and the terrorism threats that may arise.
The critical infrastructure needs to be protected but it does not come without its fair share of challenges. Some of the challenges include the government restriction and policies that outline how they should be dealt with. This means that the government must engage in a more deeply manner and enhance collaboration with the private sectors does not come easily. The issues of cost in curbing down the terrorist threat together with natural and other disasters do outweigh the benefits of the risk reduction due to the hazards they entail. The challenge of the critical infrastructure does not stop there as the majority of the infrastructure is privately owned and the various companies involved have been slow to recognize that the borders are no longer exterior but interior.
Emergency preparedness and response of the first responders has been faced with challenges due to the transfers that are within the department. The government is involved at all levels and ensures that the first responders get the best training in preparedness to domestic disaster responses. The grant programs involve the police, firefighters, and the emergency personnel are who if they do not work together and closely may jeopardize the operation of homeland security.
Yours faithful
Security manager
Part 2
Terrorism is a factor that threatens the emerging technologies of an organization. The fear factor of terrorism makes a business run in an uncertain manner as most of them are not well prepared to deal with the emergency issues in the event of occurrence (Whitley & Zusman, 2009). The threat is critical as and affects the operation of homeland security in the manner in which they operate. Due to the sensitivity of the threat, there are some sorts of certain settlement to be made by the government. This disaster management has taken a bigger portion of the business funds and concentration creating cash flow problems which indeed is due to the prioritization of the threats (Forest, 2006).
Taking done terrorism threats by homeland security is a great achievement that will be beneficial to many companies and to the people at large as they are guaranteed of security within and out of the borders that will tilt the country towards great favor (Forest, 2006). By working with all the involved stakeholders’ terrorism will no longer be a threat to homeland security due to the efficiency achieved due to the usage of technologically advanced tools which requires huge finances (Whitley & Zusman, 2009). There shall be an immense gain by the country and the borders shall be strengthened in which recommendation will have validated the key points of entry. The achievement will assist the homeland security force on the whole terrorism issue rather than deal with cartels and traffickers only enlarging the legal scope.
Reference
Forest, J. J. F. (2006). Homeland security: Protecting America's targets. Westport, Conn: Praeger Security International.
Whitley, J. D., Zusman, L. K., & American Bar Association. (2009). Homeland security: Legal and policy issues. Chicago, Ill: ABA Section of Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice.
Funding from international lending institutions in Somalia development
Somalia is an African country which gained its independence from European nation in 1800s. For several years, the country has experienced political instability, recurring violence, poverty and famine. Despite the challenges, Somalia is a country which is moving forward in that in year 2004; Transitional Government was established for the purpose of helping development and state-building (Cissé, Menon & Cordonier, 2014). The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank are playing a vital role in Somalia social, political and economic development. The IMF is offering funding to ensure that Somalia will have a stable economy through building central bank and other fiscal institutions. IMF has found a way of entering in Somali development and it is struggling to have a comprehensive understanding of the current economy and the state of its institutions in order to implement economic reforms. IMF has already formed relationship with the Federal Government and now it is able to offer technical assistance as well as political advice on how to build the nation (Cissé, Menon & Cordonier, 2014). Through the internal relationship, IMF is working with Somali authorities to find international assistance from economic agencies such central bank in order to build the nation. The IMF has created important goals of helping the financial ministry in raising revenue and public finances, establishing international payment systems, addressing problems in counterfeit currency and forming relationship with bilateral and multilateral donor in order to ensure economic development. Currently, IMF is providing loans and technical assistances on macroeconomic policies and now the authorities are in a position of implementing effective economic policies (Cissé, Menon & Cordonier, 2014).
Since Somalia has faced many disputes which demand attention, the World Bank is helping the Somalia development not only through lending but also through provision of knowledge and technical assistance. For example, World Bank advices that women roles should be empowered and be inclusive in development process since their unique abilities will help in coping mechanism (Guha-Sapir & Ratnayake, 2009). In addition, the World Bank asserts that the civil war led to the collapse of State and central government and for that reason Somali should reconstruct the State by re-establishing the governmental structures as they will play important functions in modern States and lead to political reform and good governance. The World Bank concentrates much on empowerment and equity for State-building and reconstruction. According to World Bank, Somalia must balance social justice, poverty reduction and equity in order to gain economy development. The World Bank has entered in the economic field and has provided funding for expansion in Somalia’s Private Sector and this is a strategic way in creating a sustainable economy and eliminates the high level of poverty (Guha-Sapir & Ratnayake, 2009). The World Bank is helping Somalia in improving reform agenda as well appropriate regulations. The agenda reform will implement new economic opportunities, improve regulatory frameworks, improve investment and job creation for Somali population. World Bank has asserted that it will offer funding for domestic financial sector for private sector development, financial resources and help the government in fiscal arrangements (Guha-Sapir & Ratnayake, 2009).
Substantive ways in which a healthy population strengthens the economy of Somalia
In economy development, population health has a very important impact at micro level. There are various ways in which a healthy population can strengthen the Somalia economy. There is a close relationship between health and income in that health will be required in order to achieve wealth and thus, a population health will build up the economy and eliminate poverty (Gedi, 2008). Good health will pave paths for income development and human welfare and other important point is that income is a determinant in policy purposes and country development. With respect to the economic growth, Somalia can benefit from population health in the following ways;
Expenditure reduction on preventable diseases
Somali can reduce its expenditure on fighting and vaccinating preventable disease. By having a healthy population, Somali can spend the federal fund on productive venture for economic growth and capital resources. For example, a large amount of money which could be invested in health care system for the treatment of Malaria, typhoid and other diseases will be used in infrastructure, transportation and communication sectors (Gedi, 2008). A health population will also increase the labor production as people will be physically and mentally fit. Health improvements will also change the sociopath structure through investment on human capital thereby increasing personal savings and improving health labor force.
Research and development
The economy of Somali will be strengthened through conducting economic research with a high level of intelligence, healthy mind and body. There is a need for skilled labor for economy growth and a high level of aptitude will have a positive impact on productivity. Skilled personnel with also focus on demography and help the nation with skills and advice based on child mortality and fertility (Gedi, 2008). Families will be able to choose between healthy and unhealthy choices in determining the family size. A healthy population will have both mental and physical ability and this will help them to develop the economy through passion and interest.
Productivity increase and GDP growth
Health population will boost the productivity of Somalia since there will be absenteeism and inefficiency reduction and workers will set common goals in developing the economy and maintain the competitive edge. Employee’s competence will help the country to utilize the available resources such as land, time and water and these resources will boost the total production within the country (Obeng-Odoom, 2012). Health population consists of both skilled and unskilled workforce who increases both the quality and quality in production. Through skilled workforce, there will be variety of high value of goods and services.
Saving and investment
Poor health can affect the country’s income as a result of medical expense which will reduce both household and nation income savings. By having a health population, Somalia will achieve the economic success through a high capital accumulation which will lead to an extraordinarily savings per income (Obeng-Odoom, 2012). Health population will make wise decision on consumption and saving and they will establish a life cycle behavior in their life span. The behavior channel in saving and investment increases the longevity which brings the need for generation incentive and impacts the domestic investment positively. Somalia will benefit from economic success through foreign direct investment by eliminating rampant diseases and increasing healthy productive workforce (Obeng-Odoom, 2012).
Foreign aid in health care system
Somalia for many years has struggled for universal access to health care and the leadership has implemented development plans for health care. Various Somalia administrations have adopted diverse approaches and policies from international paradigms with the purpose of getting resolutions on healthcare. Both parliamentary government and military government shared their national plan on health care in but they never succeeded in their core operations (Somalia, 2016). In addition, the ministry of health was unable to provide the needed resources for health care system and there have never been health man power competence in heath care. Such reasons made the leadership to search for foreign aid to improve health care. For example, in 1980s, Finish International Development Agency (FINIDA) brought external assistance and established the campaign on smallpox eradication, treatment for tuberculosis and introduced primary healthcare (Somalia, 2016). It also introduced the PHC institutions for medical specialty. The effort improved the health care in terms of quality and access. A large amount of money has been contributed by international donors and they have improved the health care system as well as health care policies. For many years, Somali has solved health care issues on global aspects particularly on issues such like vaccination campaigns. For instance, Somali Aid Co-ordination Body (SACB) was formed by UN agencies, donors and NGOs and the committee have implemented national health policies and development programs (Somalia, 2016).
Reference
Cissé, H., Menon, N. R. M., & Cordonier, S. M.-C. (2014). Fostering development through opportunity,
It is quite saddening that the number of lives lost due to fatal shootings and conflict with law enforcement officers has increased from last year. The number has risen from 469 last year to 491 deaths which have occurred in the last six months of 2016. The figure comprises of both law enforcement officers and unarmed civilians shot down by rogue police officers. In most cases, the victims are usually members of the minority community, African Americans and the mentally ill. The issue has caused quite unrest in various states and needs to be addressed before the loss of more innocent lives.
Some measures have been taken up to try and reduce the level of violence and loss of life that occurs in the process. Police have been requested to have cameras that record their actions while on duty not to mention the training they receive on how to deescalate a violent situation. However, most of the policies will take time to implement. These policies are also geared towards ensuring that police officers conduct themselves well. However, 20 police officers were killed in the line of duty. This shows that the civilians are not the only victims.
The solution is therefore best described in the call for unity speech. Both law enforcement officers and civilians need to bridge the gap between them so as to work peacefully. If the civilians stop attacking the police officers, they will in turn be less violent and not result to merciless killings. Uniting the two will ensure that there is a certain amount of peace as the policies being put in place take root and help eradicate the issue of merciless killings. Your speech combined with the various policies will go a long way in helping end this menace and thus help save the lives of hundreds of American citizens.
American Revolution can be described based on one of the major critical components which are economic and political rights convergence into a single setting. American Revolution was a procedure that changed the British colonial matters into American nation citizens. The process was based on three main ideas which involved distinct formulation which can also be described as alteration of cultural patterns from the culture of pre- colony, creation of realization that was semantic and new identity articulation. Institutions formulation was additionally established which developed variant cultural forms ascendancy thus promoting understanding, knowledge, and meaning of fresh mental and national identity. Republic invention in regard to constitution terms necessitated the cultural perspective transformation particularly that cultural perspective that characterized the fresh nation. The procedure of changing cultural identity and public culture involved the general changing of the ways in which individuals did and would generally do in perceiving their surroundings. American Revolution was in individual’s thoughts and hearts to change the religious sentiments that they held, of obligations and duties. Radical changes in opinions, principles, affections and sentiments of the American individuals were the actual American Revolution.
Identity articulation was a growing idea for the formation of American Revolution. This is mainly because sovereignty desire became part of the enlightenment trend in America. The revolutionaries wrote eloquently in a sense that was mutual in regard to the pressing desire for attaining independence and sovereignty in America. Sovereignty desire was based on the fact that America was growing rapidly, the population was increasing highly, and the nations were rich in resources, intellectually active and politically mature. This was a natural progression in which the Americans fully desired political or sovereignty autonomy. This is the general right of a country’s government to govern or rule itself without getting a command from others. The revolutionaries, therefore, require acquiring natural rights as it was argued that every individual is born with their own rights. The natural rights cannot, therefore, be deprived by the government which includes liberty right, life right, and property right. This, therefore, included the provision of protection and safety from seizure. The Americans philosophers believed that the British colony was infringing those rights. It was, therefore, the role of the national government to offer protection to all the natural rights that the citizens held rather than impinging and subjecting restrictions over them. Commercial restriction of the American would additionally be termed as a motive rather than being a thought which was, however, crucial. Many commercial restrictions had been imposed on Americans by the British government and, felt that with increased economic freedoms levels they would be able to generate more money. National identity articulation was, therefore, an idea of the American Revolution development.
The American Revolution thoughts were developed mainly from three major sources which were the traditional political and legal British values, European enlightenment and what is mainly referred as the American experience. From the three originated an American distinctly world point, values set and philosophy. The European enlightenment is the major idea of the revolution study. This was the movement of enlightenment and entailed many eras of great and developed minds. Creating awareness was the major idea of the creation of American Revolution. Continuing on with enlightenment trends started at the renaissance when the enlightenment thinkers opposed old views, traditions, and values which had been accepted as facts before. They, therefore, worked based on the belief that for something to be immutable, logical as well as valid it must be grounded on a rational argument. For Phyllis Wheatley in her writing was attempting to enlighten individuals on the impacts of slavery. Her idea was mainly based on trying to end slavery through creating awareness. The ideas were gathered into the confederation articles as the cultural habit changes required the cognitive acknowledgment of cultural and political separation from the British. While it is guaranteed that the deviations of culture from Britain existed and thus developed in nations before independence, the independence act was a validation form for the differences which would thus be expressed in fresh political and social institutions since the colonial mentality was challenging to drop as well as fresh institutions especially based on the national scale the confederation sustained a separate identity of the nations.
The other idea was based on the formulation of distinct. This was mainly influenced by the growing desire for self-representation. The Americans felt that they needed actual representation as their representation was grounded virtually. Despite the fact that the British held that the virtual representation was a representation of all individual the American rejected the representation that was done by parliamentarians and demanded actual representation. They needed actual representation where the parliament members would sermon in the representation of several constituents. This, therefore, enabled each individual to hold an opinionated voice in parliament as they held several individuals to represent them adequately. This was, therefore, a direct line sense in regard to their government. Oppression motivated the American to be separated from the British as they desired to be free from oppression. They needed unique governance with a different set of laws and rules. The paranoia of military tyranny was the major thought that spurred the revolutionaries especially those from lower classes. The American cities were not characterized by the presence of police forces despite the fact that British military was the leading in terms of military power in that period. This was thus viewed as oppression with the utilization of violence threats in making colonies more obedient once more. Additionally, it was viewed as the main insult and the type of measure that would be in turn utilized in the rebellion of the colony. In regard to the idea of acquiring natural rights, the theory of Locke became the major section of the ideology of American Revolution as British was driving a man’s natural rights from the trend on enlightenment. Cultural patterns which included a different religion from the colony nation also influenced the distinct formulation idea. Fear and religion in regard to Catholics assisted in driving American Revolution thus securing supports from the protestant churches in America.
Conclusion
The American Revolution was that period where most individuals are essential things in assisting in developing a fresh country. The revolution cannot, therefore, be described as a general lot different from others that have occurred in history. It is a kind of prove that it does not matter who holds the idea to transform the world as the thoughts and opinions are adequate in generating a difference. American Revolution was mainly based on the ideas of distinct formulation, fresh nation identity and the creation of enlightenment. This is proven by individuals from the revolutions such as Wheatley Phyllis who held great ideas which failed to get any acknowledgment but later come to be utilized after their deaths. American Revolution was distinct from all other revolutions in American. This is because it happened in a distinguished empire which was beyond all other revolutions that had occurred in the 18th century. Therefore unlike other individuals in the revolutionary American had experienced a sense of freedom. An essential idea of the revolution was to create the desire for having more that they held before. What the revolutionaries were fighting for was not only to acquire protection but also to acquire benefits as American citizens.
The past few years have seen an increased necessity to hold the board of directors accountable for performance of the investors’ organisations and the demand for greater transparency and engagement. The investors’ interests in more interaction and disclosures have arisen out of the successive waves of scandal in the corporate world has in turn restructured the corporate governance landscape. Globally, such scandals involving big multinationals have made the stakeholders to demand for more adherence to standards of stating earning, profits and the need for having reliable auditing. The loss of stockholders’ confidence in early 2000s resulted from the financial scandals and economic downturn (Rezaee, 2007). There is a need for a standard way of stating earnings and profits so that financial information can be meaningful to the stakeholders and such information can be subjected to a reliable auditing. This will eliminate incidences of manipulation which will build trust and thus restore confidence in governance.
There have been reforms in United States regarding corporate governance which include implementation of rules related to SEC. This involves new requirements involving corporate governance for listing at NYSE developed in August 2002.the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 have mandated some a list of best practices in governance and outlines new offences concerning corporate fraud (Chang, 2008). This happened in line with the actions of institutional investors as they strive to increase their monitoring efforts for their investments in many public companies. The challenge of these investors has been getting to know the directors they elect to manage their investments. Furthermore, SEC as the main watchdog against corporate fraud has small staff and does not perform direct tasks of rooting out this fraud. Along with the assumption that SEC can rely on private entities as the fundamental restraint against massive wrongdoing, the result has been complete failure. There has also been an alarming turnover rate at SEC that has seen experienced staffers leaving to look for higher paying employment. The case has been worsened by the tendency where SEC collects more funds for the government that it receives back. Since the 2008-2009 financial crisis the congress has been pushing for responsibilities on the agency regardless of the limitations it faces (Prial, 2013).
CEO compensation
The schemes used to pay CEOs and which are tied to organization’s performance have constantly been manipulated by the companies, a practice that can seem to bilk taxpayers’ big amounts of money. Significant portions of executive compensation have been a contingent once the companies hit certain threshold of good performance (Mullaney, 2015). These remunerations have been attached to the perception that CEOs are more important than other employees and their performance has the biggest influence on the overall performance of the organisation. The astronomical salaries and bonuses paid to the top executives have resulted to a compensation scale that is skewed towards top management. Since CEO compensation is tagged to the performance of the firm, there was a pairing back of CEO compensation in the early 2000s due to the fall in stock market that was experienced then, but the compensation returned to its normal level after the stock market had mostly recovered by 2007. The financial crisis in 2008 made the level of CEO compensation to fall again which made the CEO-worker compensation ratio to fall in tandem (Institute for Policy Studies, 2015). The differing payments between the CEO and the workers can thus be attributed to compensation systems that encourages and rewards to employees with short-term incentives like bonuses which is then funded while ensuring that whole pay budget is not blown off. These changes do not mean that the top notch employees are performing better. In fact, it is not surprising to conclude that only about half of annual incentives for top employees result to better performance. Furthermore, the high and rising CEO compensation reflect income that would have used to assist others in an economy (Davis and Mishel, 2014)
Independence of board members
The widespread accounting and corporate scandals in the early 2000s made regulators and U.S stock exchange to approve various regulatory reforms so as to attain improvement on corporate governance which included the need to increase the board of directors’ independence. The approval of new rules by the Securities Exchange commission made it a requirement for listed companies to have most of the members of boards being independent directors (McKnisey &Company, 2013). A primary aim of the reforms has been to enhance the monitoring function by the board more so financial reporting monitoring. To achieve the benefits of these reforms and increased value, a lot of training for these independent directors would be necessary. This involve directors with less impact and experience learning from those with high impact and experience especially when it comes to developing strategies. This would include increasing information accessibility since independent directors do not have as much information as the managers. To further improve the board performance, there have been proposal to separate the titles of chairman and CEO so as to avoid management that has de facto control (Tonello, 2011). Moreover, to avoid the case of individual compensation especially the board members, being done at the expense of maximising stockholder value, there have been proposals to involve separate compensation programs that include unions, proxy advisories, human resources, executives and federal or regulatory agencies (Tonello, 2011). This will ensure that the stockholders are involved in decision making and more so the decisions that involve the determination of CEO compensation and how it should vary with that of other staff.
Involving institutional investors in decision making
The institutional investors have increasingly become part of corporate governance but have relied heavily on the decisions made by management, which includes the board of directors, to in performing their roles in corporate governance. The investors, however, represent the interest of the shareholders by ensuring that they look after the safeguard their rights and shares and ensure that they access basic information on their investments. The effectiveness of the whole system of corporate governance depend to a great extent on the assurance that the institutional investors will make use of the rights of their shareholders and thus fully exercise effectively their ownership roles in the firms that they invest in. Issues have arisen from the misdirection of management boards of directors on the investment in the NYSE (OECD, 2011).
The lack of independence on the institutional investors has resulted to them welcoming the board’s requirements and their recommendation. Despite the institutional wishing to get involved in the various decisions made by the management and the board of directors, they finally let go off their guards due to this increased dependence. They are thus by-passed in implementation and determination of very important issues such as compensation of the executives, investment portfolios and other NYSE investment decisions (OECD, 2011). The investors on the other hand have tried to engage shareholders through voting. Many laws and policies mandate voting by some institutional investors or encourage them to do so. Portfolio stocks institutional voting has largely been removed from the hands of money managers except in cases where the votes have economic significance that is bigger like mergers and elections. Most institutional investors have resulted to delegating the voting decision to voting function from within or outsourcing of this function from proxy advisory organizations. The failure by institutional investors to disclose voting policies, whether the voting is done internally or outsourced would amount to misrepresentation of the rights of the shareholders. This is because any voting by the institutions is supposed to be done on behalf of the shareholders, thus the requirement for them to disclose the procedures put in place for decisions relating to their voting rights (Small, 2014).
Transparency of board members
With increased pressure for the separation of CEO and the roles of board chairman by activist shareholders, proxy advisory organizations, regulators and institutional investors there have been suggestions for elimination of CEO roles in the board of directors including determining its compensation (Tonello, 2011). This has also included call to increase independent board members to deliberate in privacy issues. There has also been greater call for Corporate Reporting Dialogue in order to achieve greater consistency, coherence and compatibility the reporting frameworks, standards and other related requirements. This has been aimed at ensuring great transparency now that the CEO does not determine who will be on the board of directors list (The Institute of Internal Affairs, 2015). A fair dialogue will be achieved if the board does not consist of people with conflicting interests such as family members. The overall effect where there are conflicting interest would be the board rubberstamping the management decisions without questioning. This also would worse if the managers are unqualified. There is a need for the board of directors to fulfil their oversight roles in the process of financial reporting and audit process with audit committee being given the authority to authorize or carry out investigations into matters they are responsible for.
References
Chang, J.-C. (2008). Earnings informativeness, earnings management and corporate governance under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Baltimore: Morgan State University.
OECD (2011).The Role of Institutional Investors in Promoting Good Corporate Governance, Corporate Governance, OECD Publishing. doi: 10.1787/9789264128750-en
Efforts to Combat Racial/Ethnic Health Disparities in America
Abstract
This paper gives a brief overview of health disparities which exist between the minority groups and White population. The paper will also come up with the Action Plans which the HHS or Health and Human Services are taking to eliminate the health disparities. Ethnic disparities in America has become a concern since this is an issue which has existed for several decades. For example, the U.S department of health care has noticed that Black women experience a high rate of infant death than White women. When it comes to insurance matters, adults from ethnic groups are uninsured and they are also denied quality care compared with White women. These and many other reasons have made the Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) to put concern in order to ensure that the entire population of U.S which is made up by White and ethnic groups get the quality care and also to ensure that ethnic disparities are eliminated. The department is taking all measures to create awareness on this burning issue and this is a major focus of this country in 21st century. Since the issue is a challenge to the whole nation, measures to eliminate the health disparities is a national agenda and the most important thing in this agenda is to come up with the most important policy to combat the whole problem. Generally, the purpose of this paper is to do a comprehensive research to find out the measures or efforts which the country is taking to eliminate the ethnic disparities in health issues.
Introduction
U.S is a diverse country made up by various minority groups. Even though White population covers the higher percentage of population, minority groups also contributes the entire high population. For example, in the current population, the blacks comprises 12% of the population, non-Hispanic comprises 67%, Hispanic 14%, Asian makes 4% and native Indian American makes 1% (Rossen & Schoendorf, 2014). By viewing these figures, the research has shown that the number of minorities will increase and for the next few years to come the minorities will make 50% of the whole population. Health disparities exist between the White population and minority population. Major differences are seen in the quality care, life expectancy and other areas. A research on ethnic disparities has shown that a large number of people living in America live a poor life but the most challenging thing is that most of them are minority groups. For the most part, the poor living is brought by poor health care. It is important to note that the minority groups are discriminated in terms of insurance coverage, education and other related issues (Rossen & Schoendorf, 2014). Such issues contribute to lack of quality care thereby increasing the risk of developing more diseases due to lack of quality care. The research done shows that the situation is getting better as medical advances in U.S are making the healthier lives of people and in particular the minority who are highly affected. It is the high time for the HHS to eliminate the differences which arises from social, environmental and economic factor since these are the key area which the minorities get challenges. These are issues which need steps to be taking towards raising awareness (LaVeist & Isaac, 2013). The action plans which the HHS is taking complement the strategies which can be set in order to get health equity between the entire population. On the health equality, the National Partnership for Action (NPA) is responsible for that and its major purpose is to unite the entire community and to create collaboration to ensure that there is equality in health care and health disparities is eliminated (LaVeist & Isaac, 2013). The NPA also creates goals and objectives, programs with best practices and policies. All these strategies which the NPA makes are to offer direction to the national leaders of private and public sectors and ensure that each sector has its roles on eliminating the disparities which exists between the minority and Whites in health care matters (LaVeist & Isaac, 2013).
Ethnic Health Disparities in America
Research and studies on the figures below have shown that minority groups have experienced difficulties when it comes to quality health care due to lack of insurance coverage. This has become a concern since this is an issue which has toughened the lives of minorities. According to the research, the number of minorities who lack insurance coverage has been increasing and this means that it is hard for minority groups to get quality health care services (Mead et al, 2008). It is important to note that insurance status arise from factors such as cost which leads to a large number of low-income families thereby making it hard for them to access quality care. Other factor is lack of knowledge and this hinders them to enroll in public programs and so they are not eligible for support. The graph below shows how minorities are denied health insurance due to ethnic disparities (Mead et al, 2008).
The figure below shows that African Asian American has a higher rate of death which results from lack of quality care. They have the high rate of heart diseases of all the population. Statistics shows that they have the risk of getting heart diseases due to blood pressure as they lack the right medication. The high rate of death arises from poor health due to low income, lack of insurance coverage and these makes them to lack access to quality care thereby increasing chronic illnesses (Mead et al, 2008). . The chronic illnesses reduce the life expectance of minority groups and this is an issue which has been put into concern. In addition, health disparities is evidence in minority groups particularly in Black men and this also shows that there is gender difference and men are more discriminated and denied their rights such as access to quality care than women (Mead et al, 2008).
Health status is an issue which has highly contributed to health disparities among minorities. Difference on health status among minority groups and White arises as a result of low income, work status, segregation, environmental factors among other issues (Mead et al, 2008). The worse condition of living contributes to diseases which go up being chronic as a result of lack of care. Several studies have shown that minorities lacks effective communication with caregivers and the linguistic barriers hinders them from getting quality care and they end up living a poor life with poor health.
Non-Hispanic black women in America face a high rate of infant mortality due to lack of special care. The mortality rate is as a result of ethnicity differences which exist between White women and Black. In addition, a large number of infants have low birth weight compared with Hispanic infants. The poor outcomes affect their overall living and affect the minority population (Mead et al, 2008). Preterm birth also happens to Black women as they lack special care while they are pregnant and they are treated with a special treatment compared with native women.
Efforts to Combat Racial/Ethnic Health Disparities
HHC is working in partnership with sectors to combat the health disparities and remove the barriers which arises from ethnic, socioeconomic and geographical factors which are contributing to the inequality. Through identifying the major causes of the problem such as social determinants, behavior factor and ethnicity, HHC will be in a position to provide measures. HHC has objectives and goals to achieve equaty in health services, eliminate disparities and to ensure that American people lives a quality and a healthier life. HHC has put much effort to ensure that they have achieved their goals and objectives and more important they eliminate the disparities (Williams, 2007).
The Obama Care
The HHC effort and action plans are fixed on Obama care to ensure that every person receives insurance coverage, insurance reform and prevention. The Obama Care is also responsible of ensuring that the health disparities are eliminated through prevention and awareness through own care. Through provision of insurance coverage, HHC will maintain quality improvement as well as national prevention. HHC effort is also fixed on the initiatives such as Health People 2020 (Williams, 2007). HHC has a vision of accomplishing equality in health care among all gropes. In order to achieve the equality, HHC will work hard to eliminate the chronic disease, reduce the death rates and injuries among all races. HHC has other initiatives known as Let’s Move! (Williams, 2007). This was established by Michelle Obama. Through these initiatives, HHC will ensure health equality by eliminating the childhood obesity, health life for children, offering pregnancy care, and empowering pregnant women. Among various initiatives, HHC also puts its focus on infrastructure in order to reduce the challenges which hinder access to quality care. HHC will ensure that there will be no silos but rather there will be offices build for the department. HHC is also making an effort to form partnership with federal department in order to collaborate and form a team which will offer best practice to offer health equality (Williams, 2007).
Health care transformation
HHC is making much effort on transforming the health care system through securing the insurance coverage and through ensuring that all people gets quality care. Through Affordable Care Act, HHC will be able to transform the system and meet the goals (Williams, 2007). Through transformation, there is an effort to improve primary care, form a connection between the current social services and traditional health matters. Renovation in health care system will also bring new invention of technology which will therefore reduce disparities through new methods of offering quality care (Williams, 2007).
Reinforcing the National health, workforce and infrastructure
HHC put more effort in addressing matters on primary care, health providers, care workers as well as community workers. HHC puts focus on the workforce since there is a high rate of national diversity between workforces in U.S population (Williams, 2007). On this point, HHC is ensuring that the gap which exists between the workforces is eliminated. They do this through eliminating the language barriers, encouraging interactions, strengthening cultural competence among other best practices.
Strengthening the well-being, safety and health of people
HHC puts much effort on these areas to ensure that ethnic minorities gets quality care. Through these best practices, HHC will create conducive environment for reducing diseases and providing a healthy living. In this case, community-based practices will apply in order to eliminate the risk behaviors (Williams, 2007). In addition, community based-practices will help in implementing the intervention which will fill the gap which exists between native and minority groups. In order to ensure the well-being of people, HHC will have to implement education campaign which will raise awareness. The education will play a great role as it will give an important message to both ethnic and Native Americans on prevention services (Williams, 2007).
Innovation and scientific knowledge
Through this advance, HHC will ensure quality care among minorities and natives. Innovation will help in providing prevention measures, diagnosis, screening as well as best practices. Innovation of technology and scientific knowledge will also transform the health care system which will nourish the quality care through biomedical research (Williams, 2007). In these areas, HHC will implement strategies which will be used to providing useful information as well as resources which the federal department will use in forming collaborative measures. Scientific knowledge will also contribute to the expansion of health care research and this will help in training and future research (Williams, 2007). In this case, research will be in a position to do a comprehensive research based on health issues, and how both minority and natives can get quality care.
Accountability, Efficacy and Transparency increase
HHC is making an effort to the efficiency of their programs. HHC has found that in order to eliminate health disparities, it is important to include efficient programs, coordination, transparent measures, health infrastructure, transparency as well as accountability (Williams, 2007). HHC will also implement the open-government activities which will assist people in applying the best practices in their communities which can improve quality care. In these areas, HHC will ensure that funding to eliminate health disparities is offered. The funding will be offered to states, tribes as well as organization for them to conduct the best practices in their communities. Through the community activities supported by the funds, the community will eliminate health disparities, inefficiencies and come up with useful opportunities (Williams, 2007).
Conclusion
The paper has offered a comprehensive research on health disparities in U.S and it is clear that the country’s population is made up by both native and minorities. The health disparities affects the minority groups in a high rate where studies and research have seen that they live a poor live, lack quality care and all these are rooted from socioeconomic factors. The important thing to note that HHC is a department which is working hard day and night to ensure that the health disparities are eliminated and that all American people whether minority or natives gets quality health care. HHC takes Action Plans, sets goals and strategies to reduce health care disparities. ACA is much better in the activities of reducing disparities as it carries all the reduction activities which are required in combating this issue.
Reference
Williams, R. A. (2007). Eliminating healthcare disparities in America: Beyond the IOM report. Totowa, N.J:
Humana Press.
Holly Mead, Lara Cartwright-Smith, Karen Jones,Christal Ramos, Kristy Woods, and Bruce Siegel
(2008). Racial and Ethnic Disparities in U.S Health Care: A Chartbook.
Rossen, L. M., & Schoendorf, K. C. (2014). Trends in Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Infant
Mortality Rates in the United States, 1989-2006. American Journal Of Public Health,
104(8), 1549-1556.
LaVeist, T. A., & Isaac, L. A. (2013). Race, ethnicity, and health: A public health reader. San
Mexican American Studies program was established in the year 1998 in Tucson, Arizona. It started as few courses with few schools and students but with time it grew to around six high schools with the same program in both the middle and elementary schools. The main objective of the establishment of this program was to reverse some allocating academic trends especially for the Chicano students in the Tucson area. With time this program was viewed as a youth empowerment program that enabled them to attain both academic and human potential (Echeverría et al 5). In 2010, during the political campaigns, a law was established so as to ban the MAS program and from the teachings in the ethical classes. These ethical studies were regarded as courses that advocated for the overthrow of the state government and advocated for ethnic solidarity instead of individual treatment of students. Banning of the MAS program was not the sole solution to all the fears that the government had on banning the program. From the historical perspective it is quite true to state that classrooms can be politically neutral and thus there was no need for the worry of overthrowing of the government. Public schools are solely established to transfer knowledge to students as well as empower them to work hard in order to succeed in life. It is through these programs that the youths are empowered, strengthened and encouraged to excel in all than they are doing. Solidarity is paramount in these public schools and this is similar to what was offered in the MAS program in Tucson, Arizona. Therefore, this paper will base its argument on why I am against the ban with supportive examples from Acosta and other authors.
One of the main reason as to why I am strongly against the ban is the fact that the program taught things that every youth could relate real life situations. For instance, in the closure of the program, some of the student’s youths and Acosta himself refused to be overcome by the difficult situations that did face them at the time.
Thus instead of being victimized and giving up they decided to be meeting on Sundays so as to learn and keep the MAS program active. It is a result of their resiliency and dedication that enabled some of the scholars to be sponsored to collage. This experience relates to the youth and thus enables them to not give up at achieving what they really desire because in the end there is a greater reward. Courage plus determination will ultimately result to success. These are some of the important lessons and experiences that MAS program offered to the youth and we can agree that they are quite essential in the life of a youth (Echeverría et al 96).
Collaboration of the youths in the MAS system is another quality transformation and nurturing process that ought not to be interfered with by closing down the MAS program. Instead we should all adhere towards supporting the program as in collaborating, there is cohesiveness and people are able to connect with the situation and be able to face reality as well as overcome the stress more diversely. Critical thinking is not dangerous but rather so important and it requires no surveillance as the individuals mind is the one that is involved. Hence the state should be proud at supporting those critical minds that are able to do greater things that can really help the government once supported (Ross 104). According to Dr. Sanchez, it seems that the education system in Arizona is basically political. However this should not be the case as education is not about politics but rather about being informed. In this case, the program ought to be supported as it does not violate anyone’s dignity but rather helps on developing the dignity of these students from the quality of education that they are getting from the program.
The type of education that was taking place in MAS was basically a liberator education system that “empowered the youth to think more critically and to add on that to act upon their convictions through civic engagement, activism and non-violent civil disobedience are the core illegitimacies” that disrupted the minds of politicians (Acosta 7). This kind of an education system posed a threat to the state and this resulted to the attempts of closing the program. However this is the highest form of injustice in Arizona and those reacting in the way that they reacted showed that, “politics will traverse in order to stop pockets of liberation and springs of hope for the students and other silenced youths” which is rather cruel (Acosta 7). Political selfishness should not be the guiding principle of any states action and this is the reason as to why the MAS program should continue so as to eliminate those old perspectives of the political system.
References
Acosta, Curtis, and Asiya Mir. "Empowering young people to be critical thinkers: The Mexican American Studies Program in Tucson." Voices in Urban Education 34.Summer (2012): 15-26.
Acosta, Curtis. "Dangerous minds in Tucson: The banning of Mexican American Studies and critical thinking in Arizona." Journal of Educational Controversy 8.1 (2014): 9.
Echeverría, Darius V. Aztlán Arizona: Mexican American Educational Empowerment, 1968-1978. , 2014. Print.
Ross, E W. The Social Studies Curriculum: Purposes, Problems, and Possibilities. , 2014. Print.
China will change the world in two ways one in which China is one of the largest developing countries in the world. It growing population which has continued growing for quite a number of years has also contributed to its growing in order to be able to sustain its own people (Jacques Martin, 2011). China will also change the world as its economy will be the most dominant one. It is also favored by the fact that it is not from the west but it is from very different civilization roots of a developing country. China has different culture and practices that are different from the west. China has been able to remain distinct as it has avoided copying all the western countries practices (Jacques Martin, 2011).
The leadership traits of china are different from many countries. China does not have the conventional approach that the western countries their leadership. China is shaped by its sense of civilization such as ancestral worship and its unique culture which the west has a distinctive notion about. China is extremely diverse demographically and geographically and it is very realistic on its practices (Jacques Martin, 2011). China is a civilization-state rather than a nation-state. The most political value of the Chinese people is the unity that holds them together. Another value that contributes to its success is that China has a different concept of race as 90 % believe they are from the same race unlike many countries such as India, the United States and Brazil which have race views (Jacques Martin, 2011). China uses two political systems to govern one nation such as in Hong Kong while in the United States they use a single political system to govern one nation. The notion with the western countries is such as system cannot work. China runs under an old state system where the government regulates main industries even when they are privately held as they rely on the government. The Chinese government also governs a one child policy in order to have control in its population. This indicates the control the government has in the country.
Reference
Jacques Martin (2011). Understanding the rise of china. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imhUmLtlZpw
The northern people in the United States were the black people whom together with the freedmen were highly impacted by the civil war. Some of the social impacts of the war in the lives of this people was like the great weeping which followed the sale of many into slavery. It was a two day’s cry of around 436 men, children and women auctioned and sale which is recorded as the greatest that has ever happened (Moneyhon, 2002). This period was marked as “the weeping time”. This period was associated with very high levels of slavery which was later was announced by the senator of New York that slavery had been abolished.
The civil war affected people terribly socially especially those in the northern Carolina who suffered great loss of their people who died in the war. It is recorded that more than thirty thousand troops died most of them at the battle and others from strange diseases. The war also led to great social resolution that both affected the persons of wealth and the slaves and most of them even changed their location (Moneyhon, 2002). Some of them retired to their homes voluntarily due to the deplorable conditions that surrounded them causing diseases and death. However much the freedmen were free from slavery, they never trusted the whites who professed friendship for they had memories of slavery abuses still fresh in their minds. Some of the Freedmen suffered injustice in the hands of invading white soldiers. Bearing in their minds that the war wasn’t over yet, being unsure of what or whom to trust some decided to remain under their previous masters whom they would be with even when Union forces moved on (Perman, & Taylor, 2011). There was also a group of missionary organizations, teachers both the blacks and the whites, churches and schools worked tirelessly and in union to give people a chance to be educated. This chance was taken even by the former slaves of all ages to become literate.
Politically the Northern blacks were affected by the sale of men which was later protested by Freedmen and the Southern society and made it to defeat the slaveholders, civilians and soldiers. They got a chance to liberate the slaves and later by virtue of power and for a foresaid reason slaves were declared free and was also abolished in the constitution. The war department general ordered the creation of U.S. colored troop, only persons with suitable condition were to be received in the armed service (Perman, & Taylor, 2011). There was established a Northern Democratic party which had several resolutions which were set for the better being of the northern people especially the enslaved ones. This happened after the civil war and during the presidential campaigns just before the elections.
There was much impact also on the economics of the involved individuals including the Freedmen and the Northern blacks (Bean, 2016). The destruction of the slavery institutions resulted in a cataclysm that had never been experienced in the state before. The wealthy and affluencial men either lost or abandoned their extensive lands due to lacking the required labor force. This gave the freed slaves a chance to embark and find their place in an ever shifting society. However much the whites had agreed grudgingly to give the black right they previously never possessed of not being enslaved they never heed to social and legal equity(Gallagher, & Lippard, 2014). Altogether, this war had a great negative impact to the economy because the workers previously depended on were no more.
References
Bean, C. B. (2016). Too great a burden to bear: The struggle and failure of the Freedmen's
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