Abstract

            There have been several arguments concerning vaccinations where people are claiming that even though the people have been vaccinated, there are still cases of them acquiring the diseases. Others feel that vaccines cause the diseases they prevent. However, this is untrue as vaccines are associated with beneficial facts. This paper is going to discuss on the reasons why vaccination should be emphasized, thereby outlining its benefits. Vaccination is useful as it gives safety to the children they are protected from acquiring the life-threatening conditions. Adherence to the practice enables to save resources that could be used in later life if the child happens to acquire the illnesses. Early childhood vaccination saves lot of time and money. There are reduced cases or morbidity and mortality cases because vaccination has been preventing the occurrence of the diseases that are preventable through vaccines. Vaccines are essential to everyone in that it ensures protection of the peoples’ loved ones. This has been achieved through vaccinating the infants as well as the people who are close to them thus lowering the probability of acquiring and transmitting the diseases. The other benefit of vaccination is that it helps in prevention of diseases through creating immunity in the body. This enables the body systems to be strong and able to fight with viruses.  The vaccines are safe and effective and this is determined by period of stay since the last vaccination, exposure and co morbidity. The last benefit of early vaccination is that it creates a good foundation for the health of the child thus the baby gets protected from opportunistic diseases like meningitis and ear infections. These benefits outline that vaccination is very beneficial as far health is concerned.

Introduction

            Debate concerning the effectiveness of vaccination has been a major issue among the people of United States. There have been several arguments where people have said that even the vaccinated individuals are acquiring the diseases. It has been possible to eradicate the diseases through maintenance of hygiene and that vaccinations have been resulting into major side effects including high mortality rates. However, vaccination is essential in so many ways. It saves many children from death, it is safe and effective, it protects people who are significant in our lives, it has been enabling to save time and money and it offers protection to the future generation. Vaccination against illnesses like rubella, whooping cough and polio should be compulsory for every child in the United States who is willing to do schooling because these vaccinations are condemnatory in control and doing completely doing away with these life-threatening illnesses.

The Lives of Children are at a Safer Side When Vaccinated.

            Some conditions that arise from cases of lack of immunization lives the victim in desperate life. An example is poliomyelitis. The child is restricted from so many activities because of different body pains. There is also stiffness of the joints and muscle spasms (Seytre, Bernard & Mary, 11). This makes an individual to be exposed to many dangers as they can be hurt during the episodes of the symptoms. There is increased rate of mortality rate where the virus invades the respiratory system causing asphyxia. There are also heart diseases and disability cases associated with the condition. Through vaccination practices, the diseases that are considered to be harmful and might cause deaths of many people are eliminated. Poliomyelitis is an example of such dieses and has been a major threat ion the lives of many. This condition had been a threat in the States of America as it had been a major cause of paralysis.

Protection from Dangers

           Vaccination has been playing an important role in protecting the children from the dangers associated with poliomyelitis. This condition has been contributing to the most cases of mortality in also been a serious cause of the many cases of morbidity across the nation (Strauss, James, & Ellen, 71) It is advisable for people to adopt the vaccination model as it will help in fighting the negative impacts that are being brought by failure of early vaccination. In the United States, polio vaccine has greatly led to positive impacts in that it has been in a position to put the children in the safer side of life. Through the vaccination programs, the state has managed to be a polio-free country. The vaccination will enable every individual to remain safe from dangers arising from the symptoms of the vaccine-preventable diseases. This will also facilitate eradication of the disability and mortality cases associated with the conditions.

Immunization Plays an Important Role in Saving Money, Minutes and Family

            There is too much wastage of money as he child will be requiring importance attendance like the physiotherapy. There will also be money spent in transportation as the children are weak and disabled hence cannot walk on their own. There is stigmatization of the family members and there no sufficient money from treatment thus becomes a burden (Naqvi, et al. n. p).much of time is being spent while trying to take the patients to the rehabilitation centre.  In most cases, the children who are suffering from vaccine-preventable conditions end up been denied so many important aspects of life. For example, the child may be isolated from attending the facilities like schools. Some of the conditions result from lack of immunization. Much time is also wasted at home because the child needs closed monitoring and assistance as they cannot do most of activities on their own. These individuals are weak and most of their time is spent at home. They need assistance in almost everything they do because they are weak. The time that a caretaker spends at home to make sure that the affected patient is stable could rather be used to do some other activities that will contribute in generation of income. If the parenthood taken the initiative of going to the hospital or any health facility where the vaccination services are offered, they could have spent less time. It could have been only some few hours and this could save their in the rest of their lives.

            The victims of lack of immunization mostly end up being disabled for the rest of their lives while others die regardless of the efforts that have been implemented on their welfare. The deaths that have been associated with the cases of lack of immunization have been affecting the family members very much. In United States, there have been high cases of mortality (Strauss, James & Ellen, 71). These have been mostly caused by poor immunity in the bodies of individuals. This later causes deaths of loved ones living the families at desperate state. Through vaccination, there is improved health system and this is usually a great benefit to the family members. The mortality rate has been decreasing as well as the cases of disability which has been contributing towards economic loss and premature deaths. The costs of treatment of the disease that result from lack of immunization plus the resources are high compared to those required to get the vaccination. Vaccination against the conditions therefore is substantial and its also free as it is under the insurance cover. The program has been highly contributing to increased savings as far as medical care is concerned. The program of vaccination is funded by the government hence there is no valid reason as to why children should not get vaccinated as even the very humble backgrounds are in the position to acquire the services. Vaccination plays an important role in protection of the next generation.

            Reduced Cases of Disability and Deaths

            Recently, there have been many cases of mortality which had been associated with the vaccine-preventable diseases. There have also been many disability cases in the United Sates. A disease like smallpox had been a major issue among the children. This condition has affecting any person regardless of age (Herlihy, Stacy & Hagood, 11). This disease had been bringing great fear to many. This is because no known cure had been discovered. What majority of the people had been doing is just watching the infected to see what would happen next. Most of the parts globally had been affected by the diseases and the infants, scientists, peasants, little children, princesses and adults had been vulnerable to acquiring g the disease. The Australians and the American had not been interfered with by the condition until the coming of colonists and explorers during the Columbian era. The area had now become like a graveyard as many deaths had been pronounced in every single moment. This issue had been viewed as too much devastating. As a result, people had been in the urge to look for a cure to be able to control and eradicate the life-threatening condition. The presence of a vaccine for the condition has enabled to fight and eliminate the diseases globally. Today, there are no cases of smallpox hence the children have been protected from getting the disease as eliminated completely. Vaccination against rubella on pregnant women has led to reduced cases of children presenting with the condition as well as eradication of the disabilities that are always associated with the condition. It has also been playing an important role in prevention of the disease spread. This has been discovered in the United States. There is increased probability of survival as a result of early vaccination. Continuity of vaccination of the present conditions affecting the children will be able to reassure the future parents that their kids will not be at risk of acquiring the conditions.

Immunization Protects Significant People

            Proper immunization of both the mother and the child serves an important role in protecting the lives of the infants and the children. Some diseases are able to be transmitted from one person to another like measles the diseases might complicate into severe cases like encephalitis, pan encephalitis and encephalomyelitis (Coughlin, et al. 2). The mortality rate of this disease is usually very high across the world. In the United States, there is still the practice of vaccination for children in the United States for protection against some conditions. The mortality cases associated with vaccine-preventable diseases had been very high. Immunization against these contagious diseases facilitates to reduced cases of the disease and also boosts the immunity of the individual hence they are able to protect their bodies from acquiring the infections

            Whooping cough is yet another example that has been leading to many death cases of the infants. There have been high cases of mortality, morbidity and hospitalization for the young infants due to this condition (Murthy, et al. 3). After the diseases have entered the body system, it might take time for the symptoms to be recognized hence the treatment begins when the illness have already complicated. Through vaccination, the infant is the position to strengthen the immunity thus protecting them from acquiring the virus. Immunization of other members of the family is also essential in protecting the infants from acquiring the transmissions. There have been resurgences of whooping cough and measles for several years in the past. Since the year 2010, cases of whooping cough have been ranging between ten and fifty thousand in every year in United States. Approximately ten to twenty babies have been dying in every year. Majority of the babies have been too small to get vaccination. Others, due to allergic reactions towards the vaccines, they have not been in the position to get them. These two diseases have been emerging mostly in areas where the children are not immunized. The resources used in treatment and care for ill child is high comparing to the less that might have been used to vaccinate. When the mother is vaccinated during pregnancy, the child is usually safe from acquiring the virus as compared to the one who had not been immunized. Full immunization of the mother and the baby is therefore important as it facilitates protection of the family members as well as prevention of the spread of the conditions to loved ones and close friends. This will enable to reduce infancy deaths.

There is a High Rate of Safety, Efficacy and Effectiveness with Vaccination

            Some people have been arguing that vaccines are dangerous to human beings. This is because they pose several side effects on the body. Viewing the benefits of the same, it is clear that many drugs have side effects which just take place for short time before they disappear. The individuals who have been immunized are safer than the ones who have not in case a disease outbreak emerges. For example, a case where there had been an outbreak of measles, 98.1% of the students who had been immunized happened to not acquire the transmission because they had been given at least two doses of measles-mumps-rubella (Cardemil, et al. n. p) it is clear that the advantages of vaccines outweigh the disadvantages. The scientists, professionals of healthcare and doctors have been taking the initiative to carry out very careful review concerning the vaccines. Vaccines just like any other treatments are associated with some side effects. This is not very abnormal as there are expectations of reactions of the body with the drugs but they are just minimal compared to their effectiveness. The vaccine effectiveness is usually proportional to efficacy. The individual might present with pain, tenderness or redness at the injection site but basing the importance of the vaccines in prevention of discomfort, pain and trauma. The effectiveness of the vaccine is determined by several factors including the period one has stayed since they were lastly vaccinated, exposure, co morbidity and age. The vaccinated individuals are the safer side as the rate of transmission is usually low. This is because they already have an immunity hence their bodies are at the position to protect them from infectious diseases as compared to the unimmunized.

Vaccination Plays an Important Role in Prevention of Diseases.

            There have been many people who have been arguing that the vaccines causes emergence of diseases. The vaccines happen to mimic the diseases they are meant to prevent thus giving natural immunity. The fever that comes about due to the presence of the vaccines in the body as they try to adjust with body systems are the ones that have been perceived to be the diseases but this is not true. Introduction of some vaccines have been playing a very important role globally. Pneumococcal vaccine for prevention of pneumonia has seen contributing to reduced cases of the diseases morbidity and hospitalization (Megiddo, Itamar, Eili & Ramanan, 2). These conditions have been a major issue among the children as they are mostly associated with many of the deaths. Most of these conditions have no known cure hence they pose a great threat to the lives of many individuals. A condition like pneumonia affects the respiratory system. The effects interfere with the normal breathing patterns and this causes most of the deaths among the small children. The vaccines therefore play an important role in creating immunity thus protecting them from the disease. It is this immunity that helps the individual to be protected from disease transmissions. This happens when the immunity provides defense mechanism against the infections.

Early Vaccination Creates a Good Foundation for the Health of the Child

            There has been having believes that there is no effect of early vaccination for children. Some had been feeling that the mercury contained in the vaccines would later in life cause the child to develop autism (Milano, Victoria & Sydney, 2). An example is measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. Some believe the increased quantities of vaccine doses exposes the young children and the toddlers into risk of having too much antigens in the body which might lead to complications later on in life. This is not true as the vaccination program has been organized to prevent the vaccine-preventable diseases. These are usually deadly among the young children. Any delay to carry out vaccination practice exposes the children and the young infants to danger of severe clinical features as well as death. The commonest diseases that are life-threatening include measles, whooping cough and diphtheria. Vaccination plays an important role in reducing the vaccine-preventable illnesses like pneumonia. Introduction of pneumococcal vaccine have facilitated deduction in cases of morbidity and mortality rate. There has been reduced hospitalization of children suffering from vaccine-preventable diseases. Vaccination helps to reduce the probability of occurrence of the diseases. The occurrence of the diseases is unpredictable. There is usually a benefit of vaccination as it makes it possible to prevent other opportunistic diseases. For example through pneumococcal vaccination, some conditions like inflammation of the middle ear and meningitis are prevented. The vaccine provides a very important state of body health whereby the individual is safe from acquiring any kind of vaccine-preventable illnesses. Early vaccination is also important to the child as it is highly linked with the school performance. An ill child usually have low intelligent quotient because sometimes the condition might have interfered with the brain altering its normal functioning. It is therefore clear that early vaccination is essential to individuals and there is the need adopt it.

Conclusion

            There have been several arguments concerning vaccinations. People have been claiming that even though the people have been vaccinated, some of them acquire the diseases. This is not true as seen in the paper above, there are been many benefits to the individuals after vaccination. Vaccination is useful as it gives safety to the children they are protected from acquiring the life-threatening conditions. Adherence to the practice enables to save resources that could be used in later life if the child happens to acquire the illnesses. It is clear that early vaccination helps to save time and money. There are also reduced cases or morbidity and mortality cases where vaccination serves a purpose of preventing the occurrence of the diseases thus preventing high cases of deaths that are resulting from vaccine-preventable illnesses. Vaccines are essential to everyone as seen in the argument above in that it ensures protection of the peoples’ loved ones. This has been achieved through vaccinating the infants as well as the people who are close to them thus lowering the probability of acquiring and transmission of diseases. The other benefit of vaccination is that it helps in prevention of diseases and they are safe and effective. The effectiveness of the vaccine is determined by several factors including the period one has stayed since they were lastly vaccinated, exposure, co morbidity and age. Lastly, early vaccination creates a good foundation for the health of the child. Vaccination against illnesses like rubella, whooping cough and polio should be compulsory for every child in the United States who is willing to do schooling because these vaccinations are condemnatory in control and doing completely doing away with these life-threatening illnesses.

Work cited

Cardemil, Cristina V., et al. "Effectiveness of a third dose of MMR vaccine for mumps outbreak   control." New England Journal of Medicine 377.10 (2017): 947-956.

Coughlin, Melissa, et al. "Perspective on global measles epidemiology and control and the role   of novel vaccination strategies." Viruses 9.1 (2017): 11.

Herlihy, Stacy M, and E A. Hagood. Your Baby's Best Shot: Why Vaccines Are Safe and Save      Lives. , 2012. Print.

Megiddo, Itamar, Eili Klein, and Ramanan Laxminarayan. "Potential impact of introducing the             pneumococcal conjugate vaccine into national immunisation programmes: an economic-            epidemiological analysis using data from India." BMJ global health 3.3 (2018): e000636.

Milano, Victoria, and Sydney Schneider. "Vaccines: What You Really Need to Know." (2017).

Murthy, Shruti, et al. "Efficacy and safety of pertussis vaccination in pregnancy to prevent           whooping cough in early infancy." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4 (2018).

Naqvi, Atta Abbas, et al. "Barriers to rehabilitation treatment among poliomyelitis infected         patients in Karachi, Pakistan: A mix-methods study." Khyber Med Univ J 8.1 (2016): 12-       21.

Seytre, Bernard, and Mary Shaffer. The Death of a Disease: A History of the Eradication of             Poliomyelitis. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press, 2005. Internet resource.

Strauss, James H, and Ellen G. Strauss. Viruses and Human Disease. Amsterdam: Elsevier /         Academic             Press, 2008. Internet resource.

Sobering up techniques

Introduction

Sobering up technique part two Prompt is one of the funniest episodes of the MythBusters. It is full of different experiments and hypothesis testing examples that are done by Adam and Jaime. They come up with different techniques for sobering up and later make conclusions of whether the techniques are wrong or right. Below is a review of my stand point of all the conclusions they make, I agree with them on some techniques and disagree with them on some techniques.

I agree with them on that the technique of drinking black coffee cannot help someone sober up. Coffee is a stimulant and alcohol is a sedative. Coffee is a stimulant it starts stimulating the brain, one does not get sober from taking any kind of coffee (Taylor,2015). Caffeine actually tricks the brain to think it is more sober than the person is. Turning off the sedative effects of alcohol using coffee does nor result into any good outcomes.  The work of caffeine taken after one is drunk is to mask alcohol’s sedation not to reduce the amount of alcohol in one’s blood (Taylor, 2015). Whether it is pre coffee or post coffee, it does not work. Coffee will actually slow down the process of metabolizing alcohol because it is a stimulant.

            The other technique they had tried is vigorous exercise, pre exercise and post exercise I agree with them that vigorous exercise do not help anyone sober up. Whether one exercises before they get drunk or after they get drunk, physical exercise is not among the things that a drunk person would want to engage in. Dr. Jim Schaefer completely ascertains that raising metabolism by exercising has a minimal effect on the alcohol level in the body of the drunk. Running home from a bar is not any different to taking cab, alcohol hangover cannot also be exercised away (Beresini, 2012). No physical exercise can reduce the chemical soup in one’s gut brought about by alcohol.

Another technique they test is dunking their heads in cold water to see if it will help them sober up but it did not. I disagree with their conclusion that it did not work it should have worked in sobering them up a little since cold showers are known to jolt the body in a state of alertness although it wasn’t necessarily a shower. Deeping their head in ice frozen water should have jolted them to a state of awareness (Weber, n.d). The other technique of slapping one on the face concluded that it works and I highly disagree with them, since I believe that is a myth that is actualized in the movies but not in real-life. It does not help one sober up, although the adrenaline caused by the slap will make one alert temporarily. it might even make the alcohol to pop up in the mouth causing vomiting which again will not make one sober up (Bitel, n.d).

Conclusion

Adam and Jaime engage in in activities to see which activities will have sober them up fast after getting drunk, the first technique they test is drinking coffee and it failed to work, and I completely agree with them since coffee is a stimulant and alcohol is a sedative, therefore the coffee will cover the sedative effect and even tricking the brain to think that it is more sober than it actually is. Vigorous exercise does not help in sobering on either and I completely agree with them on that. I disagree with them on the fac that dunking one’s head in cold water does not help one sober up, it should since this activity is meant to bring someone into a certain state of alertness. Lastly, I agree with them does not help one sober up.

References

Beresini, E. (2012). Can I Swear Out Alcohol? Retrieved from;             https://www.outsideonline.com/1959661/can-i-sweat-out-alcohol

Bitel, M. N. (n.d). Can You Actually Sober Up? Retrieved from;     https://www.supercall.com/culture/how-to-sober-up-from-alcohol

MythBusters Sobering up techniques, part 2 480 x 640.mp4. retrieved from;             https://www.google.com/search?q=Mythbusters+Sobering+up+techniques%2C+part+2+               480+x+            640.mp4&oq=Mythbusters+Sobering+up+techniques%2C+part+2+480+x+640.mp4&aqs      =chrome..69i57.3456j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

Taylor, M. (2015). Whey you shouldn’t drink coffee when you are drunk. Retrieved from;             https://www.menshealth.com/health/a19547938/does-coffee-sober-you-up/

Weber, L. (n.d). Ways to Sober Up. Retrieved from; https://www.livestrong.com/article/164588-  ways-to-sober-up/

aylor, 2015)

                                    IMPACT OF SMOKING ON BMI

Table of Contents

Introduction. 3

Hypotheses. 3

Methodology. 4

Results and Analysis. 5

Validity and Reliability Test 5

Descriptive Analysis. 6

Multiple Linear Regressions. 7

Discussion of the Results. 8

Conclusion. 9

References. 10

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

Challenges

Lack of accuracy in the interpretation of the data. It is important to note that the artificial intelligence is still in its infancy. Although some of the training concerning the comprehensive datasets has been done, it is still a challenge when it comes to issues that it has not been trained well and this makes then less accurate and less reliable thus putting the life of the patient at risk. (Thrall et al., 2018).  A study that was done on the some popular smart wearable showed that the reading they gave where not the actual individual. It is therefore important to involve interpretation together with the artificial intelligence to bring accurate and reliable information.

Issues concerning the privacy confidentiality. All the personal information are usually stored in the system and thus they are likely to hacked and key personal information retrieved. Proper securities need to be put in place to ensure that all the data that is stored in the system concerning the patients are safe (Thrall et al., 2018). This can be done through data encryption and also employing good security systems. This will address the issues of possible hacking and data falling to the wrong hands.

Lack of trust in the system, some of the recommendations that are made by the system are not readily accepted by the patients for example if a patient is recommended by the system to go for myomectomy. It is necessary to develop the system such that it provides transparency and also can give explanations on how it arrived to it, this will foster trust and will facilitate its use in improving patient outcomes.

            Poor training on the use of the equipment, recent studies have shown that many healthcare workers have little training on machine use therefore, the desired information and proper use might not be achieved (Wong & Bressler, 2016). In this it is necessary to expand the medical education to include training on new technology. This can also be improved through dedicated training on the use and functions of various equipment in the facility

References

Thrall, J. H., Li, X., Li, Q., Cruz, C., Do, S., Dreyer, K., & Brink, J. (2018). Artificial intelligence and machine learning in radiology: opportunities, challenges, pitfalls, and criteria for success. Journal of the American College of Radiology, 15(3), 504-508.

Wong, T. Y., & Bressler, N. M. (2016). Artificial intelligence with deep learning technology looks into diabetic retinopathy screening. Jama, 316(22), 2366-2367.

Role of a telenurse

            Performance of telemonitoring, this involving monitoring of the patients symptoms who are at home by communicating through a telephone or even through the computer with the aid of communicating apps like Skype (Kaminski, 2017). The nurse will also make appropriate referrals if need be and also will attend the needs of the client as they arise through answering of questions and communicating effectively.

            Provision of education to the caregivers or the client or reinforcing the education that had been already provided to them concerning their care. The need for information can be noticed depending on the questions the client or the caregiver ask during the period of communication. Teaching the client will promote understanding of the condition.

            Provision of triage services through establishment of the needs of the caller and making decisions concerning the needs of the client for example, the need for counselling (Tuckson, Edmunds & Hodgkins, 2017). Counselling of the clients can also be done if necessary thus being a counselor if one of the roles. The nurse plays also a role in identification of the needs of the client and instituting the necessary referral to physician or to the hospital.

Telehealth tools used

Secure and dependable internet connection

            Telehealth involves communications with clients from long distances and therefore, a secure and dependable internet connection is key to facilitate effective communication, proper understanding and also a connection which is secure enough to promote the client trust (Kaminski, 2017). This is therefore an important tool I will use.

Patient privacy

            The privacy of the client needs to be kept just the way it would be during a normal hospital visit, normally prior to telehealth consultation, the patient is usually informed on how the consultation is managed and who will be able to access and how their information will be used. The client is then given a consent form to sign. The telehealth hardware are used and they have customized software encryption for patient information. The software must meet the HIPAA Federal security standards and guidelines (Kaminski, 2017). This software is an important tool for telehealth as it provides the necessary privacy for the patient

Custom-configured hardware

             The hardware that will be used in provision of the telenursing services include the telephone, desktop/laptops and also tablets and carts. Telephones are used in communicating direct to the client and report of symptoms. All the hardware are used depending on the portability and the need

Clinical and non-clinical application

            Clinically I have applied telenursing to provide care to the clients who have poor access to the facility due to the issues of distance. Through telenursing the needs of the patient can also be assessed in that the client provide information concerning their symptoms and through this the health needs of the client can be assessed and the necessary intervention recommended. Telenursing also involves communication and this can be used to build rapport between the patient and also the nurses (Tenforde et al., 2017). Provision of triage services though provision of counselling, giving necessary instructions and also encourage emergency services if there is need.

            Non-clinical application include the distance provision of education which can include the continuing nursing an medical education, administrative uses such as supervision, meeting among telehealth workers. Application on research by use of the internet and other online sorces of information and also health data management.

Patient requiring telehealth

            The patients requiring telehealth are those mainly who have chronic conditions like heart failure and also diabetes mellitus. For example in the case of diabetes, it provides a tighter glucose control and reduces the incidences of hospitalization and also facilitates good health outcomes. The real time notification brings closer screening and prevents development of complications. Clients with heart failure can also be monitored on their disease progress effectively and lower the risk for developing complication. Patients with chronic illnesses require continuous monitoring which has been addressed by the telehealth.

Legal, ethical and regulatory issues

            Telehealth is part of the health and therefore, there are ethical issues that govern the delivery of care for the client. The privacy of the client is always important and it must be always considered while providing care (Tuckson, Edmunds & Hodgkins, 2017). This is done by advancing the security and encryption of data. It is also important in respecting the client decision concerning there care and ensuring all the nursing principles in care delivery are all practiced. This includes autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and also justice.

            The confidentiality of the client should also be respected. There is also need to communicate effectively to the client and ensure that the client receives the relevant information as they need.it is also to respect the rights of the client involving right to right information, quality care and also right to change drug regimens. The telehealth systems should also meet the HIPAA Federal security standards and guidelines.

Application of the Foundation of Knowledge Model

            Telehealth requires knowledge and skill necessary in the delivery of care therefore it is very important to have the necessary information before provision of the necessary services. Thus knowledge acquisition this can be done through research from the internet. The information then can be disseminated into various areas of the care delivery. Repetition in use of the acquired information will then result in generation of knowledge as familiarity is also attained. This will allow proper assessments during the care delivery to the clients in the telenursing. The knowledge can be applied in the interpretation of the information from the clients and thus referred to as knowledge processing

References

Kaminski, J. (2017). Book Review: Telehealth Nursing. Canadian Journal of Nursing Informatics, 12(1-2).

Tuckson, R. V., Edmunds, M., & Hodgkins, M. L. (2017). Telehealth. New England Journal of Medicine, 377(16), 1585-1592.

Tenforde, A. S., Hefner, J. E., Kodish-Wachs, J. E., Iaccarino, M. A., & Paganoni, S. (2017). Telehealth in physical medicine and rehabilitation: a narrative review. PM&R, 9(5), S51-S58.

The Effect Homelessness Has On Mental Health

Abstract

 Lack of housing is one of the factors that contribute to poor mental health.  Homeless means that a person has an inadequate dwelling, a person has no tenure, and a person cannot access social relations, sense of security, and safety.  Homelessness is a long lasting life circumstance that affects both children and adult. Various studies have shown that homeless individuals experience mental illness and the condition can worsen as they continue being homeless.  A point to note is that not all individual with mental illness are homeless and not all homeless individual has a mental illness. This paper aims at conducting research on "The Effect Homelessness Has on Mental Health". The paper will analyze how mental health and homelessness are related.  It will go deeper to discuss how the health of incarcerated individuals declines and how they experience homelessness after being released. The paper will also touch on the homelessness children and mental health, homeless LGBT and mental health, and homeless adults and mental health. My research shows that homeless people are likely to suffer from mental illness and the factors that contribute to the suffering are lack of income, lack of employment, lack of social relation, low self-worth, and other socio-economic characteristics. The research paper recommends that mental health promotion can alleviate mental illness by empowering people and providing them with emotional and spiritual strength.  The information is derived from peer-reviewed sources to provide quality and credible information.

1. Introduction

• Thesis: adults and children who experience homelessness experience anxiety and depression symptoms. Thus, homelessness is the major environmental factor that contributes to mental illness and to alleviate the mental illness, it is important to work on the stressors such as extreme poverty, family instability, lack of primary care, and provide support to individuals experiencing homelessness.

2. Body

1. Incarcerated population
2. Homeless adults
3. Homeless children
4. Homeless Black Youth and mental health
5. People living with HIV and unstable housing
6. Intervention

3. Conclusion

References

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Unstable Housing Diagnosed With Mental Health or Substance Use Disorders: An

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 Gattis, M. N., & Larson, A. (2017). Perceived Microaggressions and Mental Health in a Sample of Black

Youths Experiencing Homelessness. Social Work Research, 41(1), 7–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/svw030

 Harpaz-Rotem, I., Rosenheck, R. A., & Desai, R. (2009). Assessing the Effects of Maternal Symptoms and

Homelessness on the Mental Health Problems in their Children. Child & Adolescent Mental

Health, 14(4), 168–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2008.00519.x

 Guo, X., & Slesnick, N. (2017). Reductions in Hard Drug Use Among Homeless Youth Receiving a

Strength-Based Outreach Intervention: Comparing the Long-Term Effects of Shelter Linkage

Versus Drop-in Center Linkage. Substance Use & Misuse, 52(7), 905–915. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2016.1267219

Infancy observation

Introduction

Observation: infancy

The observation below was completed through noting down the changes in development of the child at home and other places such as the park by the mother, the observation was carried out for two days. The observation is based on the physical development of infants who are five months to twenty-four months. The observation was carried out on a girl who was one year and eight months old. Biosocial, psychological, cognitive, and language development of this baby will be observed and noted down. This child is surrounded by older children and in the act of playing with them and other toys she will manifest the developments that are taking place in her.

1. Biosocial development

Biosocial development helps the child manifests the attachment they feel towards their parents. These attachments can either be anxious where the child is restless when her parents who show much attention to her are not around or avoidant where a child is not concerned by the absence or presence of his/her parents (oswalt, n.d). The girl used for this observation has anxious attachment where she is much attached to her mother, even in the presence of her siblings she will cry when her mother is not around. The mother noted that when out in the park the child plays a lot in the slides and after leaving the slides she crawls trying to walk, falls and stands again.

1. Psychological development

This development is shown by how infants start to recognize people and recall things. This development increases their ability to anticipate events in the environment they are being raised up in. Through this development the infant starts to show emotions such as anger and fear. This development is also marked by the curiosity of the infant concerning the environment that surround them (Bornstein, & Kessen, 2017). According to the notes taken by the mother of the girl under observation the girl was becoming angry when a toy is taken from her by her siblings. Also, she would express her fear to darkness when the lights went off or woke up and found the lights off this fear is manifested by a loud cry. Also, the girl is always curious when in a new environment and explores it by crawling to different locations. Out in the yard she is always crawling to different locations staring at things.

1. Cognitive development

This development is manifested by actions such as making body motion when they hear music, dropping things down so as to pick them, they try and move things that stand in between them and the toy they desire. Lastly, a child starts showing preference to certain foods (Bornstein, & Kessen, 2017). The mother of the girl noted that the girl is happy and makes body motion when music is playing, the mother also noted that at one time a pillow was hindering her from reaching her doll and she tried to push the pillow away although she failed which resulted to her crying. The girls also started to show preference to the food the adults were eating and lastly, she was responding to her name when anyone called for her by looking at them.

1. Language development

Language development for infants at this stage is not much complex. The child starts babbling using a variety of vowels and constant. Also, when not understood they try to communicate to others through gestures (Benson, & Haith, 2010). According to the notes of the mother the child exhibited signs of this development. The baby was always babbling something to her and when she failed to understand, the child would use gestures or point out what she needs. She would bring the tv remote to the mother and start babbling but it is an indication she wants to watch cartoon. She also waves as an indication of saying “bye” while smiling and mostly she does this to her siblings.

The social environment of the child is a conducive one. She is surrounded by older siblings who are always uttering words such as “bye” to her and showing her the gesture for that word. She is living in a good social environment that enables development taking place to be noted. The mother also takes her to the park where she interacts with other kids in a natural setting, where she displays her motor skills trying to walk despite failed attempts. Below is a table that shows the schedule the mother used when studying these developments in her daughter.

Table 1: showing activities that the child was involved in

Conclusion

The infancy observation was carried out on a girl aged one year and eight months at home by her mother who jolted notes on the biosocial, psychological, language and cognitive development taking place in her child. Using various activities, she involved the child in she was able to note these developments in her child. she used a table where she recorded the time, where they were, the activities she involved the child in, what she observed and associated the observation to a certain development.

References

Benson, J. B., & Haith, M. M. (2010). Language, Memory, and Cognition in Infancy and Early    Childhood. Burlington: Elsevier Science.

Bornstein, M. H., & Kessen, W. (2017). Psychological Development from Infancy: Image to        Intention. Milton: Taylor and Francis.

Oswalt, A. (n.d). Infancy Cognitive Development: Language Development. Retrieve from   https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/infancy-cognitive-development-language-development/

HIV/AIDS in developing countries

Key words ‘spread of HIV/AIDS in developing countries’

Julie Gerberding is the author of the article ‘Steps on the Critical Path: Arresting HIV/AIDS in Developing Countries’ that was published on October, 19, 2004. She was born in August 22,1955. She is an infectious disease expert. She is the former director of the Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry; she is also a former member of the CDC HIV Advisory committee and National Conference on Human Retroviruses. Her article is addressing issues revolving around HIV/AIDS. The article revolves around the experience she had in her medical career, and how the fact that this disease can affect anyone and the fac that there was no hope for a cure. It also mentions the AIDs epidemic in Uganda. The overall argument she presents is that people have to come to the realization that AIDS exists and it can be contracted by anyone its epidemic in Uganda and how it came to be controlled.  She answers two main questions in her article? Had AIDs reshaped society’s notions of the most basic human behavior.

Key word ‘effects of not controlling spread of HIV/AIDS in developing countries’

Mukherjee, J. S. is the author of ‘Tackling HIV in Resource Poor Countries’. He is an Indian -American biologist, physician, oncologist and an author born in July 21^st 1970. He is well known for his book; The Emperor of All Maladies. This article answers the question why prevention of this disease in these countries is not enough. The article also answers the question, what is the effect of HIV/AIDS to the social and economic development of these countries.  The article mainly revolves around issues of prevention in these developing countries. The article gives a glimpse of what happens to the economic and social status of a countries using data. It explores the situation these countries are in for failing to put in place preventive measures.

Introduction

 Attention getter

The privilege to life is not inclusive of the privilege to die even though Life and death are Siamese twins held at the hip. Euthanasia stands on shaky moral grounds often leading to endless debates whenever the issue comes up. The endless controversies surrounding whether the right to life is inclusive of death is a global issue rubbed the wrong way by the human society as a whole. Interesting enough, heavily populated countries such as India do not have readily available statistics indicating the quantity of euthanasia or physician assisted suicide appeals in the country, which would help point out the stand of the society on the issue.

 Thesis statement

This essay will carry out a comprehensive discussion on reasons why physician assisted suicide is illegal in some sections of the American society and assess the public attitude people towards the act, which will in turn help, unveil why euthanasia is unfavorable or favorable depending on background and perceptions. By supporting details and evidence, the essay will determine why physician assisted suicide or euthanasia may be wrong and why alternative methods need to be embraced in the end of life care.

 Relevance audience and sentiments

According to Battin, Rhodes, & Silvers (2015), the legalization of euthanasia is synonymous to assisting suicide. Voluntary assisted suicide takes occurs when a patient wishes for termination of his or her life due to a terminal medical condition. However, there are some basic issues on the subject on either side. There are well-structured arguments supporting euthanasia. Supporters claim that euthanasia frees patients from suffering and gives the patient authority over their life and any paternalistic invasion. Moreover, advocates purport that giving permission to a small number of people to undergo euthanasia under the right controlled environmental conditions was harmless. If it remains illegal, the advocates fear that some dubious and secrets means would emerge to facilitate euthanasia.

On the other hand, opponents claim that it would shift the moral compass of societies and normalize murder. Hence, it would unveil a series of serious uncontainable consequences in the society. In other words, any benefits derived from euthanasia would not outweigh the negative consequences (Emanuel et.al, 2016). Even if the government legalizes euthanasia, under certain contexts and allow medical experts to partake in it, it would violate their moral code and role as healers in the society. In summary, physicians would go against their integrity when they participate in euthanasia.

 Transition to the main point

This transition talks about physicians assisted suicide from a general point of view

The ever-increasing certification of physician-assisted suicide in various parts of the world enables compulsory exploration of associated attitudes and practices. In terms of objectivity, one should analyze the legal position of physician-assisted suicide and the accessible information on attitudes and practices. Support differs significantly dependent on the phrasing of the study questions; the providence of facts on the patients, their health analysis, their prospects and symptoms; characterization of specific mediations; and whether the enquiries center on ethical matters, legalization and other motivations (Emanuel et.al, 2016). Furthermore, since the year 1947, () in an illustrative survey which comprised of an estimated 1000 to 1500 people. The illustrative survey concentrated on The American public. For instance, when a person becomes terminally ill, can a medical doctor terminate the patient’s life via painless mechanism if the family members and the patient suggest it? The question is vague as it does not reveal the age, illness, diagnosis, and symptoms and assumes that terminating life is ethical as long as the medical expert has permission from the family members and the patient. Hence, the question is neither legal nor ethical for that matter. Moreover, support for this act rose from 37% in the year 1947 to 53% at the beginning of the 1970s. Support for physician assisted suicide stagnated in the 1990s with an estimated two thirds of Americans populace backing termination of a terminal ill patient’s life. Consequently, numerous public perspective surveys in America seem to detect or take note of a decreasing support for physician assisted suicide from 75, which was the highest in the year 2005 to 64% in 2012. After changing the questions to include ‘severe pain’ and the word ‘certification’ but the practice indicates ‘suicide’ instead of physician terminating life, then people’s support declines by 10%.

Two elements of the survey information are astonishing. There exists a pause between upsurges in backing for euthanasia and physician assisted suicide and also the authorization of physician assisted suicide within America (Emanuel et.al, 2016). In addition, there is a greater societal backing for euthanasia than physician assisted suicide even though euthanasia is still illegal under the rule of law. In America, various features are persistently linked to preferring or differing with euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. From an overall point of view, Caucasian men, youths, and spiritual unaffiliated people are more likely to back the subject matter more.

 Main point

 In terms of comparing America to the rest of the world, European nations did not experience a stagnation in terms of backing euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. Between the year 1999 and 2008, majority of European nations agreed with sentiment of euthanasia and hence increase their support (Emanuel et.al, 2016). Similarly, the subject matter did not experience a decline or increase in support. In other words, euthanasia and physician assisted suicide received full support of the Europeans throughout the years. It is vital to note that alterations related to decline in religion in various sections of Europe. Since Europe legalized the euthanasia in 2002, the support soured through the roof.

            In spite of the numerous challenges experienced during surveys, Europeans and Australians continuously, unveil negligible backing for euthanasia and physician assisted suicide among medical doctors (Emanuel et.al, 2016). For example, in the year 2014, Medscape carried out a research survey on medical doctors in different states inquiring on whether a physician should help a patient terminate the life of a patient. According to the findings, American physicians are more supportive with an estimated 54% approve whereas a lesser number of physicians from other nations such as Germany are less supportive toward the practice. In other words, location may influence people’s opinion on the issue.

 Sub point 1

 Evaluating attitudes toward physician-assisted suicides is an uphill task due to the inclosing effects. The subject matter receives varied support from different quarters of the community (Emanuel et.al, 2016). The issue of euthanasia presents a dilemma in the criminal law. The values and virtues that drive humanity cannot allow the legalization of euthanasia. First of all, the constitution allows for the right to life for each person. Safeguarding life is fundamental for any rules to take root in the society. Indeed as Hobbs confirmed, the protection of life pivots the core reason and functionality of any laws. Thus, defending human life takes into consideration people who suffer from terminal illnesses or genomic deformations. The only dilemma is whether a person who perpetrates mercy killing becomes a murderer or not. The law does not permit taking a person’s life, even though the motive may not be for personal gain. The bottom line is that there is no good enough reason to kill a person. Furthermore, the law does not recognize mercy killing and the elements pertaining the issue cannot naturally fit into the constitution. In fact, the law does not give room for motive as part of homicide. Therefore, if the court proves that a defendant perpetrated a murder, it is first degrees murder.

 Sub main point 2

Accepting euthanasia and physician assisted suicide shakes down the sacredness of life. Euthanasia has a pendulum effect on critical communal issues such as whether a fetus during its early stages is an actual being. As absurd as it may seem, a patient with a terminal illnesses has a right to life and completely human (Emanuel et.al, 2016). The sacredness of human life does not stem from religious perspectives or opinion but the need to value life, regardless of the medical state in which it exists. Advocates of euthanasia suggest that life is priceless but also bring forth another flipside of the argument. Ending the life an individual suffering from a painful sickness, brings respect to human life. Dying with respect sanctifies life. Thus, the contentious issues revolving around euthanasia continue to evoke endless debates and sometimes the advocates cross the line. However, it is vital to note that quality of life has no connection with sanctity. Consequently, between quality and sanctity, the sacredness of life outweighs the quality of life. Viewing the argument in terms of quality of life, it actually implies that people with a low quality lifestyle deserve to die. Maintaining the same line of thought means that individuals with a quality life have more right to live than their counterpart does.

 Transition through an example to illustrate further the subject

 For instance, the right to sell oneself to slavery is not a well thought-out action. Neither is the right to end your own life due to the scourging effects of a terminal illness (Battin, Rhodes, & Silvers, 2015). A physician in a resource limited medical facility, the insurance institution, emotionally drained relatives attached to the patient may find euthanasia attractive once it becomes a viable option tabled in front of them. Therefore, removing the option of death, gives medical experts and insurance institutions the right to fight against terminal illness and find creative ways of preserving the will of life.

 Main point 2

 Of course, the other side of the argument might claim there are better ways of going about euthanasia (Battin, Rhodes, & Silvers, 2015). For example, some people may suggest that psychiatrists and doctors might assess a patient and confirm whether the person is of sound mind before acting upon their decision. Nevertheless, the above context applies only to people with a terminal illness or others who want to end life. Although their reasons seem valid, they are not justifiable to the humanity and society. Therefore, no one has power to give a go ahead for the procedure used in the elimination. Thus, euthanasia would open an entire Pandora box of controversies if the government allows pain and suffering to be the main determinants of euthanasia. Once voluntary euthanasia becomes normal, it would spread to palliative care patients. Any tome dick and harry would request the procedure once medical finances dwindle.

 Sub point 1

 Proponents of euthanasia and physician assisted suicide may propose that the practice already exists in many various forms and doctors and other healthcare providers conduct it all the time without fear and that the media has no clue. More so, legalizing it would open more secure ways for practicing the deed. Thus, accepting the procedure is likely to prevent its misuse and corruptions that often accompanies it. In other words, legalizing euthanasia would avail guidelines and prevent misuse of the procedure.

People have a right to live their lives as they please. There are many public attitudes toward euthanasia (Battin, Rhodes, & Silvers, 2015). Surveys show that there is not enough support for euthanasia. Literature reviews on the topic show that more than two third of American do not support both euthanasia and regulations that accompany the procedure. Politically speaking, legislators hesitate on the issue because they might lose votes.

 Sub point 2

 Surveys that monitor trends speculate that physicians do not easily accept a patient’s plea for euthanasia. In addition, there is a rising concern that people might exploit the poor and the old if euthanasia becomes legal. Poverty stricken people may see death as an option when faced with heavy medical bills (Battin, Rhodes, & Silvers, 2015). Religion plays a major role in shaping the thoughts of people on the issue. In a country like India, where 90% of the population is Indian, the dominant faiths are Hindu and Islam. Hence, euthanasia faces a stiff opposition due to the religious beliefs.

Two approaches inhibit the legalization of euthanasia. The first line of thought seem to derive its main argument from the a religious perspective which claims that people are made by God and their value is priceless and no one should interfere with the sacredness that comes from life. Thus, euthanasia goes against personal dignity of life. With religion comes the ethical side of euthanasia, which makes physicians take a stand against euthanasia (Clark, 2014). On the other hand, the rhetorical nature of the subject matter tends to excite and elicit emotions rather solve the underlying issue. For instance, let us consider a context where one withholds treatment from a person suffering from a terminal illness, when the treatment does not make a difference and the treatment itself has a negative toll on the patient, the context is a weighty matter but euthanasia is weightier. Another subtle element is discernment. A terminally ill individual does not have the ability to make sound decisions. In summary, legalizing euthanasia stands on shaky ground and may be a go-ahead button that would permit myriad of crimes. More so, regulating the act is a tedious task.

 Conclusion

According to Clark, (2014), Physician assisted suicide, refers to the act of a medical practitioner giving a possibly fatal medicine to a patient with a terminal illness at his or her invitation. Some scholars also refer to it as euthanasia. In most states, physician assisted suicide is an illegal practice even though currently an outburst of legal activities tries to find ways of fixing issues surrounding the topic and place it under more smooth pedestal. Oregon was the first place to legalize physician-assisted suicide in the year 1995. After a few years, Washington and other states such as California followed suit and lawmakers will implement this year. Subsequently, empirical studies within America unveiled a secretive practice of euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. The issue is under the radar as long as people do not openly discuss the contentious subjects surrounding the topic. Nevertheless, physician assisted suicide cannot remains undiscussed for long as it comes a time when all the people will have to deal with it directly or indirectly.

References

Battin, M. P., Rhodes, R., & Silvers, A. (2015). Physician assisted suicide: expanding the debate. Routledge.

Clark, N. (2014). The Politics of physician assisted suicide. Routledge.

Emanuel, E. J., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D., Urwin, J. W., & Cohen, J. (2016). Attitudes and practices of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide in the United States, Canada, and Europe. Jama, 316(1), 79-90.

Patient’s rights and ethics of medical research

Introduction

Medical research is important in the advancement of health, therefore, exploring the ethical issues surrounding this practice is much interesting. Roach in her book, Stiff explores the issue of patients’ rights whether they are dead or live. I think the most ethical problem in the field of medical research is the limitations that are being placed on medical practitioners’ ability to perform vital and potential lifesaving experiments. It is important to research this problem since hinders many medical researches that are for the advancement of the human race.

Research on the rights of patients is necessary for solving this problem. Medical research should be allowed to be carried on patients with or without their consent since it is for the greater good. Changes such as carrying authorized medical research on patients or dead bodies with or without their consent should be legalized. People should also come to terms with the practice of carrying out medical research on dead bodies instead of referring to the practice as unethical.

I need to find information concerning a successful medical practice that was performed without the consent of the patient and led to the full recovery of the patient. This information might help change the way people view medical research, I also need to find information on research conducted on a dead body that led to the advancement of medicine. Also, it is important to note that some patients are not in their right state of mind and therefore, they are not in a position to decide what is good for them.

Conclusion

Limitations have been placed on medical practitioners’ thus limiting their ability to perform vital and potential lifesaving experiments. Policies should be adjusted so as to allow authorized medical research to be carried out with or without the consent of the patient. The general public should come to terms with the fact that dead bodies are vital to medical research and research performed on them should not be termed unethical. Information on successful medical research carried out on patients without their consent is needed in order to prove that these researches are for the greater good.

                                        Data Analysis: Sleep and Happiness

1. Research Methods

            The participants used during this exercise were both male and female of different ages. The study design of this experiment involves comparing the how various factors, such as environmental factors, affects sleep and happiness in male and female students. During this exercise, face-to-face interviews and questionnaires were used as the ultimate means of collecting data from targeted students of the PPP College.           

2. Measures

            The exercise took into consideration the average sleep time the participants could have had as the baseline. The exposure was grouped was divided into two that is how positive effects and positive effects affects sleep. From the excel data, ≤ 4 hours/day was considered to be the shorted sleep duration of the participants while ≥ 10 hours/day was considered to be longest sleep duration of the participants.

            The primary outcome of this experiment will be evaluating the number of participants who experienced difficulties as far as positive and the negative factors are concerned.

External factors such as fatigue and sleep duration are the main variables that were collected from this study.

Conceptual model

3. Analysis

3. Analysis

            Odds ratios were the main association measures used. In this case, sex-adjusted risk ratio to understand the positive and negative factors affects the sleep and happiness. In this case, intermediaries such as frequent exercise were used to aid in examining individual number of students experiencing sleeping difficulties. During the same exercise, it quantitative data analysis was used to validate the manner in which sleep and happiness is influenced by these factors which in return impact the education success and the wellbeing of the students.

Introduction

From the moment Mr. Dale, was admitted in the hospital three weeks ago nothing about him has changed. At first, we tried to interview him but that was not possible since he refused to disclose anything. The main reason he was admitted into hospital is because he became agitated and intrusive as we further went to asses him. He suspects all the doctor and nurses who attend to him. For the past five days he has been requesting to be discharged but refuses to disclose any information why he wants to be discharged, and refuses we contact any of his family members with the claim that he does not trust any of them. we tried giving him drugs to calm his nerves but he did not take them with claims we want to poison him; this clearly show that he was thinking our motive was to harm him.

He finally agreed to confide in one of the nurses and reported to her that his family has had several cases of paranoid disorder. Despite engaging this nurse in small conversation, he refused to confide in her completely and always diverted the conversations that were about him to something else. Finally, he allowed us to contact one of his sons who reported past incidences where he had held beliefs that his family members were against him resulting to him isolating everyone. He further described his father as someone who held grudges for a long time, was having strained relationship even with their mother, also very aggressive and this behavior was worsening every day. This information helped diagnose him as a person with paranoid social disorder using the DSM-5 criteria.

Conclusion

Mr. Dale was admitted in hospital due to his aggressive behavior. He continuously refused to disclose anything about himself and displayed symptoms of being paranoid. The symptoms he displayed include; agitation and intrusiveness, he refused we contact any of his family members he always thoughts the doctors and nurses want to harm him and refused to take any medication, he refused to confide in anyone, according to the description of him given by his son; he held grudges for a long time, and refused to trust his wife and this condition was worsening every day. According to the DSM-5 criteria he was diagnosed as paranoid.